Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Phosphonated CF3-β-lactams

A new series of C-3 phosphonated 4-CF3-β-lactams was stereoselectively synthesized from corresponding 4-CF3-β-lactams, applying two different protocols for phosphonate group incorporation. The first method involved the direct incorporation of a phosphonate (V) moiety at the C-3 position although it was limited by steric hindrance. The second approach enabled the incorporation of a less bulky phosphonite (III), which was subsequently oxidized to the corresponding phosphonate (V). The synthesized β-lactam ring features both fluorinated and phosphonate substituents, which are known for their biological significance, such as enhancing membrane permeability, improving binding interactions, and inhibiting enzymes. Considering these properties, along with the inherent antibacterial potential of β-lactams, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of selected C-3 phosphonated 4-CF3-β-lactams against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Neisseria gonorrheae, Escherichia coli (E. coli)). Applying the disk diffusion method, MIC measurements, and β-lactamase inhibition assays, compounds 11 and 16 emerged as the most promising candidates in this preliminary antibacterial evaluation.

A Consecutive Two-Step Radical-Mediated Cyclization of gem-Difluorinated Diynes to Access gem-Difluorinated Cedrenes

A consecutive two-step radical-mediated cyclization of gem-difluoromethylenated bis(3-arylpropagyl)-indane-1,3-diones to access structurally unique gem-difluoromethylenated cedrenes is described. Substituents located on the aryl rings of the two propagyl units play an important role in governing the consecutive cyclization pattern. Upon treatment of gem-difluoromethylenated 1,3-diane with Bu3SnH/AIBN, a tributylstannyl radical-mediated radical cyclization between the two diyne units chemoselectively took place, leading to the corresponding gem-difluoromethylenated acoradienes in good yields, after removal of tributylstannyl group by TFA. Subsequently, Bu3SnH/AIBN promoted reductive cleavage of the phenylsulfanyl group leading to difluoroalkyl radicals which spontaneously underwent radical cyclization to give a series of gem-difluoromethylenated cedrenes.

Transition-Metal-Free Late-Stage Decarboxylative gem-Difluoroallylation of Primary Alkyl Acids

A transition-metal-free late-stage decarboxylative gem-difluoroallylation of carboxylic acids with α-trifluoromethyl alkenes has been described by the use of organo-photoredox catalysis. Both primary alkyl and heteroaryl acids were readily incorporated. This approach merits feedstock materials, mild reaction conditions, and wide functionality tolerance. The synthetic utility of this approach has been highlighted by the late-stage functionalization of a variety of acid-containing natural products and drug molecules.

Organo-photoredox catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of ketone-derived dihydroquinazolinones via C(sp3)-C bond and C(sp3)-F bond cleavage

An organo-photoredox catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of both acyclic and cyclic ketone derivatives with α-trifluoromethyl alkenes has been demonstrated, thus giving access to a diverse set of gem-difluoroalkenes in moderate to high yields. Pro-aromatic dihydroquinazolinones can be either pre-formed or in situ generated for ketone activation. This reaction is characterized by readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, and broad substrate scope. The feasibility of this reaction has been highlighted by the late-stage modification of several natural products and drug-like molecules as well as the in vitro antifungal activity.

Organo-Photoredox Catalyzed gem-Difluoroallylation of Glycine and Glycine Residue in Peptides

An organo-photoredox catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of glycine with α-trifluoromethyl alkenes via direct C(sp3)-H functionalization of glycine and C-F bond activation of α-trifluoromethyl alkenes has been described. As a consequence, a broad range of gem-difluoroalkene-containing unnatural amino acids are afforded in moderate to excellent yields. This reaction exhibits multiple merits such as readily available starting materials, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions. The feasibility of this reaction has been highlighted by the late-stage modification of several peptides as well as the improved in vitro antifungal activity of compound 3v toward Valsa mali compared to that with commercial azoxystrobin.

Direct Synthesis of Phosphoryltriacetates from White Phosphorus via Visible Light Catalysis

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are widely used in many fields. However, traditional synthetic routes in the industry usually involve multistep and hazardous procedures. Therefore, it's of great significance to construct such compounds in an environmentally-friendly and facile way. Herein, a photoredox catalytic method has been developed to construct novel phosphoryltriacetates. Using fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy=2-phenylpyridine) as the photocatalyst and blue LEDs (456 nm) as the light source, white phosphorus can react with α-bromo esters smoothly to generate phosphoryltriacetates in moderate to good yields. This one-step approach features mild reaction conditions and simple operational process without chlorination.

Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Difluoromethylene Bisphosphonates

We demonstrate the use of the symmetrical diethyl(dimethyl)difluoromethylene bisphosphonate reagent for the synthesis of terminal and unsymmetrical difluoromethylene bisphosphonates, close analogues of biologically important molecules. The difference in reactivity of the methyl and ethyl groups in the symmetrical diethyl(dimthyl)difluoromethylene bisphosphonate is exploited in a stepwise demethylation-condensation sequence to functionalize either side of the reagent to allow the generation of a series of close bioisosteres of natural pyrophosphate molecules, including ADPr, CDP-glycerol and CDP-ribitol.

Placing CF2 in the Center: Major Physicochemical Changes Upon a Minor Structural Alteration in Gem-Difunctional Compounds

Fluorine atoms play an important role in all branches of chemistry and accordingly, it is very important to study their unique and varied effects systematically, in particular, the structure-physicochemical properties relationship. The present study describes exceptional physicochemical effects resulting from a H/F exchange at the methylene bridge of gem-difunctional compounds. The Δlog P_(CF2-CH2) values, that is, the change in lipophilicity, observed for the CH₂ /CF₂ replacement in various α,α-phenoxy- and thiophenoxy-esters/amides, diketones, benzodioxoles and more, fall in the range of 0.6-1.4 units, which for most cases, is far above the values expected for such a replacement. Moreover, for compounds holding more than one such gem-difunctional moiety, the effect is nearly additive, so one can switch from a hydrophilic compound to a lipophilic one in a limited number of H/F exchanges. DFT studies of some of these systems revealed that polarity, conformational preference as well as charge distributions are strongly affected by such hydrogen to fluorine atom substitution. The pronounced effects described, are a result of the interplay between changes in polarity, H-bond basicity and molecular volume, which were obtained with a very low 'cost' in terms of molecular weight or steric effects and may have a great potential for implementation in various fields of chemical sciences.

Access to cyclopropanes with geminal trifluoromethyl and difluoromethylphosphonate groups

A synthetic route to the bench-stable fluorinated masked carbene reagent diethyl 2-diazo-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylphosphonate, bearing a trifluoromethyl and a difluoromethyl group is reported for the first time. Its application in CuI-catalyzed cyclopropanation reactions with aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkenes under mild reaction conditions is demonstrated. In total, sixteen new cyclopropanes were synthesized in good to very good yields.

Lipase-Catalyzed Phospha-Michael Addition Reactions under Mild Conditions

Organophosphorus compounds are the core structure of many active natural products. The synthesis of these compounds is generally achieved by metal catalysis requiring specifically functionalized substrates or harsh conditions. Herein, we disclose the phospha-Michael addition reaction of biphenyphosphine oxide with various substituted β-nitrostyrenes or benzylidene malononitriles. This biocatalytic strategy provides a direct route for the synthesis of C-P bonds with good functional group compatibility and simple and practical operation. Under the optimal conditions (styrene (0.5 mmol), biphenyphosphine oxide (0.5 mmol), Novozym 435 (300 U), and EtOH (1 mL)), lipase leads to the formation of organophosphorus compounds in yields up to 94% at room temperature. Furthermore, we confirm the role of the catalytic triad of lipase in this phospha-Michael addition reaction. This new biocatalytic system will have broad applications in organic synthesis.

Visible-Light-Induced α-C(sp3)-H Phosphinylation of Unactivated Ethers under Photocatalyst- and Additive-Free Conditions

A photocatalyst- and additive-free visible-light-induced α-C(sp³)-H phosphinylation of unactivated ethers involving a C-O bond cleavage with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant at room temperature has been achieved. This method provides a sustainable access to α-hydroxyphosphine oxides in up to 88% yield with good functional group compatibility under mild and neutral conditions (34 examples). Moreover, the subsequent two-step conversion of the resulting dihydroxy diarylphosphine oxides afforded α-phosphinylated cyclic ethers in good overall yields (10 examples).

Deoxyfluorinating reagents as tools for γ-amino-α-hydroxyphosphonate modification

Herein, we would like to present deoxyfluorinating reagents such as DAST and PyFluor and their successful use as tools for selective modification of γ-amino-α-hydroxyphosphonates. Depending on the deoxyfluorinating reagent applied, an intramolecular cyclization leading to phosphonates containing the 1,3-oxazinan-2-one moiety or direct nucleophilic deoxyfluorination yielding the α-fluorinated derivatives of γ-aminophosphonates was observed. The obtained compounds may be used as precursors in the preparation of medicinally important compounds e.g., dipeptide analogues or scaffolds containing the 1,3-oxazinan-2-one group.

