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Rosenblum J, Blaumeiser B, Janssens K. The impact of confined placental mosaicism on prenatal cell-free DNA screening: Insights from a monocentric study of 99 cases. Placenta 2024; 152:17-22. [PMID: 38744036 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Confined placental mosaicism (CPM) is thought to be one of the main sources of false-positive prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening results, but extensive and systematic studies to prove this statement are limited. We evaluate the contribution of CPM to false-positive prenatal cfDNA screening results in the largest cohort published to date. METHOD We systematically offered postnatal analysis on placenta and umbilical cord to women who had a negative amniocentesis following a positive prenatal cfDNA screening result. A standardized protocol was used in which (when available) biopsies were taken at five locations in the placenta and umbilical cord. RESULTS We analyzed a series of 99 placentas. CPM could be confirmed in 32.3 % of cases (32/99). CPM was detected across all subtypes of chromosomal aberrations (common and rare autosomal trisomies, sex chromosome abnormalities, copy number variations and autosomal monosomies). A lower detection rate was present in umbilical cord biopsies in comparison with placental biopsies. When comparing different sections of the placenta, no clear difference could be observed with regard to the probability of CPM being present nor to the grade of mosaicism. DISCUSSION We confirm an important role for CPM in explaining false-positive prenatal cfDNA screening results. Placental regional differences are common. Given its limited clinical relevance, we do however not advocate placental studies in a diagnostic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rosenblum
- Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University and University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Bettina Blaumeiser
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antwerp University and University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Janssens
- Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University and University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
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Qin S, Wang X, Wang J, Xi N, Yan M, He Y, Ye M, Zhang Z, Yin Y. Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic chromosomal aneuploidy and uniparental disomy and clinical outcomes evaluation of four fetuses. Mol Cytogenet 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38057902 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-023-00667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few co-occurrence cases of mosaic aneuploidy and uniparental disomy (UPD) chromosomes have been reported in prenatal periods. It is a big challenge for us to predict fetal clinical outcomes with these chromosome abnormalities because of their highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations and limited phenotype attainable by ultrasound. METHODS Amniotic fluid samples were collected from four cases. Karyotype, chromosome microarray analysis, short tandem repeats, and whole exome sequencing were adopted to analyze fetal chromosomal aneuploidy, UPD, and gene variation. Meanwhile, CNVseq analysis proceeded for cultured and uncultured amniocytes in case 2 and case 4 and MS-MLPA for chr11 and chr15 in case 3. RESULTS All four fetuses showed mosaic chromosomal aneuploidy and UPD simultaneously. The results were: Case 1: T2(7%) and UPD(2)mat(12%). Case 2: T15(60%) and UPD(15)mat(40%). Case 3: 45,X(13%) and genome-wide paternal UPD(20%). Case 4: <10% of T20 and > 90% UPD(20)mat in uncultured amniocyte. By analyzing their formation mechanism of mosaic chromosomal aneuploidy and UPD, at least two adverse genetic events happened during their meiosis and mitosis. The fetus of case 1 presented a benign with a normal intrauterine phenotype, consistent with a low proportion of trisomy cells. However, the other three fetuses had adverse pregnancy outcomes, resulting from the UPD chromosomes with imprinted regions involved or a higher level of mosaic aneuploidy. CONCLUSION UPD is often present with mosaic aneuploidy. It is necessary to analyze them simultaneously using a whole battery of analyses for these cases when their chromosomes with imprinted regions are involved or known carriers of a recessive allele. Fetal clinical outcomes were related to the affected chromosomes aneuploidy and UPD, mosaic levels and tissues, methylation status, and homozygous variation of recessive genes on the UPD chromosome. Genetic counseling for pregnant women with such fetuses is crucial to make informed choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfang Qin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Xi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengjia Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxia He
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengling Ye
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, Sichuan, China
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Bonefas KM, Iwase S. Soma-to-germline transformation in chromatin-linked neurodevelopmental disorders? FEBS J 2022; 289:2301-2317. [PMID: 34514717 PMCID: PMC8918023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in numerous chromatin regulators cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) with unknown mechanisms. Understandably, most research has focused on how chromatin regulators control gene expression that is directly relevant to brain development and function, such as synaptic genes. However, some NDD models surprisingly show ectopic expression of germline genes in the brain. These germline genes are usually expressed only in the primordial germ cells, testis, and ovaries for germ cell development and sexual reproduction. Such ectopic germline gene expression has been reported in several NDDs, including immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, facial anomalies syndrome 1; Kleefstra syndrome 1; MeCP2 duplication syndrome; and mental retardation, X-linked syndromic, Claes-Jensen type. The responsible genes, DNMT3B, G9A/GLP, MECP2, and KDM5C, all encode chromatin regulators for gene silencing. These mutations may therefore lead to germline gene derepression and, in turn, a severe identity crisis of brain cells-potentially interfering with normal brain development. Thus, the ectopic expression of germline genes is a unique hallmark defining this NDD subset and further implicates the importance of germline gene silencing during brain development. The functional impact of germline gene expression on brain development, however, remains undetermined. This perspective article explores how this apparent soma-to-germline transformation arises and how it may interfere with neurodevelopment through genomic instability and impaired sensory cilium formation. Furthermore, we also discuss how to test these hypotheses experimentally to ultimately determine the contribution of ectopic germline transcripts to chromatin-linked NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Bonefas
- Department of Human Genetics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,The University of Michigan Neuroscience Graduate Program,Corresponding authors: Please address correspondence to: , and
| | - Shigeki Iwase
- Department of Human Genetics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,The University of Michigan Neuroscience Graduate Program,Corresponding authors: Please address correspondence to: , and
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Chien SC, Chen CP, Liou JD. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling of uniparental disomy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:210-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Bouba I, Hatzi E, Ladias P, Sakaloglou P, Kostoulas C, Georgiou I. Biological and Clinical Significance of Mosaicism in Human Preimplantation Embryos. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:18. [PMID: 34066950 PMCID: PMC8162329 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications and indications of assisted reproduction technology are expanding, but every new approach is under scrutiny and thorough consideration. Recently, groups of assisted reproduction experts have presented data that support the clinical use of mosaic preimplantation embryos at the blastocyst stage, previously excluded from transfer. In the light of published contemporary studies, with or without clinical outcomes, there is growing evidence that mosaic embryos have the capacity for further in utero development and live birth. Our in-depth discussion will enable readers to better comprehend current developments. This expansion into the spectrum of ART practices requires further evidence and further theoretical documentation, basic research, and ethical support. Therefore, if strict criteria for selecting competent mosaic preimplantation embryos for further transfer, implantation, fetal growth, and healthy birth are applied, fewer embryos will be excluded, and more live births will be achieved. Our review aims to discuss the recent literature on the transfer of mosaic preimplantation embryos. It also highlights controversies as far as the clinical utilization of preimplantation embryos concerns. Finally, it provides the appropriate background to elucidate and highlight cellular and genetic aspects of this novel direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Bouba
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.B.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Elissavet Hatzi
- IVF and Genetics Unit, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Paris Ladias
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.B.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Prodromos Sakaloglou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.B.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Charilaos Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.B.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.B.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (C.K.)
