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Wang Z, Zhang S, Fu X, Huang R, Huang L, Zhang J, Yang W, Fu F, Sun S. High-Entropy Mn/Fe-Based Layered Cathode with Suppressed P2-P'2 Transition and Low-Strain for Fast and Stable Sodium Ion Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2378-2388. [PMID: 38174712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mn/Fe-based layered oxides are deemed to be a highly suitable cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high capacity and abundant Mn/Fe resources, but they still suffer from a complicated phase transition and large volume variation. To conquer these problems, high-entropy Mn/Fe-based layered oxide P2-Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.334Cu0.045Mg0.014Ti0.014Al0.014Zr0.014Sn0.014O2 (Mn-Fe-HEO) is rationally designed and fabricated. When used as a cathode for SIB, high-entropy Mn-Fe-HEO exhibits much higher reversible capacity and better rate capability than low-entropy Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.334Cu0.164O2 (Mn-Fe-LEO) within a wide voltage range of 1.5-4.3 V. Ex situ X-ray diffraction combined with diffusion kinetics tests and microstructural characterizations demonstrate that high-entropy enhanced structural stability effectively prevents the Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn3+, stabilizes the Na+ diffusion channels, and enables the smooth transfer of more working Na+. These lead to a stable and fast redox electrochemistry in high-entropy Mn-Fe-HEO. This work deepens the understanding of the relationship between high-entropy structure and performance and provides important guidance for the rational design of future high-entropy layered cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shigang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Huangfu S, Austin AC, Guguchia Z, Fjellvåg ØS, Knorpp AJ, Luetkens H, Schilling A, Stuer M. Tuneable Short-Range Antiferromagnetic Correlation in Fe-Containing Entropy Stabilized Oxides. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:247-255. [PMID: 38101323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the impact of a high entropy elemental distribution of the lattice site on the magnetic properties in oxide compounds, a series of complex perovskites BaBO3 (B = Y, Fe, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta) with different Fe content ratios (0, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. In this complex oxide series, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry reveals a gradual change of a well-defined magnetic phase transition and B-site magnetic moment, which correlates with the Fe content. More importantly, a comprehensive analysis of the sample with a 0.4-Fe content (40% on the B-site) including magnetization, heat capacity, neutron diffraction, and muon-spin rotation measurements suggests that in the low-temperature state, a short-range antiferromagnetic correlation may exist, which could result from the magnetic interaction of Fe ions and consequent redistribution of associated d-electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxiong Huangfu
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Austin
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy (LMU), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Øystein S Fjellvåg
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging (LNS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
- Department for Hydrogen Technology, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller NO-2027, Norway
| | - Amy J Knorpp
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Luetkens
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy (LMU), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schilling
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stuer
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
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3
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Wang H, Huang H, Feng Y, Ku YC, Liu CE, Chen S, Farhan A, Piamonteze C, Lu Y, Tang Y, Wei J, Chen L, Chang CF, Kuo CY, Chen Z. Enhanced Exchange Bias in Epitaxial High-Entropy Oxide Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58643-58650. [PMID: 38062584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have gained significant interest in recent years due to their unique structural characteristics and potential to tailor functional properties. However, the electronic structure of the HEOs currently remains vastly unknown. In this work, combining magnetometry measurements, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and element-specific X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the perovskite-HEO La(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 epitaxial thin films are systemically studied. It is found that enhanced magnetic frustration emerges from competing exchange interactions of the five transition-metal cations with energetically favorable half-filled/full-filled electron configurations, resulting in an unprecedented large vertical exchange bias effect in the single-crystalline films. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that the La(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 layer with a thickness down to 1 nm can be used as a pinning layer and strongly coupled with a ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 layer, leading to a notable exchange bias and coercivity enhancement in a cooling field as small as 5 Oe. Our studies not only provide invaluable insight into the electronic structure of HEOs but also pave the way for a new era of large bias materials for spintronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology & Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanpeng Feng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yu-Chieh Ku
