Targeting YAP1/LINC00152/FSCN1 Signaling Axis Prevents the Progression of Colorectal Cancer

Long noncoding RNA LINC01811 sponges miR-214-3p and upregulates YAP1 thereby promoting the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert significant influence on the development of cancer. However, their role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully clarified. The expression levels of LINC01811 in CRC samples were determined using differential expression analysis and validated by RT-qPCR assays. Transwell assays were conducted to investigate the biological function of LINC01811 in CRC. To elucidate the mechanism by which LINC01811 acts as a molecular sponge for miR-214-3p and regulates YAP1 expression, binding site analysis, Luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting were employed. We identified a novel oncogenic lncRNA LINC01811 in CRC tissues and cell lines. Our results showed that the suppression of LINC01811 significantly reduced CRC cell invasion and migration by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers, including MMP2, MMP9, vimentin, and E-cadherin in vitro. Furthermore, LINCO1811 modulated YAP1 expression by sequestering miR-214-3p, thereby promoting CRC progression by suppressing its activity. In summary, this study identified a novel lncRNA LINC01811 involved in CRC progression through the miR-214-3p/YAP1 axis.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04292-8.

Endometriosis and Cytoskeletal Remodeling: The Functional Role of Actin-Binding Proteins

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. Despite its prevalence and significant impact on women's health, the underlying mechanisms driving the invasive and migratory behavior of endometriotic cells remain incompletely understood. Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) play a critical role in cytoskeletal dynamics, regulating processes such as cell migration, adhesion, and invasion, all of which are essential for the progression of endometriosis. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the involvement of key ABPs in the development and pathophysiology of endometriosis. We discuss how these proteins influence cytoskeletal remodeling, focal adhesion formation, and interactions with the extracellular matrix, contributing to the unique mechanical properties of endometriotic cells. Furthermore, we explore the putative potential of targeting ABPs as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate the invasive phenotype of endometriotic lesions. By elucidating the role of ABPs in endometriosis, this review provides a foundation for future research and innovative treatment approaches.

Impact of Maternal BPA Exposure during Pregnancy on Obesity in Male Offspring: A Mechanistic Mouse Study of Adipose-Derived Exosomal miRNA

BACKGROUND

The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) has led to universal exposure among the population, raising concerns about its health effects. Epidemiological studies have linked environmentally relevant levels of BPA exposure to obesity.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to uncover the complex mechanisms by which oral exposure during pregnancy with BPA affects the offspring.

METHODS

We conducted a two-stage mouse study. In stage 1, we gavaged dams with BPA at 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg / kg  per day during pregnancy, and we tracked the offspring's weight and diet to 12 wk of age. In stage 2, exosomes from BPA-exposed dams and offspring were injected into pregnant mice and 3-wk-old males, respectively, and the mice were observed up to 12 wk. We then sequenced exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in male offspring whose dams had been exposed to BPA during pregnancy and checked their expression in adipose, liver, and serum samples at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Finally, we explored the functions of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs secreted by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and we investigated whether the exosomes and miRNAs they secreted could affect glucose uptake, triglyceride synthesis, and the expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in alpha mouse liver 12 cells.

RESULTS

Gavage of 0.05 mg / kg  per day of BPA during pregnancy in dams led to obesity in male offspring mice, and injection of exosomes from male offspring with BPA exposure during pregnancy also induced similar outcomes in the next generation of male pups. Exosomal miRNA sequencing identified differentially expressed miRNAs associated with BPA-induced obesity in male offspring, revealing sustained high expression of miRNAs in adipose tissue and a gradual increase in the liver and serum over time. Further mechanistic studies showed that exosomes derived from BPA-treated adipose-derived stem cells reduced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and fibroblast growth factor 21, leading to impaired insulin signaling and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Overexpression of miR-124-3p in hepatocytes mimicked these effects; in contrast, knockdown of miR-124-3p or inhibition of exosome secretion reversed them.

DISCUSSION

The present study corroborates the regulatory function of adipose-derived exosomal miRNAs in obesity in male offspring mice resulting from BPA exposure during pregnancy. Exosomal miRNA may be a key and novel molecular biomarker in the adverse effects of chemical exposure during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14888.

The role of N6-methyladenosine modification in tumor angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis is a characteristics of malignant cancer progression that facilitates cancer cell growth, diffusion and metastasis, and has an indispensable role in cancer development. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is among the most prevalent internal modifications in eukaryotic RNAs, and has considerable influence on RNA metabolism, including its transcription, splicing, localization, translation, recognition, and degradation. The m6A modification is generated by m6A methyltransferases ("writers"), removed by m6A demethylases ("erasers"), and recognized by m6A-binding proteins ("readers"). There is accumulating evidence that abnormal m6A modification is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including cancers, and promotes cancer occurrence, development, and progression through its considerable impact on oncoprotein expression. Furthermore, increasing studies have demonstrated that m6A modification can influence angiogenesis in cancers through multiple pathways to regulate malignant processes. In this review, we elaborate the role of m6A modification in tumor angiogenesis-related molecules and pathways in detail, providing insights into the interactions between m6A and tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, we describe how targeting m6A modification in combination with anti-angiogenesis drugs is expected to be a promising anti-tumor treatment strategy, with potential value for addressing the challenge of drug resistance.

Interaction of noncoding RNAs with hippo signaling pathway in cancer cells and cancer stem cells

The Hippo signaling pathway has a regulatory function in the organogenesis process and cellular homeostasis, switching the cascade reactions of crucial kinases acts to turn off/on the Hippo pathway, altering the downstream gene expression and thereby regulating proliferation, apoptosis, or stemness. Disruption of this pathway can lead to the occurrence of various disorders and different types of cancer. Recent findings highlight the importance of ncRNAs, such as microRNA, circular RNA, and lncRNAs, in modulating the Hippo pathway. Defects in ncRNAs can disrupt Hippo pathway balance, increasing tumor cells, tumorigenesis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. This review summarizes ncRNAs' inhibitory or stimulatory role in - Hippo pathway regulation in cancer and stem cells. Identifying the relation between ncRNAs and the components of this pathway could pave the way for developing new biomarkers in the treatment and diagnosis of cancers.

Circulating exosomal PCAT1 as a complement of carcinoembryonic antigen for early colorectal cancer diagnosis

Backgrounds

Given the global prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC), advancements in prompt and accurate diagnosis are crucial. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in serum exosomes are emerging as potential diagnostic biomarkers. This study evaluated the feasibility of using serum exosomal lncRNAs for early-stage CRC diagnosis in clinical practice.

Methods

Candidate serum exosomal lncRNAs were identified through an integrated analysis of two GEO datasets (GSE100206 and GSE100063) containing non-coding RNA expression profiles in serum exosomes. Exosomes isolated from participants' serum were validated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunoblotting. The expression levels of serum exosomal PCAT1 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results

Serum exosomal PCAT1 levels were evaluated in 150 CRC patients, 66 patients with benign colorectal lesions, and 128 healthy controls. ROC analysis demonstrated high diagnostic efficacy of serum exosomal PCAT1 for CRC. Notably, the predictive performance was sufficient to distinguish early-stage CRC patients. Additionally, the diagnostic value was significant for CRC patients with low serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Measuring serum exosomal PCAT1 could complement CEA assessment, enhancing CRC diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions

Serum exosomal PCAT1 can complement CEA assessment, aiding in early CRC diagnosis and helping to differentiate the disease, especially in patients with low CEA levels.

