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Lei H, Cui M, Cao J, Li K, Chen Z, Sun L, Huang Y. In Situ Pt Migration Enabled Resurrection of Electrocatalyst and Fuel Cell Device. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309068. [PMID: 38149506 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
In direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), the poisoning of noble metals is considered to be a major impediment to their commercial development. Here, it is found that the loss of surface Pt is one main reason for the attenuation of catalyst performance during long-time methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). A strategy to realize in situ resurrection of the deactivated catalyst by migrating Pt atoms inside to the surface is innovatively proposed. A high-activity Pt-SnO2 is designed, whose MOR activity is resurrected to 97.4% of the initial value. Based on this, the multiple resurrection of a DMFC device is also achieved for the first time. This work provides a new approach for the solution of catalyst deactivation and the development of sustainable catalysts as well as fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mangwei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zuhuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ligang Sun
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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2
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Zhang Q, Zheng Z, Gao R, Xiao X, Jiao M, Wang B, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Constructing Bipolar Dual-Active Sites through High-Entropy-Induced Electric Dipole Transition for Decoupling Oxygen Redox. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401018. [PMID: 38602072 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
It remains a significant challenge to construct active sites to break the trade-off between oxidation and reduction processes occurring in battery cathodes with conversion mechanism, especially for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) involved in the zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Here, using a high-entropy-driven electric dipole transition strategy to activate and stabilize the tetrahedral sites is proposed, while enhancing the activity of octahedral sites through orbital hybridization in a FeCoNiMnCrO spinel oxide, thus constructing bipolar dual-active sites with high-low valence states, which can effectively decouple ORR/OER. The FeCoNiMnCrO high-entropy spinel oxide with severe lattice distortion, exhibits a strong 1s→4s electric dipole transition and intense t2g(Co)/eg(Ni)-2p(OL) orbital hybridization that regulates the electronic descriptors, eg and t2g, which leads to the formation of low-valence Co tetrahedral sites (Coth) and high-valence Ni octahedral sites (Nioh), resulting in a higher half-wave potential of 0.87 V on Coth sites and a lower overpotential of 0.26 V at 10 mA cm-2 on Nioh sites as well as a superior performance of ZABs compared to low/mild entropy spinel oxides. Therefore, entropy engineering presents a distinctive approach for designing catalytic sites by inducing novel electromagnetic properties in materials across various electrocatalytic reactions, particularly for decoupling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiyang Zheng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Runhua Gao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Miaolun Jiao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boran Wang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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3
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Li Y, Su W, Wang X, Lu J, Zhang W, Wei S. In situ topotactic formation of an inorganic intergrowth bulk NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDH heterojunction to simulate CODH for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38415719 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-mimetic photocatalysis has been attracting much attention in bionic research, in which carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) is a suitable prototype for simulation to meet environmental and energy needs. In this study, we utilized the structural memory effect of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to build inorganic intergrowth bulk heterojunctions (IIBHs) NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDHs via a pyrolytic topological vulcanization (PTV) method that imitated active C-clusters [Ni-4Fe-4S] in CODH. Enzyme mimicry was evaluated in terms of the microstructure and catalytic reaction site. The similarity between the microstructure of NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDHs and the CODH active group was demonstrated through XRD, XAFS and other characterisations. Subsequently, the obtained in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectra and transient absorption spectra indicated the photogenerated electron transfer of the IIBH, wherein electrons finally accumulated in the conduction band of the NiS domain for the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction, which was similar to that of C-clusters [Ni-4Fe-4S] in which the Ni2+ ion was the reactive site. As a result, NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDHs achieved a high yield of CO at a rate of 2151.974 μmol g-1 h-1, which was 39.8 and 9.7 times more than that of NiMgFe-LDHs and NiMgFe-MMO, respectively. The study offers an innovative design route for developing IIBHs, providing novel opportunities for enzyme-mimetic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Wenli Su
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekou Outside Street 19, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekou Outside Street 19, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shuo Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekou Outside Street 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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4