- IVF and Genetics Unit, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
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Lim KRQ, Sheri N, Nguyen Q, Yokota T. Cardiac Involvement in Dystrophin-Deficient Females: Current Understanding and Implications for the Treatment of Dystrophinopathies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070765. [PMID: 32650403 PMCID: PMC7397028 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked recessive condition caused primarily by out-of-frame mutations in the dystrophin gene. In males, DMD presents with progressive body-wide muscle deterioration, culminating in death as a result of cardiac or respiratory failure. A milder form of DMD exists, called Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), which is typically caused by in-frame dystrophin gene mutations. It should be emphasized that DMD and BMD are not exclusive to males, as some female dystrophin mutation carriers do present with similar symptoms, generally at reduced levels of severity. Cardiac involvement in particular is a pressing concern among manifesting females, as it may develop into serious heart failure or could predispose them to certain risks during pregnancy or daily life activities. It is known that about 8% of carriers present with dilated cardiomyopathy, though it may vary from 0% to 16.7%, depending on if the carrier is classified as having DMD or BMD. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac manifestations in dystrophin-deficient females is therefore of critical importance. In this article, we review available information from the literature on this subject, as well as discuss the implications of female carrier studies on the development of therapies aiming to increase dystrophin levels in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Rowel Q. Lim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (K.R.Q.L.); (N.S.); (Q.N.)
| | - Narin Sheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (K.R.Q.L.); (N.S.); (Q.N.)
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (K.R.Q.L.); (N.S.); (Q.N.)
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (K.R.Q.L.); (N.S.); (Q.N.)
- The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research & Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Science Research Chair, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-1102
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Colson C, Decamp M, Gruchy N, Coudray N, Ballandonne C, Bracquemart C, Molin A, Mittre H, Takatani R, Jüppner H, Kottler ML, Richard N. High frequency of paternal iso or heterodisomy at chromosome 20 associated with sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism 1B. Bone 2019; 123:145-152. [PMID: 30905746 PMCID: PMC6637416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1B (PHP1B) is caused by maternal epigenetic defects in the imprinted GNAS cluster. PHP1B can follow an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance or occur sporadically (spor-PHP1B). These latter patients present broad methylation changes of two or more differentially methylated regions (DMR) that, when mimicking the paternal allele, raises the suspicious of the occurrence of paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20 (upd(20)pat). A cohort of 33 spor-PHP1B patients was screened for upd(20)pat using comparative genomic hybridization with SNP-chip. Methylation analyses were assessed by methylation specific-multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Upd(20)pat was identified in 6 patients, all exhibiting typical paternal methylation pattern compared to normal controls, namely a complete loss of methylation of GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR, negligible methylation at GNAS-AS1:TSS-DMR and GNAS-XL:Ex1-DMR and complete gain of methylation at GNAS-NESP:TSS-DMR. The overall frequency of upd(20) is 18% in our cohort when searched considering both severe and partial loss of imprinting. However, twenty five patients displayed severe methylation pattern and the upd(20)pat frequency reaches 24% when searching in this group. Consequently, up to day, upd(20)pat is the most common anomaly than other genetic alterations in spor-PHP1B patients. Upd(20)pat occurrence is not linked to the parental age in contrast to upd(20)mat, strongly associated with an advanced maternal childbearing age. This study provides criteria to guide further investigations for upd(20)pat needed for an adequate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Colson
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Matthieu Decamp
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Gruchy
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nadia Coudray
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Céline Ballandonne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Claire Bracquemart
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Hervé Mittre
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Rieko Takatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit and Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marie-Laure Kottler
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, Reference Center fo Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000 Caen, France.
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Molecular investigation of uniparental disomy (UPD) in spontaneous abortions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 236:116-120. [PMID: 30903884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE About 10-15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies end as spontaneous abortions while at least 50% of pregnancies are lost before reaching term gestation. Genetic abnormalities are responsible for ≥50% of all early miscarriages. The aim is to indentify associations between UPD and abortions and regarding UPD as pathogenetic mechanism possibly to understand the role of imprinted genes or recessive mutations in abortions. STUDY DESIGN To determine additional factors causing spontaneous abortions we searched for uniparental disomies (UPD) which is known to be associated with distinct birth defects as per the chromosome involved and parental origin. Studies were carried on DNA of 68 cases of first trimester spontaneous abortions and DNA of their parents. We examined tissue from aborted fetuses, especially in the first trimester, with molecular techniques to detect UPD to chromosomes that contain imprinting genes.The inheritance of each region of the chromosome was determined by comparing the genotypes obtained from abortion and parental DNA. RESULTS Of the 68 cases of spontaneous abortions investigated, 324% were found to be biparental inheritance or were uninformative in locus that they were examined, 4118% were matUPD, 147% trisomy for a chromosome, 8,8% patUPD and 294% matUPD and trisomy for a certain chromosome. Most cases of UPD found on chromosomes 21 and 14. Many of those are found in combination with chromosomes 13, 20 and 22. CONCLUSIONS UPD might be a common finding among spontaneous abortuses. UPD can be a cause of miscarriage if localized to regions of chromosomes with imprinted genes which control embryogenesis and fetal development and or can activate a recessive mutation in genes which are essential for early embryogenesis.
