1
|
Huang NY, Zheng YT, Chen D, Chen ZY, Huang CZ, Xu Q. Reticular framework materials for photocatalytic organic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7949-8004. [PMID: 37878263 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic reactions, harvesting solar energy to produce high value-added organic chemicals, have attracted increasing attention as a sustainable approach to address the global energy crisis and environmental issues. Reticular framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are widely considered as promising candidates for photocatalysis owing to their high crystallinity, tailorable pore environment and extensive structural diversity. Although the design and synthesis of MOFs and COFs have been intensively developed in the last 20 years, their applications in photocatalytic organic transformations are still in the preliminary stage, making their systematic summary necessary. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable MOF and COF photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic organic reactions. The commonly used reactions are categorized to facilitate the identification of suitable reaction types. From a practical viewpoint, the fundamentals of experimental design, including active species, performance evaluation and external reaction conditions, are discussed in detail for easy experimentation. Furthermore, the latest advances in photocatalytic organic reactions of MOFs and COFs, including their composites, are comprehensively summarized according to the actual active sites, together with the discussion of their structure-property relationship. We believe that this study will be helpful for researchers to design novel reticular framework photocatalysts for various organic synthetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Di Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Chao-Zhu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salgado BCB, Valentini A. Photocatalytic performance of SiO2@TiO2 spheres in selective conversion of oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220105. [PMID: 37436200 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline reactions are investigated by using SiO2@TiO2 spheres produced in a simple route using chitosan as a template. The spheres are predominantly macroporous and, the XRD points out an amorphous crystallographic profile suggesting the uniform distribution of TiO2. Under low-power lighting for 4 hours, the conversions achieved was of the order of 49% and 99% for benzyl alcohol and nitrobenzene, respectively, with selectivity to benzaldehyde and aniline of 99% in both reactions. The study also follows the effects of the solvent and the presence of O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C B Salgado
- Departamento de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal do Ceará, Campus Maracanaú, 61939-140 Maracanaú, CE, Brazil
| | - Antoninho Valentini
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Surface processes in selective photocatalytic oxidation of hydroxybenzyl alcohols by TiO2 P25. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
4
|
Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol in the Aqueous Phase by TiO
2
‐Based Photocatalysts: A Review. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
5
|
Abstract
Currently, people worldwide, in the period from September to April, observe with their own eyes and feel the pollution of the air, called smog, in their own breath. The biggest cause of smog and the source of air pollution is burning rubbish in stoves. Other causes include exhaust fumes from large factories, burning coal in furnaces, and car exhaust fumes. Smog is an unnatural phenomenon, directly related to human activity. The weather is becoming worse. On no-wind, foggy days, the smog phenomenon is the most troublesome for city dwellers. Smog persists in European countries from November to April, during the heating season. The harmful effect of smog affects almost the entire human body. Every year, air pollution causes the death of approximately 26,000–48,000 people. At the same time, poor air quality reduces life expectancy by up to a year. The purpose of this article is to present buildings and finishing elements that can help in the fight against air pollution.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiao L, Zhang D, Hao Z, Yu F, Lv XJ. Modulating the Energy Band to Inhibit the Over-oxidation for Highly Selective Anisaldehyde Production Coupled with Robust H 2 Evolution from Water Splitting. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dafeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Zhongjing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Feihu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Visible-Light Photocatalysts and Their Perspectives for Building Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors for Various Liquid Phase Chemical Conversions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic synthesis/conversions and water treatment under visible light are a challenging task to use renewable energy in chemical transformations. In this review a brief overview on the mainly employed visible light photocatalysts and a discussion on the problems and advantages of Vis-light versus UV-light irradiation is reported. Visible light photocatalysts in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2, conversion of acetophenone to phenylethanol, hydrogenation of nitro compounds, oxidation of cyclohexane, synthesis of vanillin and phenol, as well as hydrogen production and water treatment are discussed. Some applications of these photocatalysts in photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) for carrying out organic synthesis, conversion and/or degradation of organic pollutants are reported. The described cases show that PMRs represent a promising green technology that could shift on applications of industrial interest using visible light (from Sun) active photocatalysts.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rangarajan G, Yan N, Farnood R. High‐performance photocatalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Rangarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Ramin Farnood
