Photoredox‐Catalzyed Halo‐trifluoromethylation of 1,7‐Enynes for Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinolin‐2(1 H )‐ones

Preparation of Difluoromethylated Benzothiophene by Visible-Light-Mediated Alkyne Difunctionalization Reaction

An efficient method for the preparation of difluoromethylated benzothiophenes via visible-light-mediated alkyne difunctionalization was developed. In this method, inexpensive sodium difluoromethanesulfinate (HCF2SO2Na) was used as the fluorine source, and a variety of benzothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yield under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the reaction operation is simple and easy to scale up.

Photocatalytic, α-Aminoalkyl Radical-Mediated, Methylene-Extrusive Ring-Closing Transformation of o-Alkynyl and o-Cyano Acrylamides

Herein we report a visible-light-induced, α-aminoalkyl radical-mediated cascade reaction of 1,7-enynes that establishes a unique ring-closing enyne transformation pathway which occurs with concomitant loss of a methylene moiety. The α-aminoalkyl radical derived from N,N-dimethylaniline was demonstrated to be a traceless promoter of enyne reorganization leading to 4-alkylquinolinones. The reaction can also be extended to nitrile-substituted acrylamide systems, leading to carbostyrils. Experiments with deuterated N,N-dimethylaniline-d6 (PhN(CD3)2) established the involvement of 1,5-H atom transfer in the mechanism.

Visible-Light-Initiated Catalyst-Free Radical Annulation Reactions of 1,6-Enynes and Aryl Sulfonyl Bromide to Assemble Sulfonation/Bromination Succinimide Derivatives

In the present study, the environment-friendly visible-light-promoted strategy is used to perform an efficient, simple, and straightforward photocatalytic succinimide derivative synthesis from the reaction of 1,6-enynes and aryl sulfonyl bromide at room temperature under air ambient conditions. This method features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, high yields, and excellent configurational selectivity. In addition, all the atoms of the substrates involved in the reaction converge in the product structures, showing a high atomic economy. Moreover, the most important characteristic of this study is that no photocatalyst and additives are used, while the key factor that triggers the reaction is visible light, indicating that this study has an important practical value.

Recent Advances in Visible Light-Mediated Radical Fluoro-alkylation, -alkoxylation, -alkylthiolation, -alkylselenolation, and -alkylamination

In the last few years, many reagents and protocols have been developed to allow for the efficient fluorofunctionalization of a diverse set of scaffolds ranging from alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and (hetero)arenes. The concomitant rise of organofluorine chemistry and visible light-mediated synthesis have synergistically expanded the fields and have mutually benefitted from developments in both fields. In this context, visible light driven formations of radicals containing fluorine have been a major focus for the discovery of new bioactive compounds. This review details the recent advances and progress made in visible light-mediated fluoroalkylation and heteroatom centered radical generation.

Difunctionalization of Dienes, Enynes and Related Compounds via Sequential Radical Addition and Cyclization Reactions

Radical reactions are powerful in creating carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Designing one-pot radical reactions with cascade transformations to assemble the cyclic skeletons with two new functional groups is both synthetically and operationally efficient. Summarized in this paper is the recent development of reactions involving radical addition and cyclization of dienes, diynes, enynes, as well as arene-bridged and arene-terminated compounds for the preparation of difunctionalization cyclic compounds. Reactions carried out with radical initiators, transition metal-catalysis, photoredox, and electrochemical conditions are included.

Computational Chemistry-Assisted Highly Selective Radical Cascade Cyclization of 1,6-Enynes with Thiols: Access to Sulfur-Substituted 4-Enyl-2-Pyrrolidones

In this study, an efficient method for the synthesis of sulfur-substituted 4-enyl-2-pyrrolidones was successfully developed through AIBN-promoted highly selective 5-exo-dig radical cascade cyclization of 1,6-enynes with sulfur sources with the aid of theoretical and computational chemistry. This protocol enables the first practical and green synthesis of an array of 4-enyl-2-pyrrolidones in moderate-to-good yields with broad substrate scopes and high regioselectivities (>20:1). Moreover, excellent stereoselectivities have also been achieved (up to >20:1, Z/E). Most interestingly, when the sulfur source is electron-rich thiophenol, reverse stereoselectivities were discovered. In addition, the control experiments indicate that the cascade cyclization is realized by radical reactions, and the detailed reaction mechanism and regioselectivities have also been explained by theoretical studies.

Selective Reduction of Quinolinones Promoted by a SmI2/H2O/MeOH System

The selective reduction of quinolin-2(1H)-ones promoted by a SmI₂/H₂O/MeOH system is reported for the first time. The reaction is effectively carried out to afford 3,4-dihydroquinoline-2(1H)-ones under mild conditions in a one-pot fashion with good to excellent yields.

Visible-Light-Promoted Radical Cyclization of N-Arylvinylsulfonamides: Synthesis of CF3/CHF2/CH2CF3-Containing 1,3-Dihydrobenzo[c]isothiazole 2,2-Dioxide Derivatives

A photocatalyzed and highly efficient trifluoromethylation of N-arylvinylsulfonamides using commercially available CF3SO2Cl as the trifluoromethyl radical source under blue LEDs is reported. The reaction proceeds through radical cyclization under mild conditions. An investigation of the substrate scope is performed to establish a general, synthetically useful protocol for the synthesis of novel trifluoromethylated 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]isothiazole 2,2-dioxides in moderate to high yields. This method is also successfully applied for the synthesis of difluoromethylated and trifluoroethylated 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]isothiazole 2,2-dioxides in good to excellent yields.

