1
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Yu K, Ward TR. C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 258:112621. [PMID: 38852295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
CH functionalization, a promising frontier in modern organic chemistry, facilitates the direct conversion of inert CH bonds into many valuable functional groups. Despite its merits, traditional homogeneous catalysis, often faces challenges in efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability towards this transformation. In this context, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), resulting from the incorporation of a catalytically-competent metal cofactor within an evolvable protein scaffold, bridges the gap between the efficiency of enzymatic transformations and the versatility of transition metal catalysis. Accordingly, ArMs have emerged as attractive tools for various challenging catalytic transformations. Additionally, the coming of age of directed evolution has unlocked unprecedented avenues for optimizing enzymatic catalysis. Taking advantage of their genetically-encoded protein scaffold, ArMs have been evolved to catalyze various CH functionalization reactions. This review delves into the recent developments of ArM-catalyzed CH functionalization reactions, highlighting the benefits of engineering the second coordination sphere around a metal cofactor within a host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.
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2
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Sun Y, Tang Y, Zhou J, Guo B, Yuan F, Yao B, Yu Y, Li C. Computational design of myoglobin-based carbene transferases for monoterpene derivatization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 722:150160. [PMID: 38795453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbene transfer reactions have emerged as pivotal methodologies for the synthesis of complex molecular architectures. Heme protein-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions have shown promising results on model compounds. However, their limited substrate scope has hindered their application in natural product functionalization. Building upon the foundation of previously published work on a carbene transferase-myoglobin variant, this study employs computer-aided protein engineering to design myoglobin variants, using either docking or the deep learning-based LigandMPNN method. These variants were utilized as catalysts in carbene transfer reactions with a selection of monoterpene substrates featuring C-C double bonds, leading to seven target products. This cost-effective methodology broadens the substrate scope for heme protein-catalyzed reactions, thereby opening novel pathways for research in heme protein functionalities and offering fresh perspectives in the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Sun
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China
| | - Yinian Tang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China
| | - Jing Zhou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China
| | - Bingchen Guo
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China
| | - Feiyan Yuan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China.
| | - Bo Yao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China
| | - Yang Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488 China.
| | - Chun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Vargas DA, Ren X, Sengupta A, Zhu L, Roy S, Garcia-Borràs M, Houk KN, Fasan R. Biocatalytic strategy for the construction of sp 3-rich polycyclic compounds from directed evolution and computational modelling. Nat Chem 2024; 16:817-826. [PMID: 38351380 PMCID: PMC11088497 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Catalysis with engineered enzymes has provided more efficient routes for the production of active pharmaceutical agents. However, the potential of biocatalysis to assist in early-stage drug discovery campaigns remains largely untapped. In this study, we have developed a biocatalytic strategy for the construction of sp3-rich polycyclic compounds via the intramolecular cyclopropanation of benzothiophenes and related heterocycles. Two carbene transferases with complementary regioisomer selectivity were evolved to catalyse the stereoselective cyclization of benzothiophene substrates bearing diazo ester groups at the C2 or C3 position of the heterocycle. The detailed mechanisms of these reactions were elucidated by a combination of crystallographic and computational analyses. Leveraging these insights, the substrate scope of one of the biocatalysts could be expanded to include previously unreactive substrates, highlighting the value of integrating evolutionary and rational strategies to develop enzymes for new-to-nature transformations. The molecular scaffolds accessed here feature a combination of three-dimensional and stereochemical complexity with 'rule-of-three' properties, which should make them highly valuable for fragment-based drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vargas
- Process Research and Development, Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Xinkun Ren
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Satyajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
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4
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Weaver BR, Perkins LJ, Fernandez Candelaria FO, Burstyn JN, Buller AR. Molecular Determinants of Efficient Cobalt-Substituted Hemoprotein Production in E. coli. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3669-3679. [PMID: 37963151 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Exchanging the native iron of heme for other metals yields artificial metalloproteins with new properties for spectroscopic studies and biocatalysis. Recently, we reported a method for the biosynthesis and incorporation of a non-natural metallocofactor, cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX), into hemoproteins using the common laboratory strain Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). This discovery inspired us to explore the determinants of metal specificity for metallocofactor biosynthesis in E. coli. Herein, we report detailed kinetic analysis of the ferrochelatase responsible for metal insertion, EcHemH (E. coli ferrochelatase). This enzyme exhibits a small, less than 2-fold preference for Fe2+ over the non-native Co2+ substrate in vitro. To test how mutations impact EcHemH, we used a surrogate metal specificity screen to identify variants with altered metal insertion preferences. This engineering process led to a variant with an ∼30-fold shift in specificity toward Co2+. When assayed in vivo, however, the impact of this mutation is small compared to the effects of alteration of the external metal concentrations. These data suggest that incorporation of cobalt into PPIX is enabled by the native promiscuity of EcHemH coupled with BL21's impaired ability to maintain transition-metal homeostasis. With this knowledge, we generated a method for CoPPIX production in rich media, which yields cobalt-substituted hemoproteins with >95% cofactor purity and yields comparable to standard expression protocols for the analogous native hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lydia J Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Judith N Burstyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew R Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Li F, Xu Y, Xu Y, Xie H, Wu J, Wang C, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang L. Engineering of Dual-Function Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin: A One-Pot Strategy for the Synthesis of Unnatural α-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:7115-7119. [PMID: 37737085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite a well-developed and growing body of work on the directed evolution of hemoproteins, the potential of hemoproteins to catalyze non-natural reactions remains underexplored. This paper reports a new biocatalytic strategy for the one-pot synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids. Engineered variants of dual-function Vitreoscilla hemoglobin were found to efficiently catalyze N-H insertion and C-H sp3 alkylation, providing moderate to excellent yields (57%-95%) of unnatural α-amino acid derivatives and turnover numbers (1425-2375).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Yaning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Yuelin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
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6
