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Kweon B, Blank L, Soika J, Messara A, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Regio- and Stereo-Selective Isomerization of Borylated 1,3- Dienes Enabled by Selective Energy Transfer Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404233. [PMID: 38545942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Configurationally-defined dienes are pervasive across the bioactive natural product spectrum, where they typically manifest themselves as sorbic acid-based fragments. These C5 motifs reflect the biosynthesis algorithms that facilitate their construction. To complement established biosynthetic paradigms, a chemical platform to facilitate the construction of stereochemically defined, functionalizable dienes by light-enabled isomerization has been devised. Enabled by selective energy transfer catalysis, a variety of substituted β-boryl sorbic acid derivatives can be isomerized in a regio- and stereo-selective manner (up to 97 : 3). Directionality is guided by a stabilizing nO→pB interaction in the product: this constitutes a formal anti-hydroboration of the starting alkyne. This operationally simple reaction employs low catalyst loadings (1 mol %) and is complete in 1 h. X-ray analysis supports the hypothesis that the nO→pB interaction leads to chromophore bifurcation: this provides a structural foundation for selective energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Blank
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Soika
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Amélia Messara
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Chaudhary M, Shaik S, Magan M, Hudda S, Gupta M, Singh G, Wadhwa P. A Brief Review on Recent Developments in Diels-Alder Reactions. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:COS-EPUB-137378. [PMID: 38310554 DOI: 10.2174/0115701794262102231214074336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition has been widely used for the synthesis of six-mem-ber scaffolds. In recent years, there have been significant developments in this area, including the discovery and design of novel dienes and dienophiles with improved reactivity and selectivity. These new building blocks can be used to develop diverse molecular structures with functional group compatibility. Additionally, there is the use of catalytic systems and metal-mediated reactions to enable asymmetric [4+2] cycloadditions, resulting in enantiomerically enriched products. Over-all, recent studies related to [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition using numerous dienes, dienophiles, and catalysts in different reaction conditions have significantly improved the efficiency, selectivity, and versatility of the reaction, making it an increasingly important tool in the synthesis of complex organic molecules as presented in this review. These advancements offer exciting possibilities for the development of new methods and reagents for the construction of six-membered rings and the synthesis of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
| | - Shareef Shaik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
| | - Muskan Magan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
| | - Sharwan Hudda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
| | - Mukta Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
| | - Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
| | - Pankaj Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (Punjab), India
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3
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Zhu Y, Liao Y, Jin S, Ding L, Zhong G, Zhang J. Functionality-Directed Regio- and Enantio-Selective Olefinic C-H Functionalization of Aryl Alkenes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300012. [PMID: 36892157 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Aryl alkenes represents one of the most widely occurring structural motif in countless drugs and natural products, and direct C-H functionalization of aryl alkenes provides atom- step efficient access toward valuable analogues. Among them, group-directed selective olefinic α- and β-C-H functionalization, bearing a directing group on the aromatic ring, has attracted remarkable attentions, including alkynylation, alkenylation, amino-carbonylation, cyanation, domino cyclization and so on. These transformations proceed by endo- and exo-C-H cyclometallation and provide aryl alkene derivatives in excellent site- stereo-selectivity. Enantio-selective α- and β- olefinic C-H functionalization were also covered to synthesis axially chiral styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Yilei Liao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Liyuan Ding
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- Department of chemistry, Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.,Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
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4
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Subotin VV, Vashchenko BV, Asaula VM, Verner EV, Ivanytsya MO, Shvets O, Ostapchuk EN, Grygorenko OO, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Kolotilov SV. Screening of Palladium/Charcoal Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Diene Carboxylates with Isolated-Rings (Hetero)aliphatic Scaffold. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031201. [PMID: 36770867 PMCID: PMC9920177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of seven palladium-containing composites, i.e., four Pd/C and three Pd(OH)2/C (Pearlman's catalysts), was prepared using modified common approaches to deposition of Pd or hydrated PdO on charcoal. All the composites were tested in the catalytic hydrogenation of diene carboxylates with the isolated-ring scaffold, e.g., 5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylates with 2-(alkoxycarbonyl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl and hex-1-en-1-yl substituents at the C(4)-position. The performance of the composites was also studied via the hydrogenation of quinoline as a model reaction. The composites were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), powder X-ray diffraction, and low-temperature N2 adsorption. It was found that the composites containing Pd nanoparticles (NPs) of 5-40 nm size were the most efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of dienes, providing the reduced products with up to 90% yields at p(H2) = 100 atm, T = 30 °C for 24 h. The method of Pd NPs formation had more effect on the catalyst performance than the size of the NPs. The catalytic performance of Pearlman's catalysts (Pd(OH)2/C) in the hydrogenation of dienes was comparable to or lower than the performance of the Pd/C systems, though the Pearlman's catalysts were more efficient in the hydrogenation of quinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V. Subotin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii M. Asaula