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Hu Q, Qi S, Huo Q, Zhao Y, Sun J, Chen X, Lv M, Zhou W, Feng C, Chai X, Yang H, He C. Designing Efficient Nitrate Reduction Electrocatalysts by Identifying and Optimizing Active Sites of Co-Based Spinels. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2967-2976. [PMID: 38155548 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-based spinel oxides (i.e., Co3O4) are emerging as low-cost and selective electrocatalysts for the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-RR) to ammonia (NH3), although their activity is still unsatisfactory and the genuine active site is unclear. Here, we discover that the NO3-RR activity of Co3O4 is highly dependent on the geometric location of the Co site, and the NO3-RR prefers to occur at octahedral Co (CoOh) rather than tetrahedral Co (CoTd) sites. Moreover, CoOhO6 is electrochemically transformed to CoOhO5 along with the formation of O vacancies (Ov) during the process of NO3-RR. Both experimental and theoretic results reveal that in situ generated CoOhO5-Ov configuration is the genuine active site for the NO3-RR. To further enhance the activity of CoOh sites, we replace inert CoTd with different contents of Cu2+ cations, and a volcano-shape correlation between NO3-RR activity and electronic structures of CoOh is observed. Impressively, in 1.0 M KOH, (Cu0.6Co0.4)Co2O4 with optimized CoOh sites achieves a maximum NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 96.5% with an ultrahigh NH3 rate of 1.09 mmol h-1 cm-2 at -0.45 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming most of other reported nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts. Clearly, this work paves new pathways for boosting the NO3-RR activity of Co-based spinels by tuning local electronic structures of CoOh sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Qi
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Huo
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianju Sun
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbao Chen
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoyuan Lv
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Zhou
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Chai
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengpan Yang
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
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5
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Chen Y, Luo A, Hu D, Liu J. Expediting Ethylbenzene Oxidation via a Bimetallic Cobalt-Manganese Spinel Structure with a Modulated Electronic Environment. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:824-832. [PMID: 38114300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene (EB) into acetophenone (AP) is a vibrant area, with a growing number of researchers paying attention to this thematic investigation. Herein, we demonstrate that spinel-type (Co,Mn)(Co,Mn)2O4 can function as an efficient catalyst for the solvent-free oxidation of EB with molecular oxygen. The incorporation of Mn into the Co3O4 network can break the local structural symmetry of Co-O-Co linkages due to the bond competition, inducing the formation of an asymmetrical Co-O-Mn configuration with an electron local exchange interaction. The Co-O-Mn sites can facilitate the perturbation of nonpolar O2 and thus contribute to the generation of abundant •O2- species for initiating the oxidation of EB. We envision that this study not only provides a promising catalyst for EB oxidation but also affords a new insight into the design of advanced spinel oxides for selective oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Anqi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Dongming Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Jiangyong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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6
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Anchieta CG, Francisco BAB, Júlio JPO, Trtik P, Bonnin A, Doubek G, Sanchez DF. LiOH Decomposition by NiO/ZrO 2 in Li-Air Battery: Chemical Imaging with Operando Synchrotron Diffraction and Correlative Neutron/X-Ray Computed-Tomography Analysis. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301749. [PMID: 38183412 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Li-air batteries attract significant attention due to their highest theoretical energy density among all existing energy storage technologies. Currently, challenges related to extending lifetime and long-term stability limit their practical application. To overcome these issues and enhance the total capacity of Li-air batteries, this study introduces an innovative approach with NiO/ZrO2 catalysts. Operando advanced chemical imaging with micrometer spatial resolution unveils that NiO/ZrO2 catalysts substantially change the kinetics of crystalline lithium hydroxide (LiOH) formation and facilitate its rapid decomposition with heterogeneous distribution. Moreover, ex situ combined neutron and X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis, provide evidence of distinct lithium phases homogeneously distributed in the presence of NiO/ZrO2 . These findings underscore the material's superior physico-chemical and electronic properties, with more efficient oxygen diffusion and indications of lower obstruction to its active sites, avoiding clogging in the active electrode, a common cause of capacity loss. Electrochemical tests conducted at high current density demonstrated a significant kinetic enhancement of the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, resulting in improved charge and discharge processes with low overpotential. This pioneering approach using NiO/ZrO2 catalysts represents a step toward on developing the full potential of Li-air batteries as high-energy-density energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno A B Francisco
- Advanced Energy Storage Division, Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), Laboratory of Advanced Batteries, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Julia P O Júlio
- Advanced Energy Storage Division, Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), Laboratory of Advanced Batteries, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Pavel Trtik
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Doubek