Studying Lipophilicity Trends of Phosphorus Compounds by 31P-NMR Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool for the Design of P-Containing Drugs

Systematically studying the lipophilicity of phosphorus compounds is of great importance for many chemical and biological fields and particularly for medicinal chemistry. Here, we report on the study of trends in the lipophilicity of a wide set of phosphorus compounds relevant to drug design including phosphates, thiophosphates, phosphonates, thiophosphonates, bis-phosphonates, and phosphine chalcogenides. This was enabled by the development of a straightforward log P determination method for phosphorus compounds based on ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. The log P values measured ranged between -3.2 and 3.6, and the trends observed were interpreted using a DFT study of the dipole moments and by H-bond basicity (pK_HB) measurements of selected compounds. Clear signal separation in ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy grants the method high tolerability to impurities. Moreover, the wide range of chemical shifts for the phosphorus nucleus (250 to -250 ppm) enables a direct simultaneous log P determination of phosphorus compound mixtures in a single shake-flask experiment and ³¹P-NMR analysis.

Cooperative Palladium/Isothiourea Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal (3+2) Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and α,β-Unsaturated Esters

A protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted vinylcyclopentanes has been realised using cooperative palladium and isothiourea catalysis. Treatment of vinylcyclopropanes with Pd(PPh3 )4 generates a zwitterionic π-allyl palladium intermediate that intercepts a catalytically generated α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium species prepared from the corresponding α,β-unsaturated para-nitrophenyl ester and the isothiourea (R)-BTM. Intermolecular formal (3+2) cycloaddition between these reactive intermediates generates functionalised cyclopentanes in generally good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantiocontrol (up to >95 : 5 dr, 97 : 3 er), with the use of LiCl as an additive proving essential for optimal stereocontrol. To the best of our knowledge a dual transition metal/organocatalytic process involving α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates has not been demonstrated previously.

Stereoselective Synthesis of 1-C-Diethylphosphonomethyl and -difluoromethyl Iminosugars from Sugar Lactams

A strategy allowing the straightforward synthesis of 1-C-phosphonomethyl and 1-C-phosphonodifluoromethyl iminosugars is reported. Conversion of sugar lactams to the corresponding imines with Schwartz's reagent followed by their reaction with LiCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂ and LiCF₂P(O)(OEt)₂ stereoselectively afforded the 1,2-cis and 1,2-trans glycosyl phosphonates, respectively, in modest to good yields. Application of this methodology to C-2 orthogonally protected sugar lactams paved the way to 2-acetamido- and 2-deoxy-1-C-phosphonomethyl iminosugars.

Base-Promoted Annulative Difluoromethylenation of Enaminones with BrCF2CO2Et toward 2,2-Difluorinated 2,3-Dihydrofurans

A practical method for the synthesis of 2,2-difluorinated 2,3-dihydrofurans has been established via the [4 + 1] annulation of enaminones and BrCF₂CO₂Et with Na₂CO₃ promotion. This new protocol does not employ any transition metal reagent and enables the annulative difluoromethylation by the partial cleavage of the C═C double bond. In addition, the further treatment with hydrochloric acid in one pot leads to β-keto enoic acids (4-oxo-2-butenoic acids) via a formal enaminone C-N carboxylation.

Visible-Light Photosynthesis of CHF2 /CClF2 /CBrF2 -Substituted Ring-fused Quinazolinones in Dimethyl Carbonate

With eco-friendly and sustainable CO₂ -derived dimethyl carbonate as the sole solvent, the visible-light-induced cascade radical reactions have been established as a green and efficient tool for constructing various CHF₂ /CClF₂ /CBrF₂ -substituted ring-fused quinazolinones.

Multigram Synthesis of Difluoromethylene Phosphonic and Phosphinic Amides and Phosphine Oxides via Formal [2,3]-Sigmatropic Allyl Phosphite–Allylphosphonate Rearrangement

We describe a method for the preparation of CF2-P(V) building blocks and monomers for biological and materials chemistry applications in multigram quantities based on a formal [2,3]-sigmatropic phospha-Wittig rearrangement of readily available fluoroallyl bis(amido)phosphites, amido(aryl)phosphonites, and diarylphosphinites. The proposed intramolecular phosphorylation approach complements the currently prevailing phosphoryldifluoromethylation methods by providing a straightforward access to difluoromethylene phosphonate analogues bearing dialkylamino and/or aryl substituents at the phosphoryl group. An important advantage of the developed method is that it does not rely on ozone-depleting HCF2Cl and CF2Br2 necessary for the preparation of phosphoryldifluoromethylating reagents. 2,3,3-Trifluoroallyloxy P(III) derivatives substituted with two dialkylamino and/or aryl groups underwent a facile [2,3]-rearrangement to give difluoromethylene phosphonic and phosphinic amides and phosphine oxides on up to a 0.15 mol (30 g) scale. The reaction was extended to P(III) derivatives of 1-substituted 2,3,3-trifluoro- and 3,3-difluoroallylic alcohols readily available from carbonyl compounds and, respectively, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and O-protected 2,2,2-trifluoroethanols. Products derived from O-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were synthesized and deprotected in a one-pot multistep protocol to give phosphonic and phosphinic amide and phosphine oxide analogues of α,α-difluoro-β-ketophosphonates on a multigram scale.