Hippo Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer: Modulation by Various Signals and Therapeutic Potential

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a significant global health issue, marked by elevated occurrence and mortality statistics. Despite the availability of various treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, CRC cells often exhibit resistance to these interventions. As a result, it is imperative to identify the disease at an earlier stage and enhance the response to treatment by acquiring a deeper comprehension of the processes driving tumor formation, aggressiveness, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The Hippo pathway plays a critical role in facilitating the initiation of tumorigenesis and frequently experiences disruption within CRC because of genetic mutations and modified expression in its fundamental constituents. Targeting upstream regulators or core Hippo pathway components may provide innovative therapeutic strategies for modulating Hippo signaling dysfunction in CRC. To advance novel therapeutic techniques for CRC, it is imperative to grasp the involvement of the Hippo pathway in CRC and its interaction with alternate signaling pathways, noncoding RNAs, gut microbiota, and the immune microenvironment. This review seeks to illuminate the function and control of the Hippo pathway in CRC, ultimately aiming to unearth innovative therapeutic methodologies for addressing this ailment.

Relationships between systemic sclerosis and atherosclerosis: screening for mitochondria-related biomarkers

Background

Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) are known to have higher incidence of atherosclerosis (AS). Mitochondrial injuries in SSc can cause endothelial dysfunction, leading to AS; thus, mitochondria appear to be hubs linking SSc to AS. This study aimed to identify the mitochondria-related biomarkers of SSc and AS.

Methods

We identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the SSc (GSE58095) and AS (GSE100927) datasets of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Considering the intersection between genes with identical expression trends and mitochondrial genes, we used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) as well as random forest (RF) algorithms to identify four mitochondria-related hub genes. Diagnostic nomograms were then constructed to predict the likelihood of SSc and AS. Next, we used the CIBERSORT algorithm to evaluate immune infiltration in both disorders, predicted the transcription factors for the hub genes, and validated these genes for the two datasets.

Results

A total of 112 genes and 13 mitochondria-related genes were identified; these genes were then significantly enriched for macrophage differentiation, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, collagen binding, antigen processing and presentation, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and apoptosis. Four mitochondria-related hub DEGs (IFI6, FSCN1, GAL, and SGCA) were also identified. The nomograms showed good diagnostic values for GSE58095 (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.903) and GSE100927 (AUC = 0.904). Further, memory B cells, γδT cells, M0 macrophages, and activated mast cells were significantly higher in AS, while the resting memory CD4+ T cells were lower and M1 macrophages were higher in SSc; all of these were closely linked to multiple immune cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that IFI6 and FSCN1 were involved in immune-related pathways in both AS and SSc; GAL and SGCA are related to mitochondrial metabolism pathways in both SSc and AS. Twenty transcription factors (TFs) were predicted, where two TFs, namely BRCA1 and PPARγ, were highly expressed in both SSc and AS.

Conclusion

Four mitochondria-related biomarkers were identified in both SSc and AS, which have high diagnostic value and are associated with immune cell infiltration in both disorders. Hence, this study provides new insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying SSc and AS. The specific roles and action mechanisms of these genes require further clinical validation in SSc patients with AS.

Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and Tris (nonylphenyl) phosphite Promote Human Renal Cell Apoptosis through the ERK/CEPBA/Long Non-Coding RNA Cytoskeleton Regulator Axis

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are widely used and have the potential to be harmful environmental toxicants to humans. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial regulatory role in cytotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of OPs on the expression of lncRNAs in cells. The effects of the industrial OPs TNPP and TCPP on both CYTOR and cellular viability were examined in the following human renal cell lines: HEK293T and HK-2. Both TCPP and TNPP downregulated CYTOR expression, increased reactive oxygen species levels, and induced apoptosis; the upregulated expression of CYTOR resulted in a reduction in apoptosis. The results of the luciferase reporter assay and the knock-down assay indicate that CEBPA binds to the upstream promoter region of CYTOR and regulates its transcription. Furthermore, TCPP and TNPP were found to downregulate the phosphorylation of ERK in the signaling pathway that is upstream of CEBPA. These results indicate that TCPP and TNPP can decrease the level of CEBPA by reducing ERK phosphorylation; this leads to a decrease in CYTOR expression, which further promotes cellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Therefore, the ERK/CEBPA/CYTOR axis is one of the pathways by which organophosphates produce cytotoxicity, leading to renal cell injury. This study presents evidence for both the abnormal expression of lncRNA that is caused by organophosphates and the regulatory function of lncRNA regarding downstream cellular viability.

Circ1811 suppresses gastric cancer progression by regulating the miR-632/DAPK1 axis

Compelling evidence has identified circRNAs as crucial regulators in initiation and progression of various cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the function and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in GC remain largely unknown. In this study, attention is paid to a novel circular RNA circ1811, which exerts significant downregulated expression in GC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The expression of circ1811 in GC tumor tissues is negatively correlated with the extent of lymphatic metastasis in GC patients. Overexpression of circ1811 inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion while promoting apoptosis, whereas knockdown of circ1811 led to the opposite effects. AGO2 RIP and dual luciferase reporter assays indicated that circ1811 directly sponges miR-632 to upregulate the expression of DAPK1. Collectively, circ1811 acts as a tumor-suppressor for GC progression by regulating the miR-632/DAPK1 axis. Our findings suggest the potential of circ1811 as ideal biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.

LINC00152: Potential driver oncogene in pan-cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-coding RNAs greater than 200 bp in length with limited peptide-coding function. The transcription of LINC00152 is derived from chromosome 2p11.2. Many studies prove that LINC00152 influences the progression of various tumors via promoting the tumor cells malignant phenotype, chemoresistance, and immune escape. LINC00152 is regulated by multiple transcription factors and DNA hypomethylation. In addition, LINC00152 participates in the regulation of complex molecular signaling networks through epigenetic regulation, protein interactions, and competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Here, we provide a systematic review of the upstream regulatory factors of LINC00152 expression level in different types of tumors. In addition, we revisit the main functions and mechanisms of LINC00152 as driver oncogene and biomarker in pan-cancer. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.

Exosomal non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer metastasis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of gastrointestinal cancer with high morbidity and mortality rates, and is often accompanied by distant metastases. Metastasis is a major cause of shortened survival time and poor treatment outcomes for patients with CRC. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis of CRC remain unclear. Exosomes are a class of small extracellular vesicles that originate from almost all human cells and can transmit biological information (e.g., nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and metabolites) from secretory cells to target recipient cells. Recent studies have revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can be released by exosomes into the tumour microenvironment or specific tissues, and play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis by regulating a series of key molecules or signalling pathways, particularly those involved in tumour metastasis. Exosomal ncRNAs have potential as novel therapeutic targets for CRC metastasis, and can also be used as liquid biopsy biomarkers because of their specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, further investigations into the biological function and clinical value of exosomal ncRNAs will be of great value for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of CRC metastasis.

