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Merces L, Ferro LMM, Nawaz A, Sonar P. Advanced Neuromorphic Applications Enabled by Synaptic Ion-Gating Vertical Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2305611. [PMID: 38757653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired synaptic devices have shown great potential in artificial intelligence and neuromorphic electronics. Low energy consumption, multi-modal sensing and recording, and multifunctional integration are critical aspects limiting their applications. Recently, a new synaptic device architecture, the ion-gating vertical transistor (IGVT), has been successfully realized and timely applied to perform brain-like perception, such as artificial vision, touch, taste, and hearing. In this short time, IGVTs have already achieved faster data processing speeds and more promising memory capabilities than many conventional neuromorphic devices, even while operating at lower voltages and consuming less power. This work focuses on the cutting-edge progress of IGVT technology, from outstanding fabrication strategies to the design and realization of low-voltage multi-sensing IGVTs for artificial-synapse applications. The fundamental concepts of artificial synaptic IGVTs, such as signal processing, transduction, plasticity, and multi-stimulus perception are discussed comprehensively. The contribution draws special attention to the development and optimization of multi-modal flexible sensor technologies and presents a roadmap for future high-end theoretical and experimental advancements in neuromorphic research that are mostly achievable by the synaptic IGVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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2
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Lai Y, Cheng J, Xie M, Chen J, Zhu G, Huang W, Feng LW. Precisely Patterned Channels in a Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistor with a Diazirine Photo-Crosslinker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401773. [PMID: 38429971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on both efficient ionic doping/de-doping process and carrier transport in the mixed ionic-electronic channel under the modulation of gate bias. Moreover, channels that hold photopatterning capability are highly desired to minimize parasitic capacitance and simplify the fabrication process/cost. However, yielding photo-patternable channels with both precise/robust patterning capability and controllable ionic-electronic coupling is still challenging. Herein, double-end trifluoromethyl diazirines (DtFDA) with different chain lengths are introduced in the OECT channel to act as both photo-crosslinker and medium to regulate ionic-electronic transport. Specifically, high-resolution patterns with a minimum line width/gap of 2 μm are realized in p(g2T-T) or Homo-gDPP based channels by introducing DtFDA. Maximum transconductances of 68.6 mS and 81.6 mS, current on/off ratio of 106 and 107 (under a drain voltage of only ±0.1 V), are achieved in p- and n-type vertical OECTs (vOECTs), respectively, along with current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 and good cycling stability of more than 100,000 cycles (2000 seconds). This work provides a new and facile strategy for the fabrication of vOECT channels with high resolution and high performance via the introduction of a simple and efficient crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Lai
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Miao Xie
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Guichuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Gryszel M, Byun D, Burtscher B, Abrahamsson T, Brodsky J, Simon DT, Berggren M, Glowacki ED, Strakosas X, Donahue MJ. Vertical organic electrochemical transistor platforms for efficient electropolymerization of thiophene based oligomers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:5339-5346. [PMID: 38645749 PMCID: PMC11025323 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc04730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as promising candidates for various fields, including bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, biosensors, and wearable electronics. OECTs operate in aqueous solutions, exhibit high amplification properties, and offer ion-to-electron signal transduction. The OECT channel consists of a conducting polymer, with PEDOT:PSS receiving the most attention to date. While PEDOT:PSS is highly conductive, and benefits from optimized protocols using secondary dopants and detergents, new p-type and n-type polymers are emerging with desirable material properties. Among these, low-oxidation potential oligomers are highly enabling for bioelectronics applications, however the polymers resulting from their polymerization lag far behind in conductivity compared with the established PEDOT:PSS. In this work we show that by careful design of the OECT geometrical characteristics, we can overcome this limitation and achieve devices that are on-par with transistors employing PEDOT:PSS. We demonstrate that the vertical architecture allows for facile electropolymerization of a family of trimers that are polymerized in very low oxidation potentials, without the need for harsh chemicals or secondary dopants. Vertical and planar OECTs are compared using various characterization methods. We show that vOECTs are superior platforms in general and propose that the vertical architecture can be expanded for the realization of OECTs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gryszel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Donghak Byun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Bernhard Burtscher
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Tobias Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Jan Brodsky
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Theodore Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Glowacki
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Mary Jocelyn Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
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Park T, Kim M, Lee EK, Hur J, Yoo H. Overcoming Downscaling Limitations in Organic Semiconductors: Strategies and Progress. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306468. [PMID: 37857588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have great potential to revolutionize electronics by enabling flexible and eco-friendly manufacturing of electronic devices on plastic film substrates. Recent research and development led to the creation of printed displays, radio-frequency identification tags, smart labels, and sensors based on organic electronics. Over the last 3 decades, significant progress has been made in realizing electronic devices with unprecedented features, such as wearable sensors, disposable electronics, and foldable displays, through the exploitation of desirable characteristics in organic electronics. Neverthless, the down-scalability of organic electronic devices remains a crucial consideration. To address this, efforts are extensively explored. It is of utmost importance to further develop these alternative patterning methods to overcome the downscaling challenge. This review comprehensively discusses the efforts and strategies aimed at overcoming the limitations of downscaling in organic semiconductors, with a particular focus on four main areas: 1) lithography-compatible organic semiconductors, 2) fine patterning of printing methods, 3) organic material deposition on pre-fabricated devices, and 4) vertical-channeled organic electronics. By discussing these areas, the full potential of organic semiconductors can be unlocked, and the field of flexible and sustainable electronics can be advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
