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Mochizuki Y, Chiba T, Kataoka K, Yamashita S, Sato T, Kato T, Takahashi K, Miyamoto T, Kitazawa M, Hatta T, Natsume T, Takai S, Asahara H. Combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 Approach to Elucidate a Far-Upstream Enhancer Complex for Tissue-Specific Sox9 Expression. Dev Cell 2018; 46:794-806.e6. [PMID: 30146478 PMCID: PMC6324936 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SRY-box 9 (SOX9) is a master transcription factor that regulates cartilage development. SOX9 haploinsufficiency resulting from breakpoints in a ∼1-Mb region upstream of SOX9 was reported in acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD) patients, suggesting that essential enhancer regions of SOX9 for cartilage development are located in this long non-coding sequence. However, the cis-acting enhancer region regulating cartilage-specific SOX9 expression remains to be identified. To identify distant cartilage Sox9 enhancers, we utilized the combination of multiple CRISPR/Cas9 technologies including enrichment of the promoter-enhancer complex followed by next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS), SIN3A-dCas9-mediated epigenetic silencing, and generation of enhancer deletion mice. As a result, we could identify a critical far-upstream cis-element and Stat3 as a trans-acting factor, regulating cartilage-specific Sox9 expression and subsequent skeletal development. Our strategy could facilitate definitive ACD diagnosis and should be useful to reveal the detailed chromatin conformation and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mochizuki
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hatta
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Shinro Takai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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Matsumoto A, Imagawa E, Miyake N, Ikeda T, Kobayashi M, Goto M, Matsumoto N, Yamagata T, Osaka H. The presence of diminished white matter and corpus callosal thinning in a case with a SOX9 mutation. Brain Dev 2018; 40:325-329. [PMID: 28965976 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 is responsible for campomelic dysplasia (CMPD). Symptoms of CMPD include recurrent apnea, upper respiratory infection, facial features, and shortening of the lower extremities. The variant acampomelic CMPD (ACMPD) lacks long bone curvature. A patient showed macrocephaly (+3.9 standard deviations [SD]) and minor anomalies, such as hypertelorism, palpebronasal fold, small mandible, and a cleft of soft palate without long bone curvature. From three months of age, he required tracheal intubation and artificial respiration under sedation because of tracheomalacia. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was normal at one month of age but showed ventriculomegaly, hydrocephaly, and the corpus callosum thinning at two years of age. Exome sequencing revealed a de novo novel mutation, c. 236A>C, p (Q79P), in SOX9. Sox9 is thought to be crucial in neural stem cell development in the central and peripheral nervous system along with Sox8 and Sox10 in mice. In humans, neuronal abnormalities have been reported in cases of CMPD and ACMPD, including relative macrocephaly in 11 out of 22 and mild lateral ventriculomegaly in 2 out of 22 patients. We encountered a two-year old boy with ACMPD presenting with tracheomalacia and macrocephaly with a SOX9 mutation. We described for the first time an ACMPD patient with acquired diminished white matter and corpus callosal thinning, indicating the failure of oligodendrocyte/astrocyte development postnatally. This phenotype suggests that SOX9 plays a crucial role in human central nervous system development. Further cases are needed to clarify the relationship between human neural development and SOX9 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eri Imagawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masahide Goto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Abushama M, Rawhani R, Abdellatif A. Antenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Skeletal Malformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Smyk M, Akdemir KC, Stankiewicz P. SOX9 chromatin folding domains correlate with its real and putative distant cis-regulatory elements. Nucleus 2017; 8:182-187. [PMID: 28085555 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1279776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary conserved transcription factor SOX9, encoded by the dosage sensitive SOX9 gene on chromosome 17q24.3, plays an important role in development of multiple organs, including bones and testes. Heterozygous point mutations and genomic copy-number variant (CNV) deletions involving SOX9 have been reported in patients with campomelic dysplasia (CD), a skeletal malformation syndrome often associated with male-to-female sex reversal. Balanced and unbalanced structural genomic variants with breakpoints mapping up to 1.3 Mb up- and downstream to SOX9 have been described in patients with milder phenotypes, including acampomelic campomelic dysplasia, sex reversal, and Pierre Robin sequence. Based on the localization of breakpoints of genomic rearrangements causing different phenotypes, 5 genomic intervals mapping upstream to SOX9 have been defined. We have analyzed the publically available database of high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) in multiple cell lines in the genomic regions flanking SOX9. Consistent with the literature data, chromatin domain boundaries in the SOX9 locus exhibit conservation across species and remain largely constant across multiple cell types. Interestingly, we have found that chromatin folding domains in the SOX9 locus associate with the genomic intervals harboring real and putative regulatory elements of SOX9, implicating that variation in intra-domain interactions may be critical for dynamic regulation of SOX9 expression in a cell type-specific fashion. We propose that tissue-specific enhancers for other transcription factor genes may similarly utilize chromatin folding sub-domains in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Smyk