Relationship between long non-coding RNAs and Hippo signaling pathway in gastrointestinal cancers; molecular mechanisms and clinical significance

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant biological role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. In various malignancies, lncRNAs interplay with some main cancer-associated signaling pathways, including the Hippo signaling pathway to regulate the various cellular processes. It has been revealed that the cross-talking between lncRNAs and Hippo signaling pathway involves in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers development and progression. Considering the clinical significance of these lncRNAs, they have also been introduced as potential biomarkers in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies in GI cancers. Herein, we review the mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated regulation of Hippo signaling pathway and focus on the corresponding molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of these non-coding RNAs in GI cancers.

IL-13/IL-13RA2 signaling promotes colorectal cancer stem cell tumorigenesis by inducing ubiquitinated degradation of p53

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered tumor-initiating cells and the main drivers of disease progression. Targeting these rare cancer cells, however, remains challenging with respect to therapeutic benefit. Here, we report the up-regulation of IL-13RA2 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and spheroid cells. The expression of IL-13RA2 was positively correlated with canonical stemness markers in CRC. We further demonstrated that the level of IL-13 was up-regulated in the serum of CRC patients. Biologically, recombinant IL-13 (rIL-13) stimulation promoted the sphere formation, proliferation, and migration of CRC cells in vitro and enhanced tumorigenesis in vivo. This phenotype could be reversed by knocking down IL-13RA2. Mechanistically, IL-13 activated autophagy by inducing LC3I/LC3II transformation in CRC-CSCs, which was crucial for the biological functions of IL-13. We further demonstrated that IL-13RA2 acted as a modular link of the E3 ligase UBE3C and the substrate p53 protein, enhancing the interaction of UBE3C and p53, thereby inducing the K48-linked ubiquitination of p53. In conclusion, the IL-13/IL-13RA2 signaling cascade promotes CRC-CSC self-renewal and tumorigenesis by inducing p53 ubiquitination, adding an important layer to the connection between IL-13 and p53, which can be translated into novel targeted therapies.

CYTOR Facilitates Formation of FOSL1 Phase Separation and Super Enhancers to Drive Metastasis of Tumor Budding Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Tumor budding (TB) is a small tumor cell cluster with highly aggressive behavior located ahead of the invasive tumor front. However, the molecular and biological characteristics of TB and the regulatory mechanisms governing TB phenotypes remain unclear. This study reveals that TB exhibits a particular dynamic gene signature with stemness and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (p-EMT). Importantly, nuclear expression of CYTOR is identified to be the key regulator governing stemness and the p-EMT phenotype of TB cells, and targeting CYTOR significantly inhibits TB formation, tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Mechanistically, CYTOR promotes tumorigenicity and metastasis of TB cells by facilitating the formation of FOSL1 phase-separated condensates to establish FOSL1-dependent super enhancers (SEs). Depletion of CYTOR leads to the disruption of FOSL1-dependent SEs, which results in the inactivation of cancer stemness and pro-metastatic genes. In turn, activation of FOSL1 promotes the transcription of CYTOR. These findings indicate that CYTOR is a super-lncRNA that controls the stemness and metastasis of TB cells through facilitating the formation of FOSL1 phase separation and SEs, which may be an attractive target for therapeutic interventions in HNSCC.

GALNT12 promotes fibrosarcoma growth by accelerating YAP1 nuclear localization

Fibrosarcoma is a highly malignant type of soft tissue sarcoma that currently lacks effective treatment options. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 (GALNT12) belongs to the uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine gene family, which is involved in numerous biological processes of diseases, such as tumor progression. Its upregulated expression is closely associated with the development of colorectal cancer. However, research on the role of GALNT12 in fibrosarcoma is currently limited. The present study aimed to assess the expression and biological function of GALNT12 in fibrosarcoma. Patient data and tissue samples were collected and public datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE24369 and GSE21124). Immunofluorescence assays were performed to observe the cellular localization of GALNT12. GALNT12 expression was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Small interfering RNAs were constructed to knock down GALNT12 expression in HT-1080 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 and EdU assays were used to assess fibrosarcoma cell proliferation. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to detect migration. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to identify key pathways. Paired and unpaired Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test and one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test) were used to analyze the data. It was demonstrated that GALNT12 expression was upregulated in both fibrosarcoma cell lines and tissue samples and predicted poor patient prognosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that high GALNT12 expression levels significantly increased HT-1080 cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that high GALNT12 expression levels were closely associated with the yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) signaling pathway. Knockdown of GALNT12 inhibited YAP1 nuclear translocation, which affected activation of key downstream genes including AMOTL2, BIRC5 and CYR61. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that GALNT12 promoted fibrosarcoma progression. GALNT12 could be a potential biomarker for this disease and may potentially provide new ideas for targeted therapy of fibrosarcoma in the future.

Effects of YAP1 on proliferation and differentiation of Hu sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro

This study aimed to understand the expression level of YAP1 in the skeletal muscle of Hu sheep and to reveal the regulatory mechanism of YAP1 on Hu sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs). Previous research by our group has found that YAP1 may affect the growth and development of Hu sheep skeletal muscle. In the present study, we found the expression of YAP1 in the skeletal muscle is higher than in other tissues of Hu sheep. Then, we detected the effect of YAP1 on proliferation and differentiation in Hu sheep SMSCs. According to the results of qPCR, CCK-8, EDU, and Western blot, compared to the group of negative control, overexpression of YAP1 promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of SMSCs according to the results of qPCR, CCK-8, EDU, Western blot, while the interference of YAP1 was on the contrary. Overall, our study suggests that YAP1 is an important functional molecule in the growth and development of skeletal muscle by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of SMSCs. These findings are of great use for understanding the roles of YAP1 in the skeletal muscle of Hu sheep.

Prolactin inhibitor changes testosterone production, testicular morphology, and related genes expression in cashmere goats

Prolactin has multifaceted roles in lactation, growth, metabolism, osmoregulation, behavior, and the reproduction of animals. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of prolactin in testicular function in cashmere goats. Twenty cashmere goats were randomly assigned to either the control group (CON) or the bromocriptine treatment group (BCR, bromocriptine, prolactin inhibitor). Blood and testis samples collected for analysis after 30 days of treatment. The results indicated that, compared with the CON group, BCR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the serum concentrations of prolactin, and significantly increased (p < 0.05) the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) on day 30. The serum level of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was not affected (p > 0.05) by the treatment. The mean seminiferous tubule diameter and spermatogenic epithelium thickness were increased (p < 0.05) in the BCR group. Subsequently, we performed RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to identify the key genes and pathways associated with the regulation of spermatogenesis or testosterone secretion function. A total of 142 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (91 were upregulated, 51 were downregulated). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that the DEGs were mainly involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM), hippo, and steroid hormone biosynthesis, which are related to testicular function. The expression of the genes SULT2B1, CYP3A24, and CYP3A74 in the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the BCR group, which was validated by qRT-PCR. These results provide a basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of testicular function by prolactin in cashmere goats.

