Incidence and timing of pregnancy losses: relevance to evaluating safety of early prenatal diagnosis

The investigation and management of recurrent early pregnancy loss: a Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society clinical practice guideline

This guideline defines recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL) as two or more losses that occur before 10 weeks gestational age and includes non-consecutive and biochemical losses. Investigations should be considered on an individual basis and may include an evaluation of genetic, anatomical, endocrinological, structural and male-associated factors. Based on the findings and available resources, options for management may include preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for aneuploidies or PGT for chromosomal structural rearrangements, progesterone supplementation and supportive care. This guideline emphasizes a personalized approach to the problem of REPL, recognizing an overall promising prognosis for this patient population and the avoidance of treatment options that have not been shown to be of benefit.

Pregnancy outcomes following second-trimester abortions: A comparison between medical and surgical management. A historic cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To compare perinatal outcomes in subsequent pregnancies following second-trimester abortions, stratified by the method of abortion.

METHODS

A historic cohort study was conducted in a single tertiary hospital, including women who had second-trimester abortions between 12+0 and 24+0 weeks and subsequent documented pregnancies within 3-60 months. Data were collected from hospitalization and perinatal databases. Composite outcome variables were constructed, and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze associations, adjusting for confounders.

RESULTS

Among 771 women meeting the inclusion criteria, 83% had surgical abortions and 17% had medical abortions. Medical abortion was associated with a higher incidence of placenta-associated pregnancy complications compared with surgical abortion. No significant differences were found in other perinatal outcomes.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the potential influence of the abortion method on subsequent pregnancy outcomes, particularly regarding placenta-associated complications. This underscores the importance of considering the method of second-trimester abortion in counseling women regarding potential risks to subsequent pregnancies. Adverse outcomes in subsequent pregnancies following second-trimester abortion were associated with the medical method of abortion, warranting further research and careful counseling in clinical practice.

Biological characteristics of pregnancy in captive Yangtze finless porpoises revealed by urinary metabolomics†

The Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis a.) are an endemic and critically endangered species in China. Intensive captive breeding is essential for understanding the biology of critically endangered species, especially their pregnancy characteristics, knowledge of which is crucial for effective breeding management. Urine metabolomics can reveal metabolic differences, arising from physiological changes across pregnancy stages. Therefore, we used the urinary metabolomic technology, to explore urinary metabolite changes in pregnant Yangtze finless porpoises. A total of 2281 metabolites were identified in all samples, which including organic acids and derivatives (24.45%), organoheterocyclic compounds (20.23%), benzenoids (18.05%), organic oxygen compounds (7.73%), and phenylpropanoids and polyketides (6.48%). There were 164, 387, and 522 metabolites demonstrating differential abundance during early pregnancy, mid pregnancy, and late pregnancy, respectively, from the levels observed in nonpregnancy. The levels of pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and tetrahydrocortisone were significantly higher during all pregnancy stages, indicating their important roles in fetal development. The differential metabolites between nonpregnancy and pregnancy were mainly associated with amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, metabolic activity varied across pregnancy stages; steroid hormone biosynthesis was predominant in early pregnancy, and amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism were predominant in mid pregnancy and late pregnancy, respectively. Our results provide new insights into metabolic characteristics in the Yangtze finless porpoises' urine during pregnancy, and indicate that the differential levels of urine metabolites can determine pregnancy in Yangtze finless porpoises, providing valuable information for the husbandry and management of pregnant Yangtze finless porpoises in captivity.

Preconception Periodontitis and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion in a Prospective Cohort Study

Few studies have evaluated the association between periodontitis and spontaneous abortion (SAB), and all had limitations. We used data from the Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO), a prospective preconception cohort study of 3,444 pregnancy planners in the United States and Canada (2019-2022), to address this question. Participants provided self-reported data on periodontitis diagnosis, treatment, and symptoms of severity (i.e., loose teeth) via the enrollment questionnaire. SAB (pregnancy loss at <20 weeks' gestation) was assessed via bimonthly follow-up questionnaires. Participants contributed person-time from the date of a positive pregnancy test to the gestational week of SAB, loss to follow-up, or 20 weeks' gestation, whichever came first. We fitted Cox regression models with weeks of gestation as the time scale to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and we used inverse probability of treatment weighting to account for differential loss to follow-up. We used probabilistic quantitative bias analysis to estimate the magnitude and direction of the effect of exposure misclassification bias on results. In weighted multivariable models, we saw no appreciable association between preconception periodontitis diagnosis (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.23) or treatment (HR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.27) and SAB. A history of loose teeth was positively associated with SAB (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.14). Quantitative bias analysis indicated that our findings were biased towards the null but with considerable uncertainty in the bias-adjusted results.

Adverse Fetal Outcomes and Maternal Mortality Following Nonobstetric Abdominopelvic Surgery in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the absolute risks of adverse fetal outcomes and maternal mortality following nonobstetric abdominopelvic surgery in pregnancy.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Surgery is often necessary in pregnancy, but absolute measures of risk required to guide perioperative management are lacking.

METHODS

We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and EvidenceBased Medicine Reviews from January 1, 2000, to December 9, 2020, for observational studies and randomized trials of pregnant patients undergoing nonobstetric abdominopelvic surgery. We determined the pooled proportions of fetal loss, preterm birth, and maternal mortality using a generalized linear random/mixed effects model with a logit link.

RESULTS

We identified 114 observational studies (52 [46%] appendectomy, 34 [30%] adnexal, 8 [7%] cholecystectomy, 20 [17%] mixed types) reporting on 67,111 pregnant patients. Overall pooled proportions of fetal loss, preterm birth, and maternal mortality were 2.8% (95% CI 2.2-3.6), 9.7% (95% CI 8.3-11.4), and 0.04% (95% CI 0.02-0.09; 4/10,000), respectively. Rates of fetal loss and preterm birth were higher for pelvic inflammatory conditions (eg, appendectomy, adnexal torsion) than for abdominal or nonurgent conditions (eg, cholecystectomy, adnexal mass). Surgery in the second and third trimesters was associated with lower rates of fetal loss (0.1%) and higher rates of preterm birth (13.5%) than surgery in the first and second trimesters (fetal loss 2.9%, preterm birth 5.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

Absolute risks of adverse fetal outcomes after nonobstetric abdom- inopelvic surgery vary with gestational age, indication, and acuity. Pooled estimates derived here identify high-risk clinical scenarios, and can inform implementation of mitigation strategies and improve preoperative counselling.