- a Department of Medical Genetics , Institute of Mother and Child , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Kadir Caner Akdemir
- b Genomic Medicine Department , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Paweł Stankiewicz
- c Department of Molecular and Human Genetics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
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Kaissi AA, van Egmond-Fröhlich A, Ryabykh S, Ochirov P, Kenis V, Hofstaetter JG, Grill F, Ganger R, Kircher SG. Spine malformation complex in 3 diverse syndromic entities: Case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5505. [PMID: 27977582 PMCID: PMC5268028 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinical and radiographic phenotypic characterizations were the base line tool of diagnosis in 3 syndromic disorders in which congenital cervico-thoracic kyphosis was the major deformity. PATIENTS CONCERNS Directing maximal care toward the radiographic analysis is not only the axial malformation but also toward the appendicular abnormalities was our main concern. We fully documented the diversity of the spine phenotypic malformation complex via the clinical and radiographic phenotypes. DIAGNOSES We established the diagnosis via phenotypic/genotypic confirmation in 3 diverse syndromic entities namely acampomelic campomelic dysplasia, Larsen syndrome and Morquio syndrome type A (mucopolysaccharidosis type IV A). INTERVENTIONS Surgical interventions have been carried out in the Larsen syndrome and Morquio syndrome type A, resepectively. OUTCOMES The earliest the diagnosis is, the better the results are. The necessity to diagnose children in their first year of life has many folds, firstly the management would be in favor of the child's growth and development and secondly, the prognosis could be clearer to the family and the medical staff as well. Our current paper is to sensitize paediatricians, physicians and orthopedic surgeons regarding the necessity to detect the aetiological understanding in every child who manifests a constellation of malformation complex. LESONS Scoliosis and kyphosis/kyphoscoliosis are not a diagnosis in themselves. Such deformities are mostly a symptom complex correlated to dozens of types of syndromic associations. The rate curve progression and the final severity of congenital spine tilting are related to 3 factors: (a) the type of vertebral malformation present, (b) the patient's phenotype, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Kaissi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital
- Orthopaedic Hospital of Speising, Paediatric Department
| | | | - Sergey Ryabykh
- Axial Skeleton and Neurosurgery Department, Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ilizarov Center, Kurgan, Russia
| | - Polina Ochirov
- Axial Skeleton and Neurosurgery Department, Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ilizarov Center, Kurgan, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kenis
- Pediatric Orthopedic Institute n.a. H. Turner, Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Neuroorthopaedics and Systemic Disorders, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jochen G. Hofstaetter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital
| | - Franz Grill
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital
| | - Rudolf Ganger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital
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6
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Preiksaitiene E, Benušienė E, Matulevičienė A, Grigalionienė K, Utkus A, Kučinskas V. SOX9 p.Lys106Glu mutation causes acampomelic campomelic dysplasia: Prenatal and postnatal clinical findings. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170:781-4. [PMID: 26602066 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egle Preiksaitiene
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Benušienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Matulevičienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Grigalionienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidutis Kučinskas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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7