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Liu
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shanquan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alan Farhan
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Cinthia Piamonteze
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yalin Lu
- Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology & Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chun-Fu Chang
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chang-Yang Kuo
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Zuhuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Gao H, Guo N, Gong Y, Bai L, Wang D, Zheng Q. Sub-Ångstrom-scale structural variations in high-entropy oxides. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37987086 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are a special class of materials that utilize the concept of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with five or more elements randomly distributing at a single sublattice in near-equiatomic proportions. HEOs have been attracting increasing attention owing to their many outstanding physical and chemical properties. However, unlike HEAs, for which local chemical compositions, order/disorder behaviors, and property-structure relationships have been comprehensively investigated, detailed information on the atomic-scale chemical and structural features and their correlations with functionalities in HEOs so far is still not sufficient. Herein, we select four typical HEOs with pyrochlore, spinel, perovskite and rock-salt type structures, and directly observe and quantify sub-Ångstrom-scale structure variations in different manners by means of advanced aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. Visualization and quantification of local structural variations and lattice distortions in the current work may show a valuable example for future investigations on local fluctuating structures and their relationships with properties in more systems of HEOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Gao
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ning Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yue Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lu Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dongwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Qiang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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5
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Kirsch A, Bøjesen ED, Lefeld N, Larsen R, Mathiesen JK, Skjærvø SL, Pittkowski RK, Sheptyakov D, Jensen KMØ. High-Entropy Oxides in the Mullite-Type Structure. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:8664-8674. [PMID: 37901145 PMCID: PMC10601478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy materials (HEMs) represent a new class of solid solutions containing at least five different elements. Their compositional diversity makes them promising as platforms for the development of functional materials. We synthesized new HEMs in a mullite-type structure and present five compounds, i.e., Bi2(Al0.25Ga0.25Fe0.25Mn0.25)4O9 and A2Mn4O10 with variations of A = Nd, Sm, Y, Er, Eu, Ce, and Bi, demonstrating the vast accessible composition space. By combining scattering, microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques, we show that our materials are mixed solid solutions. Remarkably, when following their crystallization in situ using X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we find that the HEMs form through a metastable amorphous phase without the formation of any crystalline intermediates. We expect that our synthesis is excellently suited to synthesizing diverse HEMs and therefore will have a significant impact on their future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kirsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Espen Drath Bøjesen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center & Aarhus University Centre for Integrated Materials
Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Niels Lefeld
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Rasmus Larsen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center & Aarhus University Centre for Integrated Materials
Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jette Katja Mathiesen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Susanne Linn Skjærvø
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Denis Sheptyakov
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul
Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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6
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Zhao Z, Jaiswal AK, Wang D, Wollersen V, Xiao Z, Pradhan G, Celegato F, Tiberto P, Szymczak M, Dabrowa J, Waqar M, Fuchs D, Pan X, Hahn H, Kruk R, Sarkar A. Strain-Driven Bidirectional Spin Orientation Control in Epitaxial High Entropy Oxide Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304038. [PMID: 37507832 PMCID: PMC10520624 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