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Kim M, Jo H, Jung GY, Oh SS. Molecular Complementarity of Proteomimetic Materials for Target-Specific Recognition and Recognition-Mediated Complex Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208309. [PMID: 36525617 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As biomolecules essential for sustaining life, proteins are generated from long chains of 20 different α-amino acids that are folded into unique 3D structures. In particular, many proteins have molecular recognition functions owing to their binding pockets, which have complementary shapes, charges, and polarities for specific targets, making these biopolymers unique and highly valuable for biomedical and biocatalytic applications. Based on the understanding of protein structures and microenvironments, molecular complementarity can be exhibited by synthesizable and modifiable materials. This has prompted researchers to explore the proteomimetic potentials of a diverse range of materials, including biologically available peptides and oligonucleotides, synthetic supramolecules, inorganic molecules, and related coordination networks. To fully resemble a protein, proteomimetic materials perform the molecular recognition to mediate complex molecular functions, such as allosteric regulation, signal transduction, enzymatic reactions, and stimuli-responsive motions; this can also expand the landscape of their potential bio-applications. This review focuses on the recognitive aspects of proteomimetic designs derived for individual materials and their conformations. Recent progress provides insights to help guide the development of advanced protein mimicry with material heterogeneity, design modularity, and tailored functionality. The perspectives and challenges of current proteomimetic designs and tools are also discussed in relation to future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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7
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Deng Y, Dwaraknath S, Ouyang WO, Matsumoto CJ, Ouchida S, Lu Y. Engineering an Oxygen-Binding Protein for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reductions in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215719. [PMID: 36916067 PMCID: PMC10946749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
While native CO2 -reducing enzymes display remarkable catalytic efficiency and product selectivity, few artificial biocatalysts have been engineered to allow understanding how the native enzymes work. To address this issue, we report cobalt porphyrin substituted myoglobin (CoMb) as a homogeneous catalyst for photo-driven CO2 to CO conversion in water. The activity and product selectivity were optimized by varying pH and concentrations of the enzyme and the photosensitizer. Up to 2000 TON(CO) was attained at low enzyme concentrations with low product selectivity (15 %), while a product selectivity of 74 % was reached by increasing the enzyme loading but with a compromised TON(CO). The efficiency of CO generation and overall TON(CO) were further improved by introducing positively charged residues (Lys or Arg) near the active stie of CoMb, which demonstrates the value of tuning the enzyme secondary coordination sphere to enhance the CO2 -reducing performance of a protein-based photocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Deng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA
| | - Sudharsan Dwaraknath
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Wenhao O. Ouyang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Cory J. Matsumoto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Stephanie Ouchida
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
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8
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Hanreich S, Bonandi E, Drienovská I. Design of Artificial Enzymes: Insights into Protein Scaffolds. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200566. [PMID: 36418221 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial enzymes has emerged as a promising tool for the generation of potent biocatalysts able to promote new-to-nature reactions with improved catalytic performances, providing a powerful platform for wide-ranging applications and a better understanding of protein functions and structures. The selection of an appropriate protein scaffold plays a key role in the design process. This review aims to give a general overview of the most common protein scaffolds that can be exploited for the generation of artificial enzymes. Several examples are discussed and categorized according to the strategy used for the design of the artificial biocatalyst, namely the functionalization of natural enzymes, the creation of a new catalytic site in a protein scaffold bearing a wide hydrophobic pocket and de novo protein design. The review is concluded by a comparison of these different methods and by our perspective on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hanreich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Bonandi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
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9
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Ren X, Couture BM, Liu N, Lall MS, Kohrt JT, Fasan R. Enantioselective Single and Dual α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Cyclic Amines via Enzymatic Carbene Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:537-550. [PMID: 36542059 PMCID: PMC9837850 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amines are ubiquitous structural motifs found in pharmaceuticals and biologically active natural products, making methods for their elaboration via direct C-H functionalization of considerable synthetic value. Herein, we report the development of an iron-based biocatalytic strategy for enantioselective α-C-H functionalization of pyrrolidines and other saturated N-heterocycles via a carbene transfer reaction with diazoacetone. Currently unreported for organometallic catalysts, this transformation can be accomplished in high yields, high catalytic activity, and high stereoselectivity (up to 99:1 e.r. and 20,350 TON) using engineered variants of cytochrome P450 CYP119 from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This methodology was further extended to enable enantioselective α-C-H functionalization in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate as carbene donor (up to 96:4 e.r. and 18,270 TON), and the two strategies were combined to achieve a one-pot as well as a tandem dual C-H functionalization of a cyclic amine substrate with enzyme-controlled diastereo- and enantiodivergent selectivity. This biocatalytic approach is amenable to gram-scale synthesis and can be applied to drug scaffolds for late-stage C-H functionalization. This work provides an efficient and tunable method for direct asymmetric α-C-H functionalization of saturated N-heterocycles, which should offer new opportunities for the synthesis, discovery, and optimization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Bo M. Couture
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kohrt
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States,
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10
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Siriboe MG, Vargas DA, Fasan R. Dehaloperoxidase Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanol Esters. J Org Chem 2022. [PMID: 36542602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chiral cyclopropanols are highly desirable building blocks for medicinal chemistry, but the stereoselective synthesis of these molecules remains challenging. Here, a novel strategy is reported for the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of cyclopropanol derivatives via the biocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of vinyl esters with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). A dehaloperoxidase enzyme from Amphitrite ornata was repurposed to catalyze this challenging cyclopropanation reaction, and its activity and stereoselectivity were optimized via protein engineering. Using this system, a broad range of electron-deficient vinyl esters were efficiently converted to the desired cyclopropanation products with up to 99.5:0.5 diastereomeric and enantiomeric ratios. In addition, the engineered dehaloperoxidase-based biocatalyst is able to catalyze a variety of other abiological carbene transfer reactions, including N-H/S-H carbene insertion with EDA as well as cyclopropanation with diazoacetonitrile, thus adding to the multifunctionality of this enzyme and defining it as a valuable new scaffold for the development of novel carbene transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Siriboe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York14627, United States
| | - David A Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York14627, United States
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11