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Xiang Y, Shi K, Li Y, Xue J, Tong Z, Li H, Li Z, Teng C, Fang J, Hu N. Active Micro-Nano-Collaborative Bioelectronic Device for Advanced Electrophysiological Recording. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:132. [PMID: 38411852 PMCID: PMC10899154 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of precise and sensitive electrophysiological recording platforms holds the utmost importance for research in the fields of cardiology and neuroscience. In recent years, active micro/nano-bioelectronic devices have undergone significant advancements, thereby facilitating the study of electrophysiology. The distinctive configuration and exceptional functionality of these active micro-nano-collaborative bioelectronic devices offer the potential for the recording of high-fidelity action potential signals on a large scale. In this paper, we review three-dimensional active nano-transistors and planar active micro-transistors in terms of their applications in electro-excitable cells, focusing on the evaluation of the effects of active micro/nano-bioelectronic devices on electrophysiological signals. Looking forward to the possibilities, challenges, and wide prospects of active micro-nano-devices, we expect to advance their progress to satisfy the demands of theoretical investigations and medical implementations within the domains of cardiology and neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, People's Republic of China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, 523059, People's Republic of China
| | - Keda Shi
- Department of Lung Transplantation and General Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajin Xue
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322005, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, People's Republic of China.
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguan, 523059, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chong Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaru Fang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China.
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Tawade P, Mastrangeli M. Integrated Electrochemical and Optical Biosensing in Organs-on-Chip. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300560. [PMID: 37966365 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Demand for biocompatible, non-invasive, and continuous real-time monitoring of organs-on-chip has driven the development of a variety of novel sensors. However, highest accuracy and sensitivity can arguably be achieved by integrated biosensing, which enables in situ monitoring of the in vitro microenvironment and dynamic responses of tissues and miniature organs recapitulated in organs-on-chip. This paper reviews integrated electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensing methods within organ-on-chip devices and platforms. By affording precise detection of analytes and biochemical reactions, these methods expand and advance the monitoring capabilities and reproducibility of organ-on-chip technology. The integration of these sensing techniques allows a deeper understanding of organ functions, and paves the way for important applications such as drug testing, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. By consolidating recent advancements and highlighting challenges in the field, this review aims to foster further research and innovation in the integration of biosensing in organs-on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Tawade
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mastrangeli
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD, Delft, Netherlands
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7
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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8
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature 2023; 613:496-502. [PMID: 36653571 PMCID: PMC9849123 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and OECT-based circuitry offer great potential in bioelectronics, wearable electronics and artificial neuromorphic electronics because of their exceptionally low driving voltages (<1 V), low power consumption (<1 µW), high transconductances (>10 mS) and biocompatibility1-5. However, the successful realization of critical complementary logic OECTs is currently limited by temporal and/or operational instability, slow redox processes and/or switching, incompatibility with high-density monolithic integration and inferior n-type OECT performance6-8. Here we demonstrate p- and n-type vertical OECTs with balanced and ultra-high performance by blending redox-active semiconducting polymers with a redox-inactive photocurable and/or photopatternable polymer to form an ion-permeable semiconducting channel, implemented in a simple, scalable vertical architecture that has a dense, impermeable top contact. Footprint current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 at less than ±0.7 V, transconductances of 0.2-0.4 S, short transient times of less than 1 ms and ultra-stable switching (>50,000 cycles) are achieved in, to our knowledge, the first vertically stacked complementary vertical OECT logic circuits. This architecture opens many possibilities for fundamental studies of organic semiconductor redox chemistry and physics in nanoscopically confined spaces, without macroscopic electrolyte contact, as well as wearable and implantable device applications.
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Liu Z, Kong J, Qu M, Zhao G, Zhang C. Progress in Data Acquisition of Wearable Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:889. [PMID: 36291026 PMCID: PMC9599646 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have demonstrated wide applications from medical treatment, health monitoring to real-time tracking, human-machine interface, smart home, and motion capture because of the capability of in situ and online monitoring. Data acquisition is extremely important for wearable sensors, including modules of probes, signal conditioning, and analog-to-digital conversion. However, signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, and data transmission have received less attention than probes, especially flexible sensing materials, in research on wearable sensors. Here, as a supplement, this paper systematically reviews the recent progress of characteristics, applications, and optimizations of transistor amplifiers and typical filters in signal conditioning, and mainstream analog-to-digital conversion strategies. Moreover, possible research directions on the data acquisition of wearable sensors are discussed at the end of the paper.
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