The role of intraamniotic inflammation in threatened midtrimester miscarriage

BACKGROUND

The assessment and management of patients with threatened midtrimester miscarriage is a clinical challenge because the etiology of this condition is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the frequency of intraamniotic infection or inflammation and the effect of antibiotics in patients presenting with regular uterine contractions and intact membranes before 20 weeks of gestation.

STUDY DESIGN

This retrospective study comprised patients who met the following criteria: (1) singleton gestation, (2) gestational age before 20 weeks, (3) the presence of regular uterine contractions confirmed by a tocodynamometer (8 or more contractions in 60 minutes), (4) intact amniotic membranes, and (5) transabdominal amniocentesis performed for the evaluation of the microbiologic and inflammatory status of the amniotic cavity. Samples of amniotic fluid were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and genital mycoplasmas, and polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect Ureaplasma species. Amniotic fluid was tested for white blood cell counts and matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentrations to diagnose intraamniotic inflammation. Patients with intraamniotic inflammation, or intraamniotic infection, were treated with antibiotics (a combination of ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, and metronidazole). Treatment success was defined as the resolution of intraamniotic infection/inflammation at the follow-up amniocentesis or delivery after 34 weeks of gestation.

RESULTS

1) Intraamniotic inflammation was present in 88% (15/17) of patients, whereas infection was detectable in only 2 cases; 2) objective evidence of resolution of intraamniotic inflammation after antibiotic treatment was demonstrated in 100% (4/4) of patients who underwent a follow-up amniocentesis; 3) 30% (5/15) of women receiving antibiotics delivered after 34 weeks of gestation (3 of the 5 patients had a negative follow-up amniocentesis, and 2 of the women were without a follow-up amniocentesis); 4) the overall treatment success of antibiotics was 40% (6/15; 4 cases of objective evidence of resolution of intra-amniotic inflammation and 5 cases of delivery after 34 weeks of gestation).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of intraamniotic inflammation in patients who presented with a threatened midtrimester miscarriage was 88% (15/17), and, in most cases, microorganisms could not be detected. Antibiotic treatment, administered to patients with intraamniotic inflammation, was associated with either objective resolution of intraamniotic inflammation or delivery after 34 weeks of gestation in 40% (6/15) of the cases.

Associations of Pre- and Postnatal Air Pollution Exposures with Child Behavioral Problems and Cognitive Performance: A U.S. Multi-Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Population studies support the adverse associations of air pollution exposures with child behavioral functioning and cognitive performance, but few studies have used spatiotemporally resolved pollutant assessments.

OBJECTIVES

We investigated these associations using more refined exposure assessments in 1,967 mother-child dyads from three U.S. pregnancy cohorts in six cities in the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium.

METHODS

Pre- and postnatal nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) exposures were derived from an advanced spatiotemporal model. Child behavior was reported as Total Problems raw score using the Child Behavior Checklist at age 4-6 y. Child cognition was assessed using cohort-specific cognitive performance scales and quantified as the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ). We fitted multivariate linear regression models that were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychological factors to estimate associations per 2-unit increase in pollutant in each exposure window and examined modification by child sex. Identified critical windows were further verified by distributed lag models (DLMs).

RESULTS

Mean NO2 and PM2.5 ranged from 8.4 to 9.0 ppb and 8.4 to 9.1 μg/m3, respectively, across pre- and postnatal windows. Average child Total Problems score and IQ were 22.7 [standard deviation (SD): 18.5] and 102.6 (SD: 15.3), respectively. Children with higher prenatal NO2 exposures were likely to have more behavioral problems [β: 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39, 2.08; per 2 ppb NO2], particularly NO2 in the first and second trimester. Each 2-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 at age 2-4 y was associated with a 3.59 unit (95% CI: 0.35, 6.84) higher Total Problems score and a 2.63 point (95% CI: -5.08, -0.17) lower IQ. The associations between PM2.5 and Total Problems score were generally stronger in girls. Most predefined windows identified were not confirmed by DLMs.

DISCUSSION

Our study extends earlier findings that have raised concerns about impaired behavioral functioning and cognitive performance in children exposed to NO2 and PM2.5 in utero and in early life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10248.

Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss

Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 15·3% (95% CI 12·5-18·7%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 10·8% (10·3-11·4%), two miscarriages is 1·9% (1·8-2·1%), and three or more miscarriages is 0·7% (0·5-0·8%). Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. The consequences of miscarriage are both physical, such as bleeding or infection, and psychological. Psychological consequences include increases in the risk of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide. Miscarriage, and especially recurrent miscarriage, is also a sentinel risk marker for obstetric complications, including preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and stillbirth in future pregnancies, and a predictor of longer-term health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism. The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be £471 million per year in the UK. As recurrent miscarriage is a sentinel marker for various obstetric risks in future pregnancies, women should receive care in preconception and obstetric clinics specialising in patients at high risk. As psychological morbidity is common after pregnancy loss, effective screening instruments and treatment options for mental health consequences of miscarriage need to be available. We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.

Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures

Background: Pregnancy is a unique moment in a woman’s life, accompanied with several physiologic changes that have an impact on oral health. Aim of the study: The purpose of the present study was to conduct a critical review of published literature regarding pregnancy and dentistry, the most frequent oral diseases that are encountered during pregnancy, their correlation to adverse pregnancy events, and safe dental treatments that can be performed during pregnancy. Methods: A Medline/COCHRANE search was carried using specific keywords and MeSH terms, combined with the boolean operators “OR” and “AND”. Results: The search led to 146 publications including guidelines, meta-analyses, systematic and non-systematic reviews, published between 2000 and 2021. Discussion and conclusions: Due to the increased inflammatory and immune body response that characterizes pregnancy, periodontal conditions are often aggravated during pregnancy and periodontal disease encountered frequently in pregnant patients. There are conflicting study results in the literature regarding the association between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Periodontal treatment did not show a significant reduction in the adverse outcomes. Many dentists, often due to lack of information, are reluctant to provide dental treatment to pregnant women. However, preventive and restorative dental treatment is safe during pregnancy. Diagnostic radiographs may be performed after the first trimester if absolutely necessary. Analgesics (such as paracetamol) and anesthetics (such as lidocaine) are also considered safe. In case of infection, antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, and some cephalosporines and macrolides can also be prescribed. Organogenesis takes place in the first trimester, the time during which the fetus is susceptible to severe malformations (teratogenesis). The ideal time to perform dental treatment is the second trimester (week 17 to 28). However, acute pain or infections make the intervention of the dentist absolutely necessary and emergency treatment can be performed during the whole pregnancy period.