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eduard V. Verner
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykyta O. Ivanytsya
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksiy Shvets
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eugeniy N. Ostapchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Kolotilov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zhi S, Yao H, Zhang W. Difunctionalization of Dienes, Enynes and Related Compounds via Sequential Radical Addition and Cyclization Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031145. [PMID: 36770814 PMCID: PMC9919800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical reactions are powerful in creating carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Designing one-pot radical reactions with cascade transformations to assemble the cyclic skeletons with two new functional groups is both synthetically and operationally efficient. Summarized in this paper is the recent development of reactions involving radical addition and cyclization of dienes, diynes, enynes, as well as arene-bridged and arene-terminated compounds for the preparation of difunctionalization cyclic compounds. Reactions carried out with radical initiators, transition metal-catalysis, photoredox, and electrochemical conditions are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjun Zhi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Hongjun Yao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-287-6147
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6
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Harmon N, Poe MM, Huang X, Singh R, Foust BJ, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. Synthesis and Metabolism of BTN3A1 Ligands: Studies on Diene Modifications to the Phosphoantigen Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:164-170. [PMID: 35178171 PMCID: PMC8842111 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoantigens (pAgs) are small organophosphorus compounds such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) that trigger an immune response. These molecules bind to butyrophilin 3A1 (part of the HMBPP receptor) and activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. To explore the structure-activity relationships underlying this process, we evaluated a series of novel diene analogs of HMBPP. Here we report that prodrug forms of [(1E)-4-methylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl] phosphonic acid that lack the allylic alcohol of HMBPP but instead contained a diene scaffold exhibit mid-nanomolar potency for the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The compounds also trigger the production of T-cell interferon γ upon exposure to loaded K562 cells. Although both the allylic alcohol and the diene scaffold boost pAg activity, the combination of the two decreases the activity and results in glutathione conjugation. Together, these data show that the diene scaffold results in intermediate pAgs that may have implications for the mechanisms regulating the HMBPP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyema
M. Harmon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michael M. Poe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Xueting Huang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Foust
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States,Department
of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States,Institute
for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States,
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7
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Ali A, Tufail MK, Jamil MI, Yaseen W, Iqbal N, Hussain M, Ali A, Aziz T, Fan Z, Guo L. Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/ Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072037. [PMID: 33918422 PMCID: PMC8038244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene—silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)—with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers’ backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A’s methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Waleed Yaseen
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Nafees Iqbal
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Asad Ali
- National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (M.H.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (W.Y.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (L.G.)
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8
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Kennedy CR, Joannou MV, Steves JE, Hoyt JM, Kovel CB, Chirik PJ. Iron-Catalyzed Vinylsilane Dimerization and Cross-Cycloadditions with 1,3- Dienes: Probing the Origins of Chemo- and Regioselectivity. ACS Catal 2021; 11:1368-1379. [PMID: 34336370 PMCID: PMC8317497 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The selective, intermolecular, homodimerization and cross-cycloaddition of vinylsilanes with unbiased 1,3-dienes, catalyzed by a pyridine-2,6-diimine (PDI) iron complex is described. In the absence of a diene coupling partner, vinylsilane hydroalkenylation products were obtained chemoselectively with unusual head-to-head regioselectivity (up to >98% purity, 98:2 E/Z). In the presence of a 4- or 2-substituted diene coupling partner, under otherwise identical reaction conditions, formation of value-added [2+2]- and [4+2]-cycloadducts, respectively, was observed. The chemoselectivity profile was distinct from that observed for analogous α-olefin dimerization and cross-reactions with 1,3-dienes. Mechanistic studies conducted with well-defined, single-component precatalysts (MePDI)Fe(L2) (where MePDI = 2,6-(2,6-Me2-C6H3N═CMe)2C5H3N; L2 = butadiene or 2(N2)) provided insights into the kinetic and thermodynamic factors contributing to the substrate-controlled regioselectivity for both the homodimerization and cross cycloadditions. Diamagnetic iron diene and paramagnetic iron olefin complexes were identified as catalyst resting states, were characterized by in situ NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies, and were corroborated with DFT calculations. Stoichiometric reactions and computational models provided evidence for a common mechanistic regime where competing steric and orbital-symmetry requirements dictate the regioselectivity of oxidative cyclization. Although distinct chemoselectivity profiles were observed in cross-cycloadditions with the vinylsilane congeners of α-olefins, these products arose from metallacycles with the same connectivity. The silyl substituents ultimately governed the relative rates of β-H elimination and C-C reductive elimination to dictate final product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan M. Hoyt