Magnetically Recoverable Nanoparticulate Catalysts for Cross-Coupling Reactions: The Dendritic Support Influences the Catalytic Performance

Carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions are among the most important synthetic tools for the preparation of pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. However, these reactions are normally carried out using copper, phosphines, and/or amines, which are poisonous for pharmaceuticals. The use of nanocomposite catalysts holds promise for facilitating these reactions and making them more environmentally friendly. In the present work, the PEGylated (PEG stands for poly(ethylene glycol) pyridylphenylene dendrons immobilized on silica loaded with magnetic nanoparticles have been successfully employed for the stabilization of Pd2+ complexes and Pd nanoparticles. The catalyst developed showed excellent catalytic activity in copper-free Sonogashira and Heck cross-coupling reactions. The reactions proceeded smoothly in green solvents at low palladium loading, resulting in high yields of cross-coupling products (from 80% to 97%) within short reaction times. The presence of magnetic nanoparticles allows easy magnetic separation for repeated use without a noticeable decrease of catalytic activity due to the strong stabilization of Pd species by rigid and bulky dendritic ligands. The PEG dendron periphery makes the catalyst hydrophilic and better suited for green solvents. The minor drop in activity upon the catalyst reuse is explained by the formation of Pd nanoparticles from the Pd2+ species during the catalytic reaction. The magnetic separation and reuse of the nanocomposite catalyst reduces the cost of target products as well as energy and material consumption and diminishes residual contamination by the catalyst. These factors as well as the absence of copper in the catalyst makeup pave the way for future applications of such catalysts in cross-coupling reactions.

1,1-Diaminoazines as organocatalysts in phospha-Michael addition reactions

1,1-Diaminoazines can act as effective organocatalysts for the formation of phosphorus-carbon bonds between biphenylphosphine oxide and an activated alkene (Michael acceptor). These catalysts provide the P-C adducts at a faster rate and with relatively better yields in comparison to the organocatalysts employed earlier. The notable advantage is that 1,1-diaminoazines catalyse the reaction even in an aqueous medium with very good yields. Organocatalysis using 1,1-diaminoazines was also successfully carried out between dimethylphosphite and benzylidenemalononitrile under multicomponent conditions.

New pharmaceuticals approved by FDA in 2020: Small-molecule drugs derived from amino acids and related compounds

Amino acids (AAs) play an important role in the modern health industry as key synthetic precursors for pharmaceuticals, biomaterials, biosensors, and drug delivery systems. Currently, over 30% of small-molecule drugs contain residues of tailor-made AAs or derived from them amino-alcohols and di-amines. In this review article, we profile 12 AA-derived new pharmaceuticals approved by the FDA in 2020. These newly introduced drugs include Tazverik (epithelioid sarcoma), Gemtesa (overactive bladder), Zeposia (multiple sclerosis), Byfavo (induction and maintenance of procedural sedation), Cu 64 dotatate, and Gallium 68 PSMA-11 (both PET imaging), Rimegepant (acute migraine), Zepzelca (lung cancer), Remdesivir (COVID-19), Amisulpride (nausea and vomiting), Setmelanotide (obesity), and Lonafarnib (progeria syndrome). For each compound, we describe the spectrum of biological activity, medicinal chemistry discovery, and synthetic preparation.

Copper-Catalyzed Vicinal Cyano-, Thiocyano-, and Chlorophosphorylation of Alkynes: A Phosphinoyl Radical-Initiated Approach for Difunctionalized Alkenes

A copper-catalyzed difunctional cyano-, thiocyano-, and chlorophosphorylation reaction of alkynes with P(O)-H compounds and coupling partners (TBACN, TMSNCS, TMSCl) is described. The reaction introduces versatile groups (-P(O)R₂ and -CN, -SCN, or -Cl) to form tri- and tetrasubstituted alkenyl phosphine oxides/phosphonates regio- and stereoselectively.

Hypervalent-iodine mediated one-pot synthesis of isoxazolines and isoxazoles bearing a difluoromethyl phosphonate moiety

A one-pot, regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of in situ generated (diethoxyphosphoryl)difluoromethyl nitrile oxide toward selected alkenes and alkynes is reported. This protocol enables facile access to 3,5-disubstituted isoxazolines and isoxazoles bearing a CF2P(O)(OEt)2 moiety in good to excellent yields, under mild reaction conditions.