Mid-trimester miscarriage and subsequent pregnancy outcomes: the role of cervical insufficiency in a cohort of 175 cases

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the causes of MTM and their impact on subsequent pregnancies.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A retrospective single-center cohort study of all pregnancies with a second-trimester pregnancy loss between 14 weeks and 21 weeks + 6 days gestation, excluding terminations of pregnancy (TOP) and in utero fetal deaths. Predefined criteria were used to allocate cases to one of 6 primary etiologic diagnoses: cervical insufficiency, chorioamnionitis, placental anomalies, fetal anomalies, iatrogenic causes, or abdominal trauma.

RESULTS

Among 578 mid-trimester fetal losses, 175 were MTM, a prevalence of 5.7 per 1000 live births in the center. The suspected primary cause was cervical insufficiency in 76 cases (43.4%), chorioamnionitis in 59 (33.7%), placental anomalies or preterm premature rupture of membranes in 26 (14.8%), iatrogenic in 8 (4.6%), trauma in 3 (1.7%), and undetermined in 3 cases (1.7%). A subsequent pregnancy beyond 14 WG was recorded for 78 patients. Recurrent MTM occurred in 21.8% and preterm deliveries in 14.1% ; 13% of patients without evidence of cervical insufficiency in the index pregnancy required emergency cerclage.

CONCLUSION

Cervical insufficiency was the leading cause of MTM, with a high risk of recurrent MTM or preterm birth, thus prophylactic cerclage or cervical length measurements should be considered for subsequent pregnancies.

The Reproductive Journey in the Genomic Era: From Preconception to Childhood

It is estimated that around 10–15% of the population have problems achieving a pregnancy. Assisted reproduction techniques implemented and enforced by personalized genomic medicine have paved the way for millions of infertile patients to become parents. Nevertheless, having a baby is just the first challenge to overcome in the reproductive journey, the most important is to obtain a healthy baby free of any genetic condition that can be prevented. Prevention of congenital anomalies throughout the lifespan of the patient must be a global health priority. Congenital disorders can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally, at birth, or sometimes may only be detected later during childhood. It is considered a frequent group of disorders, affecting 3–6% of the population, and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Congenital anomalies can represent up to 30–50% of infant mortality in developed countries. Genetics plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies. This becomes especially important in some ethnic communities or populations where the incidence and levels of consanguinity are higher. The impact of genetic disorders during childhood is high, representing 20–30% of all infant deaths and 11.1% of pediatric hospital admissions. With these data, obtaining a precise genetic diagnosis is one of the main aspects of a preventive medicine approach in developed countries. The field of reproductive health has changed dramatically from traditional non-molecular visual microscope-based techniques (i.e., fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or G-banding karyotype), to the latest molecular high-throughput techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Genome-wide technologies are applied along the different stages of the reproductive health lifecycle from preconception carrier screening and pre-implantation genetic testing, to prenatal and postnatal testing. The aim of this paper is to assess the new horizon opened by technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), in new strategies, as a genomic precision diagnostic tool to understand the mechanisms underlying genetic conditions during the “reproductive journey”.

Clinical utilization of chromosomal microarray analysis for the genetic analysis in subgroups of pregnancy loss

OBJECTIVE

The underlying etiologies of pregnancy loss are heterogeneous and in many cases unexplained. This study was to explore the genetic causes of early and late pregnancy loss using chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA).

METHODS

A cohort of 222 specimens of conceptions underwent genetic analysis using Affymetrix CytoScan 750 K arrays, which includes both SNP markers and copy number markers.

RESULTS

Of the 222-products of conception (POC), the overall detection rate for clinical significantly chromosomal anomalies was 40.54%, including 53 autosomal aneuploidy (23.87%), 16 sex chromosome aneuploidy (7.21%), 5 mutiple aneuploidy (2.25%), 4 triploidy (1.80%), and 12 pathogenic copy number variants (pCNVs) (5.41%). In addition, variants of uncertain significance and loss of heterozygosity were detected in 9 samples and 2 samples, respectively. The detection rates for total chromosomal abnormalities, autosomal aneuploidy, sex chromosome aneuploidy, multiple aneuploidy, and triploidy in specimens of early pregnancy loss was higher than that of late pregnancy loss, while had lower detection rate of pCNVs. Moreover, the detection rate in POC of mothers younger than 35 years was lower than that of advanced maternal age. The detection rate was 40.57% in POC of mothers with adverse pregnancy histories, in which was comparable with that of mothers without adverse pregnancy histories.

CONCLUSIONS

CMA yielded a superior detection rate in early pregnancy loss than that of late pregnancy loss. Moreover, the incidence of chromosome abnormality in cases with advanced maternal age was higher than that of cases with younger maternal age, while adverse pregnancy history seemed not to be the factors affecting the detection rate for chromosomal abnormality in pregnancy loss.

Association of late second trimester miscarriages with placental histology and autopsy findings

OBJECTIVES

To describe the placental histology and autopsy findings in pregnancies where fetal demise occurred before a gestational age of 22 weeks.

STUDY DESIGN

This study was a subset of a larger study where the effect of alcohol exposure during pregnancy on stillbirths was studied. In a prospective cohort, 7,010 singleton pregnancies were followed from the first antenatal visit until infant one year of age visit. Gestational age was assessed by ultrasound, preferably at the first antenatal visit. All pregnancy losses were identified and when the fetuses delivered at or after a gestation of 20 weeks, the mother or parents were approached for consent for autopsy. This study describes the placental pathology and findings at autopsy in losses before 22 weeks gestation (late second trimester miscarriages).

RESULTS

Fourteen cases were identified in which 13 had an autopsy and 12 had a histological examination of the placenta. The most prevalent histological abnormality was placental abruption which was seen in 6 miscarriages, occasionally on its own, or in combination with maternal vascular malperfusion or acute chorioamnionitis. The second most frequent finding was maternal vascular malperfusion, as found in five placentas, alone or in combination with other pathology. The third most frequent pathology was acute chorioamnionitis, found in four placentas, in combination or alone. Other causes were diffuse chronic villitis due to cytomegalovirus infection and early amnion rupture with anhydramnios and cord obstruction.

CONCLUSIONS

Causes of fetal demise at the end of the second trimester differ little from causes of stillbirth. There is value in using placental histology in late second trimester miscarriages to try to identify the cause of demise.