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Bhagavath B, Layman LC, Ullmann R, Shen Y, Ha K, Rehman K, Looney S, McDonough PG, Kim HG, Carr BR. Familial 46,XY sex reversal without campomelic dysplasia caused by a deletion upstream of the SOX9 gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:1-7. [PMID: 24907458 PMCID: PMC4332518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 46,XY sex reversal is a rare disorder and familial cases are even more rare. The purpose of the present study was to determine the molecular basis for a family with three affected siblings who had 46,XY sex reversal. METHODS DNA was extracted from three females with 46,XY sex reversal, two normal sisters, and both unaffected parents. All protein coding exons of the SRY and NR5A1 genes were subjected to PCR-based DNA sequencing. In addition, array comparative genomic hybridization was performed on DNA from all seven family members. A deletion was confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Expression of SOX9 gene was quantified using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A 349kb heterozygous deletion located 353kb upstream of the SOX9 gene on the long arm of chromosome 17 was discovered in the father and three affected siblings, but not in the mother. The expression of SOX9 was significantly decreased in the affected siblings. Two of three affected sisters had gonadoblastomas. CONCLUSION This is the first report of 46,XY sex reversal in three siblings who have a paternally inherited deletion upstream of SOX9 associated with reduced SOX9 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Bhagavath
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of OB/GYN, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of OB/GYN, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yiping Shen
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of OB/GYN, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Khurram Rehman
- Overlake Reproductive Health, 11232 NE 15th Street Suite 201, Bellevue, WA 98004, United States
| | - Stephen Looney
- Dept. of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, AE-1014, Augusta, GA 30912-4900, United States; Dept. of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, AE-1014, Augusta, GA 30912-4900, United States
| | - Paul G McDonough
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of OB/GYN, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of OB/GYN, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Bruce R Carr
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of OB/GYN, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States
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Atypical breakpoint in a t(6;17) translocation case of acampomelic campomelic dysplasia. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:315-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Takenouchi T, Matsuzaki Y, Yamamoto K, Kosaki K, Torii C, Takahashi T, Kosaki K. SOX9 dimerization domain mutation mimicking type 2 collagen disorder phenotype. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:298-301. [PMID: 24704791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The classification of bone dysplasia has relied on a clinical/radiographic interpretation and the identification of specific genetic alterations. The clinical presentation of the SOX9 mutation and type 2 collagen disorders overlap with the Pierre-Robin sequence and talipes equinovarus, but the former is often accompanied by the bent long bones. In its milder form, the SOX9 mutation is not necessarily associated with the bent long bones. Here, we report a patient with the Pierre-Robin sequence and talipes equinovarus who did not exhibit either bent long bones or scapular hypoplasia; thus, this patient was instead classified as having a type 2 collagen disorder. Despite this phenotypic presentation, the proposita was found to have a de novo SOX9 mutation. The peculiar location of the mutation within the dimerization domain might account for the relatively mild phenotypic effect of the SOX9 mutation to a degree that is compatible with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 collagen disorder, except for a developmental delay. We concluded that mutations in SOX9 can mimic a type 2 collagen disorder-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Matsuzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuka Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Rehabilitation Center for Children with Disabilities, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kosaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Kita Medical & Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped, Japan
| | - Chiharu Torii
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mattos EP, Sanseverino MTV, Magalhães JAA, Leite JCL, Félix TM, Todeschini LA, Cavalcanti DP, Schüler-Faccini L. Clinical and molecular characterization of a Brazilian cohort of campomelic dysplasia patients, and identification of seven new SOX9 mutations. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 38:14-20. [PMID: 25983619 PMCID: PMC4415563 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738120140147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is an autosomal, dominantly inherited, skeletal abnormality
belonging to the subgroup of bent bone dysplasias. In addition to bowed lower limbs,
CD typically includes the following: disproportionate short stature, flat face,
micrognathia, cleft palate, bell-shaped thorax, and club feet. Up to three quarters
of 46, XY individuals may be sex-reversed. Radiological signs include scapular and
pubic hypoplasia, narrow iliac wings, spaced ischia, and bowed femora and tibiae.