- Advanced Energy Storage Division, Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), Laboratory of Advanced Batteries, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Dario Ferreira Sanchez
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
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7
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Li R, Fan W, Rao P, Luo J, Li J, Deng P, Wu D, Huang W, Jia C, Liu Z, Miao Z, Tian X. Multimetallic Single-Atom Catalysts for Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18128-18138. [PMID: 37690054 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Multimetallic alloys have demonstrated promising performance for the application of metal-air batteries, while it remains a challenge to design multimetallic single-atom catalysts (MM-SACs). Herein, metal-C3N4 and nitrogen-doped carbon are employed as cornerstones to synthesize MM-SACs by a general two-step method, and the inherent features of atomic dispersion and the strong electronic reciprocity between the multimetallic sites have been verified. The trimetallic FeCoZn-SACs and quatermetallic FeCoCuZn-SACs are both found to deliver superior oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction activity, respectively, as well as outstanding bifunctional durability. Density functional theory calculations elucidate the crucial contribution of Co sites of FeCoCuZn-SACs to the efficient catalysis of both the ORR and the OER. More importantly, Zn-air batteries with FeCoCuZn-SACs as cathodic catalysts exhibit a high power density (252 mW cm-2), high specific capacity (817 mAh gZn-1), and considerable stability (over 225 h) for charging-discharging processes. This work provides a visual perspective for the advantages of MM-SACs toward oxygen electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Peilin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Daoxiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunman Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhengpei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinlong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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8
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Rowell JL, Jia Y, Shi Z, Molina Villarino A, Kang M, Yoon D, Jiang KZ, Abruña HD, Muller DA, Robinson RD. General Route to Colloidally Stable, Low-Dispersity Manganese-Based Ternary Spinel Oxide Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17406-17419. [PMID: 37525439 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
While certain ternary spinel oxides have been well-explored with colloidal nanochemistry, notably the ferrite spinel family, ternary manganese (Mn)-based spinel oxides have not been tamed. A key composition is cobalt (Co)-Mn oxide (CMO) spinel, CoxMn3-xO4, that, despite exemplary performance in multiple electrochemical applications, has few reports in the colloidal literature. Of these reports, most show aggregated and polydisperse products. Here, we describe a synthetic method for small, colloidally stable CMO spinel nanocrystals with tunable composition and low dispersity. By reacting 2+ metal-acetylacetonate (M(acac)2) precursors in an amine solvent under an oxidizing environment, we developed a pathway that avoids the highly reducing conditions of typical colloidal synthesis reactions; these reducing conditions typically push the system toward a monoxide impurity phase. Through surface chemistry studies, we identify organic byproducts and their formation mechanism, enabling us to engineer the surface and obtain colloidally stable nanocrystals with low organic loading. We report a CMO/carbon composite with low organic contents that performs the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.87 V vs RHE in 1.0 M potassium hydroxide at 1600 rpm, rivaling previous reports for the highest activity of this material in ORR electrocatalysis. We extend the general applicability of this procedure to other Mn-based spinel nanocrystals such as Zn-Mn-O, Fe-Mn-O, Ni-Mn-O, and Cu-Mn-O. Finally, we show the scalability of this method by producing inorganic nanocrystals at the gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Rowell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yafu Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zixiao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrés Molina Villarino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dasol Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin Zhijian Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard D Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Sa YJ, Kim S, Lee Y, Kim JM, Joo SH. Mesoporous Manganese Oxides with High-Valent Mn Species and Disordered Local Structures for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37339373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Active and nonprecious-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are vital components of clean energy conversion devices such as regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal-air batteries. Porous manganese oxides (MnOx) are promising electrocatalyst candidates because of their high surface area and the abundance of Mn. MnOx catalysts exhibit various oxidation states and crystal structures, which critically affect their electrocatalytic activity. These effects remain elusive mainly because the synthesis of oxidation-state-controlled porous MnOx with similar structural properties is challenging. In this work, four different mesoporous manganese oxides (m-MnOx) were synthesized and used as model catalysts to investigate the effects of local structures and Mn valence states on the activity toward oxygen electrocatalysis. The following activity trends were observed: m-Mn2O3 > m-MnO2 > m-MnO > m-Mn3O4 for the ORR and m-MnO2 > m-Mn2O3 > m-MnO ≈ m-Mn3O4 for the OER. These activity trends suggest that high-valent Mn species (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)) with disordered atomic arrangements induced by nanostructuring significantly influence electrocatalysis. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the changes in the oxidation states under the ORR and OER conditions, which showed the surface phase transformation and generation of active species during electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Sa