Immunological role and prognostic value of somatostatin receptor family members in colon adenocarcinoma

Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide, ranking as the third most prevalent malignancy in incidence and mortality. The somatostatin receptor (SSTR) family comprises G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which couple to inhibitory G proteins (Gi and Go) upon binding to somatostatin (SST) analogs. GPCRs are involved in hormone release, neurotransmission, cell growth inhibition, and cancer suppression. However, their roles in COAD remain unclear. This study used bioinformatics to investigate the expression, prognosis, gene alterations, functional enrichment, and immunoregulatory effects of the SSTR family members in COAD. SSTR1-4 are differentially downregulated in COAD, and low SSTR2 expression indicates poor survival. Biological processes and gene expression enrichment of the SSTR family in COAD were further analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology. A strong correlation was observed between SSTR expression and immune cell infiltration. We also quantified SSTR2 expression in 25 COAD samples and adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed its correlation with the dendritic cell-integrin subunit alpha X marker gene. The biomarker exploration of the solid tumors portal was used to confirm the correlation between SSTR2 with immunomodulators and immunotherapy responses. Our results identify SSTR2 as a promising target for COAD immunotherapy. Our findings provide new insights into the biological functions of the SSTR family and their implications for the prognosis of COAD.

High-fat diet promotes tumor growth in the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model of ER positive endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer, one of the common gynecological malignancies, is affected by several influencing factors. This study established a unique patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model for the study of influencing factors in ER positive endometrial cancer. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that a high-fat diet can affect the growth of ER positive endometrial cancer PDOX model tumors. The tumor tissues were expanded by subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice, and then the subcutaneous tumor tissues were orthotopically implanted into the nude mouse uterus to establish the PDOX model. After modeling, they were divided into high-fat diet group and normal diet group for 8 weeks of feeding, which showed that high-fat diet significantly promoted tumor growth (P < 0.001) and increased the protein expression level of ERα in tumor tissues. This study demonstrates that PDOX models of endometrial cancer can embody the role of dietary influences on tumor growth and that this model has the potential for preclinical studies of cancer promoting factors.

Comprehensive analysis of prognostic value and immune infiltration of IAPs family in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family act as oncogenes in various tumor types; however, their functions in HCC remain unclear. Here, we used integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification to assess the expression and the prognostic and clinical value of the IAP family in HCC. Using the University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal (UALCAN) and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), we analyzed the expression profiles of IAP family members in HCC tissue, normal tissues, and in patients with different stages and grades of HCC. We further verified the expression level of BIRC2 in 25 HCC samples and matched adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and analyzed its correlation with the marker gene of T-helper type 1 cells (Th1)-STAT1. Meanwhile, the association between BIRC2 and the immunotherapeutic response or immunomodulators was confirmed using the Biomarker Exploration of Solid Tumors (BEST) database. The results showed that NAIP, BIRC2, BIRC3, XIAP, BIRC5, and BIRC6 mRNAs were overexpressed in HCC. The clinical stages, pathological grades, and other clinicopathological features of HCC were closely related to the expression levels of the IAP family members, especially the BIRC2 and BIRC5, which were found to be potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC. Expression of the IAPs was strongly associated with immune cell infiltration. Based on the infiltrative status of various immune cells, HCC patients with high BIRC2 and BIRC5 expression demonstrated poor overall survival (OS) rates. In patients with HCC, BIRC2 expression was noticeably elevated. Concurrently, the expression levels of BIRC2 and STAT1 showed a favorable correlation. BEST database analysis revealed that BIRC2 was a negative predictor of responsiveness to anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor treatment in HCC, and BIRC2 mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with the expression levels of the immune checkpoint genes programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in HCC. Consequently, the IAP family may play a role in carcinogenesis and cancer-immune system interactions in HCC. Our results demonstrate that IAP family members may be viable predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC.

SNTB1 regulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through YAP1 and the WNT/β-catenin pathway

Colorectal cancer is a common type of digestive tract cancer with a significant morbidity and death rate across the world, partially attributing to the metastasis-associated problems. In this study, integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify genes that might contribute to colorectal cancer metastasis, and 293 genes were dramatically increased and 369 genes were decreased within colon cancer samples. Among up-regulated genes, top five genes correlated with colorectal cancer patient's prognosis were verified for expression in clinical samples and syntrophin beta 1 (SNTB1) was the most up-regulated. In vitro, SNTB1 knockdown suppresses the malignant behaviors of colorectal cancer cells, including cell viability, colony formation capacity, as well as the abilities to migrate and invade. Furthermore, SNTB1 knockdown decreased the levels of Wnt1, C-Jun, C-Myc, TCF7, and cyclin D1, and inhibited EMT in both cell lines. In vivo, SNTB1 knockdown inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice models. SNTB1 positively regulated Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) expression; YAP1 partially reversed the effects of SNTB1 on colorectal cancer cell phenotypes and the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC signaling. In conclusion, SNTB1 knockdown inhibits colorectal cancer cell aggressiveness in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo through the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC signaling; YAP1 might mediate SNTB1 functions on colorectal cancer.

Mining host candidate regulators of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis in response to artesunate therapy through transcriptomics approach

BACKGROUND

Artesunate (ART) has been reported to have an antifibrotic effect in various organs. The underlying mechanism has not been systematically elucidated. We aimed to clarify the effect of ART on liver fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) in an experimentally infected rodent model and the potential underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The effect of ART on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was assessed using CCK-8 and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assays. The experimental model of liver fibrosis was established in the Mongolian gerbil model infected with S. japonicum cercariae and then treated with 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg ART. The hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in liver tissue were measured and histopathological changes of liver tissues were observed. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the liver tissues was performed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using bioinformatic analysis and verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot assay.

RESULTS

ART significantly inhibited the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of HSCs in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, Hyp content decreased significantly in the ART-H group compared to the model (MOD) group and GPX activity was significantly higher in the ART-H group than in the MOD group. Besides, ART treatment significantly reduced collagen production (p <0.05). A total of 158 DEGs and 44 differentially expressed miRNAs related to ART-induced anti-schistosomiasis liver fibrosis were identified. The qPCR and western blot results of selected DEGs were consistent with the sequencing results. These DEGs were implicated in key pathways such as immune and inflammatory response, integrin-mediated signaling and toll-like receptor signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

ART is effective against liver fibrosis using Mongolian gerbil model induced by S. japonicum infection. We identified host candidate regulators of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis in response to ART through transcriptomics approach.

Intergenic CircRNA Circ_0007379 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Modulating miR-320a Biogenesis in a KSRP-Dependent Manner

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed RNA structures that play multiple roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Compared with exon‒intron circRNAs, the biological functions and implications of intergenic circRNAs in human cancer are still poorly understood. Here, we performed circRNA microarray analysis and identified an intergenic circRNA, circ_0007379, that was significantly downregulated in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The biogenesis of circ_0007379 was mediated by reverse complementary matches (RCMs) and was negatively regulated by the RNA helicase DHX9. Functionally, circ_0007379 suppressed CRC cell growth and metastasis in cell culture as well as in patient-derived organoid and xenograft models. Mechanistically, circ_0007379 acted as a scaffold to facilitate the processing of both pri-miR-320a and pre-miR-320a in a KSRP-dependent manner, leading to miR-320a maturation and subsequent repression of transcription factor RUNX1 expression. Thus, our findings establish a previously unrecognized function of circRNA in inhibiting CRC progression.