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Kaur R, Aboelnga MM, Nikkel DJ, Wetmore SD. The metal dependence of single-metal mediated phosphodiester bond cleavage: a QM/MM study of a multifaceted human enzyme. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29130-29140. [PMID: 36444615 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleases catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids using a range of metal cofactors. Although it is well accepted that many nucleases rely on two metal ions, the one-metal mediated pathway is debated. Furthermore, one-metal mediated nucleases maintain activity in the presence of many different metals, but the underlying reasons for this broad metal specificity are unknown. The human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), which plays a key role in DNA repair, transcription regulation, and gene expression, is a prototypical example of a one-metal dependent nuclease. Although Mg2+ is the native metal cofactor, APE1 remains catalytically active in the presence of several metals, with the rate decreasing as Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+, while Ca2+ completely abolished the activity. The present work uses quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics techniques to map APE1-facilitated phosphodiester bond hydrolysis in the presence of these metals. The structural differences in stationary points along the reaction pathway shed light on the interplay between several factors that allow APE1 to remain catalytically active for various metals, with the trend in the barrier heights correlating with the experimentally reported APE1 catalytic activity. In contrast, Ca2+ significantly changes the metal coordination and active site geometry, and thus completely inhibits catalysis. Our work thereby provides support for the controversial single-metal mediated phosphodiester bond cleavage and clarifies uncertainties regarding the role of the metal and metal identity in this important reaction. This information is key for future medicinal and biotechnological applications including disease diagnosis and treatment, and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Mohamed M Aboelnga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dylan J Nikkel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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12
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Shisaka Y, Shoji O. Bridging the gap: Unveiling novel functions of a bacterial haem-acquisition protein capturing diverse synthetic porphyrinoids. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Sosa Alfaro V, Waheed SO, Palomino H, Knorrscheidt A, Weissenborn M, Christov CZ, Lehnert N. YfeX - A New Platform for Carbene Transferase Development with High Intrinsic Reactivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201474. [PMID: 35948517 PMCID: PMC9691539 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbene transfer biocatalysis has evolved from basic science to an area with vast potential for the development of new industrial processes. In this study, we show that YfeX, naturally a peroxidase, has great potential for the development of new carbene transferases, due to its high intrinsic reactivity, especially for the N-H insertion reaction of aromatic and aliphatic primary and secondary amines. YfeX shows high stability against organic solvents (methanol and DMSO), greatly improving turnover of hydrophobic substrates. Interestingly, in styrene cyclopropanation, WT YfeX naturally shows high enantioselectivity, generating the trans product with 87 % selectivity for the (R,R) enantiomer. WT YfeX also catalyzes the Si-H insertion efficiently. Steric effects in the active site were further explored using the R232A variant. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) calculations reveal details on the mechanism of Si-H insertion. YfeX, and potentially other peroxidases, are exciting new targets for the development of improved carbene transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109–1055United States
| | - Sodiq O. Waheed
- Department of ChemistryMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, Michigan49931United States
| | - Hannah Palomino
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109–1055United States
| | - Anja Knorrscheidt
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Str. 206120HalleGermany
| | - Martin Weissenborn
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Str. 206120HalleGermany
| | - Christo Z. Christov
- Department of ChemistryMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, Michigan49931United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan48109–1055United States
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14
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Guo C, Chadwick RJ, Foulis A, Bedendi G, Lubskyy A, Rodriguez KJ, Pellizzoni MM, Milton RD, Beveridge R, Bruns N. Peroxidase Activity of Myoglobin Variants Reconstituted with Artificial Cofactors. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200197. [PMID: 35816250 PMCID: PMC9545363 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) can react with hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) to form a highly active intermediate compound and catalyse oxidation reactions. To enhance this activity, known as pseudo-peroxidase activity, previous studies have focused on the modification of key amino acid residues of Mb or the heme cofactor. In this work, the Mb scaffold (apo-Mb) was systematically reconstituted with a set of cofactors based on six metal ions and two ligands. These Mb variants were fully characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and native mass spectrometry (nMS). The steady-state kinetics of guaiacol oxidation and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) dehalogenation catalysed by Mb variants were determined. Mb variants with iron chlorin e6 (Fe-Ce6) and manganese chlorin e6 (Mn-Ce6) cofactors were found to have improved catalytic efficiency for both guaiacol and TCP substrates in comparison with wild-type Mb, i. e. Fe-protoporphyrin IX-Mb. Furthermore, the selected cofactors were incorporated into the scaffold of a Mb mutant, swMb H64D. Enhanced peroxidase activity for both substrates were found via the reconstitution of Fe-Ce6 into the mutant scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetG1 1XLGlasgowUK
| | - Robert J. Chadwick
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetG1 1XLGlasgowUK
| | - Adam Foulis
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetG1 1XLGlasgowUK
| | - Giada Bedendi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Andriy Lubskyy
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Kyle J. Rodriguez
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Michela M. Pellizzoni
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ross D. Milton
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Beveridge
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetG1 1XLGlasgowUK
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetG1 1XLGlasgowUK,Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 464287DarmstadtGermany
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15
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Kerns S, Biswas A, Minnetian NM, Borovik AS. Artificial Metalloproteins: At the Interface between Biology and Chemistry. JACS AU 2022; 2:1252-1265. [PMID: 35783165 PMCID: PMC9241007 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial metalloproteins (ArMs) have recently gained significant interest due to their potential to address issues in a broad scope of applications, including biocatalysis, biotechnology, protein assembly, and model chemistry. ArMs are assembled by the incorporation of a non-native metallocofactor into a protein scaffold. This can be achieved by a number of methods that apply tools of chemical biology, computational de novo design, and synthetic chemistry. In this Perspective, we highlight select systems in the hope of demonstrating the breadth of ArM design strategies and applications and emphasize how these systems address problems that are otherwise difficult to do so with strictly biochemical or synthetic approaches.
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16
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Rumo C, Stein A, Klehr J, Tachibana R, Prescimone A, Häussinger D, Ward TR. An Artificial Metalloenzyme Based on a Copper Heteroscorpionate Enables sp 3 C-H Functionalization via Intramolecular Carbene Insertion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11676-11684. [PMID: 35749305 PMCID: PMC9348757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
selective functionalization
of sp3 C–H bonds
is a versatile tool for the diversification of organic compounds.
Combining attractive features of homogeneous and enzymatic catalysts,
artificial metalloenzymes offer an ideal means to selectively modify
these inert motifs. Herein, we report on a copper(I) heteroscorpionate
complex embedded within streptavidin that catalyzes the intramolecular
insertion of a carbene into sp3 C–H bonds. Target
residues for genetic optimization of the artificial metalloenzyme
were identified by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations.