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Carli B. Kovel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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9
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Welker ME. Boron and Silicon-Substituted 1,3- Dienes and Dienophiles and Their Use in Diels-Alder Reactions. Molecules 2020; 25:E3740. [PMID: 32824327 PMCID: PMC7465248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron and silicon-substituted 1,3-dienes and boron and silicon-substituted alkenes and alkynes have been known for years and the last 10 years have seen a number of new reports of their preparation and use in Diels-Alder reactions. This review first covers boron-substituted dienes and dienophiles and then moves on to discuss silicon-substituted dienes and dienophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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10
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St Amant AH, Huang F, Lin J, Rickert K, Oganesyan V, Lemen D, Mao S, Harper J, Marelli M, Wu H, Gao C, Read de Alaniz J, Christie RJ. A Diene-Containing Noncanonical Amino Acid Enables Dual Functionality in Proteins: Rapid Diels-Alder Reaction with Maleimide or Proximity-Based Dimerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8489-8493. [PMID: 31018033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a diene-containing noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) capable of undergoing fast and selective normal electron-demand Diels-Alder (DA) reactions following its incorporation into antibodies. A cyclopentadiene derivative of lysine (CpHK) served as the reactive handle for DA transformations and the substrate for genetic incorporation. CpHK incorporated into antibodies with high efficiency and was available for maleimide conjugation or self-reaction depending on position in the amino acid sequence. CpHK at position K274 reacted with the maleimide drug-linker AZ1508 at a rate of ≈79 m-1 s-1 to produce functional antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in a one-step process. Incorporation of CpHK at position S239 resulted in dimerization, which covalently linked antibody heavy chains together. The diene ncAA described here is capable of producing therapeutic protein conjugates with clinically validated and widely available maleimide compounds, while also enabling proximity-based stapling through a DA dimerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre H St Amant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Fengying Huang
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Jia Lin
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Keith Rickert
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Vaheh Oganesyan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Daniel Lemen
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Shenlan Mao
- AstraZeneca Oncology R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Jay Harper
- AstraZeneca Oncology R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - R James Christie
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
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11
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Inagaki F, Matsumoto M, Hira S, Mukai C. Substrate Specific Silver(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Diene Involving Alkyl Rearrangements: Syntheses of 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydrocuminic Acid, p-Menth-3-en-7-ol, and p-Menth-3-en-7-al. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:822-825. [PMID: 28867708 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The novel cationic Ag(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization, which is associated with alkyl rearrangements, from dimethyl 2-allyl-2-prenylmalonate (1) to dimethyl 4-isopropylcyclohex-3-ene-1,1-dicarboxylate (2) has been developed. Derivatization from the diester 2 into the diol 3 and its X-ray crystallographic analysis determined the structure. The mechanisms of the novel reaction were investigated by isotopic experiments, which supported the unusual alkyl shifts. In addition, the product 2 was used for the total syntheses of three natural products, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydrocuminic acid (12), p-menth-3-en-7-ol (13), and p-menth-3-en-7-al (14) in short steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuhiko Inagaki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Mizuki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shisen Hira
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Chisato Mukai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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12
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Wang K, Wang J, Li Y, Pan L, Li Y. Facile, Efficient Copolymerization of Ethylene with Norbornene-Containing Dienes Promoted by Single Site Non-Metallocene Oxovanadium(V) Catalytic System. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9080353. [PMID: 30971031 PMCID: PMC6418877 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-metallocene oxovanadium(V) complexes bearing either [ONNO]-type amine pyridine bis(phenolate) ligands or [ONN]-type amine pyridine phenolate ligands were employed as efficient catalysts to copolymerize ethylene with several unsymmetrical norbornene-containing dienes, such as 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) or dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), producing copolymers with high comonomer incorporations (VNB: 33.0 mol %; ENB: 30.4 mol %; DCPD: 31.6 mol %, respectively) and high molecular weight (VNB: 86.4 kDa; ENB: 256 kDa; DCPD: 86.4 kDa, respectively). The enchainment of the dienes was proven to be exclusive of vinyl-addition via the C=C double bond of the norbornene ring while the other double bond was retained near the backbone without crosslinking. During the copolymerization of ethylene with ENB, a positive ‘comonomer effect’ was observed. The catalytic activities of the catalysts as well as the molecular weights and comonomer incorporations of the resultant copolymers could be tuned within a wide range by varying the structures of the catalysts and copolymerization conditions. The [ONN]-type oxovanadium(V) complexes showed higher catalytic activities than those of [ONNO]-type oxovanadium(V) complexes, irrespective of the structure of the dienes. In addition, the dominant chain transfer pathway of the non-metallocene oxovanadium(V) catalytic system promoted copolymerization was proven to be transfer to aluminum compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiti Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Jiabao Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yanguo Li