Insights into N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of noncoding RNA in tumor microenvironment

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotes, and it participates in the regulation of pathophysiological processes in various diseases, including malignant tumors, by regulating the expression and function of both coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). More and more studies demonstrated that m6A modification regulates the production, stability, and degradation of ncRNAs and that ncRNAs also regulate the expression of m6A-related proteins. Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the internal and external environment of tumor cells, which is composed of numerous tumor stromal cells, immune cells, immune factors, and inflammatory factors that are closely related to tumors occurrence and development. Recent studies have suggested that crosstalk between m6A modifications and ncRNAs plays an important role in the biological regulation of TME. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the effects of m6A modification-associated ncRNAs on TME from various perspectives, including tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune escape. Herein, we showed that m6A-related ncRNAs can not only be expected to become detection markers of tumor tissue samples, but can also be wrapped into exosomes and secreted into body fluids, thus exhibiting potential as markers for liquid biopsy. This review provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between m6A-related ncRNAs and TME, which is of great significance to the development of a new strategy for precise tumor therapy.

Crosstalk between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and noncoding RNA in tumor microenvironment

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotes, and it participates in the regulation of pathophysiological processes in various diseases, including malignant tumors, by regulating the expression and function of both coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). More and more studies demonstrated that m6A modification regulates the production, stability, and degradation of ncRNAs and that ncRNAs also regulate the expression of m6A-related proteins. Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the internal and external environment of tumor cells, which is composed of numerous tumor stromal cells, immune cells, immune factors, and inflammatory factors that are closely related to tumors occurrence and development. Recent studies have suggested that crosstalk between m6A modifications and ncRNAs plays an important role in the biological regulation of TME. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the effects of m6A modification-associated ncRNAs on TME from various perspectives, including tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune escape. Herein, we showed that m6A-related ncRNAs can not only be expected to become detection markers of tumor tissue samples, but can also be wrapped into exosomes and secreted into body fluids, thus exhibiting potential as markers for liquid biopsy. This review provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between m6A-related ncRNAs and TME, which is of great significance to the development of a new strategy for precise tumor therapy.

hsa-mir-(4328, 4422, 548z and -628-5p) in diabetic retinopathy: diagnosis, prediction and linking a new therapeutic target

AIMS

Growing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial in controlling how diabetic retinopathy (DR) develops. We intend to mine miRNAs with diagnostic and predictive value for DR and to investigate new drug therapeutic targets.

METHODS

After performing a differential analysis on the miRNA and mRNA datasets for DR and neovascularization (NEO), miRNA-mRNA networks were created. Combine the results of enrichment analysis, Protein-Protein Interaction Networks (PPI), and Cytoscape to identify key miRNAs. DrugBank was used to find drugs that interacted with transcription factors (TF) predicted by TransmiR. Finally, whole blood and clinical data were collected from 58 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and RT-qPCR, logistic analysis, and ROC were used to verify the value of key miRNAs.

RESULTS

Differential analysis indicated the presence of genes and miRNAs that co-regulate DR and NEO. Enrichment analysis showed that key genes are inextricably linked to neovascularization. Combining the results of PPI and Cytoscape identified four key miRNAs, namely hsa-mir-(4328, 4422, 548z and -628-5p). RT-qPCR, logistic, and ROC results showed that decreased expression levels of hsa-mir-(4328, 4422, 548z and -628-5p) signal the risk of evolution to DR in T2DM patients. Finally, we constructed a TF-miRNA network to find the 15 TFs and the 35 drugs that interact with these TFs.

CONCLUSION

hsa-mir-(4328, 4422, 548z and -628-5p) in whole blood are protective factors for DR as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction. In addition, our research provides new drug directions for the treatment of DR, such as Diosmin, Atorvastatin, and so on.

lncRNA cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR): Diverse functions in metabolism, inflammation and tumorigenesis, and potential applications in precision oncology

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), that have been studied extensively in the field of tumor research in recent years. In the case of tumor-associated lncRNAs, lncRNA cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR) displays extensive functions in tumorigenesis, including invasion, metastasis, malignant proliferation, glycolysis, and inflammatory response. Moreover, the dysregulation of CYTOR is closely related to clinicopathological characteristics, such as tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and infiltration, and poor prognosis of tumor patients. In this review, we provide a novel strategy to summarize the biological functions and clinical value of CYTOR in tumors through an overview of the literature combined with gene set enrichment analysis. A deeper understanding of the role of CYTOR in tumorigenesis may provide new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers for human tumors.

Comprehensive landscape and future perspectives of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC): Based on a bibliometric analysis

This review aimed to use bibliometric analysis to sort out, analyze and summarize the knowledge foundation and hot topics in the field of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and point out future trends to inspire related research and innovation. We used CiteSpace to analyze publication outputs, countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords. Knowledge foundations, hotspots, and future trends were then depicted. The overall research showed the trend of biomedical-oriented multidisciplinary. Much evidence indicates that lncRNA plays the role of oncogene or tumor suppressor in the occurrence and development of CRC. Besides, many lncRNAs have multiple mechanisms. lncRNAs and metastasis of CRC, lncRNAs and drug resistance of CRC, and the clinical application of lncRNAs in CRC are current research hotspots. Through insight into the development trend of lncRNAs in CRC, this study will help researchers extract hidden valuable information for further research.

A glimpse of research cores and frontiers on the relationship between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) using the VOSviewer tool

As lncRNAs are essential participants in colorectal carcinogenesis. This study aimed to use the VOSviewer tool to access the research cores and frontiers on the relationship between lncRNAs and CRC. Our findings showed that the mechanism of lncRNA in the occurrence and development of CRC was the core theme of the field. (1) Immunotherapy and immune microenvironment of CRC and lncRNAs, (2) CRC and lncRNAs in exosomes and (3) CRC and lncRNA-targeted therapy might represent three research frontiers. A comprehensive understanding of their existing mechanisms and the search for new regulatory paradigms are the core topics of future research. This knowledge will also help us select appropriate targeting methods and select appropriate preclinical models to promote clinical translation and ultimately achieve precise treatment of CRC.

A Prognostic Cuproptosis-Related LncRNA Signature for Colon Adenocarcinoma

Background

Cuproptosis, a recently discovered form of cell death, is caused by copper levels exceeding homeostasis thresholds. Although Cu has a potential role in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), its role in the development of COAD remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, 426 patients with COAD were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Pearson correlation algorithm was used to identify cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. Using the univariate Cox regression analysis, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to select cuproptosis-related lncRNAs associated with COAD overall survival (OS). A risk model was established based on the multivariate Cox regression analysis. A nomogram model was used to evaluate the prognostic signature based on the risk model. Finally, mutational burden and sensitivity analyses of chemotherapy drugs were performed for COAD patients in the low- and high-risk groups.

Result

Ten cuproptosis-related lncRNAs were identified and a novel risk model was constructed. A signature based on ten cuproptosis-related lncRNAs was an independent prognostic predictor for COAD. Mutational burden analysis suggested that patients with high-risk scores had higher mutation frequency and shorter survival.

Conclusion

Constructing a risk model based on the ten cuproptosis-related lncRNAs could accurately predict the prognosis of COAD patients, providing a fresh perspective for future research on COAD.