Lethal CD is usually due to heterozygous mutations in SOX9, a major regulator of
chondrocytic development. We present a detailed clinical and molecular
characterization of nine Brazilian CD patients. Infants were either stillborn (n = 2)
or died shortly after birth and presented similar phenotypes. Sex-reversal was
observed in one of three chromosomally male patients. Sequencing of SOX9 revealed new
heterozygous mutations in seven individuals. Six patients had mutations that resulted
in premature transcriptional termination, while one infant had a single-nucleotide
substitution at the conserved splice-site acceptor of intron 1. No clear
genotype-phenotype correlations were observed. This study highlights the diversity of
SOX9 mutations leading to lethal CD, and expands the group of known genetic
alterations associated with this skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P Mattos
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil . ; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio César L Leite
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Temis Maria Félix
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Denise P Cavalcanti
- Grupo de Displasias Esqueléticas, Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lavinia Schüler-Faccini
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil . ; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Gopakumar H, Superti-Furga A, Unger S, Scherer G, Rajiv PK, Nampoothiri S. Acampomelic form of campomelic dysplasia with SOX9 missense mutation. Indian J Pediatr 2014; 81:98-100. [PMID: 23564514 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-013-1007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by flat face, Pierre Robin sequence, shortening and bowing of long bones and club feet. The authors describe a case of "acampomelic" campomelic dysplasia that differs from classical campomelic dysplasia by the absence of bone bowing. This condition is among the most common skeletal dysplasias but is often misdiagnosed in the absence of overt campomelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Gopakumar
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Researh Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
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12
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Smyk M, Szafranski P, Startek M, Gambin A, Stankiewicz P. Chromosome conformation capture-on-chip analysis of long-range cis-interactions of the SOX9 promoter. Chromosome Res 2013; 21:781-8. [PMID: 24254229 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved transcription factor SOX9 is essential for the differentiation of chondrocytes and the development of testes. Heterozygous point mutations and genomic deletions involving SOX9 lead to campomelic dysplasia (CD), a skeletal malformation syndrome often associated with sex reversal. Chromosomal rearrangements with breakpoints mapping up to 1.6 Mb up- and downstream to SOX9, and likely disrupting its distant cis-regulatory elements, have been described in patients with milder forms of CD. Based on the location of these aberration breakpoints, four clusters upstream of SOX9 have been defined. Interestingly, we found that each of these intervals overlaps a gene encoding long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), suggesting that lncRNAs may contribute to long-range regulation of SOX9 expression. One of the four upstream regions, RevSex (517-595 kb 5' to SOX9), is associated with sex reversal, and was suggested to harbor a testis-specific and sex-determining enhancer. Another sex-determining interval was mapped to a gene desert >1.3 Mb downstream of SOX9. We have performed chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C) analysis in Sertoli cells and lymphoblasts to verify the proposed long-range interactions of the SOX9 promoter and to identify potential novel regulatory elements that might be responsible for sex reversal in patients with CD. We identified several novel potentially cis-interacting regions both up- and downstream to SOX9, with some of them overlapping lncRNA genes. Our data point to lncRNAs as likely mediators of some of these regulatory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Smyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Fonseca ACS, Bonaldi A, Bertola DR, Kim CA, Otto PA, Vianna-Morgante AM. The clinical impact of chromosomal rearrangements with breakpoints upstream of the SOX9 gene: two novel de novo balanced translocations associated with acampomelic campomelic dysplasia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:50. [PMID: 23648064 PMCID: PMC3658899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of balanced rearrangements with breakpoints near SOX9 [SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9] with skeletal abnormalities has been ascribed to the presumptive altering of SOX9 expression by the direct disruption of regulatory elements, their separation from SOX9 or the effect of juxtaposed sequences. CASE PRESENTATION We report on two sporadic apparently balanced translocations, t(7;17)(p13;q24) and t(17;20)(q24.3;q11.2), whose carriers have skeletal abnormalities that led to the diagnosis of acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD; MIM 114290). No pathogenic chromosomal imbalances were detected by a-CGH. The chromosome 17 breakpoints were mapped, respectively, 917-855 kb and 601-585 kb upstream of the SOX9 gene. A distal cluster of balanced rearrangements breakpoints on chromosome 17 associated with SOX9-related skeletal disorders has been mapped to a segment 932-789 kb upstream of SOX9. In this cluster, the breakpoint of the herein described t(17;20) is the most telomeric to SOX9, thus allowing the redefining of the telomeric boundary of the distal breakpoint cluster region related to skeletal disorders to 601-585 kb upstream of SOX9. Although