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Bruechle NO, Steuernagel P, Zerres K, Kurth I, Eggermann T, Knopp C. Uniparental disomy as an unexpected cause of Meckel-Gruber syndrome: report of a case. Pediatr Nephrol 2017. [PMID: 28620746 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS, OMIM #607361) is a rare pre- or perinatal lethal autosomal recessive ciliopathy caused by mutations in at least 12 known genes. It has a clinical and genetic overlap with other viable ciliopathies, especially Joubert syndrome and Joubert syndrome-related disorders. MKS is characterized by multicystic kidney dysplasia, central nervous system malformations (usually occipital encephalocele), ductal plate malformation of the liver, and postaxial polydactyly. CASE DIAGNOSIS We identified a homozygous mutation in TMEM67 (MKS3) in a fetus affected by MKS; however, only the mother was a carrier of the respective mutation. Genotyping with polymorphic microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array revealed a maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of the entire chromosome 8 (upd(8)mat), harboring TMEM67. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported case of UPD as a cause of MKS. The possible underlying mechanisms for uniparental disomy (UPD) are reviewed. Even if rare, awareness of UPD and comprehensive work-up in the case of unexpected homozygosity for a recessive mutation is essential for accurate genetic counseling and assessment of the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ortiz Bruechle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Steuernagel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hospital Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordula Knopp
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Choi SA, Kim SY, Yoon J, Choi J, Park SS, Seong MW, Kim H, Hwang H, Choi JE, Chae JH, Kim KJ, Kim S, Lee YJ, Nam SO, Lim BC. A Unique Mutational Spectrum of MLC1 in Korean Patients With Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts: p.Ala275Asp Founder Mutation and Maternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 22. Ann Lab Med 2017; 37:516-521. [PMID: 28840990 PMCID: PMC5587825 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2017.37.6.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by infantile-onset macrocephaly, slow neurologic deterioration, and seizures. Mutations in the causative gene, MLC1, are found in approximately 75% of patients and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. We analyzed MLC1 mutations in five unrelated Korean patients with MLC. Methods Direct Sanger sequencing was used to identify MLC1 mutations. A founder effect of the p.Ala275Asp variant was demonstrated by haplotype analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and comparative genomic hybridization plus SNP array were used to detect exonic deletions or uniparental disomy (UPD). Results The most prevalent pathogenic variant was c.824C>A (p.Ala275Asp) found in 7/10 (70%) alleles. Two pathogenic frameshift variants were found: c.135delC (p.Cys46Alafs*12) and c.337_353delinsG (p.Ile113Glyfs*4). Haplotype analysis suggested that the Korean patients with MLC harbored a founder mutation in p.Ala275Asp. The p.(Ile113Glyfs*4) was identified in a homozygous state, and a family study revealed that only the mother was heterozygous for this variant. Further analysis of MLPA and SNP arrays for this patient demonstrated loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 22 without any deletion, indicating UPD. The maternal origin of both chromosomes 22 was demonstrated by haplotype analysis. Conclusions This study is the first to describe the mutational spectrum of Korean patients with MLC, demonstrating a founder effect of the p.Ala275Asp variant. This study also broadens our understanding of the mutational spectrum of MLC1 by demonstrating a homozygous p.(Ile113Glyfs*4) variant resulting from UPD of chromosome 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihoo Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongmoon Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Sup Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hunmin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yun Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sang Ook Nam
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Soehn AS, Rattay TW, Beck-Wödl S, Schäferhoff K, Monk D, Döbler-Neumann M, Hörtnagel K, Schlüter A, Ruiz M, Pujol A, Züchner S, Riess O, Schüle R, Bauer P, Schöls L. Uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 unmasks recessive mutations of FA2H/SPG35 in 4 families. Neurology 2016; 87:186-91. [PMID: 27316240 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying an intriguing mechanism for unmasking recessive hereditary spastic paraplegias. METHOD Herein, we describe 4 novel homozygous FA2H mutations in 4 nonconsanguineous families detected by whole-exome sequencing or a targeted gene panel analysis providing high coverage of all known hereditary spastic paraplegia genes. RESULTS Segregation analysis revealed in all cases only one parent as a heterozygous mutation carrier whereas the other parent did not carry FA2H mutations. A macro deletion within FA2H, which could have caused a hemizygous genotype, was excluded by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in all cases. Finally, a microsatellite array revealed uniparental disomy (UPD) in all 4 families leading to homozygous FA2H mutations. UPD was confirmed by microarray analyses and methylation profiling. CONCLUSION UPD has rarely been described as causative mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Of note, we identified this mode of inheritance in 4 families with the rare diagnosis of spastic paraplegia type 35 (SPG35). Since UPD seems to be a relevant factor in SPG35 and probably additional autosomal recessive diseases, we recommend segregation analysis especially in nonconsanguineous homozygous index cases to unravel UPD as mutational mechanism. This finding may bear major repercussion for genetic counseling, given the markedly reduced risk of recurrence for affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Soehn
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Tim W Rattay
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Stefanie Beck-Wödl
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Karin Schäferhoff
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - David Monk
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Marion Döbler-Neumann
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Konstanze Hörtnagel
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Aurora Pujol
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Stephan Züchner
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Olaf Riess
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Peter Bauer
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL.
| | - Ludger Schöls
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
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Malvestiti F, Agrati C, Grimi B, Pompilii E, Izzi C, Martinoni L, Gaetani E, Liuti MR, Trotta A, Maggi F, Simoni G, Grati FR. Interpreting mosaicism in chorionic villi: results of a monocentric series of 1001 mosaics in chorionic villi with follow-up amniocentesis. Prenat Diagn 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Malvestiti
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Cristina Agrati
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Beatrice Grimi
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Eva Pompilii
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
- GYNEPRO; V.le Carducci, 2/3 Bologna Italy
| | - Claudia Izzi
- UO Diagnosi Prenatale; Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili; Brescia Italy
| | - Lorenza Martinoni
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Elisa Gaetani
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Liuti
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Anna Trotta
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Federico Maggi
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Giuseppe Simoni
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Grati
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology; TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A.; Busto Arsizio VA Italy
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Eggermann T, Soellner L, Buiting K, Kotzot D. Mosaicism and uniparental disomy in prenatal diagnosis. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Chromosomal Mosaicism in Human Feto-Placental Development: Implications for Prenatal Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2014; 3:809-37. [PMID: 26237479 PMCID: PMC4449651 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3030809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal mosaicism is one of the primary interpretative issues in prenatal diagnosis. In this review, the mechanisms underlying feto-placental chromosomal mosaicism are presented. Based on the substantial retrospective diagnostic experience with chorionic villi samples (CVS) of a prenatal diagnosis laboratory the following items are discussed: (i) The frequency of the different types of mosaicism (confined placental, CPM, and true fetal mosaicisms, TFM); (ii) The risk of fetal confirmation after the detection of a mosaic in CVS stratified by chromosome abnormality and placental tissue involvement; (iii) The frequency of uniparental disomy for imprinted chromosomes associated with CPM; (iv) The incidence of false-positive and false-negative results in CVS samples analyzed by only (semi-)direct preparation or long term culture; and (v) The implications of the presence of a feto-placental mosaicism for microarray analysis of CVS and non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS).
