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Arcuri F, Toti P, Buchwalder L, Casciaro A, Cintorino M, Schatz F, Rybalov B, Lockwood CJ. Mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation and activation in chorioamnionitis: interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha enhance colony stimulating factor 2 expression in term decidua. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:453-61. [PMID: 19164476 PMCID: PMC3046766 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108328609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is a major cause of prematurity as well as perinatal morbidity and mortality. The present study observed a marked increase in immunohistochemical staining for Colony Stimulating Factor 2 (CSF2; also known as granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor), a potent neutrophil and macrophage chemoattractant and activator, in the decidua of patients with CAM compared with controls (n = 8; P = .001). To examine the regulation of this CSF2, cultured decidual cells primed with estradiol (E2) or E2 plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta and secreted CSF2 measured by ELISA. Levels of CSF2 in E2 plus MPA-treated cultures increased 18- and 245-fold following treatment with TNF or IL1B (n = 7, P < .05). Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated parallel changes in mRNA levels. This study reveals that CSF2 is strongly expressed in decidua from patients with CAM and indicates TNF or IL1B as important regulators of CAM-related decidual leukocyte infiltration and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Arcuri
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy
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Halme L, Turunen U, Paavola-Sakki P, Heliö T, Lappalainen M, Färkkilä M, Kontula K, Repo H. CARD15 frameshift mutation in patients with CROHN disease is associated with immune dysregulation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:1243-9. [PMID: 15743002 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the caspase-activating recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) gene are associated with Crohn disease (CD). CARD15 is an intracellular receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS-induced activation of transfectants containing the frameshift mutation (1007fs) of CARD15 is impaired. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of CARD15 1007fs affects activation of CD patients' own cells. Patients (4 homozygotes, 6 heterozygotes, and 6 wild-type) were matched according to clinical picture and medication. METHODS Immune inflammatory status was evaluated by measuring monocyte HLA-DR and CD11b densities and the proportion of CD14dimCD16+ monocytes, and was found to be comparable in the three groups. Blood mononuclear cells were cultured overnight in serum-free medium alone, or the medium supplemented with LPS (0.1-10.0 ng/mL), a combination of IFN-gamma (100 IU/mL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (5 ng/mL), or both. TNF and IL-10 levels in the culture supernatant were determined. RESULTS LPS 0.1 or 1.0 ng/mL alone did not increase TNF levels. IFN-gamma/GM-CSF induced TNF release, and co-culture with LPS 1.0 or 10.0 ng/mL was strongly synergistic. CARD15 1007fs mutation was linked in a gene-dose-dependent manner to low TNF release induced by IFN-gamma/GM-CSF (P value for linear trend = 0.001). The degree of synergism in co-culture was normal or high, suggesting that 1007fs did not depress responses to LPS. IL-10 levels were not related to CARD15 1007fs. CONCLUSIONS In CD patients, CARD15 1007fs is associated in a gene-dose-dependent manner to low mononuclear cell TNF release by IFN-gamma/GM-CSF but does not impair TNF release by LPS. This type of immune dysregulation may influence susceptibility to and/or phenotype of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Halme
- Depts of Surgery, Gastroenterology and Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Weber J, Sondak VK, Scotland R, Phillip R, Wang F, Rubio V, Stuge TB, Groshen SG, Gee C, Jeffery GG, Sian S, Lee PP. Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor added to a multipeptide vaccine for resected Stage II melanoma. Cancer 2003; 97:186-200. [PMID: 12491520 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forty-eight patients with resected Stages IIA and IIB melanoma were immunized with two tumor antigen epitope peptides derived from gp100(209-217) (210M) (IMDQVPSFV) and tyrosinase(368-376) (370D) (YMDGTMSQV) emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Patients were assigned randomly to receive either peptides/IFA alone or with 250 microm of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) subcutaneously daily for 5 days to evaluate the toxicities and immune responses in either arm. Time to recurrence and survival were secondary end points. METHODS Immunizations were administered every 2 weeks x 4, then every 4 weeks x 3, and once 8 weeks later. A leukapheresis to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear cells for immune analyses and skin testing with peptides and recall reagents was performed before and after eight vaccinations. RESULTS Local pain and granuloma formation, fever, and lethargy of Grade 1 or 2 