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernandes RA, Sampaio MJ, Faria JL, Silva CG. Aqueous solution photocatalytic synthesis of p-anisaldehyde by using graphite-like carbon nitride photocatalysts obtained via the hard-templating route. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19431-19442. [PMID: 35515447 PMCID: PMC9054040 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02746d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphite-like carbon nitride (GCN)-based materials were developed via the hard-templating route, using dicyandiamide as the GCN precursor and silica templates. That resulted in urchin-like GCN (GCN-UL), 3D ordered macroporous GCN (GCN-OM) and mesoporous GCN (GCN-MP). The introduction of silica templates during GCN synthesis produced physical defects on its surface, as confirmed by SEM analysis, increasing their specific surface area. A high amount of nitrogen vacancies is present in modified catalysts (revealed by XPS measurements), which can be related to an increase in the reactive sites available to catalyse redox reactions. The textural and morphological modifications induced in GCN an enhanced light absorption capacity and reduced electron/hole recombination rate, contributing to its improved photocatalytic performance. In the photocatalytic conversion of p-anisyl alcohol to p-anisaldehyde in deoxygenated aqueous solutions under UV-LED irradiation, the GCN-UL was the best photocatalyst reaching 60% yield at 64% conversion for p-anisaldehyde production after 240 min of reaction. Under oxygenated conditions (air), the process efficiency was increased to 79% yield at 92% conversion only after 90 min reaction. The GCN-based photocatalyst kept its performance when using visible-LED radiation under air atmosphere. Trapping of photogenerated holes and radicals by selective scavengers showed that under deoxygenated conditions, holes played the primary role in the p-anisaldehyde synthesis. Under oxygenated conditions, the process is governed by the effect of reactive oxygen species, namely superoxide radicals, with a significant contribution from holes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Maria J Sampaio
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim L Faria
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Cláudia G Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heggo D, Ookawara S, Ohno T, Nakai T, Matsushita Y, Eldin MG, Ohshima M. Photocatalytic Synthesis of
p
‐Anisaldehyde in a Mini Slurry‐Bubble Reactor under Solar Light Irradiation. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Heggo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pilot PlantNational Research Centre 33 Elbuhouth St., Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
- Egypt‐Japan University of Science and Technology 179 New Borg El‐Arab Alexandria 21934 Egypt
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 S1‐26, O‐okayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKyoto University, Nishigyo‐Ku Kyoto 616‐8510 Japan
| | - Shinichi Ookawara
- Egypt‐Japan University of Science and Technology 179 New Borg El‐Arab Alexandria 21934 Egypt
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 S1‐26, O‐okayama, Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Teruhisa Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringKyushu Institute of Technology 1‐1 Sensuicho, Tobata Kitakyushu 804‐8550 Japan
| | - Toru Nakai
- Corporate Research CenterR & D Headquarters, Daicel Corporation 1239, Shinzaike, Aboshi‐ku, Himeji‐shi Hyogo 671‐1283 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsushita
- Egypt‐Japan University of Science and Technology 179 New Borg El‐Arab Alexandria 21934 Egypt
| | - Mona Gamal Eldin
- Egypt‐Japan University of Science and Technology 179 New Borg El‐Arab Alexandria 21934 Egypt
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKyoto University, Nishigyo‐Ku Kyoto 616‐8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yurdakal S, Çetinkaya S, Augugliaro V, Palmisano G, Soria J, Sanz J, Torralvo MJ, Livraghi S, Giamello E, Garlisi C. Alkaline treatment as a means to boost the activity of TiO2 in selective photocatalytic processes. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00755b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the activity enhancement of TiO2 photocatalysts by alkaline treatment has been investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Yurdakal
- Kimya Bölümü
- Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi
- Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi
- 03200 Afyonkarahisar
- Turkey
| | - Sıdıka Çetinkaya
- Kimya Bölümü
- Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi
- Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi
- 03200 Afyonkarahisar
- Turkey
| | - Vincenzo Augugliaro
- “Schiavello-Grillone” Photocatalysis Group
- Dipartimento di Energia
- Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM)
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- 90128 Palermo
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation on CO2 and H2 (RICH) Center
| | - Javier Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales
- CSIC
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Jesus Sanz
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica
- CSIC
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Maria Jose Torralvo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Stefano Livraghi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS