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Lepshin MV, Sazhenova EA, Lebedev IN. Multiple epimutations in imprinted genes in the human genome and congenital disorders. RUSS J GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795414030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shimojima K, Tanaka R, Shimada S, Sangu N, Nakayama J, Iwasaki N, Yamamoto T. A novel homozygous mutation of GJC2 derived from maternal uniparental disomy in a female patient with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-like disease. J Neurol Sci 2013; 330:123-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pan M, Li FT, Li Y, Jiang FM, Li DZ, Lau TK, Liao C. Discordant results between fetal karyotyping and non-invasive prenatal testing by maternal plasma sequencing in a case of uniparental disomy 21 due to trisomic rescue. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:598-601. [PMID: 23533085 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) is an uncommon chromosome condition, but UPD involving chromosome 21 is rarely reported. We reported here a case who had first trimester screening test for Down syndrome, chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping, quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR), as well as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) by maternal plasma sequencing. There were discordant results between fetal karyotyping and NIPT due to UPD 21combined with confined placental mosaicism of trisomy 21. This demonstrated that it is possible to detect placental mosaicism by NIPT, but further studies are required to confirm its sensitivity. Therefore, all positive NIPT results must be confirmed by conventional invasive test and karyotyping. QF-PCR has the additional benefit in diagnosing UPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Hou A, Lin SP, Ho SY, Chen CFJ, Lin HY, Chen YJ, Huang CY, Chiu HC, Chuang CK, Chen KS. Genetic studies of Prader-Willi patients provide evidence for conservation of genomic architecture in proximal chromosome 15q. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 75:211-21. [PMID: 21198515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic disorder associated with recurrent genomic recombination involving low copy repeats (LCRs) located in the human chromosome 15q11-q13. Previous studies of PWS patients from Asia suggested that there is a higher incidence of deletion and lower incidence of maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) compared to that of Western populations. In this report, we present genetic etiology of 28 PWS patients from Taiwan. Consistent with the genetic etiology findings from Western populations, the type II deletion appears to be the most common deletion subtype. Furthermore, the ratio of the two most common deletion subtypes and the ratio of the maternal heterodisomy to isodisomy cases observed from this study are in agreement with previous findings from Western populations. In addition, we identified and further mapped the deletion breakpoints in two patients with atypical deletions using array CGH (comparative genomic hybridization). Despite the relatively small numbers of patients in each subgroup, our findings suggest that the genomic architecture responsible for the recurrent recombination in PWS is conserved in Taiwanese of the Han Chinese heritage and Western populations, thereby predisposing chromosome 15q11-q13 to a similar risk of rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Hou
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Grafodatskaya D, Chung B, Szatmari P, Weksberg R. Autism spectrum disorders and epigenetics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 49:794-809. [PMID: 20643313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current research suggests that the causes of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are multifactorial and include both genetic and environmental factors. Several lines of evidence suggest that epigenetics also plays an important role in ASD etiology and that it might, in fact, integrate genetic and environmental influences to dysregulate neurodevelopmental processes. The objective of this review is to illustrate how epigenetic modifications that are known to alter gene expression without changing primary DNA sequence may play a role in the etiology of ASD. METHOD In this review, we summarize current knowledge about epigenetic modifications to genes and genomic regions possibly involved in the etiology of ASD. RESULTS Several genetic syndromes comorbid with ASD, which include Rett, Fragile X, Prader-Willi, Angelman, and CHARGE (Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia of the nasal choanae, Retardation of growth and/or development, Genital and/or urinary abnormalities, and Ear abnormalities and deafness), all demonstrate dysregulation of epigenetic marks or epigenetic mechanisms. We report also on genes or genomic regions exhibiting abnormal epigenetic regulation in association with either syndromic (15q11-13 maternal duplication) or nonsyndromic forms of ASD. Finally, we discuss the state of current knowledge regarding the etiologic role of environmental factors linked to both the development of ASD and epigenetic dysregulation. CONCLUSION Data reviewed in this article highlight a variety of situations in which epigenetic dysregulation is associated with the development of ASD, thereby supporting a role for epigenetics in the multifactorial etiologies of ASD.
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Lindor NM, Rabe KG, Petersen GM, Chen H, Bapat B, Hopper J, Young J, Jenkins M, Potter J, Newcomb P, Templeton A, Lemarchand L, Grove J, Burgio MR, Haile R, Green J, Woods MO, Seminara D, Limburg PJ, Thibodeau SN. Parent of origin effects on age at colorectal cancer diagnosis. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:361-6. [PMID: 19904757 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting refers to a parent-of-origin specific effect on gene expression. At least 1% of genes in the human genome are modulated in this manner. We sought evidence for genomic imprinting in colorectal cancer by studying the ages at diagnosis in the offspring of 2,061 parent-child pairs in which both parent and child were affected by nonsyndromic colorectal cancer. Families were ascertained through the colon Cancer Family Registry [http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/CFR/] from both population-based and clinic-based sources. We found that the affected offspring of affected fathers were on average younger than offspring of affected mothers (55.8 vs. 53.7 years; p = 0.0003), but when divided into sons and daughters, this difference was driven entirely by younger age at diagnosis in daughters of affected fathers compared to sons (52.3 years vs. 55.1 years; p = 0.0004). A younger age at diagnosis in affected daughters of affected fathers was also observable in various subsets including families that met Amsterdam II Criteria, families that did not meet Amsterdam Criteria, and in families with documented normal DNA mismatch repair in tumors. Imprinting effects are not expected to be affected by the sex of the offspring. Possible explanations for these unexpected findings include: (i) an imprinted gene on the pseudoautosomal regions of the X chromosome; (ii) an imprinted autosomal gene that affects a sex-specific pathway; or (iii) an X-linked gene unmasked because of colonic tissue-specific preferential inactivation of the maternal X chromosome.