were observed. Transient vaccine-related Grade III and no Grade IV toxicity was observed. Seventeen of the 40 patients for whom posttreatment skin tests were performed developed a positive skin test response to the gp100 peptide, but only 1 of the 40 patients developed a positive skin test response to tyrosinase. Immune responses were measured by release of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by effector cells in the presence of peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells, by cytokine release of IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a Luminex assay, or by an antigen-specific tetramer flow cytometry assay. Thirty-four of the 39 patients for whom the ELISA data were performed demonstrated an immune response after vaccination, as did 37 of 42 patients by tetramer assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Luminex, and tetramer responses in the GM-CSF/peptide/IFA group were higher than in the peptide/IFA group. Epitope spreading to the MART-1/MelanA 27-35 and 26-35 (27L) epitopes was detected by tetramer assay in 10 patients. Seven of 48 patients experienced disease recurrence with a median of 24 months of follow-up and 2 patients in this intermediate to high risk group have died. CONCLUSION These data suggest a significant number of patients with resected melanoma mount an antigen-specific immune response against a peptide vaccine. There is a trend for GM-CSF to modestly increase the immune response and support further development of GM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Weber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Baiocchi RA, Ward JS, Carrodeguas L, Eisenbeis CF, Peng R, Roychowdhury S, Vourganti S, Sekula T, O'Brien M, Moeschberger M, Caligiuri MA. GM-CSF and IL-2 induce specific cellular immunity and provide protection against Epstein-Barr virus lymphoproliferative disorder. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:887-94. [PMID: 11560958 PMCID: PMC200931 DOI: 10.1172/jci12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2001] [Accepted: 07/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a potentially life-threatening complication in immune-deficient patients. We have used the severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mouse engrafted with human leukocytes (hu-PBL-SCID) to evaluate the use of human cytokines in the prevention of EBV-LPD in vivo. Daily low-dose IL-2 therapy can prevent EBV-LPD in the hu-PBL-SCID mouse, but protection is lost if murine natural killer (NK) cells are depleted. Here we demonstrate that combined therapy with human GM-CSF and low-dose IL-2 is capable of preventing EBV-LPD in the hu-PBL-SCID mouse in the absence of murine NK cells. Lymphocyte depletion experiments showed that human NK cells, CD8(+) T cells, and monocytes were each required for the protective effects of GM-CSF and IL-2 combination therapy. This treatment resulted in a marked expansion of human CD3(+)CD8(+) lymphocytes in vivo. Using HLA tetramers complexed with EBV immunodominant peptides, a subset of these lymphocytes was found to be EBV-specific. These data establish that combined GM-CSF and low-dose IL-2 therapy can prevent the immune deficiencies that lead to fatal EBV-LPD in the hu-PBL-SCID mouse depleted of murine NK cells, and they point to a critical role for several human cellular subsets in mediating this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Baiocchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Hartung T, von Aulock S, Freitag M, Höxtermann S, Stücker M, Hoffmann K, Altmeyer P, Kottke A, Wendel A. Blood cytokine response of low-dose molgramostim (rhGM-CSF)-treated patients. Cytokine 2000; 12:1570-4. [PMID: 11023676 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined leukocyte counts and ex vivo cytokine response of whole blood to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in patients under low-dose molgramostim therapy. Patients were injected subcutaneously daily for ten days with 1 microg/kg (n=9) or 2 microg/kg (n=14) molgramostim. Leukocytosis was observed in all patients, but only the eosinophil fraction was significantly increased in relation to other leukocyte populations. Ex vivo IFN-gamma release was decreased and IL-10 and IL-1ra secretion were increased in response to LPS or LTA. Thus, in non-neutropenic patients, leukocytosis can already be initiated by low doses of molgramostim. The ex vivo cytokine data suggest that these doses prime blood towards a systemic anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hartung
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz
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Perkins RC, Broaddus VC, Shetty S, Hamilton S, Idell S. Asbestos upregulates expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on mesothelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:637-46. [PMID: 10536123 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.5.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of asbestos is associated with pathologic changes in the pleural space, including pleural thickening, pleural plaques, and mesothelioma. These processes are characterized by altered local proteolysis, cellular proliferation, and cell migration, suggesting that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) could be involved in the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced pleural disease. We hypothesized that mesothelial cell uPAR expression is induced by exposure to asbestos. To test this hypothesis, we used complementary techniques in rabbit and human mesothelial cells to determine whether uPAR expression is altered by exposure to asbestos. uPAR expression was induced by chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, but not by wollastonite, as indicated by binding of radiolabeled urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to rabbit or human mesothelial cells. uPA was not induced by fiber exposure. Exposure to exogenous uPA increased uPA activity of cells exposed to wollastonite but not asbestos-treated MeT5A cells. uPAR expression increased further when asbestos was preincubated with vitronectin (VN) or serum. Increases in uPAR expression were confirmed by binding of uPA to uPAR in cell membrane preparations and immunofluorescent staining of uPAR at the cell surface, and were associated with increases in steady-state uPAR messenger RNA. Mesothelial cell uPAR expression was also induced by media from monocytes cultured with asbestos incubated with VN and serum. By antibody neutralization, the latter effect appeared to be in part mediated by transforming growth factor-beta. We found that asbestos increases uPAR at the surface of rabbit and human mesothelial cells, suggesting that altered expression of this receptor could be involved in asbestos-induced remodeling of the pleural mesothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Perkins
- Department of Specialty Care, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75710, USA.
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Baqui AA, Meiller TF, Chon JJ, Turng BF, Falkler WA. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor amplification of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in THP-1 human monocytic cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide of oral microorganisms. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 5:341-7. [PMID: 9605989 PMCID: PMC104522 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.3.341-347.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), are used to assist in bone marrow recovery during cancer chemotherapy. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) play important roles in inflammatory processes, including exacerbation of periodontal diseases, one of the most common complications in patients who undergo this therapy. A human monocyte cell line (THP-1) was utilized to investigate IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production following GM-CSF supplementation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from two oral microorganisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. LPS of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum was prepared by a phenol-water extraction method and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determination of total protein and endotoxin contents. Resting THP-1 cells were treated with LPS of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum and/or GM-CSF (50 IU/ml) by using different concentrations for various time periods. Production of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in THP-1 cells was measured by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to evaluate the gene expression of resting and treated THP-1 cells. IL-1beta was not detected in untreated THP-1 cells. IL-1beta production was, however, stimulated sharply at 4 h. GM-CSF amplified IL-1beta production in THP-1 cells treated with LPS from both oral anaerobes. No IL-1beta-specific mRNA transcript was detected in untreated THP-1 cells. However, IL-1beta mRNA was detected by RT-PCR 2 h after stimulation of THP-1 cells with LPS from both organisms. GM-CSF did not shorten the IL-1beta transcriptional activation time. GM-CSF plus F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis LPS activated THP-1 cells to produce a 1.6-fold increase in TNF-alpha production at 4 h over LPS stimulation alone. These investigations with the in vitro THP-1 model indicate that there may be an increase in the cellular immune response to oral endotoxin following GM-CSF therapy, as evidenced by production of the tissue-reactive cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Baqui
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Vázquez N, Walsh TJ, Friedman D, Chanock SJ, Lyman CA. Interleukin-15 augments superoxide production and microbicidal activity of human monocytes against Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1998; 66:145-50. [PMID: 9423851 PMCID: PMC107870 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.1.145-150.