Towards Prepared mums (TOP-mums) for a healthy start, a lifestyle intervention for women with overweight and a child wish: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in the Netherlands

INTRODUCTION

Periconception obesity is associated with a higher risk for adverse perinatal outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, large for gestational age, operative delivery and preterm birth. Lifestyle interventions during pregnancy have resulted in insufficient effects on reducing these perinatal complications. A few reasons for this disappointing effect can be suggested: (1) the time period during pregnancy for improvement of developmental circumstances is too short; (2) the periconception period in which complications originate is not included; and (3) lifestyle interventions may not have been sufficiently multidisciplinary and customised. A preconception lifestyle intervention might be more effective to reduce perinatal complications. Therefore, the aim of the Towards Prepared mums study is to evaluate the effect of a lifestyle intervention starting prior to conception on lifestyle behaviour change.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This protocol outlines a non-blinded, randomised controlled trial. One hundred and twelve women (18-40 years of age) with overweight or obesity (body mass index≥25.0 kg/m2) who plan to conceive within 1 year will be randomised to either the intervention or care as usual group. The intervention group will receive a multidisciplinary, customised lifestyle intervention stimulating physical activity, a healthy diet and smoking cessation, if applicable. The lifestyle intervention and monitoring will take place until 12 months postpartum. The primary outcome is difference in weight in kg from baseline to 6 weeks postpartum. Secondary outcomes are gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention, smoking cessation, dietary and physical activity habits. Furthermore, exploratory outcomes include body composition, cardiometabolic alterations, time to pregnancy, need for assisted reproductive technologies, perinatal complications of mother and child, and lung function of the child. Vaginal and oral swabs, samples of faeces, breast milk, placenta and cord blood will be stored for evaluation of microbial flora, epigenetic markers and breast milk composition. Furthermore, a cost-effectiveness analysis will take place.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Ethical Committee of Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (NL52452.068.15/METC152026). Knowledge derived from this study will be made available by publications in international peer-reviewed scientific journals and will be presented at (inter)national scientific conferences. A dissemination plan for regional and national implementation of the intervention is developed.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02703753.

Generation of a pregnancy cohort for medicine utilisation and medicine safety studies in New Zealand

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to use national health databases to assemble a pregnancy cohort for undertaking medicine utilisation and safety studies in New Zealand.

METHOD

Pregnancies conceived between January 2005 and March 2015 were identified in the National Maternity Collection, the National Minimum Dataset, the Mortality Collection, and the Laboratory Claims Collection. Pregnancy start and end dates were calculated and used in conjunction with the National Health Index number to merge the records from the four collections to create the New Zealand Pregnancy Cohort. Records of live born and stillborn infants identified in the National Maternity Collection and the Mortality Collection that were linkable with a cohort member formed the baby cohort.

RESULTS

The cohort consists of 941 468 pregnancies to 491 272 women. One-third of the pregnancies, predominantly early pregnancy losses and terminations, were not found in the National Maternity Collection. Records of 632 090 live born or stillborn infants are linked with 623 099 pregnancies.

CONCLUSIONS

The New Zealand Pregnancy Cohort is a comprehensive collection of virtually all pregnancies which ended in a live or stillbirth and many, though not all, which ended as early pregnancy losses or terminations in New Zealand over the past decade, and better represents the pregnant population than a cohort generated from the National Maternity Collection alone would do. This cohort will be valuable for investigating patterns of medicine use during pregnancy in New Zealand and developing a fuller understanding of potential impacts of foetal exposure in early pregnancy.

The influence of socio-demographic factors on miscarriage incidence among Italian and immigrant women: a critical analysis from Italy

Miscarriage is one of the most relevant adverse events in women's reproductive life. The purpose of the study was to describe miscarriage trend in Italy during the last years among Italian and immigrant women, to compare miscarriage rates of the two groups and to evaluate the effect of age, nationality and educational level on the incidence of having a miscarriage. Then, a brief critical review of other miscarriage risk factors was performed. This study is based on ISTAT database. All data were analyzed through the statistical software SPSS and the following analytical techniques were used: multivariate logistic regression, factorial analysis of variance and Chi square test. Immigrant miscarriage rates resulted higher than Italian ones and they decreased from 2003 to 2009 unlike Italian ones, which remained unchanged. The effect of maternal age on the miscarriage incidence resulted different, depending on the nationality; for Italian women it increased with increasing of age and for immigrant women the opposite trend was found. Moreover, miscarriage incidence resulted significantly different depending on the maternal educational level. Whereas immigrant women considered did not belong to the same ethnic group, biological or genetic factors underlying these differences were excluded and a socioeconomic explanation was provided. Finally, in order to provide more complete information, other miscarriage risk factors were discussed through a brief review of the literature.

Correlation between chromosomal distribution and embryonic findings on ultrasound in early pregnancy loss after IVF-embryo transfer

STUDY QUESTION

Do early pregnancy losses (EPLs) with and without embryos differ in chromosomal distributions?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The chromosomal abnormality rate is significantly higher in miscarriages with embryos than without after in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Chromosomal abnormalities are the main causes of EPLs, the rate of which is up to 24-30% in the IVF population. Little research has been conducted on the correlations between the chromosomal distributions of EPL and the existence of an embryo or with the postmortem embryonic pole length, and the existing results have been inconsistent.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

The data of 2172 women who underwent dilation and curettage (D&C) from January 2008 to December 2013 for missed abortion were analyzed retrospectively. The existence of an embryonic pole and the length of the postmortem embryonic pole of the EPL were evaluated by transvaginal sonography (TVS). Ultrasound findings were compared with karyotype results.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD

This analysis included 2172 infertility patients who had singleton pregnancies and experienced EPLs after IVF-embryo transfer. The EPLs were divided into embryonic and anembryonic groups based on TVS diagnosis. The crown-rump length of the fetal pole (observed once) was measured twice for each fetus after confirmation of fetal death, subject to the final measurement before D&C. The karyotype analysis was performed using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) plus fluorescence in situ hybridization technology.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The chromosomal abnormality rate was significantly higher in male miscarriages with an embryo than in those without an embryo (54.14% versus 37.50%, P ≤ 0.001). In the anembryonic group, the abnormal karyotype rate was significantly higher in the yolk sac only than that in the empty sac group (46.11% versus 29.77%, P = 0.001); in the embryonic group, the abnormal karyotype rate in miscarriages with postmortem embryonic pole length >20 mm was significantly lower than that in miscarriages with pole length <10 mm (P = 0.006) and 10-20 mm (P = 0.036). There were significant differences in abnormal karyotype rates among miscarriages of different developmental stages (P ≤ 0.001). The cases with embryonic stages had the highest risk (54.89%) of an abnormal karyotype and those with fetal stages had the lowest risk (18.18%). There were significant differences in the length of postmortem embryonic poles among groups with different karyotypes (P ≤ 0.001). In addition, trisomy 21, monosomy X and triploidy had the longest lengths of postmortem embryonic poles (16, 15.3 and 11.6 mm, respectively).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Although the efficacy of a non-parametric test is less than that of a parametric test, non-parametric testing was used to compare the embryonic pole lengths in this study, owing to the non-normal distribution and non-homogeneous variances caused by limited cases of some rare chromosomal abnormalities. Another limitation was that CGH was unable to detect mosaicism. Furthermore, the results were not compared with a non-IVF population. Finally, maternal cell contamination is a major problem in studying miscarriage tissue, even using molecular techniques.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Although TVS findings clearly cannot replace karyotype information, our results are important because they call attention to the fact that EPLs that occur after implantation but prior to embryo formation frequently have normal karyotypes. This finding might direct future research towards studies of DNA sequences, or of epigenetic correlations with pregnancy failure.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS

This study was funded by the Scientific Research Foundation of Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya. The authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Temporal changes in chromosome abnormalities in human spontaneous abortions: Results of 40 years of analysis

Studies during the past 50 years demonstrate the importance of chromosome abnormalities to the occurrence of early pregnancy loss in humans. Intriguingly, there appears to be considerable variation in the rates of chromosome abnormality, with more recent studies typically reporting higher levels than those reported in early studies of spontaneous abortions. We were interested in examining the basis for these differences and accordingly, we reviewed studies of spontaneous abortions conducted in our laboratories over a 40-year-time span. Our analyses confirm a higher rate of abnormality in more recent series of spontaneous abortions, but indicate that the effect is largely, if not entirely, attributable to changes over time in the maternal age structures of the study populations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

1(st) trimester miscarriage: four decades of study

Miscarriage is a very common occurrence in humans. This paper sets out to present published data on research that has provided increased understanding of pregnancy failure. Clarification of definitions, exploring the range of failures from preclinical to later pregnancy losses, and the scientific tools employed to find information on the losses have been documented. What is now understood, which tools work best, and the associated limitations are all discussed. Early studies used cytogenetic methods and tissue culture to obtain results. Improvements in laboratory tools such as better tissue culture incubators, inverted microscopes, laminar flow hoods, improvements in culture media, all contributed to obtaining more results for patients. These studies demonstrated the significant contribution of unbalanced chromosomal karyotypes to pregnancy failure. Maternal age as a contributing factor in trisomy was clearly demonstrated. First trimester miscarriage exhibits very high cytogenetic abnormality; in contrast to very low rates in later losses. Combining data across all time periods of pregnancy will affect the significance of chromosomal error in the early pregnancy failures. Cytogenetic methods investigate whole genomes, and are considered to represent the standard against which new methods must be validated. New molecular genetic methods provide the opportunity to examine samples without the necessity of tissue culture. Techniques may be site-specific or whole genome. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH), comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), array-based CGH, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and quantitative fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR), have all been utilised. In comparison studies with classical/conventional cytogenetics, each newer method offers advantages and limitations. At the present time, a combined approach using conventional and molecular methods will elucidate the cause of miscarriage for almost all samples. In a clinical setting this would be optimum.

Molecular analysis of products of conception obtained by hysteroembryoscopy from infertile couples

PURPOSE

To analyze the molecular cytogenetic data obtained from products of conception (POC) obtained by selective biopsy of first trimester miscarriages and to estimate the rate of chromosomal anomalies in miscarriages from pregnancies achieved by natural conception (NC) or by assisted reproductive technology (ART) interventions.

METHODS

We used KaryoLite™ BoBs™ (PerkinElmer LAS, Wallac, Turku, Finland) technology to analyze 189 samples from ART or NC pregnancies.

RESULTS

All POC were successfully evaluated. A higher incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was observed in POC after ART using the patient's own oocytes than from NC pregnancies (62.7% vs. 40.6%; p < 0.05). The lowest incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was observed in POCs ART using donor eggs from women younger than 35 years (12.8%). No statistical differences in the percentage of abnormal miscarriages were observed in correlation with sperm concentration: a sperm concentration less than 5 million/mL produced 75% abnormal results and a concentration higher than 5 million/mL produced 51%.

CONCLUSIONS

POC analysis is essential to determine the cause of pregnancy loss. Using culture-independent molecular biology techniques to analyze POCs avoids limitations such as growth failure and reduces the time required for analysis. Selective biopsy of fetal tissue by hysteroembryoscopy avoids the risk of misdiagnosis due to maternal cell contamination. Our results show that maternal age, sperm quality, and ART-assisted pregnancies are risk factors for abnormal gestations.

Spontaneous abortion and recurrent miscarriage: A comparison of cytogenetic diagnosis in 250 cases

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and distribution of cytogenetically abnormal miscarriages in couples with spontaneous abortions (SA) or recurrent miscarriages (RM).

Methods

Karyotyping of specimens from 164 abortuses with SA and 86 abortuses with RM was successfully performed according to the standard cytogenetic methods using G-banding technique.

Results

Among the total 164 cases of SA group, 81 (49.4%) were euploid and the rest (83, 50.6%) showed chromosomal abnormalities. In RM(≥2) and RM(≥3) group, 31 (36.0%)/27 (34.6%) cases were euploid and 55 (64.0%)/51(65.4%) cases were abnormal, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found in the rate of cytogenetic abnormality between SA and RM groups (P<0.05). In all groups, women with advanced maternal age (≥35 years) had a higher rate of chromosome anomalies compared with women younger than age 35 (normal:abnormal = 32.4%:67.6% for ≥35 years and 53.8%:46.2% for <35 years in SA; 19.2%:80.8%/21.7%:78.3% for ≥35 years and 43.3%:56.7%/40.0%:60.0% for <35 years in RM(≥2) and RM(≥3), respectively; P<0.05). In SA group, an increase of normal karyotypes was noted with increased gestational age (<10 week, 38.0%; 10-15 week, 53.5%; 16-20 week, 65.7%). In RM group, most of cases were in <10 week and the frequency of trisomies with chromosomes 1 to 10 were increased compared with that of SA.

Conclusion

There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency and distribution of chromosomal abnormalities between SA and RM groups. Our results will provide useful information for diagnosis and genetic counseling of patients with SA or RM.

Reliability of 46,XX results on miscarriage specimens: a review of 1,222 first-trimester miscarriage specimens

OBJECTIVE

To examine the rate of maternal contamination in miscarriage specimens.

DESIGN

Retrospective review of 1,222 miscarriage specimens submitted for chromosome testing with detection of maternal cell contamination (MCC).

SETTING

Referral centers requesting genetic testing of miscarriage specimens at a single reference laboratory.

PATIENT(S)

Women with pregnancy loss who desire complete chromosome analysis of the pregnancy tissue.