both patients have skeletal abnormalities, the t(7;17) carrier presents with relatively mild clinical features, whereas the t(17;20) was detected in a boy with severe broncheomalacia, depending on mechanical ventilation. Balanced and unbalanced rearrangements associated with disorders of sex determination led to the mapping of a regulatory region of SOX9 function on testicular differentiation to a 517-595 kb interval upstream of SOX9, in addition to TESCO (Testis-specific enhancer of SOX9 core). As the carrier of t(17;20) has an XY sex-chromosome constitution and normal male development for his age, the segment of chromosome 17 distal to the translocation breakpoint should contain the regulatory elements for normal testis development. CONCLUSIONS These two novel translocations illustrate the clinical variability in carriers of balanced translocations with breakpoints near SOX9. The translocation t(17;20) breakpoint provides further evidence for an additional testis-specific SOX9 enhancer 517 to 595 kb upstream of the SOX9 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina S Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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Tonni G, Ventura A, Pattacini P, Bonasoni MP, Baffico AM. p.His165Pro: a novel SOX9 missense mutation of campomelic dysplasia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39:1085-91. [PMID: 23551858 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare skeletal dysplasia caused by mutation in the SOX9 gene located on chromosome 17q24.3-q25.1, which regulates testis and chondrocyte development. Severe bowing of the long bones was seen at second-trimester scan. DNA analysis demonstrated a previously unreported de novo missense mutation in p.His165Pro. Ultrasound-based, molecular biology diagnosis led to early therapeutic termination of pregnancy. Histologic examination of the femoral epyphyseal growth plate confirmed scanty proliferation zone and maturation zone with degenerated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tonni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Guastalla, Italy.
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Scherer G, Zabel B, Nishimura G. Clinical Utility Gene Card for: campomelic dysplasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:ejhg2012228. [PMID: 23047745 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Scherer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Lee YH, Saint-Jeannet JP. Sox9 function in craniofacial development and disease. Genesis 2011; 49:200-8. [PMID: 21309066 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Sox family of transcriptional regulators has been implicated in the control of a broad array of developmental processes. One member of this family SOX9 was first identified as a candidate gene for campomelic dysplasia (CD), a human syndrome affecting skeletal, and testis development. In these patients most endochondral bones of the face fail to develop resulting in multiple defects such as micrognathia, cleft palate, and facial dysmorphia. In this review we describe Sox9 expression during embryonic development and summarize loss of function experiments in frog, fish, and mouse embryos highlighting the role of Sox9 in regulating morphogenesis of the face. We also discuss the mutations in and around SOX9 responsible for craniofacial defects in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Wada Y, Nishimura G, Nagai T, Sawai H, Yoshikata M, Miyagawa S, Hanita T, Sato S, Hasegawa T, Ishikawa S, Ogata T. Mutation analysis ofSOX9and single copy number variant analysis of the upstream region in eight patients with campomelic dysplasia and acampomelic campomelic dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2882-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Airway obstruction in children is a rare, but difficult clinical problem, with no clear agreement on optimal therapeutic approach. Stenting of the airway has been used successfully in adults, and is an attractive alternative in children. Fundamental differences of pediatric compared to adult use include the benign nature of most stenoses, the narrow and soft airways of children, the required long-term tolerance and adaptation to growth. These differences may significantly alter the therapeutic balance, calling into question the precise role stents play in the treatment of airway obstruction in children. Stent placement can be technically demanding but is not exceedingly difficult. Experience is necessary to select the proper size and type of stent. Metal stents usually achieve airway patency and clinical improvement in the majority of cases, while this is less frequently the case with silicone stents. Some complications such as granulation and secretion retention seem to occur in most children after stent implantation. Unfortunately, severe complications including death have been reported in a significant proportion of children. Stent related mortality can be estimated at 12.9% from published data, but these include complication centered reports. The initial euphoria for airway stents in children has largely abated and most authors agree that they should only be employed in circumstances with no good alternatives. It is crucial that all surgical and medical alternatives are considered and the decision to place a stent is not made because other options are overlooked or not available locally. Stent use in a palliative setting has also been reported and is probably reasonable. Stents will only allow limited adaptation for the growth of pediatric airways by balloon dilatation. All metal stents should be considered as potentially permanent, and removal sometimes may only be possible through a surgical and sometimes risky approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nicolai
- Dr. v. Haunersches Kinderspital, University Childrens Hospital, Munich, Germany.