Recent Advances on Photoinduced Cascade Strategies for the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles

Over the last decade, visible-light photocatalysis has proved to be a powerful tool for the construction of N-heterocyclic frameworks, important constituents of natural products, insecticides, pharmacologically relevant therapeutic agents and catalysts. This account highlights recent developments and established methods towards the photocatalytic cascades for preparation of different classes of N-heterocycles, giving emphasis on our contribution to the field.

Cascade Reactions Assisted by Microwave Irradiation: Ultrafast Construction of 2-Quinolinone-Fused γ-Lactones from N-(o-Ethynylaryl)acrylamides and Formamide

An ultrafast (10 s) methodology to construct novel highly functionalized 2-quinolinones from N-(o-ethynylaryl)acrylamides (1,7-enynes) is described for the first time. Microwave irradiation enabled the ultrafast synthesis of 2-quinolinone-fused γ-lactones from Fenton's reagents in formamide. After six key consecutive reactions, including a diastereoselective step, 2-quinolinone-fused γ-lactones were obtained in good overall yield (up to 46%; 10 s).

Metal-Free Radical Annulation of Oxygen-Containing 1,7-Enynes: Configuration-Selective Synthesis of (E)-3-((Arylsulfonyl)methyl)-4-Substituted Arylidenechromene Derivatives

A novel strategy for the synthesis of (E)-3-((arylsulfonyl)methyl)-4-substituted benzylidenechromene derivatives via a metal-free radical annulation reaction of oxygen-containing 1,7-enynes with thiosulfonates has been developed. The reaction shows broad substrate scope, wide functional group tolerance, and moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, thiosulfonates were well driven to achieve the bifunctionalization reaction of oxo-1,7-enynes which derived from aliphatic alkynes. In addition, the (E)-configuration of the products was highly controlled by the structure of 1,7-enyne.

Cu-Catalyzed radical-triggered spirotricyclization of enediynes and enyne-nitriles for the synthesis of pentacyclic spiroindenes

A new copper-catalyzed radical-triggered fluoromethylation-spirotricyclization of enediyne- and enyne-nitrile-containing para-quinone methides (p-QMs) was reported for the first time, and used to produce a series of hitherto unreported pentacyclic spiroindenes.

Fluorination and fluoroalkylation of alkenes/alkynes to construct fluoro-containing heterocycles

This review summarize the established strategies through fluorination and fluoroalkylation of alkenes/alkynes for constructing fluoro-containing heterocycles. Reaction scopes, mechanisms and some shortcomings are also discussed.

Scissoring Enaminone C═C Double Bond by Free Radical Process for the Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Ketones with CF3SO2Na

The C═C double bond cleavage on tertiary enaminones, enabling the formation of a new C-CF₃ bond, has been realized as a practical method for the synthesis of α-trifluoromethyl ketones with only the promotion of TBHP and ambient heating. Control experiments support that the reactions proceed via a featured free radical process. The deuterium labeling experiment employing D₂O indicates that water participated in the product formation by donating the hydrogen atom for the newly generated α-C-H bond in the product.

Mn(OAc)3-Mediated Addition Reactions of NaSO2CF3 and Perhalogenated Carboxylic Acids with Unactivated Alkenes Conjectured by a Single Electron Transfer and Halogen Abstraction Mechanism

A free-radical halotrifluoromethylation of olefins by using Mn(OAc)₃·2H₂O, CF₃SO₂Na, and perhalogenated carboxylic acids has been achieved. Perhalogenated carboxylic acids act as a halogen source and CF₃SO₂Na acts as a CF₃ source. The reaction displayed good tolerance of functional groups in the substrates under mild conditions. The radical clock experiment and TEMPO inhibition experiment support a radical process. The halogen reagent competition experiment shows that the last step of halogenation process is mainly through a halogen abstraction mechanism.

Visible-Light-Mediated [2+2+1] Carbocyclization Reactions of 1,7-Enynes with Bromofluoroacetate to Form Fused Monofluorinated Cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ones

Herein, we describe a new protocol for photoinduced radical [2+2+1] carbocyclization reactions of 1,7-enynes with bromofluoroacetate. These reactions, which proceed via a cascade involving fluoroalkylation, 6-exo-dig and 5-endo-trig cyclizations, H-transfer step, and oxidative dehydrogenation, provide an efficient and general route to a variety of fused monofluorinated cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-one derivatives.

Visible-Light-Induced Metal-Free Synthesis of 2-Phosphorylated Thioflavones in Water

The introduction of phosphorus functional groups into the skeleton of thioflavones is an attractive task and of great significance. Herein, a metal-free visible-light-induced radical cascade cyclization was developed for the preparation of 2-phosphorylated thioflavones from methylthiolated alkynones and phosphine oxides. In water as a green reaction medium, a large number of such 2-phosphorylated thioflavones were prepared, catalyzed by 4CzIPN [1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene] under visible-light irradiation. These reactions could be performed at ambient temperature and feature simple operation, wide reaction scope, and recyclability of aqueous media.

Electrochemical Minisci-type trifluoromethylation of electron-deficient heterocycles mediated by bromide ions

An electrochemical methodology for the Minisci-type trifluoromethylation of electron-deficient heterocycles mediated by cheap and easily available bromide ions has been developed.