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Man Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Tong L, Yu J, Lin S, Li Y, Fan HJ. Oxidation State Engineering in Octahedral Ni by Anchored Sulfate to Boost Intrinsic Oxygen Evolution Activity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6770-6780. [PMID: 36939286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Promoting the electron occupancy of active sites to unity is an effective method to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of spinel oxides, but it remains a great challenge. Here, an in situ approach is developed to modify the valence state of octahedral Ni cations in NiFe2O4 inverse spinel via surface sulfates (SO42-). Different from previous studies, SO42- is directly anchored on the spinel surface instead of forming from uncontrolled conversion or surface reconstruction. Experiment and theoretical calculations reveal the precise adsorption sites and spatial arrangement for SO42- species. As a main promoting factor, surface SO42- effectively converts the crystal field stable Ni state (t2g6eg2) to the near-unity eg electron state (t2g6eg1). Moreover, the inevitable oxygen vacancies (Vo) further optimize the energy barrier of the potential-determining step (from OH* to O*). This co-modification strategy enhances turnover frequency-based electrocatalytic activity about two orders higher than the control sample without surface sulfates. This work may provide insight into the OER activity enhancement mechanism by the oxyanion groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yipu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Li Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hong Jin Fan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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11
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Gao F, Wang X, Cui WG, Liu Y, Yang Y, Sun W, Chen J, Liu P, Pan H. Topologically Porous Heterostructures for Photo/Photothermal Catalysis of Clean Energy Conversion. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201532. [PMID: 36813753 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a straightforward way to fix solar energy, photo/photothermal catalysis with semiconductor provides a promising way to settle the energy shortage and environmental crisis in many fields, especially in clean energy conversion. Topologically porous heterostructures (TPHs), featured with well-defined pores and mainly composed by the derivatives of some precursors with specific morphology, are a major part of hierarchical materials in photo/photothermal catalysis and provide a versatile platform to construct efficient photocatalysts for their enhanced light absorption, accelerated charges transfer, improved stability, and promoted mass transportation. Therefore, a comprehensive and timely review on the advantages and recent applications of the TPHs is of great importance to forecast the potential applications and research trend in the future. This review initially demonstrates the advantages of TPHs in photo/photothermal catalysis. Then the universal classifications and design strategies of TPHs are emphasized. Besides, the applications and mechanisms of photo/photothermal catalysis in hydrogen evolution from water splitting and COx hydrogenation over TPHs are carefully reviewed and highlighted. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of TPHs in photo/photothermal catalysis are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Gang Cui
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yaxiong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Hongge Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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12
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Alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction on Ni-based electrocatalysts: From mechanistic study to material development. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Li H, Shi P, Wang L, Yan T, Guo T, Xia X, Chen C, Mao J, Sun D, Zhang L. Cooperative Catalysis of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries through Adsorption Competition by Tuning Cationic Geometric Configuration of Dual-active Sites in Spinel Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216286. [PMID: 36546717 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally understanding the structure-property relationship is critical to design advanced electrocatalysts for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, which remains a formidable challenge. Herein, by manipulating the regulable cations in spinel oxides, their geometrical-site-dependent catalytic activity for sulfur redox is investigated. Experimental and theoretical analyses validate that the modulation essence of cooperative catalysis of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) is dominated by LiPSs adsorption competition between Co3+ tetrahedral (Td) and Mn3+ octahedral (Oh) sites on Mn3+ Oh -O-Co3+ Td backbones. Specifically, high-spin Co3+ Td with stronger Co-S covalency anchors LiPSs persistently, while electron delocalized Mn3+ Oh with adsorptive orbital (dz 2 ) functions better in catalyzing specialized LiPSs conversion. This work inaugurates a universal strategy for sculpting geometrical configuration to achieve charge, spin, and orbital topological regulation in electrocatalysts for Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtai Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Pei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tianran Yan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiao Xia
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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14
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Zhou M, Wang H, Zhang L, Li C, Kumbhar A, Abruña HD, Fang J. Facet Impact of CuMn 2O 4 Spinel Nanocatalysts on Enhancement of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York13902, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Can Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York13902, United States