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López-Garrido MP, Campos-Mollo E, Harto MA, Escribano J. Primary congenital glaucoma caused by the homozygous F261L CYP1B1 mutation and paternal isodisomy of chromosome 2. Clin Genet 2009; 76:552-7. [PMID: 19807744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), a rare, severe and blinding disease, usually results from mutations in the CYP1B1 gene located in chromosome 2p22.2. Uniparental isodisomy (UPID) is also a rare condition in which a diploid offspring carries two identical copies of a single parental chromosome. By DNA sequence analysis, we found that a proband (female newborn) affected by PCG was homozygous for the null-allele F261L of the CYP1B1 gene. Her father was a heterozygous carrier for this mutation, and unexpectedly her mother carried only the G168D mutation in the heterozygous state. Segregation analysis of eight microsatellite markers which spanned the two arms of chromosome 2 was consistent with paternal isodisomy for this chromosome in the proband. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of UPID resulting in PCG and the fifth reported case of paternal UPID for chromosome 2. In addition, the absence of a clinical phenotype other than PCG confirms previous observations of there being no paternally imprinted genes in chromosome 2 that have major phenotypic effects. These results, along with previous reports, also suggest that UPID may play a relevant role in recessive diseases linked to chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P López-Garrido
- Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina/Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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Jones JR, Skinner C, Friez MJ, Schwartz CE, Stevenson RE. Hypothesis: dysregulation of methylation of brain-expressed genes on the X chromosome and autism spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2213-20. [PMID: 18698615 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis is set forth that dysregulation of brain-expressed genes on the X chromosome constitutes the major predisposition to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This dysregulation, mediated by hypomethylation or hypermethylation of CpG sites within gene promoters, leads to overexpression or partial silencing of one or more brain-expressed genes, which in turn results in an unbalanced production of the proteins responsible for brain structure and function. This hypothesis accommodates the predominantly sporadic occurrence (95%), the male excess (4:1), and the usual absence of malformations or other syndromic manifestations in ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Jones
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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Two novel mutations of the LDL receptor gene associated with familial hypercholesterolemia in a Chinese family. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200710010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Turner CLS, Bunyan DJ, Thomas NS, Mackay DJG, Jones HP, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA, Temple IK. Zellweger syndrome resulting from maternal isodisomy of chromosome 1. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2172-7. [PMID: 17702006 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is an autosomal recessive peroxisomal disorder that results from mutations in one of the peroxisome biogenesis (PEX) genes. This is the first patient reported with uniparental disomy (UPD) resulting in ZS, in this case maternal isodisomy of chromosome 1 involving reduction to homoallelism of a frameshift mutation within PEX 10. Other reported cases of UPD1, and evidence for the imprinting of genes on chromosome 1, are reviewed. The molecular findings in this patient have important implications for molecular testing and genetic counseling in ZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L S Turner
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, UK.
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Grati FR, Grimi B, Frascoli G, Di Meco AM, Liuti R, Milani S, Trotta A, Dulcetti F, Grosso E, Miozzo M, Maggi F, Simoni G. Confirmation of mosaicism and uniparental disomy in amniocytes, after detection of mosaic chromosome abnormalities in chorionic villi. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:282-8. [PMID: 16418738 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome mosaicism is detected in about 1-2% of chorionic villi samples (CVS), and may be due to a postzygotic nondisjunction event generating a trisomic cell line in an initially normal conceptus (mitotic origin) or the postzygotic loss of one chromosome in an initially trisomic conceptus (meiotic origin and trisomy rescue). Depending on the distribution of the abnormal cell line, the mosaic can be confined to the placenta (CPM) or generalised to the fetus (TFM, true fetal mosaicism). Trisomy rescue could theoretically be associated with a 33.3% probability of uniparental disomy (UPD) in the fetus. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of fetal involvement in a cohort of numerical and structural chromosome mosaics revealed in chorionic villi by means of combined direct and long-term culture analyses; we also determined the incidence of UPD associated with mosaic aneuploidies and supernumerary markers involving imprinted chromosomes. A total of 273 of a consecutive series of 15,109 CVS evaluated during a period of 5 years showed a mosaic condition in direct preparations and/or long-term cultures; confirmatory amniocentesis was performed in 203 cases. The abnormal cell line was extended to the fetus in 12.8% cases in terms of structural and numerical abnormalities involving autosomes and sex chromosomes; the risk of TFM varied and depended on the placental tissue distribution of the abnormal cell line. One of the 51 cases in which the mosaic involved an imprinted chromosome showed UPD, thus indicating a risk of 1.96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R Grati
- Unit of Cytogenetics, TOMA Laboratory, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy.
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Jacob S, Moley KH. Gametes and embryo epigenetic reprogramming affect developmental outcome: implication for assisted reproductive technologies. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:437-46. [PMID: 16148054 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000179401.17161.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is concern about the health of children who are conceived with the use assisted reproductive technologies (ART). In addition to reports of low birth weight and chromosomal anomalies, there is evidence that ART may be associated with increased epigenetic disorders in the infants who are conceived using these procedures. Epigenetic reprogramming is critical during gametogenesis and at preimplantation stage and involves DNA methylation, imprinting, RNA silencing, covalent modifications of histones, and remodeling by other chromatin-associated complexes. Epigenetic regulation is involved in early embryo development, fetal growth, and birth weight. Disturbances in epigenetic reprogramming may lead to developmental problems and early mortality. Recent reports suggest the increased incidence of imprinting disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and retinoblastoma in children who are conceived with the use of ART. These may result from an accumulation of epigenetic alterations during embryo culture and/or by altered embryonic developmental timing. Further research is urgently needed to determine whether a causal relationship between ART and epigenetic disorders exists. Until then, cautious review of both short-term and long-term ART outcomes at a national level is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji Jacob
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Grati FR, Miozzo M, Cassani B, Rossella F, Antonazzo P, Gentilin B, Sirchia SM, Mori L, Rigano S, Bulfamante G, Cetin I, Simoni G. Fetal and placental chromosomal mosaicism revealed by QF-PCR in severe IUGR pregnancies. Placenta 2005; 26:10-8. [PMID: 15664406 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of genetic and environmental factors are taken into account as responsible for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR); nevertheless, the relevance of genetic alteration in IUGR aetiology remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate using a combined cytogenetic-molecular approach, improved by a new application of QF-PCR method, the presence of mosaic chromosomal changes in fetal/placental samples from 12 pregnancies with unexplained severe IUGR. This multiple approach allowed us to reveal and quantify subtle chromosomal mosaicisms with less than 5% of trisomic cells even in cases in which cytogenetic and FISH analyses failed to reveal them. These are three pregnancies with a mosaic trisomy for chromosomes 7, 2 and 14; the former case presented matUPD7 and was previously described in this journal (Placenta 22 (2001) 813) in association with pre- and postnatal growth restriction. It is intriguing that chromosomes 7, 2 and 14 are known or suspected to harbour imprinted genes, so that an unbalanced gene dosage in a subset of cells during embryonic development could lead to an early impairment of placental function. Our findings indicate that extensive molecular and cytogenetic studies of IUGR fetal and placental tissues are necessary to reveal at least part of the heterogeneous genetic lesions implicated in IUGR phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Grati
- Cattedra di Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Polo San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Petit FM, Gajdos V, Parisot F, Capel L, Aboura A, Lachaux A, Tachdjian G, Poüs C, Labrune P. Paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2 as the cause of Crigler–Najjar type I syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 13:278-82. [PMID: 15586176 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I (CN-I) is a rare and severe autosomal recessive metabolic disease due to a total deficiency of bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase located on chromosome 2. We report on a child with CN-I due to a phenylalanine residue deletion inherited only from the father carrying this deletion at the heterozygous state. Cytogenetic analyses showed no deletion of the chromosomal 2q37 region. Microsatellite analysis of the child and his parents was consistent with paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2 in the child. This report demonstrates that uniparental disomy may be at the origin of very rare diseases transmitted as autosomal recessive traits and emphasizes the need for parental DNA analysis in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M Petit
- Service de Biochimie et Hormonologie, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France.