Double-saturation mutagenesis yielded detailed insight on the contribution
of individual amino acids on the activity and the selectivity of the
artificial metalloenzyme. Mutagenesis at a third position afforded
a set of artificial metalloenzymes that catalyze the enantio- and
regioselective formation of β- and γ-lactams with high
turnovers and promising enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Rumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Alina Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Klehr
- Department of Biomedizin, University of Basel, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Ryo Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
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17
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Liu Y, Lai KL, Vong K. Transition Metal Scaffolds Used To Bring New‐to‐Nature Reactions into Biological Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ka Lun Lai
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
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18
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Shisaka Y, Sakakibara E, Suzuki K, Stanfield JK, Onoda H, Ueda G, Hatano M, Sugimoto H, Shoji O. Tetraphenylporphyrin Enters the Ring: First Example of a Complex Between Highly Bulky Porphyrins and a Protein. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200095. [PMID: 35352458 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) is a symmetrically substituted synthetic porphyrin whose properties can be readily modified, providing it with significant advantages over naturally occurring porphyrins. Herein, we report the first example of a stable complex between a native biomolecule, the haemoprotein HasA, and TPP as well as its derivatives. The X-ray crystal structures of nine different HasA-TPP complexes were solved at high resolutions. HasA capturing TPP derivatives was also demonstrated to inhibit growth of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Mutant variants of HasA binding FeTPP were shown to possess a different mode of coordination, permitting the cyclopropanation of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shisaka
- Nagoya University, Chemistry, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Erika Sakakibara
- Nagoya University, Chemistry, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Kazuto Suzuki
- Nagoya University, Chemistry, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | | | - Hiroki Onoda
- Nagoya University, Chemistry, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Garyo Ueda
- Nagoya University, Chemistry, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Miu Hatano
- Nagoya University, Chemistry, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- RIKEN: Rikagaku Kenkyujo, SPring-8 Centre, 1-1-1 Kouto, 679-5148, Sayo, JAPAN
| | - Osami Shoji
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Furo, Chikusa,, 464-8602, Nagoya, JAPAN
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19
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Miller DC, Lal RG, Marchetti LA, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines to Azetidines via a Highly Enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4739-4745. [PMID: 35258294 PMCID: PMC9022672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report enantioselective one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines to make azetidines as a new-to-nature activity of engineered "carbene transferase" enzymes. A laboratory-evolved variant of cytochrome P450BM3, P411-AzetS, not only exerts unparalleled stereocontrol (99:1 er) over a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement but also overrides the inherent reactivity of aziridinium ylides, cheletropic extrusion of olefins, to perform a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement. By controlling the fate of the highly reactive aziridinium ylide intermediates, these evolvable biocatalysts promote a transformation which cannot currently be performed using other catalyst classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ravi G. Lal
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Luca A. Marchetti
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Present Address: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Wang Z, Cheng J, Ding W, Wang D. C(sp3)–H Amination Catalyzed by Ir(Me)-Porphyrin: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junhui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wanjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Nam D, Tinoco A, Shen Z, Adukure RD, Sreenilayam G, Khare SD, Fasan R. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Amines via Biocatalytic N-H Bond Insertion with Acceptor-Acceptor Carbene Donors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2590-2602. [PMID: 35107997 PMCID: PMC8855427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The biocatalytic
toolbox has recently been expanded to include
enzyme-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions not occurring in Nature.
Herein, we report the development of a biocatalytic strategy for the
synthesis of enantioenriched α-trifluoromethyl amines through
an asymmetric N–H carbene insertion reaction catalyzed by engineered
variants of cytochrome c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus. Using a combination of protein and substrate engineering, this
metalloprotein scaffold was redesigned to enable the synthesis of
chiral α-trifluoromethyl amino esters with up to >99% yield
and 95:5 er using benzyl 2-diazotrifluoropropanoate as the carbene
donor. When the diazo reagent was varied, the enantioselectivity of
the enzyme could be inverted to produce the opposite enantiomers of
these products with up to 99.5:0.5 er. This methodology is applicable
to a broad range of aryl amine substrates, and it can be leveraged
to obtain chemoenzymatic access to enantioenriched β-trifluoromethyl-β-amino
alcohols and halides. Computational analyses provide insights into
the interplay of protein- and reagent-mediated control on the enantioselectivity
of this reaction. This work introduces the first example of a biocatalytic
N–H carbenoid insertion with an acceptor–acceptor carbene
donor, and it offers a biocatalytic solution for the enantioselective
synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated amines as valuable synthons
for medicinal chemistry and the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Antonio Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Zhuofan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ronald D Adukure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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22
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Ren X, Chandgude AL, Carminati DM, Shen Z, Khare SD, Fasan R. Highly stereoselective and enantiodivergent synthesis of cyclopropylphosphonates with engineered carbene transferases. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8550-8556. [PMID: 35974764 PMCID: PMC9337741 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01965e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphonate compounds have represented a rich source of biologically active compounds, including enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, and antimalarial agents. Here, we report the development of a highly stereoselective strategy for olefin cyclopropanation in the presence of a phosphonyl diazo reagent as carbene precursor. In combination with a ‘substrate walking’ protein engineering strategy, two sets of efficient and enantiodivergent myoglobin-based biocatalysts were developed for the synthesis of both (1R,2S) and (1S,2R) enantiomeric forms of the desired cyclopropylphosphonate ester products. This methodology enables the efficient transformation of a broad range of vinylarene substrates at a preparative scale (i.e. gram scale) with up to 99% de and ee. Mechanistic studies provide insights into factors that contribute to make this reaction inherently more challenging than hemoprotein-catalyzed olefin cyclopropanation with ethyl diazoacetate investigated previously. This work expands the range of synthetically useful, enzyme-catalyzed transformations and paves the way to the development of metalloprotein catalysts for abiological carbene transfer reactions involving non-canonical carbene donor reagents. Two enantiocomplementary myoglobin-based carbene transfer biocatalysts were developed for the synthesis of cyclopropylphosphonate esters with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity and in high yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Ajay L. Chandgude
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Daniela M. Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Zhuofan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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23
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24
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Unnatural biosynthesis by an engineered microorganism with heterologously expressed natural enzymes and an artificial metalloenzyme. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1186-1191. [PMID: 34650235 PMCID: PMC8879416 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology enables microbial hosts to produce complex molecules that are otherwise produced by organisms that are rare or difficult to cultivate, but the structures of these molecules are limited to those formed by chemical reactions catalyzed by natural enzymes. The integration of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) that catalyze unnatural reactions into metabolic networks could broaden the cache of molecules produced biosynthetically by microorganisms. We report an engineered microbial cell expressing a heterologous biosynthetic pathway, which contains both natural enzymes and ArMs, that produces an unnatural product with high diastereoselectivity. To create this hybrid biosynthetic organism, we engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a heterologous terpene biosynthetic pathway and an ArM containing an iridium-porphyrin complex that was transported into the cell with a heterologous transport system. We improved the diastereoselectivity and product titer of the unnatural product by evolving the ArM and selecting the appropriate gene induction and cultivation conditions. This work shows that synthetic biology and synthetic chemistry can produce, together with natural and artificial enzymes in whole cells, molecules that were previously inaccessible to nature.