| | - Amar Kumbhar
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York13902, United States
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15
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K Lebechi A, Ipadeola AK, Eid K, Abdullah AM, Ozoemena KI. Porous spinel-type transition metal oxide nanostructures as emergent electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10717-10737. [PMID: 35861592 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous spinel-type transition metal oxide (PS-TMO) nanocatalysts comprising two kinds of metal (denoted as AxB3-xO4, where A, B = Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, V, Sm, Li, and Zn) have emerged as promising electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) in energy conversion and storage systems (ECSS). This is due to the unique catalytic merits of PS-TMOs (such as p-type conductivity, optical transparency, semiconductivity, multiple valence states of their oxides, and rich active sites) and porous morphologies with great surface area, low density, abundant transportation paths for intermediate species, maximized atom utilization and quick charge mobility. In addition, PS-TMOs nanocatalysts are easily prepared in high yield from Earth-abundant and inexpensive metal precursors that meet sustainability requirements and practical applications. Owing to the continued developments in the rational synthesis of PS-TMOs nanocatalysts for ORRs, it is utterly imperative to provide timely updates and highlight new advances in this research area. This review emphasizes recent research advances in engineering the morphologies and compositions of PS-TMOs nanocatalysts in addition to their mechanisms, to decipher their structure-activity relationships. Also, the ORR mechanisms and fundamentals are discussed, along with the current barriers and future outlook for developing the next generation of PS-TMOs nanocatalysts for large-scale ECSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustus K Lebechi
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | | | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center (GPC), College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | | | - Kenneth I Ozoemena
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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16
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Xiang G, Huo J, Liu Z. Understanding and application of metal-support interactions in catalysts for CO-PROX. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18454-18468. [PMID: 35913070 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO-PROX) plays a vital role in H2 purification in the upstream systems of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for its high efficiency, low cost and practicability. The key to the application of CO-PROX is the design and preparation of catalysts, and the supported metal catalysts have been the mainstay after decades of development. The metal-support interaction (MSI), which acts as a bridge between the design of supported catalysts and atomic-level theoretical research, has triggered increasing attention. There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of the MSI in heterogeneous catalysis. In this review, the impacts of the MSI including strong metal-support interactions and electronic metal-support interactions on the essential characteristics of supported single atom, nanocluster and nanoparticle catalysts, and therefore, on catalytic behaviors were discussed, respectively, primarily focusing on electron transfer, chemical bonding and the encapsulation of active sites induced by the MSI. We also presented an overview of how the MSI can be utilized to rationally design catalysts to meet target requirements such as high activity, selectivity or stability via appropriate selection and modification of support and active species. The perspectives of the future development for comprehensive understanding of the MSI were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghua Xiang
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Jia Huo
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
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17
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Jo J, Yoo JM, Mok DH, Jang HY, Kim J, Ko W, Yeom K, Bootharaju MS, Back S, Sung YE, Hyeon T. Facet-Defined Strain-Free Spinel Oxide for Oxygen Reduction. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3636-3644. [PMID: 35357196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposing facet and surface strain are critical factors affecting catalytic performance but unraveling the composition-dependent activity on specific facets under strain-controlled environment is still challenging due to the synthetic difficulties. Herein, we achieved a (001) facet-defined Co-Mn spinel oxide surface with different surface compositions using epitaxial growth on Co3O4 nanocube template. We adopted composition gradient synthesis to relieve the strain layer by layer, minimizing the surface strain effect on catalytic activity. In this system, experimental and calculational analyses of model oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity reveals a volcano-like trend with Mn/Co ratios because of an adequate charge transfer from octahedral-Mn to neighboring Co. Co0.5Mn0.5 as an optimized Mn/Co ratio exhibits both outstanding ORR activity (0.894 V vs RHE in 1 M KOH) and stability (2% activity loss against chronoamperometry). By controlling facet and strain, this study provides a well-defined platform for investigating composition-structure-activity relationships in electrocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoung Jo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Mun Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Mok
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Ko
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbeen Yeom
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoin Back
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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