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Nicholls RD, Pai GS, Gottlieb W, Cantú ES. Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 in a child with angelman syndrome. Ann Neurol 2004; 32:512-8. [PMID: 1360787 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes are clinically distinct neurobehavioral disorders most commonly resulting from large deletions of chromosome 15q11-q13. The deletions arise differentially during maternal or paternal gametogenesis, respectively. A subgroup of patients with either syndrome have no apparent deletion, and because many such patients with Prader-Willi syndrome display inheritance of two copies of chromosome 15 from the mother only (uniparental disomy; UPD), we suggested that paternal UPD might be found in patients with Angelman syndrome. We report here clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular evidence on the 1 patient with paternal UPD for chromosome 15 who was found in our study population. This represents, to our knowledge, the first patient with paternal UPD to be studied with DNA probes from the chromosome 15q11-q13 critical region. In contrast to our findings for patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, in which maternal UPD was common, our data demonstrate that paternal UPD is infrequent in patients with Angelman syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Nicholls
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Brain Institute, Gainesville
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Niemitz EL, Feinberg AP. Epigenetics and assisted reproductive technology: a call for investigation. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:599-609. [PMID: 14991528 PMCID: PMC1181938 DOI: 10.1086/382897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A surprising set of recent observations suggests a link between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and epigenetic errors--that is, errors involving information other than DNA sequence that is heritable during cell division. An apparent association with ART was found in registries of children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and retinoblastoma. Here, we review the epidemiology and molecular biology behind these studies and those of relevant model systems, and we highlight the need for investigation of two major questions: (1) large-scale case-control studies of ART outcomes, including long-term assessment of the incidence of birth defects and cancer, and (2) investigation of the relationship between epigenetic errors in both offspring and parents, the specific methods of ART used, and the underlying infertility diagnoses. In addition, the components of proprietary commercial media used in ART procedures must be fully and publicly disclosed, so that factors such as methionine content can be assessed, given the relationship in animal studies between methionine exposure and epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Niemitz
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Epigenetics Unit, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Andrew P. Feinberg
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Epigenetics Unit, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Eggermann T, Zerres K. Uniparental disomy and Robertsonian translocations: risk estimation and prenatal testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 7:113-7. [PMID: 14580230 DOI: 10.1007/bf03260026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uniparental disomy (UPD) is defined by the inheritance of both homologous chromosomes from only one parent, resulting in an imbalance of the expression of imprinted genes. With the recent identification of several diseases associated with UPD, the diagnostic significance of this molecular finding is a focus of interest. Acrocentric chromosomes involved in Robertsonian translocations (RTs) are particularly prone to being affected by mis-segregation events, possibly resulting in UPD. While UPDs of chromosomes 13, 21, and 22 have no clinical consequences, and therefore have no diagnostic impact despite of homozygosity of recessive alleles, prenatal testing for UPDs 14 or 15 is becoming increasingly asked for. METHODS Thirty-one fetuses with nonhomologous balanced RTs involving chromosome 14 were tested for UPD14 by microsatellite typing. RESULTS No cases of maternal UPD14 were detected among the 31 fetuses analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Based on our own data from molecular testing in 31 prenatal RT cases and findings in the published literature, we delineated a risk of 0.3% for a UPD with clinical consequences for prenatally detected carriers of a nonhomologous RT. Prenatal UPD testing is not associated with any additional risk to the pregnancy once invasive prenatal testing has been carried out. However, the possibly conflicting consequences in the case of a prenatal UPD identification should be discussed in advance. Furthermore, risk figures in specific clinical cohorts, such as couples prior to intracytoplasmic sperm injection, as well as questions of prenatal diagnostic management, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University's Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a complex and heterogeneous overgrowth syndrome with genetic and epigenetic alterations, involving genomic imprinting and cancer predisposition. Isolated hemihyperplasia is of unknown cause, and it may represent a partial or incomplete expression of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. OBJECTIVES A clinical and molecular review and proposal of the use of an experimental protocol to provide a practical approach for the physician. DATA SYNTHESIS This review demonstrates the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and isolated hemihyperplasia, and the candidate genes. To our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian protocol for research into these disorders. The results have been used at the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, to elucidate the basis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and isolated hemihyperplasia, and have been applied at the Hospital Universitário of the Faculdade de Medicina. CONCLUSIONS Elucidation of the etiological mechanisms and use of a laboratory protocol to detect alterations in these disorders may be useful for guiding the management of such patients and genetic counseling of the families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius de Matos Gomes
- Department of Genetics, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir o Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Berend SA, Bejjani BA, McCaskill C, Shaffer LG. Identification of uniparental disomy in phenotypically abnormal carriers of isochromosomes or Robertsonian translocations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:362-5. [PMID: 12210293 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of either homologous or non-homologous acrocentric rearrangements are at an increased risk for aneuploidy, and, thus, for uniparental disomy (UPD). Abnormal phenotypes due to genomic imprinting are associated with UPD for the acrocentric chromosomes 14 and 15. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of UPD in a population with acrocentric rearrangements (either an isochromosome or a Robertsonian translocation) and abnormal phenotypes. Fifty individuals were studied. Of the 50 rearrangements, two were homologous rearrangements and both showed UPD. Forty-eight were non-homologous Robertsonian translocations, of which two showed UPD. This study demonstrates that UPD explains the abnormal phenotypes in some balanced carriers of acrocentric rearrangements. Our results and the large number of case reports in the literature suggest that patients with abnormal phenotypes and acrocentric rearrangements of chromosomes 14 or 15 should be tested for UPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ann Berend