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25
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Ren X, Fasan R. Engineered and Artificial Metalloenzymes for Selective C-H Functionalization. CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2021; 31:100494. [PMID: 34395950 PMCID: PMC8357270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds constitutes a powerful strategy to construct and diversify organic molecules. However, controlling the chemo- and site-selectivity of this transformation in particularly complex molecular settings represents a significant challenge. Metalloenzymes are ideal platforms for achieving catalyst-controlled selective C-H bond functionalization as their reactivities can be tuned by protein engineering and/or redesign of their cofactor environment. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of engineered and artificial metalloenzymes for C-H functionalization, with a focus on biocatalytic strategies for selective C-H oxyfunctionalization and halogenation as well as C-H amination and C-H carbene insertion via abiological nitrene and carbene transfer chemistries. Engineered heme- and non-heme iron dependent enzymes have emerged as promising scaffolds for executing these transformations with high chemo-, regio- and stereocontrol as well as tunable selectivity. These emerging systems and methodologies have expanded the toolbox of sustainable strategies for organic synthesis and created new opportunities for the generation of chiral building blocks, the late-stage C-H functionalization of complex molecules, and the total synthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
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26
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Loreto D, Merlino A. The interaction of rhodium compounds with proteins: A structural overview. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Pott M, Tinzl M, Hayashi T, Ota Y, Dunkelmann D, Mittl PRE, Hilvert D. Noncanonical Heme Ligands Steer Carbene Transfer Reactivity in an Artificial Metalloenzyme*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15063-15068. [PMID: 33880851 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changing the primary metal coordination sphere is a powerful strategy for tuning metalloprotein properties. Here we used amber stop codon suppression with engineered pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetases, including two newly evolved enzymes, to replace the proximal histidine in myoglobin with Nδ -methylhistidine, 5-thiazoylalanine, 4-thiazoylalanine and 3-(3-thienyl)alanine. In addition to tuning the heme redox potential over a >200 mV range, these noncanonical ligands modulate the protein's carbene transfer activity with ethyl diazoacetate. Variants with increased reduction potential proved superior for cyclopropanation and N-H insertion, whereas variants with reduced Eo values gave higher S-H insertion activity. Given the functional importance of histidine in many enzymes, these genetically encoded analogues could be valuable tools for probing mechanism and enabling new chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Ota
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Dunkelmann
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R E Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Pott M, Tinzl M, Hayashi T, Ota Y, Dunkelmann D, Mittl PRE, Hilvert D. Noncanonical Heme Ligands Steer Carbene Transfer Reactivity in an Artificial Metalloenzyme**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Ota
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry University of Zürich 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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29
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Roelfes G. Repurposed and artificial heme enzymes for cyclopropanation reactions. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 222:111523. [PMID: 34217039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heme enzymes are some of the most versatile catalysts in nature. In recent years it has been found that they can also catalyze reactions for which there are no equivalents in nature. This development has been driven by the abiological catalytic reactivity reported for bio-inspired and biomimetic iron porphyrin complexes. This review focuss es on heme enzymes for catalysis of cyclopropanation reactions. The two most important approaches used to create enzymes for cyclopropanation are repurposing of heme enzymes and the various strategies used to improve these enzymes such as mutagenesis and heme replacement, and artificial heme enzymes. These strategies are introduced and compared. Moreover, lessons learned with regard to mechanism and design principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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30
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Liu Z, Arnold FH. New-to-nature chemistry from old protein machinery: carbene and nitrene transferases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:43-51. [PMID: 33370622 PMCID: PMC8225731 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemoprotein-catalyzed carbene and nitrene transformations have emerged as powerful tools for constructing complex molecules; they also nicely illustrate how new protein catalysts can emerge, evolve and diversify. These laboratory-invented enzymes exploit the ability of proteins to tame highly reactive carbene and nitrene species and direct their fates with high selectivity. New-to-nature carbene and nitrene transferases catalyze many useful reactions, including some that have no precedent using chemical methods. Here we cover recent advances in this field, including alkyne cyclopropenation, arene cyclopropanation, carbene CH insertion, intramolecular nitrene CH insertion, alkene aminohydroxylation, and primary amination. For such transformations, biocatalysts have exceeded the performance of reported small-molecule catalysts in terms of selectivity and catalyst turnovers. Finally, we offer our thoughts on using these new enzymatic reactions in chemical synthesis, integrating them into biological pathways and chemo-enzymatic cascades, and on their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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31
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Hao J, Miao W, Lu S, Cheng Y, Jia G, Li C. Controllable stereoinversion in DNA-catalyzed olefin cyclopropanation via cofactor modification. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7918-7923. [PMID: 34168845 PMCID: PMC8188488 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of DNA with metal-complex cofactors can form promising biocatalysts for asymmetric reactions, although catalytic performance is typically limited by low enantioselectivities and stereo-control remains a challenge. Here, we engineer G-quadruplex-based DNA biocatalysts for an asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction, achieving enantiomeric excess (eetrans) values of up to +91% with controllable stereoinversion, where the enantioselectivity switches to -72% eetrans through modification of the Fe-porphyrin cofactor. Complementary circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fluorescence titration experiments show that the porphyrin ligand of the cofactor participates in the regulation of the catalytic enantioselectivity via a synergetic effect with DNA residues at the active site. These findings underline the important role of cofactor modification in DNA catalysis and thus pave the way for the rational engineering of DNA-based biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408 China
| | - Wenhui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408 China
| | - Shengmei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408 China
| | - Guoqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 China
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32