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Ylöstalo J, Smith JR, Pochampally RR, Matz R, Sekiya I, Larson BL, Vuoristo JT, Prockop DJ. Use of differentiating adult stem cells (marrow stromal cells) to identify new downstream target genes for transcription factors. Stem Cells 2006; 24:642-52. [PMID: 16439615 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a strategy for use of microarray data to rapidly identify new downstream targets of transcription factors known to drive differentiation by following the time courses of gene expression as a relatively homogeneous population of stem/progenitor cells are differentiated to multiple phenotypes. Microarray assays were used to follow the differentiation of human marrow stromal cells (MSCs) into chondrocytes or adipocytes in three different experimental conditions. The steps of the analysis were the following: (a) hierarchical clustering was used to define groups of similarly behaving genes in each experiment, (b) candidates for new downstream targets of transcription factors that drive differentiation were then identified as genes that were consistently co-expressed with known downstream target genes of the transcription factors, and (c) the list of candidate new target genes was refined by identifying genes whose signal intensities showed a highly significant linear regression with the signal intensities of the known targets in all the data sets. Analysis of the data identified multiple new candidates for downstream targets for SOX9, SOX5, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-alpha, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. To validate the analysis, we demonstrated that PPAR-gamma protein specifically bound to the promoters of four new targets identified in the analyses. The same multistep analysis can be used to identify new downstream targets of transcription factors in other systems. Also, the same analysis should make it possible to use MSCs from bone marrow to define new mutations that alter chondogenesis or adipogenesis in patients with a variety of syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Ylöstalo
- Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Abstract
Bone and cartilage and their disorders are addressed under the following headings: functions of bone; normal and abnormal bone remodeling; osteopetrosis and osteoporosis; epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, condensation and differentiation; osteoblasts, markers of bone formation, osteoclasts, components of bone, and pathology of bone; chondroblasts, markers of cartilage formation, secondary cartilage, components of cartilage, and pathology of cartilage; intramembranous and endochondral bone formation; RUNX genes and cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD); osterix; histone deacetylase 4 and Runx2; Ligand to receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANKL), RANK, osteoprotegerin, and osteoimmunology; WNT signaling, LRP5 mutations, and beta-catenin; the role of leptin in bone remodeling; collagens, collagenopathies, and osteogenesis imperfecta; FGFs/FGFRs, FGFR3 skeletal dysplasias, craniosynostosis, and other disorders; short limb chondrodysplasias; molecular control of the growth plate in endochondral bone formation and genetic disorders of IHH and PTHR1; ANKH, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, and chondrocalcinosis; transforming growth factor beta, Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED), and Marfan syndrome, types I and II; an ACVR1 mutation and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva; MSX1 and MSX2: biology, mutations, and associated disorders; G protein, activation of adenylyl cyclase, GNAS1 mutations, McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy; FLNA and associated disorders; and morphological development of teeth and their genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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