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Thompson DA, McHenry CL, Li Y, Richards JE, Othman MI, Schwinger E, Vollrath D, Jacobson SG, Gal A. Retinal dystrophy due to paternal isodisomy for chromosome 1 or chromosome 2, with homoallelism for mutations in RPE65 or MERTK, respectively. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:224-9. [PMID: 11727200 PMCID: PMC384890 DOI: 10.1086/338455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2001] [Accepted: 10/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a rare condition in which a diploid offspring carries a chromosomal pair from a single parent. We now report the first two cases of UPD resulting in retinal degeneration. We identified an apparently homozygous loss-of-function mutation of RPE65 (1p31) in one retinal dystrophy patient and an apparently homozygous loss-of-function mutation of MERTK (2q14.1) in a second retinal dystrophy patient. In both families, the gene defect was present in the patient's heterozygous father but not in the patient's mother. Analysis of haplotypes in each nuclear kindred, by use of DNA polymorphisms distributed along both chromosomal arms, indicated the absence of the maternal allele for all informative markers tested on chromosome 1 in the first patient and on chromosome 2 in the second patient. Our results suggest that retinal degeneration in these individuals is due to apparently complete paternal isodisomy involving reduction to homoallelism for RPE65 or MERTK loss-of-function alleles. Our findings provide evidence for the first time, in the case of chromosome 2, and confirm previous observations, in the case of chromosome 1, that there are no paternally imprinted genes on chromosomes 1 and 2 that have a major effect on phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A. Thompson
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Christina L. McHenry
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Yun Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Julia E. Richards
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Mohammad I. Othman
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Eberhard Schwinger
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Douglas Vollrath
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Samuel G. Jacobson
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
| | - Andreas Gal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Lübeck, Germany, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia
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Shaffer LG, Agan N, Goldberg JD, Ledbetter DH, Longshore JW, Cassidy SB. American College of Medical Genetics statement of diagnostic testing for uniparental disomy. Genet Med 2001; 3:206-11. [PMID: 11388763 PMCID: PMC3111049 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200105000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L G Shaffer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Fetal chromosome abnormalities account for about 50% of first-trimester pregnancy losses. Most of these abnormalities are numerical abnormalities (86%) and a low percentage is caused by structural abnormalities (6%) or other genetic mechanisms, including chromosome mosaicism (8%). The recurrence risk of numerical abnormalities is low, so karyotyping of fetal material in case of a miscarriage does not seem worthwhile in daily practice. Half of the structural abnormalities may be inherited from a parent carrying a balanced chromosome translocation or inversion. Parental carriership is found in 4-6% of the couples with recurrent miscarriage. In case of parental carriership of a balanced structural chromosome abnormality, a next pregnancy may result in a child with an unbalanced structural chromosome abnormality. This child can have multiple congenital malformations and/or a mental handicap. Prenatal diagnosis is therefore recommended. Conventional laboratory techniques, such as tissue culturing and karyotyping, or (semi-)direct chromosome technique of chorionic villi, and the recently developed laboratory techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), are described successively. Until now, not enough evidence has been available about the role of other genetic mechanisms, such as single-gene abnormalities, uniparental disomy, genomic imprinting, multifactorial disorders and skewed X chromosome, in the occurrence of miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goddijn
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1100 DE, TheNetherlands
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Fridman C, Koiffmann CP. Origin of uniparental disomy 15 in patients with Prader-Willi or Angelman syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 94:249-53. [PMID: 10995513 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000918)94:3<249::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) accounts for approximately 25% of Prader-Willi patients (PWS) and paternal UPD for about 2-5% of Angelman syndrome (AS) patients. These findings and the parental origin of deletions are evidence of genomic imprinting in the cause of PWS and AS. The natural occurrence of UPD individuals allows the study of meiotic mechanisms resulting in chromosomal nondisjunction (ND). We selected patients with UPD15 from our sample of 30 PWS and 40 AS patients to study the origin of ND and the recombination along chromosome 15. These patients were analyzed with 10 microsatellites throughout the entire chromosome 15 (D15S541, D15S542, D15S11, D15S113, GABRB3, CYP19, D15S117, D15S131, D15S984, D15S115). The analysis disclosed seven heterodisomic PWS cases originating by meiosis I (MI) ND (four showed recombination and three no recombination), and one isodisomic PWS UPD15 originating by postzygotic duplication. Among the five paternal UPD15, we detected four isodisomies, three of which showed homozigosity for all markers, corresponding to a mitotic error, and one case originating from a paternal MII ND. Our results indicate that besides maternal MI and MII ND, paternal ND occurs when a PWS UPD15 patient originates from mitotic duplication of the maternal chromosome 15. ND events in AS are mainly due to mitotic errors, but paternal MII ND can occur and give origin to an AS UPD15 individual by two different mechanisms: rescue of a trisomic fetus or fertilization of a nullisomic egg with the disomic sperm, and in this case paternal and maternal ND are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fridman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sâo Paulo, Sâo Paulo, Brazil.
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38
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon identified in the past 15 years. Thus, maternally imprinted genes are only expressed from the paternal allele and vice versa. The mechanism of imprinting is still far from certain, but most probably it involves differential methylation of specific sites in or near imprinted genes. Disrupted imprinting can lead to phenotypic changes, and an increasing number of resultant clinical disorders are being identified. Many of these conditions involve disordered growth and/or development, particularly prenatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Preece
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK WC1N 1EH.