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Balhara R, Chatterjee R, Jindal G. A computational approach to understand the role of metals and axial ligands in artificial heme enzyme catalyzed C-H insertion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9500-9511. [PMID: 33885085 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Engineered heme enzymes such as myoglobin and cytochrome P450s metalloproteins are gaining widespread importance due to their efficiency in catalyzing non-natural reactions. In a recent strategy, the naturally occurring Fe metal in the heme unit was replaced with non-native metals such as Ir, Rh, Co, Cu, etc., and axial ligands to generate artificial metalloenzymes. Determining the best metal-ligand for a chemical transformation is not a trivial task. Here we demonstrate how computational approaches can be used in deciding the best metal-ligand combination which would be highly beneficial in designing new enzymes as well as small molecule catalysts. We have used Density Functional Theory (DFT) to shed light on the enhanced reactivity of an Ir system with varying axial ligands. We look at the insertion of a carbene group generated from diazo precursors via N2 extrusion into a C-H bond. For both Ir(Me) and Fe systems, the first step, i.e., N2 extrusion is the rate determining step. Strikingly, neither the better ligand overlap with 5d orbitals on Ir nor the electrophilicity on the carbene centre play a significant role. A comparison of Fe and Ir systems reveals that a lower distortion in the Ir(Me)-porphyrin on moving from the reactant to the transition state renders it catalytically more active. We notice that for both metal porphyrins, the free energy barriers are affected by axial ligand substitution. Further, for Fe porphyrin, the axial ligand also changes the preferred spin state. We show that for the carbene insertion into the C-H bond, Fe porphyrin systems undergo a stepwise HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) instead of a concerted hydride transfer process. Importantly, we find that the substitution of the axial Me ligand on Ir to imidazole or chloride, or without an axial substitution changes the rate determining step of the reaction. Therefore, an optimum ligand that can balance the barriers for both steps of the catalytic cycle is essential. We subsequently used the QM cluster approach to delineate the protein environment's role and mutations in improving the catalytic activity of the Ir(Me) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Balhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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33
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De novo biosynthesis of a nonnatural cobalt porphyrin cofactor in E. coli and incorporation into hemoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017625118. [PMID: 33850014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017625118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that bear a nonnative or artificially introduced metal center can engender novel reactivity and enable new spectroscopic and structural studies. In the case of metal-organic cofactors, such as metalloporphyrins, no general methods exist to build and incorporate new-to-nature cofactor analogs in vivo. We report here that a common laboratory strain, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), biosynthesizes cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX) under iron-limited, cobalt-rich growth conditions. In supplemented minimal media containing CoCl2, the metabolically produced CoPPIX is directly incorporated into multiple hemoproteins in place of native heme b (FePPIX). Five cobalt-substituted proteins were successfully expressed with this new-to-nature cobalt porphyrin cofactor: myoglobin H64V V68A, dye decolorizing peroxidase, aldoxime dehydratase, cytochrome P450 119, and catalase. We show conclusively that these proteins incorporate CoPPIX, with the CoPPIX making up at least 95% of the total porphyrin content. In cases in which the native metal ligand is a sulfur or nitrogen, spectroscopic parameters are consistent with retention of native metal ligands. This method is an improvement on previous approaches with respect to both yield and ease-of-implementation. Significantly, this method overcomes a long-standing challenge to incorporate nonnatural cofactors through de novo biosynthesis. By utilizing a ubiquitous laboratory strain, this process will facilitate spectroscopic studies and the development of enzymes for CoPPIX-mediated biocatalysis.
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34
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Carminati DM, Decaens J, Couve-Bonnaire S, Jubault P, Fasan R. Biocatalytic Strategy for the Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of CHF 2 -Containing Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7072-7076. [PMID: 33337576 PMCID: PMC7969403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl (CHF2 ) group has attracted significant attention in drug discovery and development efforts, owing to its ability to serve as fluorinated bioisostere of methyl, hydroxyl, and thiol groups. Herein, we report an efficient biocatalytic method for the highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of CHF2 -containing trisubstituted cyclopropanes. Using engineered myoglobin catalysts, a broad range of α-difluoromethyl alkenes are cyclopropanated in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate to give CHF2 -containing cyclopropanes in high yield (up to >99 %, up to 3000 TON) and with excellent stereoselectivity (up to >99 % de and ee). Enantiodivergent selectivity and extension of the method to the stereoselective cyclopropanation of mono- and trifluoromethylated olefins was also achieved. This methodology represents a powerful strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of high-value fluorinated building blocks for medicinal chemistry, as exemplified by the formal total synthesis of a CHF2 isostere of a TRPV1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Jonathan Decaens
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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35
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Carminati DM, Decaens J, Couve‐Bonnaire S, Jubault P, Fasan R. Biocatalytic Strategy for the Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of CHF
2
‐Containing Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Carminati
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | - Jonathan Decaens
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | | | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 14627 USA
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36
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Oohora K, Hayashi T. Myoglobins engineered with artificial cofactors serve as artificial metalloenzymes and models of natural enzymes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1940-1949. [PMID: 33433532 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03597a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes naturally achieve various reactivities by assembling limited types of cofactors with endogenous amino acid residues. Enzymes containing metal porphyrinoid cofactors such as heme, cobalamin and F430 exert precise control over the reactivities of the cofactors with protein matrices. This perspective article focuses on our recent efforts to assemble metal complexes of non-natural porphyrinoids within the protein matrix of myoglobin, an oxygen storage hemoprotein. Engineered myoglobins with suitable metal complexes as artificial cofactors demonstrate unique reactivities toward C-H bond hydroxylation, olefin cyclopropanation, methyl group transfer and methane generation. In these cases, the protein matrix enhances the catalytic activities of the cofactors and allows us to monitor the active intermediates. The present findings indicate that placing artificial cofactors in protein matrices provides a useful strategy for creating artificial metalloenzymes that catalyse otherwise unfavourable reactions and providing enzyme models for elucidating the complicated reaction mechanisms of natural enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
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37
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Nam D, Steck V, Potenzino RJ, Fasan R. A Diverse Library of Chiral Cyclopropane Scaffolds via Chemoenzymatic Assembly and Diversification of Cyclopropyl Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2221-2231. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Viktoria Steck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Robert J. Potenzino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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38
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Yang J, Wang G, Chen S, Ma B, Zhou H, Song M, Liu C, Huo C. Catalyst-free, visible-light-promoted S-H insertion reaction between thiols and α-diazoesters. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9494-9498. [PMID: 33180081 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-promoted S-H insertion reaction between thiols and α-diazoesters was developed. The reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature with a broad substrate scope, affording various thioethers in moderate to excellent yields. The catalyst- and additive-free nature, sustainable energy source and mild reaction conditions make this strategy more eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ganggang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Shuwen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ben Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China. and College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Menghui Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Cai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Congde Huo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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39