Long non-coding RNA signature in colorectal cancer: research progression and clinical application

Colorectal cancer is one of the top-ranked human malignancies. The development and progression of colorectal cancer are associated with aberrant expression of multiple coding and non-coding genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have an important role in regulating gene stability as well as gene expression. Numerous current studies have shown that lncRNAs are promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. In this review, we have searched the available literature to list lncRNAs involved in the pathogenesis and regulation of colorectal cancer. We focus on the role of lncRNAs in cancer promotion or suppression, their value in tumor diagnosis, and their role in treatment response and prognosis prediction. In addition, we will discuss the signaling pathways that these lncRNAs are mainly associated with in colorectal cancer. We also summarize the role of lncRNAs in colorectal precancerous lesions and colorectal cancer consensus molecular subgroups. We hope this review article will bring you the latest research progress and outlook on lncRNAs in colorectal cancer.

The function of miR-145 in colorectal cancer progression; an updated review on related signaling pathways

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a broad class of small, highly conserved non-coding RNAs that largely influence gene expression after transcription through binding to various target mRNAs. miRNAs are frequently dysregulated in a wide array of human cancers, possessing great value as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. miR-145, as promising tumor suppressor miRNA, also exhibits deregulated expression levels in human malignancies and participates in various processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and differentiation. In particular, miR-145 has been shown to be downregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), which in turn leads to cell growth, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. Furthermore, miR-145 is involved in the regulation of multiple tumor specific signaling pathways, such as KRAS and P53 signaling by targeting various genes through colorectal tumorigenesis. Therefore, considering its diagnostic and therapeutic potential, it was aimed to present the recent finding focusing on miR-145 functions to better understand its involvement in CRC incidence and progression through interplay with various signaling pathways. This study is based on articles indexed in PubMed and Google scholar until 2021.

LncRNA PTOV1-AS2 Promotes Colon Cancer Progression through the miR-145-5p/FSCN1 Axis

Objective

The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gene PTOV1-AS2 is a potentially oncogenic lncRNA gene. However, its role and regulatory mechanism in the occurrence and development of colon cancer are still unclear. In this study, the lncRNA PTOV1-AS2 was used as a starting point to investigate the role of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory mechanisms in colon cancer.

Methods

The expression of lncRNA PTOV1-AS2 mRNA in colon cancer tissues and cell lines was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and screened for differential expression in cells. We examined the effects of lncRNA PTOV1-AS2 overexpression or downregulation of its expression on various cellular processes in HCT116 and SW620 cells after the transfection with an overexpression construct or PTOV1-AS2p-specific shRNA, respectively. In particular, we examined the effects on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion using the cell counting kit-8 CCK-8 assay and Transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. In addition, the binding targets of lncRNA PTOV1-AS2/miR-145-5p and miR-145-5p/FSCN1 were predicted using various bioinformatics tools and validated by a dual luciferase assay. We also examined the effect of the lncRNA PTOV1-AS2/miR-145-5p axis on FSCN1 expression by qRT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of the PTOV1-AS2/miR-145-5p/FSCN1 axis on the biological function of colon cancer cells using an in vitro colon cancer cell model with reduced expression of PTOV1-AS2 and simultaneous transfection of a miR-145-5p inhibitor or FSCN1 vector. Additionally, we established a colon cancer xenograft tumor nude mouse model and used it to investigate the effect of locally injected lncRNA PTOV1-AS2 vector on the tumor growth and survival status of tumor-bearing mice.

Results

We found that PTOV1-AS2 was highly expressed in colon cancer, which was associated with worse survival. High expression of PTOV1-AS2 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while low expression of PTOV1-AS2 inhibited these processes in HCT116 and SW620 cells. The microRNA miR-145-5p was found to bind to the 3'-UTR region of both PTOV1-AS2 and FSCN1. In addition, miR-145-5p decreased the protein expression of its target gene FSCN1 and reduced the PTOV1-AS2-induced expression of FSCN1 in colon cancer cell lines. Also, silencing miR-145-5p or enhancing FSCN1 expression could partially restore the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the tumorigenic capacity caused by silencing the expression of PTOV1-AS2 in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

PTOV1-AS2 promotes colon cancer progression by "sponging" miR-145-5p to upregulate FSCN1.

FSCN1 has a potential indication for the prognosis and regulates the migration of HNSCC

BACKGROUND

The study of molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis is of great clinical significance for HNSCC patients. In this study, we proposed that FSCN1 has a potential indication for prognosis and is essential for the migration of HNSCC.

METHODS

We analyzed the expression and survival association of FSCN1 in HNSCC using TCGA data. We compared the expression of FSCN1 in tumors from primary and metastasis HNSCC patients using QPCR, western blotting, and immunochemistry staining. We determined the migration velocity of multiple HNSCC cell lines using a chemotaxis migration assay. We analyzed the correlation between FSCN1 expression and HNSCC cell migration. We also test the effect of FSCN1 knockdown and overexpression on HNSCC cell migration.

RESULTS

FSCN1 was overexpressed in HNSCC than pair normal tissues and metastasis HNSCC than primary HNSCC. FSCN1 expression was associated with significantly poorer overall survival of HNSCC patients. FSCN1 was potentially associated with immune cell infiltration and migration-associated genes. FSCN1 level was correlated with the migration in HNSCC cell lines. Knockdown of FSCN1 reduced the migration and the overexpression of FSCN1 promoted the migration of HNSCC cell lines.

CONCLUSION

FSCN1 is a potential prognostic marker and a critical biomolecule for the migration of HNSCC.

Dynamic m6A-ncRNAs association and their impact on cancer pathogenesis, immune regulation and therapeutic response

Several types of modifications have been proven to participate in the metabolism and processing of different RNA types, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). N-6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic and reversible RNA modification that is closely involved in the ncRNA homeostasis, and serves as a crucial regulator for multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways. The ncRNAs usually regulate the epigenetic modification, mRNA transcription and other biological processes, displaying enormous roles in human cancers. In this review, we summarized the significant implications of m6A-ncRNA interaction in various types of cancers. In particular, the interplay between m6A and ncRNAs in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance are being widely recognized. We also discussed the relevance of m6A-ncRNA interaction in immune regulation, followed by the interference on cancer immunotherapeutic procedures. In addition, we briefly highlighted the computation tools that could identify the accurate features of m6A methylome among ncRNAs. In summary, this review would pave the way for a better understanding of the biological functions of m6A-ncRNA crosstalk in cancer research and treatment.

Suppressing circ_0008494 inhibits HSCs activation by regulating the miR-185-3p/Col1a1 axis

Background: Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is characterized by activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and extensive deposition of extracellular matrix components, especially collagens. However, effective antifibrotic therapies are still lacking. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as novel regulators of HF. Methods: circRNAs profile was screened by RNA sequencing and the location of circ_0008494 was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay in human HF tissues. Bioinformatics analysis was used for result prediction and dual-luciferase reporter, together with AGO-RIP and biotin-coupled miRNA capture assays, were used to determine miR-185-3p/collagen type I alpha 1 chain (Col1a1) as the target of circ_0008494. A stable circ_0008494-interfering human HSCs cell line was constructed and used to determine the regulatory mechanism of circ_0008494/miR-185-3p/Col1a1 axis. Results: circ_0008494 was abundantly and significantly over-expressed in human HF tissues and located at the cytoplasm of HSCs. Together, dual-luciferase reporter, AGO-RIP and biotin-coupled miRNA capture assays confirmed that circ_0008494 acted as a sponge of miR-185-3p. Cell functional experiments and rescue assays demonstrated suppressing circ_0008494 could inhibit activation, proliferation, migration of HSCs and promote their apoptosis through miR-185-3p. In particular, the HF indicator, Col1a1, was validated as the direct target of miR-185-3p and the suppression of circ_0008494 inhibited the expression of Col1a1 by releasing miR-185-3p. Conclusion: Knocking down circ_0008494 inhibited HSCs activation through the miR-185-3p/Col1a1 axis. circ_0008494 could be a promising treatment target for HF.