INTERVENTION(S)

Analysis of miscarriage specimens using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray technology with bioinformatics program to detect maternal cell contamination.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Chromosome content of miscarriages and incidence of 46,XX results due to MCC.

RESULT(S)

Of the 1,222 samples analyzed, 592 had numeric chromosomal abnormalities, and 630 were normal 46,XX or 46,XY (456 and 187, respectively). In 269 of the 46,XX specimens, MCC with no embryonic component was found. With the exclusion of maternal 46,XX results, the chromosomal abnormality rate increased from 48% to 62%, and the ratio for XX to XY results dropped from 2.6 to 1.0.

CONCLUSION(S)

Over half of the normal 46,XX results in miscarriage specimens were due to MCC. The use of SNPs in MCC testing allows for precise identification of chromosomal abnormalities in miscarriage as well as MCC, improving the accuracy of products of conception testing.

Leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss

OBJECTIVE

Leptin signaling is important in the establishment of pregnancy. We sought to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin and leptin receptor genes are associated with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

STUDY DESIGN

We conducted a case-control study with cases defined as women with idiopathic RPL and controls as parous women without pregnancy losses. A total of 99 cases and 108 controls were genotyped for the leptin (-2548 G/A) SNP and the leptin receptor A223G SNP. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between cases and controls using χ(2) test.

RESULT

In this population, there was no significant difference in the genotype or allele frequencies for the leptin (-2548 G/A) or leptin receptor A223G SNPs between women with idiopathic RPL and controls.

CONCLUSION

Although leptin signaling is critical to many aspects of reproduction, the maternal leptin and leptin receptor SNPs evaluated in this study are unlikely to have a clinically meaningful role in RPL.

Duloxetine and pregnancy outcomes: safety surveillance findings

BACKGROUND

Duloxetine hydrochloride is approved for the treatment or management of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and fibromyalgia in the United States. These conditions affect millions of women, including those of childbearing potential. In pregnancy, pharmacological treatment is justified only if the potential benefits outweigh potential risks to mother and fetus, neonate or infant. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women treated with duloxetine. Post-marketing surveillance is an important tool for the assessment of drug safety in pregnancy in a naturalistic setting.

OBJECTIVE

Using safety surveillance and spontaneous adverse events reporting databases, to provide pregnancy outcomes statistics as they relate to duloxetine exposure.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

This was an analysis of pregnancy outcome data captured in Lilly Safety System (LSS) (a safety database for the collection, storage, and reporting of adverse events involving Lilly Products), through October 31 2011 and the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (AERS) database through September 30 2011. Both databases provided spontaneous reporting data from the time of first duloxetine marketing authorization in 2004; in addition, the LSS Database includes serious adverse event and pregnancy data from clinical trials since the creation of the database in 1983.

PATIENTS

Patients who had received duloxetine during pregnancy and reported pregnancy outcomes.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Normal and abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Abnormal outcomes comprised spontaneous abortion, premature/post-term birth, congenital anomaly, perinatal/post-perinatal complication, still birth, and ectopic pregnancy. Descriptive statistics are provided for LSS data. A disproportionality analysis was performed using the Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM) for the AERS data. The lower bound of the 90% confidence interval of EBGM (EB05) ≥1 was used as the threshold to determine disproportionality.

RESULTS

In the LSS analysis, 400 pregnancy cases with a known pregnancy outcome were identified. Of the 233 prospectively reported cases, 170 (73%) were spontaneous reports; the remainder were reported from clinical trials (58 [25%]) or post-marketing studies (5 [2%]). In most of these cases (74%), patients received duloxetine for the treatment of depression. Pregnancy outcomes were normal in 143 cases, and abnormal in 90 cases. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes were mainly spontaneous abortions (n=41), post/perinatal conditions (n=25) or premature births (n=19). In patients with abnormal pregnancy outcomes, relevant concomitant medication use and relevant medical history were more frequently reported, compared to those with normal pregnancy outcomes (p<0.05). For the AERS database analysis, EB05 was less than one for all clusters of abnormal pregnancy outcomes; there was no disproportionality of reporting adverse pregnancy outcomes for patients treated with duloxetine versus all other drugs or selected antidepressants.

CONCLUSION

While limitations of these data are recognized, the information available to date from these two data sources suggest that the frequency of abnormal outcomes reported in duloxetine pregnancy cases is generally consistent with the historic control rates in the general population.

[Management of patients with a history of late abortion or very premature delivery]

Patients have a very late abortion or premature delivery in 2-3 % of pregnancies. Management in a subsequent pregnancy should seek an infection, a fetal cause (aneuploidy, malformation syndrome, intrauterine death) or vascular pathology (preeclampsia, IUGR, intrauterine death). In women with a late abortion or very premature childbirth history, several preventive treatments of prematurity are now available. The main cause of prematurity is ascending infection from the vagina. Cerclage or pessary is designed to better isolate the uterine cavity. Their effectiveness has been validated in patients for whom the repeated measurement of cervical length by transvaginal ultrasound shows a cervical length <25mm. Early pregnancy vaginosis and treatment with Dalacin(®) seem to significantly reduce the risk of prematurity. Finally, the routine administration of intramuscular or vaginal progesterone at the beginning of the 2(nd) quarter also proved effective in several randomized studies.

The lack of routine surveillance of Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy prevents an accurate understanding of this regular cause of fetal loss and the risks posed by occupational exposure

In Europe, fetal loss due to Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is under-reported and a poorly addressed occupational risk to pregnant women. This is exemplified internationally, where it was unmentioned in the last two European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) annual surveillance reports or its 2009 special report on infections in pregnancy. To assess this potential for underestimating B19V fetal loss in pregnancy, we undertook a systematic review of practice in Northern Ireland in the management and reporting of B19V infections over a 12-month period of heightened transmission, one of six observed in a span of 9 years. Pregnant and non-pregnant women presented with symptomatic infection in 24 and 93 % of confirmed B19V infections, respectively, with no difference in viral loads. There was underinvestigation of viral causes of fetal loss, with only 143/2739 (5 %) tested for B19V, and a failure to follow up most non-immune women tested following rash contact. Occupational exposure was recorded in 31/60 (51.6 %) of pregnancies audited following rash exposure, the majority teachers or day care workers. Against a background seroprevalence of 66.5 % immunity in women of child-bearing years, two patterns of infection were identified. Firstly, pregnant women investigated for a rash or exposure to slapped cheek syndrome, where an infection incidence of 18 % was observed, resulted in 42 confirmed infections, all proceeding to healthy term deliveries. Secondly, pregnant women with unsuspected infection had six cases of confirmed B19V fetal loss, including four of 22 (18 %) diagnosed at autopsy, of which three were non-hydropic. While many studies have reported B19V fetal loss in pregnancy, there are no robust public health surveillance figures to draw on. That all six confirmed fetal losses came from the small number of miscarriages/stillbirths investigated, 143 out of 2739, suggests inadequate follow-up of those pregnancies where B19V-related fetal loss may be most common, and supports the need for enhanced surveillance pilots to address this significant gap in public health knowledge.