- University of Torino
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS
- University of Torino
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Corrado Garlisi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giannakoudakis DA, Chatel G, Colmenares JC. Mechanochemical Forces as a Synthetic Tool for Zero- and One-Dimensional Titanium Oxide-Based Nano-photocatalysts. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:2. [PMID: 31761971 PMCID: PMC6875517 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new field where the utilization of mechanochemistry can create new opportunities is materials chemistry, and, more interestingly, the synthesis of novel nanomaterials. Ball-milling procedures and ultrasonic techniques can be regarded as the most important mechanochemical synthetic tools, since they can act as attractive alternatives to the conventional methods. It is also feasible for the utilization of mechanochemical forces to act synergistically with the conventional synthesis (as a pre-treatment step, or simultaneously during the synthesis) in order to improve the synthetic process and/or the material's desired features. The usage of ultrasound irradiation or ball-milling treatment is found to play a crucial role in controlling and enhancing the structural, morphological, optical, and surface chemistry features that are important for heterogeneous photocatalytic practices. The focus of this article is to collect all the available examples in which the utilization of sonochemistry or ball milling had unique effects as a synthesis tool towards zero- or one-dimensional nanostructures of a semiconductor which is assumed as a benchmark in photocatalysis, titanium dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Chatel
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LCME, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Juan Carlos Colmenares
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tomás‐Gamasa M, Mascareñas JL. TiO
2
‐Based Photocatalysis at the Interface with Biology and Biomedicine. Chembiochem 2019; 21:294-309. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Tomás‐Gamasa
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica, e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Luis Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica, e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
TiO 2-based Photocatalytic Cementitious Composites: Materials, Properties, Influential Parameters, and Assessment Techniques. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101444. [PMID: 31614556 PMCID: PMC6836224 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Applications of heterogeneous photocatalytic processes based on semiconductor particles in cement-based materials have received great attention in recent years in enhancing the aesthetic durability of buildings and reducing global environmental pollution. Amongst all, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most widely used semiconductor particle in structural materials with photocatalytic activity because of its low cost, chemically stable nature, and absence of toxicity. Utilization of TiO2 in combination with cement-based materials would plunge the concentration of urban pollutants such as NOx. In fact, cementitious composites containing TiO2 have already found applications in self-cleaning buildings, antimicrobial surfaces, and air-purifying structures. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review on TiO2-based photocatalysis cement technology, its practical applications, and research gaps for further progression of cementitious materials with photocatalytic activity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Overview of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors in Organic Synthesis, Energy Storage and Environmental Applications. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of recent reports on photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) in organic synthesis as well as water and wastewater treatment. A brief introduction to slurry PMRs and the systems equipped with photocatalytic membranes (PMs) is given. The methods of PM production are also presented. Moreover, the process parameters affecting the performance of PMRs are characterized. The applications of PMRs in organic synthesis are discussed, including photocatalytic conversion of CO2, synthesis of KA oil by photocatalytic oxidation, conversion of acetophenone to phenylethanol, synthesis of vanillin and phenol, as well as hydrogen production. Furthermore, the configurations and applications of PMRs for removal of organic contaminants from model solutions, natural water and municipal or industrial wastewater are described. It was concluded that PMRs represent a promising green technology; however, before the application in industry, additional studies are still required. These should be aimed at improvement of process efficiency, mainly by development and application of visible light active photocatalysts and novel membranes resistant to the harsh conditions prevailing in these systems.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Devi M, Ganguly S, Bhuyan B, Dhar SS, Vadivel S. A Novel [Fe(acac)
3
] Interspersed g‐C
3
N
4
Heterostructure for Environmentally Benign Visible‐Light‐Driven Oxidation of Alcohols. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Devi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology 788010 Silchar, Cachar Assam India
| | - Sreejeeb Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology 788010 Silchar, Cachar Assam India
| | - Bishal Bhuyan
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology 788010 Silchar, Cachar Assam India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Dhar