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Li Pan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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13
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Deiab GIA, Al-Huniti MH, Hyatt IFD, Nagy EE, Gettys KE, Sayed SS, Joliat CM, Daniel PE, Vummalaneni RM, Morehead AT, Sargent AL, Croatt MP. Decarboxylative and dehydrative coupling of dienoic acids and pentadienyl alcohols to form 1,3,6,8-tetraenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:384-392. [PMID: 28382176 PMCID: PMC5355911 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dienoic acids and pentadienyl alcohols are coupled in a decarboxylative and dehydrative manner at ambient temperature using Pd(0) catalysis to generate 1,3,6,8-tetraenes. Contrary to related decarboxylative coupling reactions, an anion-stabilizing group is not required adjacent to the carboxyl group. Of mechanistic importance, it appears that both the diene of the acid and the diene of the alcohol are required for this reaction. To further understand this reaction, substitutions at every unique position of both coupling partners was examined and two potential mechanisms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina'a I Abu Deiab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Mohammed H Al-Huniti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - I F Dempsey Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Emma E Nagy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Kristen E Gettys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Sommayah S Sayed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Christine M Joliat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Paige E Daniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Rupa M Vummalaneni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Andrew T Morehead
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Andrew L Sargent
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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14
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Brulíková L, Harrison A, Miller MJ, Hlaváč J. Stereo- and regioselectivity of the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of nitroso derivatives with conjugated dienes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1949-1980. [PMID: 27829901 PMCID: PMC5082640 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between a nitroso dienophile and a conjugated diene to give the 3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazine scaffold is useful for the synthesis of many biologically interesting molecules due to the diverse opportunities created by subsequent transformations of the resulting 1,2-oxazine ring. This review discusses the rationale for the observed regio- and stereoselectivity and the methods developed in recent years used to control and improve the stereo- and regioselectivity for the synthesis of 1,2-oxazine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Brulíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aidan Harrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Hněvotínská 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jan Hlaváč
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Hněvotínská 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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Cao Z, Zhu H, Meng X, Tian L, Sun X, Chen G, You J. Gold-Catalyzed Reaction of ortho-Alkynylarylaldehydes with Conjugated Dienes: An Efficient Access to Highly Strained Tetracyclic Bridgehead Olefins. Chemistry 2016; 22:9125-9. [PMID: 27123861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented access to strained tetracyclic bridgehead alkenes by reaction of easily accessible ortho-alkynylarylaldehydes with conjugated dienes is described. The process involves a chemo- and stereo-selective, gold-catalyzed, tandem intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition/Prins-type ring-closing reaction that allows generating structural complexity in a straightforward manner. This approach for the preparation of anti-Bredt compounds is synthetically superior to those previously reported: the procedure is easy to implement, operates under mild experimental conditions, is efficient, and exhibits a good substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Laijin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
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16
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Biswas S, Zhang A, Raya B, RajanBabu TV. Triarylphosphine Ligands with Hemilabile Alkoxy Groups. Ligands for Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Olefin Dimerization Reactions. Hydrovinylation of Vi-nylarenes, 1,3- Dienes, and Cycloisomerization of 1,6-Dienes. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:2281-2292. [PMID: 25395919 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of one of the phenyl groups of triphenylphosphine with a 2-benzyloxy-, 2-benzyloxymethyl- or 2-benzyloxyethyl-phenyl moiety results in a set of simple ligands, which exhibit strikingly different behaviour in various nickel(II)-catalyzed olefin dimerization reactions. Complexes of ligands with 2-benzyloxyphenyl-, 2-benzyloxymethylphenyl-diphenylphosphine (L5 and L6 respectively) are most active for hydrovinylation (HV) of vinylarenes, with the former leading to extensive isomerization of the primary 3-aryl-1-butenes into the conjugated 2-aryl-2-butenes even at -55 °C. However, 2-benzyloxymethyl-substituted ligand L6 is slightly less active, leading up to quantitative yields of the primary products of HV at ambient temperature with no trace of isomerization, thus providing the best option for a practical synthesis of these compounds. In sharp contrast, hydrovinylation of a variety of 1,3-dienes is best catalyzed by nickel(II)-complexes of 2-benzyloxyphenyldiphenylphosphine, L5. The other two ligands, 2-benzyloxymethyl-(L6) and 2-benzyloxyethyl-diphenylphosphine (L7) are much less effective in the HV of 1,3-dienes. Nickel(II)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of 1,6-dienes into methylenecyclopentanes, a reaction mechanistically related to the other hydrovinylation reactions, is also uniquely effected by nickel(II)-complexes of L5, but not of L6 or L7. In an attempt to prepare authentic samples of the methylencyclohexane products, nickel(II)-complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene-ligands were examined. In sharp contrast to the phosphines, which give the methylenecyclopentanes, methylenecyclohexanes are the major products in the (N-heterocyclic carbene)nickel(II)-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvagya Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, OHIO 43210, USA ; phone: (001)-614-688-3543
| | - Aibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, OHIO 43210, USA ; phone: (001)-614-688-3543
| | - Balaram Raya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, OHIO 43210, USA ; phone: (001)-614-688-3543
| | - T V RajanBabu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18 Avenue, Columbus, OHIO 43210, USA ; phone: (001)-614-688-3543
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17
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Aïssa C, Ho KYT, Tetlow DJ, Pin-Nó M. Diastereoselective carbocyclization of 1,6-hepta dienes triggered by rhodium-catalyzed activation of an olefinic C-H bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4209-12. [PMID: 24634225 PMCID: PMC4499244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of α,ω-dienes as functionalization reagents for olefinic carbon-hydrogen bonds has been rarely studied. Reported herein is the rhodium(I)-catalyzed rearrangement of prochiral 1,6-heptadienes into [2,2,1]-cycloheptane derivatives with concomitant creation of at least three stereogenic centers and complete diastereocontrol. Deuterium-labeling studies and the isolation of a key intermediate are consistent with a group-directed C-H bond activation, followed by two consecutive migratory insertions, with only the latter step being diastereoselective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Aïssa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD (UK).
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18
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Wade PA, Pipic A, Zeller M, Tsetsakos P. Sequential Diels-Alder/[3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions of β-nitrostyrene with 3-methyl-1,3-penta diene. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2137-46. [PMID: 24204426 PMCID: PMC3817504 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tin(IV)-catalyzed reaction of β-nitrostyrene with (E)-3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene in toluene afforded two major nitronic ester cycloadducts in 27% and 29% yield that arise from the reaction at the less substituted diene double bond. Also present were four cycloadducts from the reaction at the higher substituted diene double bond, two of which were the formal cycloadducts of (Z)-3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene. A Friedel–Crafts alkylation product from the reaction of the diene, β-nitrostyrene, and toluene was also obtained in 10% yield. The tin(IV)-catalyzed reaction of β-nitrostyrene with (Z)-3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene in dichloromethane afforded four nitronic ester cycloadducts all derived from the reaction at the higher substituted double bond. One cycloadduct was isolated in 45% yield and two others are formal adducts of the E-isomer of the diene. The product formation in these reactions is consistent with a stepwise mechanism involving a zwitterionic intermediate. The initially isolated nitronic ester cycloadducts underwent tin(IV)-catalyzed interconversion, presumably via zwitterion intermediates. Cycloadducts derived from the reaction at the less substituted double bond of (E)-3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene underwent a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement on heating to afford 4-nitrocyclohexenes. Cycloadducts derived from the reaction at the higher substituted diene double bond of either diene failed to undergo a thermal rearrangement. Rates and success of the rearrangement are consistent with a concerted mechanism possessing a dipolar transition state. An initial assessment of substituent effects on the rearrangement process is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Wade
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A
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19
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Bower JF, Kim IS, Patman RL, Krische MJ. Catalytic carbonyl addition through transfer hydrogenation: a departure from preformed organometallic reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:34-46. [PMID: 19040235 PMCID: PMC2775511 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Classical protocols for carbonyl allylation, propargylation and vinylation typically rely upon the use of preformed allyl metal, allenyl metal and vinyl metal reagents, respectively, mandating stoichiometric generation of metallic byproducts. Through transfer hydrogenative C-C coupling, however, carbonyl addition may be achieved from the aldehyde or alcohol oxidation level in the absence of stoichiometric organometallic reagents or metallic reductants. Here, we review transfer hydrogenative methods for carbonyl addition, which encompass the first catalytic protocols enabling direct C-H functionalization of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Bower
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station – A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - In Su Kim
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station – A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Ryan L. Patman
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station – A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station – A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1167 (USA)
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