Inflammatory cytokines in maternal circulation and placenta of chromosomally abnormal first trimester miscarriages

The impact of abnormal placental karyotype on the inflammatory response within the villous tissue and peripheral circulation of women with miscarriage was evaluated. Villous (n = 38) and venous blood samples (n = 26) were obtained from women with missed miscarriage. Tissue chromosome analysis indicated 23 abnormal and 15 normal karyotypes. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured using flowcytometric bead array in fresh villous homogenate, cultured villous extracts, culture medium, maternal whole blood, and plasma. Plasma TNFα/IL-10 ratios were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in miscarriages with abnormal karyotype. In the abnormal karyotype group, there were significantly higher levels of TNFα (P < 0.01), IL-10 (P < 0.01), TNF-R1 (P < 0.001), and TNF-R2 (P < 0.001) in the villous extracts and culture-conditioned medium compared to normal karyotype group. In miscarriage with abnormal karyotype, there is an exacerbated placental inflammatory response, in contrast to miscarriage of normal karyotype where maternal systemic response is increased.

Adverse events following pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines in pregnant women--Taiwan, November 2009-August 2010

Background

During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, pregnant women were prioritized to receive the unadjuvanted or MF59®-adjuvanted pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines (“2009 H1N1 vaccines”) in Taiwan regardless of stage of pregnancy. Monitoring adverse events following 2009 H1N1 vaccination in pregnant women was a priority for the mass immunization campaign beginning November 2009.

Methods/Findings

We characterized reports to the national passive surveillance from November 2009 through August 2010 involving adverse events following 2009 H1N1 vaccines among pregnant women. Reports from the passive surveillance were matched to a large-linked database on a unique identifier, date of vaccination, and date of diagnosis in a capture-recapture analysis to estimate the true number of spontaneous abortion after 2009 H1N1 vaccination. We verified 16 spontaneous abortions, 11 stillbirths, 4 neonatal deaths, 4 nonpregnancy-specific adverse events, and 2 inadvertent immunizations in recipients who were unaware of pregnancy at time of vaccination. The Chapman capture-recapture estimator of true number of spontaneous abortion after 2009 H1N1 vaccination was 329 (95% confidence interval [CI] 196–553). Of the 14,474 pregnant women who received the 2009 H1N1 vaccines, the estimated risk of spontaneous abortion was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.4–3.8) per 100 pregnancies, compared with a local background rate of 12.8 (95% CI, 12.8–12.9) per 100 pregnancies.

Conclusions

The passive surveillance provided rapid initial assessment of adverse events after 2009 H1N1 vaccination among pregnant women. Its findings were reassuring for the safety of 2009 H1N1 vaccines in pregnancy.

Association between different morphological types and abnormal karyotypes in early pregnancy loss

OBJECTIVES

To identify the abnormal transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) findings typical of aneuploidic pregnancies that end with early pregnancy loss (EPL).

METHODS

This was a prospective clinical trial over a 2½-year period from January 2004 to June 2006 at the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy. One hundred and fifty-six singleton pregnancies with EPL were evaluated by TVS, both before and at the moment of EPL diagnosis. Fetal karyotyping was performed on products of conception using microsatellite analysis to exclude maternal contamination in 46,XX cases. The proportions of abnormal karyotypes were compared among different groups of EPLs characterized by different morphological features.

RESULTS

Six morphological types were identified in EPLs, one normal and five abnormal (small gestational sac, small embryo/fetus, early symmetrical arrested growth, enlarged yolk sac and empty sac). The highest rate of chromosomal abnormalities was observed in the early symmetrical arrested growth group (100%), followed by small embryo/fetus (94.1%), enlarged yolk sac (93.3%) and empty sac (72.2%) groups. The majority of cases of trisomy 22 (92.3%) were in the enlarged yolk sac group and the majority of cases with a 45,X karyotype were in the small embryo/fetus group (77.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is an association in EPLs between some abnormal karyotypes and some morphological types. The demonstration by TVS of abnormalities in the development of early pregnancy structures could be helpful for predicting aneuploidy in EPLs.

Comparison of complications in second trimester amniocentesis performed with 20G, 21G and 22G needles

AIM

to compare short- and long-term complications of amniocentesis performed with 20G, 21G, and 22G needles.

METHODS

this observational study included 793 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis in the Perinatology Department of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey. The patients were divided into three groups according to the needle size used for the procedure: 20G (Group 1), 21G (Group 2), and 22G (Group 3). The incidences of early and late complications were compared among groups.

RESULTS

fetal loss rates did not differ among groups (Group 1=1.57%, Group 2=1.47%, Group 3=1.61%). Rates of vaginal bleeding (1.57%, 1.10%, and 0.81%, respectively), bloody amniotic fluid (2.32%, 6.23%, and 2.67%, respectively) and amniotic fluid leakage (1.57%, 1.10%, and 1.61%, respectively) were also similar among the three groups.

CONCLUSION

short- and long-term complications did not differ among amniocenteses performed with 20G, 21G, and 22G needles.

A review of the epidemiologic evidence concerning the reproductive health effects of caffeine consumption: a 2000-2009 update

This review of human studies of caffeine and reproductive health published between January 2000 and December 2009 serves to update the comprehensive review published by Leviton and Cowan (2002). The adverse reproductive outcomes addressed in this review include: (1) measures of subfecundity; (2) spontaneous abortion; (3) fetal death; (4) preterm birth; (5) congenital malformations; and (6) fetal growth restriction. Methodologic challenges and considerations relevant to investigations of each reproductive endpoint are summarized, followed by a brief critical review of each study. The evidence for an effect of caffeine on reproductive health and fetal development is limited by the inability to rule out plausible alternative explanations for the observed associations, namely confounding by pregnancy symptoms and smoking, and by exposure measurement error. Because of these limitations, the weight of evidence does not support a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and adverse reproductive or perinatal outcomes.

Technology requirements for preimplantation genetic diagnosis to improve assisted reproduction outcomes

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis has been proposed as a method to improve assisted reproduction technology outcomes, but different techniques have produced conflicting results. The use of appropriate techniques may provide positive outcomes.