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology 788010 Silchar, Cachar Assam India
| | - Sethumathavan Vadivel
- Department of Chemistry PSG College of Technology Peelamedu 641004 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang S, Huang W, Fu X, Chen G, Meng S, Chen S. Ultra-low content of Pt modified CdS nanorods: Preparation, characterization, and application for photocatalytic selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols and reduction of nitroarenes in one reaction system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:182-192. [PMID: 30099361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of Pt nanoparticles (with size of 3-4 nm) decorated CdS nanorods were prepared via a simple solvothermal method. The samples were then used for photocatalytic selective oxidation (SO) of aromatic alcohols and reduction (SR) of nitroarenes in one reaction system. The platinized samples showed enhanced activity for the conversions than pristine CdS as Pt can serve as e- trapping and reaction sites, by which the recombination of photoinduced charge carriers can be suppressed and the adsorption of reactants and the SR of nitroarenes can be promoted. The sample loaded with only of 0.03% Pt showed the highest performance and, after irradiation for 4 h, the conversions of p-methoxybenzyl alcohol and nitrobenzene are as high as 92.7% and 94.8%, while the yields of p-methoxybenzaldehyde and aniline are 80.5% and 36.0%. The activities are about 2.0 times higher than that of CdS. The coupling reaction mechanism for the SO of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes and SR of nitroarenes to anilines in the reaction system was finally proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China; Key Lab of Clean Energy and Green Circulation, College of Chemistry and Material Science Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, China.
| | - Weixin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Xianliang Fu
- Key Lab of Clean Energy and Green Circulation, College of Chemistry and Material Science Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, China.
| | - Gaoli Chen
- Key Lab of Clean Energy and Green Circulation, College of Chemistry and Material Science Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, China
| | - Sugang Meng
- Key Lab of Clean Energy and Green Circulation, College of Chemistry and Material Science Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, China
| | - Shifu Chen
- Key Lab of Clean Energy and Green Circulation, College of Chemistry and Material Science Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chassé M, Hallett-Tapley GL. Gold nanoparticle-functionalized niobium oxide perovskites as photocatalysts for visible light-induced aromatic alcohol oxidations. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spherical gold nanoparticles have been supported onto the surface of potassium niobium oxide perovskites, an underdeveloped class of semiconductor in photocatalytic organic transformations. The nanoparticle dopants of 9.5 nm in diameter and surface plasmon absorption at 530 nm are examined as possible visible light induced catalysts using alcohol photooxidation as the probe reaction. The nanomaterial-induced photooxidation of a series of aromatic alcohols is examined, in the absence of solvent, as a function of base, H2O2, and catalyst concentrations, as well as using multiple visible light sources. This experimental methodology affords extremely selective photooxidation to the carbonyl products (>99%) in as little as 2 h. Using the results obtained from the substitution of the aromatic alcohol, the proposed photocatalytic mechanism is suggested to rely heavily on plasmon-initiated electron transfer from the gold nanoparticle surface to the potassium niobium oxide perovskite and subsequent reductive decomposition of H2O2. This photodegradation step is proposed to favor the formation of ketyl radical species, a key intermediate in the visible light induced mechanism that undergoes both an electron and proton transfer to facilitate formation of the final, carbonyl products. Furthermore, the gold nanoparticle – potassium niobium oxide catalyst exhibits moderate reusability, highly desired in the realm of heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chassé
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, St. Francis Xavier University, P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Geniece L. Hallett-Tapley
- Department of Chemistry, St. Francis Xavier University, P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu Y, Zeng LZ, Fu ZC, Li C, Yang Z, Chen Y, Fu WF. Photocatalytic oxidation of arylalcohols to aromatic aldehydes promoted by hydroxyl radicals over a CoP/CdS photocatalyst in water with hydrogen evolution. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl free radicals generated by visible-light-catalyzed water splitting over CoP/CdS drive the oxidation of arylalcohols with hydrogen evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
| | - Ling-Zhen Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yunnan Normal University
- Kunming 650092
- P.R. China
| | - Zi-Cheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yunnan Normal University
- Kunming 650092
- P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yunnan Normal University
- Kunming 650092
- P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
| | - Wen-Fu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Challagulla S, Nagarjuna R, Ganesan R, Roy S. TiO 2 synthesized by various routes and its role on environmental remediation and alternate energy production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
22
|