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Ren X, Liu N, Chandgude AL, Fasan R. An Enzymatic Platform for the Highly Enantioselective and Stereodivergent Construction of Cyclopropyl‐δ‐lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 16427 USA
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 16427 USA
| | - Ajay L. Chandgude
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 16427 USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester 120 Trustee Road Rochester NY 16427 USA
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40
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Steck V, Carminati DM, Johnson NR, Fasan R. Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Amines via Biocatalytic Carbene N-H Insertion. ACS Catal 2020; 10:10967-10977. [PMID: 34484852 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Optically active amines represent highly valuable building blocks for the synthesis of advanced pharmaceutical intermediates, drug molecules, and biologically active natural products. Hemoproteins have recently emerged as promising biocatalysts for the formation of C-N bonds via carbene transfer, but asymmetric N-H carbene insertion reactions using these or other enzymes have so far been elusive. Here, we report the successful development of a biocatalytic strategy for the asymmetric N-H carbene insertion of aromatic amines with 2-diazopropanoate esters using engineered variants of myoglobin. High activity and stereoinduction in this reaction could be achieved by tuning the chiral environment around the heme cofactor in the metalloprotein in combination with catalyst-matching and tailoring of the diazo reagent. Using this approach, an efficient biocatalytic protocol for the synthesis of a broad range of substituted aryl amines with up to 82% ee was obtained. In addition, a stereocomplementary catalyst useful for accessing the mirror-image form of the N-H insertion products was identified. This work paves the way to asymmetric amine synthesis via biocatalytic carbene transfer, and the present strategy based on the synergistic combination of protein and diazo reagent engineering is expected to prove useful in the context of these as well as other challenging asymmetric carbene transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Steck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, New York United States
| | - Daniela M. Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, New York United States
| | - Nathan R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, New York United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, New York United States
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41
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Suzuki K, Shisaka Y, Stanfield JK, Watanabe Y, Shoji O. Enhanced cis- and enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrene catalysed by cytochrome P450BM3 using decoy molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11026-11029. [PMID: 32895681 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04883f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the enhanced cis- and enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrene catalysed by cytochrome P450BM3 in the presence of dummy substrates, i.e. decoy molecules. With the aid of the decoy molecule R-Ibu-Phe, diastereoselectivity for the cis diastereomers reached 91%, and the enantiomeric ratio for the (1S,2R) isomer reached 94%. Molecular dynamics simulations underpin the experimental data, revealing the mechanism of how enantioselectivity is controlled by the addition of decoy molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Yuma Shisaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Joshua Kyle Stanfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan. and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
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42
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Ren X, Liu N, Chandgude AL, Fasan R. An Enzymatic Platform for the Highly Enantioselective and Stereodivergent Construction of Cyclopropyl-δ-lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21634-21639. [PMID: 32667122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abiological enzymes offers new opportunities for sustainable chemistry. Herein, we report the development of biological catalysts derived from sperm whale myoglobin that exploit a carbene transfer mechanism for the asymmetric synthesis of cyclopropane-fused-δ-lactones, which are key structural motifs found in many biologically active natural products. While hemin, wild-type myoglobin, and other hemoproteins are unable to catalyze this reaction, the myoglobin scaffold could be remodeled by protein engineering to permit the intramolecular cyclopropanation of a broad spectrum of homoallylic diazoacetate substrates in high yields and with up to 99 % enantiomeric excess. Via an alternate evolutionary trajectory, a stereodivergent biocatalyst was also obtained for affording mirror-image forms of the desired bicyclic products. In combination with whole-cell transformations, the myoglobin-based biocatalyst was used for the asymmetric construction of a cyclopropyl-δ-lactone scaffold at a gram scale, which could be further elaborated to furnish a variety of enantiopure trisubstituted cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 16427, USA
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 16427, USA
| | - Ajay L Chandgude
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 16427, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY, 16427, USA
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43
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Miyazaki Y, Oohora K, Hayashi T. Methane Generation and Reductive Debromination of Benzylic Position by Reconstituted Myoglobin Containing Nickel Tetradehydrocorrin as a Model of Methyl-coenzyme M Reductase. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11995-12004. [PMID: 32794737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), which contains the nickel hydrocorphinoid cofactor F430, is responsible for biological methane generation under anaerobic conditions via a reaction mechanism which has not been completely elucidated. In this work, myoglobin reconstituted with an artificial cofactor, nickel(I) tetradehydrocorrin (NiI(TDHC)), is used as a protein-based functional model for MCR. The reconstituted protein, rMb(NiI(TDHC)), is found to react with methyl donors such as methyl p-toluenesulfonate and trimethylsulfonium iodide with methane evolution observed in aqueous media containing dithionite. Moreover, rMb(NiI(TDHC)) is found to convert benzyl bromide derivatives to reductively debrominated products without homocoupling products. The reactivity increases in the order of primary > secondary > tertiary benzylic carbons, indicating steric effects on the reaction of the nickel center with the benzylic carbon in the initial step. In addition, Hammett plots using a series of para-substituted benzyl bromides exhibit enhancement of the reactivity with introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents, as shown by the positive slope against polar substituent constants. These results suggest a nucleophilic SN2-type reaction of the Ni(I) species with the benzylic carbon to provide an organonickel species as an intermediate. The reaction in D2O buffer at pD 7.0 causes a complete isotope shift of the product by +1 mass unit, supporting our proposal that protonation of the organonickel intermediate occurs during product formation. Although the turnover numbers are limited due to inactivation of the cofactor by side reactions, the present findings will contribute to elucidating the reaction mechanism of MCR-catalyzed methane generation from activated methyl sources and dehalogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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44