Intervalos de referência do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal na população brasileira

OBJETIVO: Determinar uma curva de referência baseada em múltiplos da mediana para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 143 gestantes normais entre 23 e 35 semanas. Realizou-se varredura bidimensional em corte axial do crânio fetal, incluindo os tálamos e o septo pelúcido, e em seguida acionou-se o modo color Doppler, visualizando-se a artéria cerebral média. O Doppler pulsátil foi disposto próximo à origem deste vaso, utilizando-se ângulo de insonação de menos de 20°. Para avaliar a correlação do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média com a idade gestacional, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Person (r). Por meio de modelos de regressão, construiu-se uma tabela de múltiplos da mediana para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média em cada idade gestacional avaliada, e adicionalmente determinaram-se valores de referência para essa variável. RESULTADOS: Observou-se forte correlação entre o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média e a idade gestacional (r = 0,70; p = 0,001). Determinaram-se valores do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média para os seguintes múltiplos da mediana: 1,0; 1,29; 1,5; 1,55. Determinaram-se os percentis 2,5 e 97,5 para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média, variando de 24,33 cm²/s a 78,36 cm²/s. CONCLUSÃO: Um nomograma do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal foi determinado.

Nomogram of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity at 23-35 weeks of gestation in a Brazilian population: pilot study

OBJECTIVE

To establish normative data for the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-PSV) of fetuses in the second half of pregnancy using multiples of the median and percentile reference range.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed in 90 healthy fetuses at between 23 and 35 weeks of gestation. A bi-dimensional axial scan of the brain, including the thalami and cavitas septi pellucidi was obtained. The circle of Willis was visualized using color flow mapping. Pulsed-wave Doppler velocimetry of the MCA was performed close to the artery's origin, with a beam-vessel angle below 20 degrees . A table with the multiples of the median (MoM) of the MCA-PSV for each gestational age was generated and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. Regression modeling across gestational age was performed to obtain the reference values.

RESULTS

There was a strong correlation between the MCA-PVS and gestational age (r = 0.70; p < 0.001). Values for the MCA-PSV for the following MoM were calculated: 1.0, 1.29, 1.50, and 1.55. The MCA-PSV 2.5(th) and 97.5(th) centiles ranged from 24.33 cm(2)/s to 78.36 cm(2)/s, respectively, between weeks 23 and 35.

CONCLUSIONS

A nomogram for the fetal MCA-PSV during the second half of pregnancy was generated.

Prenatal diagnosis: update on invasive versus noninvasive fetal diagnostic testing from maternal blood

The modern obstetrics care includes noninvasive prenatal diagnosis testing such as first trimester screening performed between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation and second trimester screening performed between 15 and 20 weeks. In these screening tests, biochemical markers are measured in the maternal blood with or without ultrasound for fetal nuchal translucency with reported accuracy of up to 90%. Invasive procedures, including amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling, are used to achieve over 99% accuracy. During these procedures direct fetal material is examined and, therefore, these tests are highly accurate with the caveat of a small risk for pregnancy loss. Much research now focuses on other noninvasive highly accurate and risk-free tests that will identify fetal material in the maternal blood. Fetal cells and fetal DNA/RNA provide fetal information but are hard to find in an overwhelming background of maternal cells and in the absence of specific fetal cell markers. The most experience has been accumulated with fetal rhesus and fetal sex determination from maternal blood, with an accuracy of up to 100% by using gene sequences that are absent from maternal blood. Although not clinically applicable yet, fetal cells, fetal DNA/RNA and fetal proteomics in combination with cutting edge technology are described to prenatally diagnose aneuploidies and single-gene disorders.

Pregnancy exposure registries for assessing antimalarial drug safety in pregnancy in malaria-endemic countries

Feiko ter Kuile and colleagues argue that there is an urgent need to develop targeted pharmacovigilance systems to assess the safety of antimalarials in early pregnancy.

Second-trimester loss and subsequent pregnancy outcomes: What is the real risk?

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed to determine whether second-trimester pregnancy loss was associated with an increased risk for spontaneous preterm birth or recurrent second-trimester loss in a subsequent pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients with a second-trimester pregnancy loss (n = 38), a spontaneous preterm birth (n = 76), and a full term delivery (n = 76) were identified from 2002 to 2005 (index pregnancy). Computerized medical records were used to obtain demographic and obstetrical histories.

RESULTS

Frequencies of subsequent second-trimester loss were 27%, 3%, and 1% in the second-trimester loss, spontaneous preterm birth, and full-term delivery cohorts, respectively. Frequencies of subsequent spontaneous preterm birth were 33%, 39.5%, and 9% in the same 3 cohorts. Patients with a prior second-trimester loss were 10.8 times more likely to have recurrent second-trimester loss or spontaneous preterm birth, compared with those with prior full-term delivery (confidence interval 3.6 to 32.1, P < .0001).

CONCLUSION

Patients with a prior second-trimester loss are at significantly increased risk for spontaneous preterm birth and recurrent second-trimester loss in their next pregnancy.

Long-term outcome in women who underwent anti-reflux surgery in childhood

BACKGROUND

The purpose of ureterocystoneostomy to correct vesicoureteral reflux is to thereby prevent recurrent febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs). The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of UTI in adult women who underwent reimplantation as children, with the emphasis on infections during pregnancy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Included in the study were women over 20 years of age who underwent surgery for primary reflux between 1969 and 2004. A total of 392 patients were identified and information on their case history, surgery and follow-up was collected from the medical records. A questionnaire, requesting information on their present state of health, and occurrences of lower or upper UTI since the age of 16 and during any pregnancies, was sent to 337 of these patients.

RESULTS

In all, 242 (84%) of the questionnaires were returned. UTIs had occurred in 42% of the women before they had any sexual activity; thereafter the frequency increased to 61%. In 113 of the 282 women, 242 pregnancies were recorded. UTI occurred during 59 pregnancies (24%): 19% lower, 5% upper. Risk factors for UTI during pregnancy were infections as adults or decreased differential renal function (< or = 30%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is an ongoing risk of UTI in adult women after anti-reflux surgery in childhood. During pregnancy, these women represent a population at risk who should be observed very closely.

Evaluation and management of recurrent early pregnancy loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss affects up to 5% of couples trying to establish a family. Evaluation classically begins after 3 consecutive miscarriages of less than 10 weeks of gestation but may be warranted earlier if a prior miscarriage was found to be euploid, or if there is concomitant infertility and/or advancing maternal age. The evaluation begins with an extensive history and physical, followed by a diagnostic screening protocol. Management must be evidence-based; unproven treatments should be avoided. If no factor is identified, many couples will still eventually have a successful pregnancy outcome with supportive therapy alone.