Ilkaeva M, Krivtsov I, Díaz E, Amghouz Z, Patiño Y, Khainakov S, García JR, Ordóñez S. Photocatalytic degradation of 2-(4-methylphenoxy)ethanol over TiO 2 spheres. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 332:59-69. [PMID: 28282571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic TiO2-assisted decomposition of 2-(4-methylphenoxy)ethanol (MPET) in aqueous solution has been studied for the first time. The intermediate compounds of MPET photodegradation have been also determined. A toxic p-cresol is formed in significant quantities during the photocatalytic reaction. A solvent-exchange approach for a template-free preparation of spherical TiO2 particles has been described, which is based solely on precipitation of hydrous titania from aqueous titanium peroxo complex by using organic solvents. The proposed method favours the formation of spherical titania particles with a mean size varying from 50 to 260nm depending on the choice of solvent. The procedure for converting nonporous titania spheres into mesoporous material maintaining the same spherical morphology has been developed. The synthesized TiO2 spheres demonstrate a degree of MPET photo-degradation close to that of the commercial titania Aeroxide P25, besides being successfully recovered and reused for four reaction cycles without loss of photocatalytic activity. The effectiveness of the commercial Aeroxide P25 in MPET photodegradation, on the other hand, suffers 10-time drop during the third reaction cycle, which is attributed to its poor recoverability because the photocatalyst is composed of small particles of 20nm size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ilkaeva
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo-CINN, 33006, Oviedo, Spain; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Igor Krivtsov
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo-CINN, 33006, Oviedo, Spain; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
| | - Eva Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Zakariae Amghouz
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus Universitario, 33203 Gijón, Spain
| | - Yolanda Patiño
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergei Khainakov
- Scientific Technical Services, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José R García
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo-CINN, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Salvador Ordóñez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bloh JZ, Marschall R. Heterogeneous Photoredox Catalysis: Reactions, Materials, and Reaction Engineering. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z. Bloh
- DECHEMA Research Institute; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University Giessen; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sanz J, Sobrados I, Soria J, Yurdakal S, Augugliaro V. Anatase nanoparticles boundaries resulting from titanium tetrachloride hydrolysis. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Petroff II JT, Nguyen AH, Porter AJ, Morales FD, Kennedy MP, Weinstein D, Nazer HE, McCulla RD. Enhanced photocatalytic dehalogenation of aryl halides by combined poly-p-phenylene (PPP) and TiO2 photocatalysts. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Kou J, Lu C, Wang J, Chen Y, Xu Z, Varma RS. Selectivity Enhancement in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Transformations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1445-1514. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů
11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Y, Zhang M, Tung CH, Wang Y. TiO2 Photocatalytic Cyclization Reactions for the Syntheses of Aryltetralones. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Mingfu Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vadakkekara R, Biswas AK, Sahoo T, Pal P, Ganguly B, Ghosh SC, Panda AB. Visible-Light-Induced Efficient Selective Oxidation of Nonactivated Alcohols over {001}-Faceted TiO2
with Molecular Oxygen. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3084-3089. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raji Vadakkekara
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Abul Kalam Biswas
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Tapan Sahoo
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Provas Pal
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Subhash Chandra Ghosh
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Asit Baran Panda
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI); CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002 Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Selective photooxidation of ortho-substituted benzyl alcohols and the catalytic role of ortho-methoxybenzaldehyde. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Kasap H, Caputo C, Martindale BCM, Godin R, Lau VWH, Lotsch BV, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Solar-Driven Reduction of Aqueous Protons Coupled to Selective Alcohol Oxidation with a Carbon Nitride-Molecular Ni Catalyst System. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9183-92. [PMID: 27337491 PMCID: PMC4965840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solar water-splitting represents an important strategy toward production of the storable and renewable fuel hydrogen. The water oxidation half-reaction typically proceeds with poor efficiency and produces the unprofitable and often damaging product, O2. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative approach and couple solar H2 generation with value-added organic substrate oxidation. Solar irradiation of a cyanamide surface-functionalized melon-type carbon nitride ((NCN)CNx) and a molecular nickel(II) bis(diphosphine) H2-evolution catalyst (NiP) enabled the production of H2 with concomitant selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes in high yield under purely aqueous conditions, at room temperature and ambient pressure. This one-pot system maintained its activity over 24 h, generating products in 1:1 stoichiometry, separated in the gas and solution phases. The (NCN)CNx-NiP system showed an activity of 763 μmol (g CNx)(-1) h(-1) toward H2 and aldehyde production, a Ni-based turnover frequency of 76 h(-1), and an external quantum efficiency of 15% (λ = 360 ± 10 nm). This precious metal-free and nontoxic photocatalytic system displays better performance than an analogous system containing platinum instead of NiP. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the photoactivity of (NCN)CNx is due to efficient substrate oxidation of the material, which outweighs possible charge recombination compared to the nonfunctionalized melon-type carbon nitride. Photoexcited (NCN)CNx in the presence of an organic substrate can accumulate ultralong-lived "trapped electrons", which allow for fuel generation in the dark. The artificial photosynthetic system thereby catalyzes a closed redox cycle showing 100% atom economy and generates two value-added products, a solar chemical, and solar fuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Kasap
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Christine
A. Caputo
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Benjamin C. M. Martindale
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Vincent Wing-hei Lau
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13 (Haus D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13 (Haus D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang J, Shen X, Li Y, Bian L, Dai J, Yuan D. Bismuth Tungstate-Reduced Graphene Oxide Self-Assembled Nanocomposites for the Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols in Water. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shen
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
| | - Linyan Bian
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
| | - Jun Dai
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control; Henan Polytechnic University; Jiaozuo 454003 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tomita O, Otsubo T, Higashi M, Ohtani B, Abe R. Partial Oxidation of Alcohols on Visible-Light-Responsive WO3 Photocatalysts Loaded with Palladium Oxide Cocatalyst. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tomita
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takahide Otsubo
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masanobu Higashi
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Bunsho Ohtani
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ryu Abe
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Qamar M, Fawakhiry MO, Azad AM, Ahmed MI, Khan A, Saleh TA. Selective photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols into aldehydes by tungsten blue oxide (TBO) anchored with Pt nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11841k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypostoichiometric Pt/WO3 shows efficient, selective and stable conversion of aromatic alcohols into corresponding aldehydes under simulated sunlight in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Qamar
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M. O. Fawakhiry
- Department of Chemistry
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - M. I. Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Khan
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - T. A. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Palmisano G, Scandura G, Augugliaro V, Loddo V, Pace A, Tek BS, Yurdakal S, Palmisano L. Unexpectedly ambivalent O2 role in the autocatalytic photooxidation of 2-methoxybenzyl alcohol in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
35
|
Augugliaro V, Camera-Roda G, Loddo V, Palmisano G, Palmisano L, Soria J, Yurdakal S. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis: From Unselective Abatement of Noxious Species to Selective Production of High-Value Chemicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1968-81. [PMID: 26263277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis have been considered as oxidation technologies to abate unselectively noxious species. This article focuses instead on the utilization of these methods for selective syntheses of organic molecules. Some promising reactions have been reported in the presence of various TiO2 samples and the important role played by the amorphous phase has been discussed. The low solubility of most of the organic compounds in water limits the utilization of photocatalysis. Dimethyl carbonate has been proposed as an alternative green organic solvent. The recovery of the products by coupling photocatalysis with pervaporation membrane technology seems to be a solution for future industrial applications. As far as photoelectrocatalysis is concerned, a decrease in recombination of the photogenerated pairs occurs, enhancing the rate of the oxidation reactions and the quantum yield. Another benefit is to avoid reaction(s) between the intermediates and the substrate, as anodic and cathodic reactions take place in different places.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Augugliaro
- †"Schiavello-Grillone" Photocatalysis Group, Dipartimento di Energia, ingegneria dell'Informazione e modelli Matematici (DEIM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camera-Roda
- ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali (DICAM), University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Loddo
- †"Schiavello-Grillone" Photocatalysis Group, Dipartimento di Energia, ingegneria dell'Informazione e modelli Matematici (DEIM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- §Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute Center for Water and Environment (iWater), Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leonardo Palmisano