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39
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Kalousek DK, Vekemans M. Confined placental mosaicism and genomic imprinting. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 14:723-30. [PMID: 10985941 DOI: 10.1053/beog.2000.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of confined placental mosaicism and its relationship to genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy is explained in this chapter. Clinically significant imprinting syndromes, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, potentially associated with confined placental mosaicism are described and referenced. Non-Mendelian inheritance of recessive mutations in uniparental disomy is illustrated. Both skewed X chromosome inactivation and isolated gonadal mosaicism are outlined as newly recognized consequences of post-zygotic chromosomal mutation and confined placental mosaicism. Clinical management of pregnancies with confined placental mosaicism is proposed as well as future research directions in the field of confined placental mosaicism and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kalousek
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, B.C. Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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40
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Karanjawala ZE, Kääriäinen H, Ghosh S, Tannenbaum J, Martin C, Ally D, Tuomilehto J, Valle T, Collins FS. Complete maternal isodisomy of chromosome 8 in an individual with an early-onset ileal carcinoid tumor. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 93:207-10. [PMID: 10925383 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000731)93:3<207::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a condition in which diploid individuals possess a chromosome pair from a single parent. In some instances, UPD causes an abnormal phenotype due to imprinting effects, reduction to homozygosity at recessive disease loci, or trisomy mosaicism. Here we report the first account of an individual with apparently nonmosaic complete maternal isodisomy of chromosome 8. This individual was identified during routine genotyping in a genomewide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes, although he does not have diabetes. He is of normal appearance, stature, and intelligence, but there is an unusual history of early onset ileal carcinoid. The discovery of other maternal UPD 8 cases will be necessary to define whether this condition causes a distinct phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z E Karanjawala
- Positional Cloning Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dar
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Battin J. [Parental genomic imprinting and its implications in growth]. Arch Pediatr 2000; 4:125s-130s. [PMID: 9246319 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(97)86478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Battin
- Clinique de pédiatrie et génétique médicale, hôpital des Enfants, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
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Gualandi F, Sensi A, Trabanelli C, Falciano F, Bonfatti A, Calzolari E. Prenatal UPD testing survey in Robertsonian translocations. Prenat Diagn 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200006)20:6<465::aid-pd863>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Moore GE, Abu-Amero S, Wakeling E, Hitchins M, Monk D, Stanier P, Preece M. The search for the gene for Silver-Russell syndrome. ACTA PAEDIATRICA (OSLO, NORWAY : 1992). SUPPLEMENT 1999; 88:42-8. [PMID: 10626544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Silver-Russell syndrome display intrauterine growth restriction and other dysmorphic features. No single genetic cause for this syndrome has been found, although there are a small number of familial cases and some patients with chromosomal rearrangements. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 has been found in approximately 7% of patients with Silver-Russell syndrome. In five of these patients exhibiting maternal uniparental disomy, no common regions of isodisomy were found, thereby ruling out the expression of a recessive allele. It is most likely that one or more imprinted genes are responsible for the phenotype of Silver-Russell syndrome. Human chromosome 7 demonstrates homology with two imprinted regions on mouse chromosomes 6 and 11, which are equivalent to human chromosome regions 7q32 and 7p11-p13, respectively. We directly analysed the imprinting status of candidate genes from chromosome 7 that mapped to homologous imprinted regions in the mouse and also had a potential role in growth. The candidates were the genes that encode the epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-1 and -3. All three of these candidate genes are localized to chromosome region 7p11-p13. Using intragenic polymorphisms as markers, we found that all three genes showed biallelic expression in different fetal tissues. Therefore, it is unlikely that these candidate genes are directly involved in producing the phenotype of Silver-Russell syndrome. Other candidates are under analysis, including two newly identified genes that are known to be imprinted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Moore
- Division of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
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Yang XP, Inazu A, Yagi K, Kajinami K, Koizumi J, Mabuchi H. Abetalipoproteinemia caused by maternal isodisomy of chromosome 4q containing an intron 9 splice acceptor mutation in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1950-5. [PMID: 10446076 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.8.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD), a rare inheritance of 2 copies of a single chromosome homolog or a region of a chromosome from one parent, can result in various autosomal recessive diseases. Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) is a rare autosomal recessive deficiency of apoB-containing lipoproteins caused by a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) deficiency. In this study, we describe a patient with ABL inherited as a homozygous intron 9 splice acceptor G(-1)-to-A mutation of the transfer protein gene. This mutation alters the splicing of the mRNA, resulting in a 36 amino acids, in-frame deletion of sequence encoded by exon 10. We analyzed chromosome 4, including MTP gene (4q22-24), using short tandem repeat markers. The proband has only his mother's genes in chromosome 4q spanning a 150-centimorgan region; ie, segmental maternal isodisomy 4q21-35, probably due to mitotic recombination. Nonpaternity between the proband and his father was excluded using 6 polymorphic markers from different chromosomes (paternity probability, 0.999). Maternal isodisomy (maternal UPD 4q) was the basis for homozygosity of the MTP gene mutation in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Yang
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Department of General Medicine School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1 Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Goldman AS, Miles SE, Rudloff HE, Palkowetz KH, Schmalstieg FC. Immunodeficiency due to a unique protracted developmental delay in the B-cell lineage. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 6:161-7. [PMID: 10066647 PMCID: PMC95680 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.6.2.161-167.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1998] [Accepted: 10/07/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A unique immune deficiency in a 24-month-old male characterized by a transient but protracted developmental delay in the B-cell lineage is reported. Significant deficiencies in the number of B cells in the blood, the concentrations of immunoglobulins in the serum, and the titers of antibodies to T-dependent and T-independent antigens resolved spontaneously by the age of 39 months in a sequence that duplicated the normal development of the B-cell lineage: blood B cells followed by immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, IgA, and specific IgG antibodies to T-independent antigens (pneumococcal polysaccharides). Because of the sequence of recovery, the disorder could have been confused with other defects in humoral immunity, depending on when in the course of disease immunologic studies were conducted. Investigations of X-chromosome polymorphisms suggested that the disorder was not X linked in that the mother appeared to have identical X chromosomes. An autosomal recessive disorder involving a gene that controls B-cell development and maturation seems more likely. In summary, this case appears to be a novel protracted delay in the development of the B-cell lineage, possibly due to an autosomal recessive genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0369, USA.
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47
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López-Gutiérrez AU, Riba L, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Ramírez-Jiménez S, Cerrillo-Hinojosa M, Tusié-Luna MT. Uniparental disomy for chromosome 6 results in steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: evidence of different genetic mechanisms involved in the production of the disease. J Med Genet 1998; 35:1014-9. [PMID: 9863599 PMCID: PMC1051514 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.12.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited recessive disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis caused by mutations in the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) in more than 90% of affected patients. The CYP21 gene is located within the HLA complex locus on chromosome 6 (6p21.3). During a molecular characterisation study of a group of 47 Mexican families with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, we identified nine in which the mutation or mutations found in the patient did not appear to originate from one of the parents. Through DNA fingerprinting, paternity was established in all nine families with a probability of non-paternity in the range of 10(-19) to 10(-23). Among these families, we identified one patient with exclusive paternal inheritance of all eight markers tested on chromosome 6p, despite normal maternal and paternal contributions for eight additional markers on three different chromosomes. We did not identify duplication of paternal information for markers in the 6q region, consistent with lack of expression of transient neonatal diabetes owing to genomic imprinting in this patient. Our results substantiate evidence for the existence of different genetic mechanisms involved in the expression of this recessive condition in a substantial portion (approximately 19%) of affected Mexican families. In addition to the identification of a patient with paternal uniparental disomy, the occurrence of germline mutations may explain the unusual pattern of segregation in the majority of the remaining eight families.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U López-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City
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48
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Shaffer LG, McCaskill C, Adkins K, Hassold TJ. Systematic search for uniparental disomy in early fetal losses: The results and a review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19981012)79:5<366::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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50
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Los FJ, Van Opstal D, Van Den Berg C, Braat APG, Verhoef S, Wesby-Van Swaay E, Van Den Ouweland AMW, Halley DJJ. Uniparental disomy with and without confined placental mosaicism: a model for trisomic zygote rescue. Prenat Diagn 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199807)18:7<659::aid-pd317>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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