Long noncoding RNA DLGAP1-AS2 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by regulating the Trim21/ELOA/LHPP axis in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have driven research focused on their effects as oncogenes or tumor suppressors involved in carcinogenesis. However, the functions and mechanisms of most lncRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear.

METHODS

The expression of DLGAP1-AS2 was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR in multiple CRC cohorts. The impacts of DLGAP1-AS2 on CRC growth and metastasis were evaluated by a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of DLGAP1-AS2 in CRC was revealed by RNA pull down, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA sequencing, luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and rescue experiments.

RESULTS

We discovered that DLGAP1-AS2 promoted CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis by physically interacting with Elongin A (ELOA) and inhibiting its protein stability by promoting tripartite motif containing 21 (Trim21)-mediated ubiquitination modification and degradation of ELOA. In particular, we revealed that DLGAP1-AS2 decreases phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) expression by inhibiting ELOA-mediated transcriptional activating of LHPP and thus blocking LHPP-dependent suppression of the AKT signaling pathway. In addition, we also demonstrated that DLGAP1-AS2 was bound and stabilized by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF2) and cleavage stimulation factor (CSTF3).

CONCLUSIONS

The discovery of DLGAP1-AS2, a promising prognostic biomarker, reveals a new dimension into the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and provides a prospective treatment target for this disease.

Evaluating the role of IDO1 macrophages in immunotherapy using scRNA-seq and bulk-seq in colorectal cancer

Background

Macrophage infiltration is crucial for colorectal cancer (CRC) immunotherapy. Detailed classification of macrophage subsets will facilitate the selection of patients suitable for immunotherapy. However, the classification of macrophages in CRC is not currently detailed.

Methods

In this study, we combined single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk-seq to analyze patients with colorectal cancer. scRNA-seq data were used to study cell-cell communication and to differentiate immune-infiltrating cells and macrophage subsets. Bulk-seq data were used to further analyze immune infiltration, clinical features, tumor mutational burden, and expression of immune checkpoint molecules in patients with CRC having different macrophage subsets.

Results

Seven macrophage subpopulations were identified, among which indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) macrophages had the most significant difference in the degree of infiltration among normal, microsatellite-unstable, and microsatellite-stable populations. We then performed gene set variation analysis using 12 marker genes of IDO1 macrophages and divided the patients into two clusters: high-IDO1 macrophages (H-IDO1M) and low-IDO1 macrophages (L-IDO1M). H-IDO1M showed higher infiltration of immune cells, higher expression of immune checkpoints, and less advanced pathological stages than L-IDO1M (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

This study elucidated that IDO1-macrophage-based molecular subtypes can predict the response to immunotherapy in patients with CRC. The results provide new insights into tumor immunity and help in clinical decisions regarding designing effective immunotherapy for these patients.

Knowledge base and emerging trends in YAP1 research

Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a transcriptional coactivator that mediates the Hippo signaling pathway, which participates in the development and growth of the body; it plays key roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. However, the pathophysiological mechanism of YAP1 has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we explored the status and evolutionary trend in YAP1 research via bibliometric analysis. A total of 2,928 publications were downloaded from Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). The co-citation network map was drawn via CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. We analyzed the co-authorship networks among countries, journals, and authors, as well as co-occurrence of co-cited references, citation bursts, and keywords in YAP1 research, in order to predict its literature development. The present research evaluates the annual publication trends of YAP1 literature, and the following results were established: research on YAP1 are of steady increase; China present the highest co-citation; the Journal of Biological Chemistry (J Biol Chem) was the most productive journal, while Cell press received the most citations from co-cited references; Among the authors in the overall citations Bin Zhao is the most promising collaborator for emerging scholars in this field; and lastly, co-occurrence keyword analysis indicated that the emerging trends in YAP1 research were mainly focused on cancer therapy. We established that projects on YAP1 research is presently in its rapid developmental stage with active global collaboration. In addition, the mechanism and clinical significance of YAP1 in cancer was established as the potential trend of future studies.

LINC00152 induced by TGF-β promotes metastasis via HuR in lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality, with a strong tendency to metastasize early. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is a powerful regulator to promote metastasis of LUAD. Here, we screened long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) responsive to TGF-β and highly expressed in LUAD cells, and finally obtained our master molecular LINC00152. We proved that the TGF-β promoted transcription of LINC00152 through the classical TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway and maintained its stability through the RNA-binding protein HuR. Moreover, LINC00152 increased ZEB1, SNAI1 and SNAI2 expression via increasing the interactions of HuR and these transcription factors, ultimately promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition of LUAD cell and enhancing LUAD metastasis in vivo. These data provided evidence that LINC00152 induced by TGF-β promotes metastasis depending HuR in lung adenocarcinoma. Designing targeting LINC00152 and HuR inhibitors may therefore be an effective therapeutic strategy for LUAD treatment.

Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccines in cancers: Current advances and future prospects

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines constitute an emerging therapeutic method with the advantages of high safety and efficiency as well as easy synthesis; thus, they have been widely used in various human diseases, especially in malignant cancers. However, the mRNA vaccine technology has some limitations, such as instability and low transitive efficiency in vivo, which greatly restrict its application. The development of nanotechnology in the biomedical field offers new strategies and prospects for the early diagnosis and treatment of human cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based mRNA vaccines can address the poor preservation and targeted inaccuracy of mRNA vaccines. As an emerging cancer therapy, mRNA vaccines potentially have broad future applications. Unlike other treatments, cancer mRNA vaccines provide specific, safe, and tolerable treatments. Preclinical studies have used personalized vaccines to demonstrate the anti-tumor effect of mRNA vaccines in the treatment of various solid tumors, including colorectal and lung cancer, using these in a new era of therapeutic cancer vaccines. In this review, we have summarized the latest applications and progress of LNP-based mRNA vaccines in cancers, and discussed the prospects and limitations of these fields, thereby providing novel strategies for the targeted therapy of cancers.

Long non-coding RNA LINC00152 in cancer: Roles, mechanisms, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance

Long non-coding RNA LINC00152 (cytoskeleton regulator, or LINC00152) is an 828-bp lncRNA located on chromosome 2p11.2. LINC00152 was originally discovered during research on hepatocarcinogenesis and has since been regarded as a crucial oncogene that regulates gene expression in many cancer types. LINC00152 is aberrantly expressed in various cancers, including gastric, breast, ovarian, colorectal, hepatocellular, and lung cancer, and glioma. Several studies have indicated that LINC00152 is correlated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance, and tumor growth and metastasis. High LINC00152 expression in most tumors is significantly associated with poor patient prognosis. Mechanistic analysis has demonstrated that LINC00152 can serve as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miRNA, regulating the abundance of the protein encoded by a particular gene, or modulating gene expression at the epigenetic level. LINC00152 can serve as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for most cancer types. In the present review, we discuss the roles and mechanisms of LINC00152 in human cancer, focusing on its functions in chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance.