- †"Schiavello-Grillone" Photocatalysis Group, Dipartimento di Energia, ingegneria dell'Informazione e modelli Matematici (DEIM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Javier Soria
- ∥Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), C/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sedat Yurdakal
- ⊥Kimya Bölümü, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Ahmet Necdet Sezer Kampüsü, 03200 Afyon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kitano S, Tanaka A, Hashimoto K, Kominami H. Selective oxidation of alcohols in aqueous suspensions of rhodium ion-modified TiO2 photocatalysts under irradiation of visible light. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:12554-9. [PMID: 24832087 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohols in aqueous suspensions of rhodium ion-modified titanium(iv) oxide (Rh(3+)/TiO2) in the presence of O2 under irradiation of visible light was examined. In the photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde was obtained in a high yield (97%) with >99% conversion of benzyl alcohol. Rh(3+)/TiO2 photocatalysts having various physical properties were prepared using commercially available TiO2 powders as supporting materials for Rh(3+) to investigate the effect(s) of physical properties of TiO2 on photocatalytic activities of Rh(3+)/TiO2 for selective oxidation. Adsorption properties of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid on TiO2 were also investigated to understand the high benzaldehyde selectivity over the Rh(3+)/TiO2 photocatalyst. The reaction mechanism was discussed on the basis of the results of photocatalytic oxidation of various p-substituted benzyl alcohol derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kitano
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qamar M, Elsayed RB, Alhooshani KR, Ahmed MI, Bahnemann DW. Highly efficient and selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols photocatalyzed by nanoporous hierarchical Pt/Bi2WO6 in organic solvent-free environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1257-1269. [PMID: 25535646 DOI: 10.1021/am507428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective conversion of aromatic alcohols into corresponding aldehydes is important from energy and environmental stance. Here, we describe highly selective (>99%) and efficient conversion (>99%) of aromatic alcohols (e.g., 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol and 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol) into their corresponding aldehydes in the presence of Pt-modified nanoporous hierarchical Bi2WO6 spheres in water under simulated sunlight at ambient conditions. Overoxidation of p-anisaldehyde, formed during photooxidation process, was not observed until comprehensive alcohol oxidation was attained. Furthermore, the catalyst showed substantial oxidation under dark and course of conversion was different than that of under light. Dependency of alcohol oxidation on substrate concentration, photocatalyst amount, and Pt loading was studied. The effect of various radical scavengers was investigated, and the rate-determining step was elucidated. It has been envisaged that the reduction site of semiconductor photocatalysts plays more decisive role in determining the selectivity as alcohol preferably get oxidized over that of water. Furthermore, the chemical stability and recyclability of the photocatalyst were investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Qamar
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT), ‡Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huang L, Jia J, Liu H, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Fan W, Waclawik ER, Zhu H, Zheng Z. Surface-mediated selective photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reactions on TiO2 nanofibres. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between photocatalyst surface and the reactants may outweigh its light absorption ability in photocatalytic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- The School of Chemical and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Yong Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Coal Combustion
- Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co. Ltd
- Xi'an 710032
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Eric R. Waclawik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Huaiyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zhanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Qamar M, Elsayed R, Alhooshani K, Ahmed M, Bahnemann D. Chemoselective and highly efficient conversion of aromatic alcohols into aldehydes photo-catalyzed by Ag3PO4 in aqueous suspension under simulated sunlight. CATAL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
40
|
Kumar SG, Rao KSRK. Polymorphic phase transition among the titania crystal structures using a solution-based approach: from precursor chemistry to nucleation process. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11574-632. [PMID: 24969423 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline titania are a robust candidate for various functional applications owing to its non-toxicity, cheap availability, ease of preparation and exceptional photochemical as well as thermal stability. The uniqueness in each lattice structure of titania leads to multifaceted physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties, which yield different functionalities and thus influence their performances in various green energy applications. The high temperature treatment for crystallizing titania triggers inevitable particle growth and the destruction of delicate nanostructural features. Thus, the preparation of crystalline titania with tunable phase/particle size/morphology at low to moderate temperatures using a solution-based approach has paved the way for further