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a newly described cytokine that shares biological activities with IL-2. We report here results demonstrating the ability of IL-15 to enhance superoxide production and antifungal activity of human monocytes. After 18 and 48 h of treatment with IL-15, human elutriated monocytes manifested enhanced superoxide production in response to either phorbol myristate acetate or opsonized Candida albicans blastoconidia. Similar results were obtained when monocytes were treated with IL-2, but to a lesser extent. Combination studies with IL-15 and IL-2 showed no additive or synergistic effects. Following incubation of monocytes with IL-15 for 18 h, there was no significant increase in mRNA transcripts for components of the NADPH oxidase complex, p40-phox, p47-phox, and gp91-phox, suggesting a posttranscriptional modulation of enhanced superoxide production. Antibodies against the gamma chain of the IL-2 receptor and, to a lesser extent, against the beta chain partially abrogated the IL-15-mediated enhanced superoxide production. Additionally, human monocytes showed enhanced killing activity against C. albicans after 18 h of incubation with IL-15 or IL-2, but this treatment did not enhance the ability of these cells to phagocytose the organism. In addition, the enhanced fungicidal activity seen after 18 h of treatment was no longer detectable after 48 h of cytokine treatment. Culture supernatants from the IL-15-treated monocytes were assayed for the presence of other proinflammatory cytokines. IL-15 treatment did not induce the release of detectable levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-12. Our results indicate that IL-15 upregulates the microbicidal activity of human monocytes against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vázquez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Moore DF, Vadhan-Raj S. Sustained response in Felty's syndrome to prolonged administration of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF). Am J Med 1995; 98:591-4. [PMID: 7778576 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D F Moore
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Bermudez LE, Kemper CA, Deresinski SC. Dysfunctional monocytes from a patient with disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection are activated in vitro and in vivo by GM-CSF. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1994; 8:135-42. [PMID: 8924355 DOI: 10.1007/bf01878497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A 27 year-old woman presented with disseminated infection due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Signs and symptoms of disseminated infection persisted despite the administration of multiple antimycobacterial agents to which her organism was sensitive for 15 months. She was seronegative for HIV-1 and functional studies of T and B lymphocytes and granulocytes failed to demonstrate any abnormality. Peripheral blood monocytes proved abnormally permissive to the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium and M. kansasii, and expressed normal number of receptors to interferon-gamma, but reduced numbers of receptors to granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor. These defects were partially reversed with in vitro exposure of her cells to recombinant GM-CSF. In addition, administration of recombinant human GM-CSF in vivo (250 mg/M2 per day) for 10 days armed her circulating monocytes as evidenced by increased production of O2- in response to phorbol esther and, when infected ex vivo with M. kansasii, enhanced inhibition of intracellular growth compared with pre-therapy monocytes. These defects reappeared with discontinuation of GM-CSF and resolved with its re-administration. While a salutary clinical and microbiologic effect was difficult to assess, administration of GM-CSF in vivo was associated with in vitro activation of monocytes and enhanced mycobactericidal activity in this patient with a defect in monocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Bermudez
- Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute of San Francisco, California, USA
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Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) are functionally related hematopoietins with overlapping but distinct hematopoietic effects. GM-CSF supports more myeloid progenitor cells, whereas IL-3 promotes more erythroid, megakaryocytic and multipotential progenitor cells. Their complementary in vivo biological effects and cross competition for receptor binding prompted the development of PIXY321, a synthetic hybrid protein of GM-CSF and IL-3. PIXY321 binds to cell lines expressing specific receptors for either ligand, and it exhibits enhanced biological activity in human hematopoietic progenitor cell assays. In preclinical studies, PIXY321 has been shown to accelerate both neutrophil and platelet recovery in rhesus monkeys subjected to sublethal irradiation. Based on these preclinical observations, clinical trials have been initiated examining the therapeutic potential of this agent in ameliorating treatment- or disease-related hematopoietic suppression. The early results indicate that PIXY321 can stimulate multilineage hematopoiesis in vivo and enhance neutrophil and platelet recovery following chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT). These results suggest that PIXY321 elicits the biological effects of both its component cytokines and represents a novel means of delivering two independent but interactive cytokines in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vadhan-Raj
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biological Therapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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