A novel m7G-related lncRNA risk model for predicting prognosis and evaluating the tumor immune microenvironment in colon carcinoma

N7-Methylguanosine (m7G) modifications are a common type of posttranscriptional RNA modifications. Its function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has garnered widespread focus in the past few years. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) played an essential part in tumor development and are closely associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. In this study, we employed a comprehensive bioinformatics approach to develop an m7G-associated lncRNA prognostic model based on the colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) database from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to identify m7G-related lncRNAs. Differential gene expression analysis was used to screen lncRNAs. Then, we gained 88 differentially expressed m7G-related lncRNAs. Univariate Cox analysis and Lasso regression analysis were performed to build an eight-m7G-related-lncRNA (ELFN1-AS1, GABPB1-AS1, SNHG7, GS1-124K5.4, ZEB1-AS1, PCAT6, C1RL-AS1, MCM3AP-AS1) risk model. Consensus clustering analysis was applied to identify the m7G-related lncRNA subtypes. We also verified the risk prediction effect of a gene signature in the GSE17536 test set (177 patients). A nomogram was constructed to predict overall survival rates. Furthermore, we analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high-risk and low-risk groups. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted with the analyzed DEGs. At last, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), CIBERSORT, MCP-COUNTER, and Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithms were utilized to discover the relationship between the risk model and the TME. Consequently, the m7G-related lncRNA risk model for COAD patients could be a viable prognostic tool and treatment target.

The role of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in gallbladder carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

The prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is poor, with a less than 5% five-year survival rate. Identifying the mechanisms underlying GBC occurrence and advancement is necessary to improve GBC patient prognosis and survival rates. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (AKT) pathway is involved in cancer deterioration, tumor growth, cell proliferation, and distant metastasis. Studying the impacts of the PI3K/AKT pathway has resulted in the identification of key factors involved in GBC progression that might serve as therapeutic targets, promoting the development of new treatments.

METHODS

We reviewed recent literature exploring abnormal regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in gallbladder cancer, with a focus on abnormal RNA levels, protein level regulation, and drug treatment advances.

RESULTS

Further investigation of the regulation of small molecules and proteins by the PI3K/AKT pathway might ultimately provide new diagnostic or prognostic markers or cancer treatment targets. Recent studies have focused on RNA and proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle or cell movement in cancer progression via PI3K/AKT pathway, the use of anticancer drug combinations, or the anticancer effects of drugs not currently utilized for cancer treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

We herein review the known available molecules that affect the PI3K/AKT pathway in patients with GBC and the mechanisms of drug action associated with this pathway.

ZNF750 facilitates carcinogenesis via promoting the expression of long non-coding RNA CYTOR and influences pharmacotherapy response in colon adenocarcinoma

The epidermal cell differentiation regulator zinc finger protein 750 (ZNF750) is a transcription factor containing the Cys2His2 (C2H2) domain, the zinc finger structure of which is located at the N-terminal 25‍‍-‍46 amino acids of ZNF750. It can promote the expression of differentiation-related factors while inhibiting the expression of progenitor cell-related genes. ZNF750 is directly regulated by p63 (encoded by the TP63 gene, belonging to the TP53 superfamily). The Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), repressor element-1 (RE-1)‍-silencing transcription factor (REST) corepressor 1 (RCOR1), lysine demethylase 1A (KDM1A), and C-terminal-binding protein 1/2 (CTBP1/2) chromatin regulators cooperate with ZNF750 to repress epidermal progenitor genes and activate the expression of epidermal terminal differentiation genes (Sen et al., 2012; Boxer et al., 2014). Besides, ZNF750 and the regulatory network composed of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (anti-differentiation non-coding RNA (ANCR) and tissue differentiation-inducing non-protein coding RNA (TINCR)), musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene (MAF)/MAF family B (MAFB), grainy head-like 3 (GRHL3), and positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1) jointly promote epidermal cell differentiation (Sen et al., 2012).

The Hippo Pathway Effector Transcriptional Co-activator With PDZ-Binding Motif Correlates With Clinical Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer

The transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway. It has been identified as an oncogene in certain tumor types; however, the function and role of TAZ in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been illustrated. Here, we aimed to analyze the expression and role of TAZ in CRC. In this study, we investigated the expression level of TAZ in 127 CRC and matched adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and analyzed its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics in CRC. Moreover, we further analyzed the role of TAZ in the CRC-associated immunology using integrative bioinformatic analyses. The cBioPortal and WebGestalt database were used to analyze the co-expressed genes and related pathways of TAZ in CRC by gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses. Meanwhile, the correlations between TAZ and the infiltrating immune cells and gene markers were analyzed by TIMER database. Our study revealed that TAZ expression is higher in CRC tissues than in matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. In addition, CRC patients with higher TAZ expression demonstrated poor overall survival (OS) and recurrent-free survival rates as compared to CRC patients with lower expression of TAZ. Furthermore, the TAZ expression was identified to closely associate with the immune infiltration of CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that TAZ may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in CRC.

Competing Endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in Colorectal Cancer: A Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that contain microRNA response elements (MREs) are involved in CRC progression. They can compete with microRNAs (miRNAs) via their MREs, which can combine non-coding and coding RNAs via complex ceRNA networks. This molecular interaction has the potential to affect a wide variety of biological processes, and many cancers can occur as a result of an imbalanced ceRNA network. Recent research indicates that numerous dysregulated RNAs in CRC may function as ceRNAs, regulating multiple biological functions of the tumour, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, invasion and migration. In this review, we discuss the role of protein-coding and non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and pseudogenes, in the occurrence of ceRNA networks in CRC, and their function in cancer-related pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-β signalling pathways. Additionally, we discuss validated ceRNAs associated with CRC biological functions and their potential role as novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Examining the role of ceRNAs in CRC sheds new light on cancer treatment and pathogenesis.

Study on the Function and Mechanism of miR-585-3p Inhibiting the Progression of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Targeting FSCN1 to Block the MAPK Signaling Pathway

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death for women diagnosed with gynecological cancer. Studies have shown that dysregulated miRNA expression is related to various cancers, including OC. Here, we aimed to explore the biological function and mechanism of miR-585-3p in the occurrence and development of OC. The expression level of miR-585-3p was found to be low in OC tissues and cells. We analyzed the biological function of miR-585-3p in OC through in vitro cell experiments. The results indicated that overexpression of miR-585-3p inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of SW626 cells, while low expression of miR-585-3p had the opposite effect in SKOV3 cells. We then screened the target genes of miR-585-3p through miRDB database and detected the expression of target genes in OC cells. FSCN1 was found to be most significantly upregulated in OC cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed FSCN1 as a potential target of miR-585-3p. Western blot analysis showed that miR-585-3p targeted FSCN1 to inhibit protein phosphorylation of ERK. In vivo animal experiments also confirmed that miR-585-3p targets FSCN1 to inhibit tumor growth and block the MAPK signaling pathway. In summary, miR-585-3p inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells by targeting FSCN1, and its mechanism of action may be achieved by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. miR-585-3p may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for OC.