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Carminati DM, Moore EJ, Fasan R. Strategies for the expression and characterization of artificial myoglobin-based carbene transferases. Methods Enzymol 2020; 644:35-61. [PMID: 32943150 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin has recently emerged as a versatile metalloprotein scaffold for the design of efficient and selective biocatalysts for abiological carbene transfer reactions, including asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions. Over the past few years, our group has explored several strategies to modulate the carbene transfer reactivity of myoglobin-based catalysts, including the substitution of the native heme cofactor and conserved histidine axial ligand with non-native porphynoid ligands and alternative natural and unnatural amino acids as the metal-coordinating ligands, respectively. Herein, we report protocols for the generation and reconstitution in vitro and in vivo of myoglobin-based artificial carbene transferases incorporating non-native iron-porphynoid cofactors, also in combination with unnatural amino acids as the proximal ligand. These strategies are effective for imparting these myoglobin-based cyclopropanation biocatalysts with altered and improved function, including tolerance to aerobic conditions and improved reactivity toward electrondeficient olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Eric J Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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45
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Leone L, Chino M, Nastri F, Maglio O, Pavone V, Lombardi A. Mimochrome, a metalloporphyrin‐based catalytic Swiss knife†. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:495-515. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
- IBB ‐ National Research Council Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
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46
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Pineda-Knauseder AJ, Vargas DA, Fasan R. Organic solvent stability and long-term storage of myoglobin-based carbene transfer biocatalysts. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:516-526. [PMID: 32542734 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a rapid increase in the application of enzymes for chemical synthesis and manufacturing, including the industrial-scale synthesis of pharmaceuticals using multienzyme processes. From an operational standpoint, these bioprocesses often require robust biocatalysts capable of tolerating high concentrations of organic solvents and possessing long shelflife stability. In this work, we investigated the activity and stability of myoglobin (Mb)-based carbene transfer biocatalysts in the presence of organic solvents and after lyophilization. Our studies demonstrate that Mb-based cyclopropanases possess remarkable organic solvent stability, maintaining high levels of activity and stereoselectivity in the presence of up to 30%-50% (v/v) concentrations of various organic solvents, including ethanol, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, they tolerate long-term storage in lyophilized form, both as purified protein and as whole cells, without significant loss in activity and stereoselectivity. These stability properties are shared by Mb-based carbene transferases optimized for other type of asymmetric carbene transfer reactions. Finally, we report on simple protocols for catalyst recycling as whole-cell system and for obviating the need for strictly anaerobic conditions to perform these transformations. These findings demonstrate the robustness of Mb-based carbene transferases under operationally relevant conditions and should help guide the application of these biocatalysts for synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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47
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Zetzsche LE, Narayan ARH. Broadening the scope of biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:334-346. [PMID: 34430708 PMCID: PMC8382263 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impeccable control over chemo-, site-, and stereoselectivity possible in enzymatic reactions has led to a surge in the development of new biocatalytic methods. Despite carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds providing the central framework for organic molecules, development of biocatalytic methods for their formation has been largely confined to the use of a select few lyases over the last several decades, limiting the types of C-C bond-forming transformations possible through biocatalytic methods. This Review provides an update on the suite of enzymes available for highly selective biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Examples will be discussed in reference to the (1) native activity of enzymes, (2) alteration of activity through protein or substrate engineering for broader applicability, and (3) utility of the biocatalyst for abiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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48
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Gutiérrez de Souza C, Bersellini M, Roelfes G. Artificial Metalloenzymes based on TetR Proteins and Cu(II) for Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:3190-3194. [PMID: 32612714 PMCID: PMC7319431 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular approach is among the most convenient methodologies for creating artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs). Usually this approach involves the binding of a transition metal ion complex to a biomolecular scaffold via its ligand, which also modulates the catalytic properties of the metal ion. Herein, we report ArMs based on the proteins CgmR, RamR and QacR from the TetR family of multidrug resistance regulators (MDRs) and Cu2+ ions, assembled without the need of a ligand. These ArMs catalyze the enantioselective vinylogous Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction with up to 75 % ee. Competition experiments with ethidium and rhodamine 6G confirm that the reactions occur in the chiral environment of the hydrophobic pocket. It is proposed that the Cu2+-substrate complex is bound via a combination of electrostatic and π-stacking interactions provided by the second coordination sphere. This approach constitutes a fast and straightforward way to assemble metalloenzymes and may facilitate future optimization of the protein scaffolds via mutagenesis or directed evolution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Gutiérrez de Souza
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh49747AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Manuela Bersellini
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh49747AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh49747AG GroningenThe Netherlands
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Sitte E, Senge MO. The Red Color of Life Transformed - Synthetic Advances and Emerging Applications of Protoporphyrin IX in Chemical Biology. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:3171-3191. [PMID: 32612451 PMCID: PMC7319466 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is the porphyrin scaffold of heme b, a ubiquitous prosthetic group of proteins responsible for oxygen binding (hemoglobin, myoglobin), electron transfer (cytochrome c) and catalysis (cytochrome P450, catalases, peroxidases). PPIX and its metallated derivatives frequently find application as therapeutic agents, imaging tools, catalysts, sensors and in light harvesting. The vast toolkit of accessible porphyrin functionalization reactions enables easy synthetic modification of PPIX to meet the requirements for its multiple uses. In the past few years, particular interest has arisen in exploiting the interaction of PPIX and its synthetic derivatives with biomolecules such as DNA and heme-binding proteins to evolve molecular devices with new functions as well as to uncover potential therapeutic toeholds. This review strives to shine a light on the most recent developments in the synthetic chemistry of PPIX and its uses in selected fields of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sitte
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse Street2DublinIreland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse Street2DublinIreland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenberg‐Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Stenner R, Anderson JLR. Chemoselective N−H insertion catalyzed by ade novocarbene transferase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:527-535. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stenner
- School of Biochemistry University of Bristol Bristol UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - John Leslie Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry University of Bristol Bristol UK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre University of Bristol Bristol UK
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