High entropy oxides (HEOs), based on the incorporation of multiple-principal cations into the crystal lattice, offer the possibility to explore previously inaccessible oxide compositions and unconventional properties. Here it is demonstrated that despite the chemical complexity of HEOs external stimuli, such as epitaxial strain, can selectively stabilize certain magneto-electronic states. Epitaxial (Co0.2 Cr0.2 Fe0.2 Mn0.2 Ni0.2 )3 O4 -HEO thin films are grown in three different strain states: tensile, compressive, and relaxed. A unique coexistence of rocksalt and spinel-HEO phases, which are fully coherent with no detectable chemical segregation, is revealed by transmission electron microscopy. This dual-phase coexistence appears as a universal phenomenon in (Co0.2 Cr0.2 Fe0.2 Mn0.2 Ni0.2 )3 O4 epitaxial films. Prominent changes in the magnetic anisotropy and domain structure highlight the strain-induced bidirectional control of magnetic properties in HEOs. When the films are relaxed, their magnetization behavior is isotropic, similar to that of bulk materials. However, under tensile strain, the hardness of the out-of-plane (OOP) axis increases significantly. On the other hand, compressive straining results in an easy OOP magnetization and a maze-like magnetic domain structure, indicating the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Generally, this study emphasizes the adaptability of the high entropy design strategy, which, when combined with coherent strain engineering, opens additional prospects for fine-tuning properties in oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhao
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
- KIT‐TUD‐Joint Research Laboratory NanomaterialsTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Arun Kumar Jaiswal
- Institute for Quantum Materials and TechnologiesKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Vanessa Wollersen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Zhengyu Xiao
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceShanxi Normal UniversityTaiyuan030031China
| | - Gajanan Pradhan
- Advanced Materials and Life Science DivisionsIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM)Turin10135Italy
| | - Federica Celegato
- Advanced Materials and Life Science DivisionsIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM)Turin10135Italy
| | - Paola Tiberto
- Advanced Materials and Life Science DivisionsIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM)Turin10135Italy
| | - Maria Szymczak
- AGH University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramicsal. Mickiewicza 30Kraków30‐059Poland
| | - Juliusz Dabrowa
- AGH University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramicsal. Mickiewicza 30Kraków30‐059Poland
| | - Moaz Waqar
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Dirk Fuchs
- Institute for Quantum Materials and TechnologiesKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Irvine Materials Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
- KIT‐TUD‐Joint Research Laboratory NanomaterialsTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials EngineeringThe University of OklahomaNormanOK73019USA
| | - Robert Kruk
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Abhishek Sarkar
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344KarlsruheGermany
- KIT‐TUD‐Joint Research Laboratory NanomaterialsTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
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7
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Sarkar A, Wang D, Kante MV, Eiselt L, Trouillet V, Iankevich G, Zhao Z, Bhattacharya SS, Hahn H, Kruk R. High Entropy Approach to Engineer Strongly Correlated Functionalities in Manganites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207436. [PMID: 36383029 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Technologically relevant strongly correlated phenomena such as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and metal-insulator transitions (MIT) exhibited by perovskite manganites are driven and enhanced by the coexistence of multiple competing magneto-electronic phases. Such magneto-electronic inhomogeneity is governed by the intrinsic lattice-charge-spin-orbital correlations, which, in turn, are conventionally tailored in manganites via chemical substitution, charge doping, or strain engineering. Alternately, the recently discovered high entropy oxides (HEOs), owing to the presence of multiple-principal cations on a given sub-lattice, exhibit indications of an inherent magneto-electronic phase separation encapsulated in a single crystallographic phase. Here, the high entropy (HE) concept is combined with standard property control by hole doping in a series of single-phase orthorhombic HE-manganites (HE-Mn), (Gd0.25 La0.25 Nd0.25 Sm0.25 )1- x Srx MnO3 (x = 0-0.5). High-resolution transmission microscopy reveals hitherto-unknown lattice imperfections in HEOs: twins, stacking faults, and missing planes. Magnetometry and electrical measurements infer three distinct ground states-insulating antiferromagnetic, unpercolated metallic ferromagnetic, and long-range metallic ferromagnetic-coexisting or/and competing as a result of hole doping and multi-cation complexity. Consequently, CMR ≈1550% stemming from an MIT is observed in polycrystalline pellets, matching the best-known values for bulk conventional manganites. Hence, this initial case study highlights the potential for a synergetic development of strongly correlated oxides offered by the high entropy design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sarkar
- KIT-TUD Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials - Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mohana V Kante
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Luis Eiselt
- KIT-TUD Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials - Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gleb Iankevich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Subramshu S Bhattacharya
- Nanofunctional Materials Technology Centre (NFMTC), Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Horst Hahn
- KIT-TUD Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials - Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Kruk
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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