exciting areas of research. In this focused review, titania synthesis from hydrothermal/solvothermal method, conventional sol-gel method and sol-gel-assisted method via ultrasonication, photoillumination and ILs, thermolysis and microemulsion routes are discussed. These wet chemical methods have broader visibility, since multiple reaction parameters, such as precursor chemistry, surfactants, chelating agents, solvents, mineralizer, pH of the solution, aging time, reaction temperature/time, inorganic electrolytes, can be easily manipulated to tune the final physical structure. This review sheds light on the stabilization/phase transformation pathways of titania polymorphs like anatase, rutile, brookite and TiO2(B) under a variety of reaction conditions. The driving force for crystallization arising from complex species in solution coupled with pH of the solution and ion species facilitating the orientation of octahedral resulting in a crystalline phase are reviewed in detail. In addition to titanium halide/alkoxide, the nucleation of titania from other precursors like peroxo and layered titanates are also discussed. The non-aqueous route and ball milling-induced titania transformation is briefly outlined; moreover, the lacunae in understanding the concepts and future prospects in this exciting field are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Girish Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Devaraji P, Sathu NK, Gopinath CS. Ambient Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol by Photocatalysis on Au/Ti0.98V0.02O2: Role of Holes. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500724z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Devaraji
- Catalysis
Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Naveen K. Sathu
- Catalysis
Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Chinnakonda S. Gopinath
- Catalysis
Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
- Network of Institutes for Solar Energy (NISE), NCL Campus, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
- Centre
of Excellence on Surface Science, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abedi S, Morsali A. Ordered Mesoporous Metal–Organic Frameworks Incorporated with Amorphous TiO2 As Photocatalyst for Selective Aerobic Oxidation in Sunlight Irradiation. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Abedi
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-4838, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-4838, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Influence of metal ions on the photocatalytic activity: Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol on iron (III) ion-modified TiO2 using visible light. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Yurdakal S, Augugliaro V, Sanz J, Soria J, Sobrados I, Torralvo MJ. The influence of the anatase nanoparticles boundaries on the titania activity performance. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
45
|
Di Paola A, Bellardita M, Palmisano L, Barbieriková Z, Brezová V. Influence of crystallinity and OH surface density on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powders. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
46
|
Zhang Y, Xu YJ. Bi2WO6: A highly chemoselective visible light photocatalyst toward aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols in water. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46383d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The visible-light-driven flower-like Bi2WO6 photocatalyst toward “green” chemistry oriented selective organic transformations in water is an essential pathway to sustainable development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Photocatalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Photocatalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yuan L, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Xu YJ. Graphene–TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts for selective organic synthesis in water under simulated solar light irradiation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
48
|
Long B, Ding Z, Wang X. Carbon nitride for the selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols in water under visible light. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:2074-2078. [PMID: 24039175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols in water is achieved by using a carbon nitride (CN) catalyst, dioxygen, and visible light. The unique electronic structure of CN avoids the direct formation of hydroxyl radicals, which typically cause the total oxidation of organics. The chemical stability of CN allows several chemical protocols for photoredox catalysis in water, as exemplified by cooperative catalysis involving Brønsted acids. This leads to a new, green pathway for diverse organic transformations using sunlight and water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Long
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002 (PR China), Fax: (+86) 59183778608
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Turci F, Peira E, Corazzari I, Fenoglio I, Trotta M, Fubini B. Crystalline Phase Modulates the Potency of Nanometric TiO2 to Adhere to and Perturb the Stratum Corneum of Porcine Skin under Indoor Light. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1579-90. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Peira
- Dip.
Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ingrid Corazzari
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Trotta
- Dip.
Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen Z, Xu J, Ren Z, He Y, Xiao G. High efficient photocatalytic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by solvothermal-synthesized ZnIn2S4 microspheres under visible light irradiation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|