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Ullah A, Umair M, Ahmad F, Muhammad D, Basit S, Ahmad W. A novel homozygous variant in the SMOC1 gene underlying Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:335-339. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1227456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dost Muhammad
- Chandka Medical College, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Xiao SM, Kung AWC, Gao Y, Lau KS, Ma A, Zhang ZL, Liu JM, Xia W, He JW, Zhao L, Nie M, Fu WZ, Zhang MJ, Sun J, Kwan JSH, Tso GHW, Dai ZJ, Cheung CL, Bow CH, Leung AYH, Tan KCB, Sham PC. Post-genome wide association studies and functional analyses identify association of MPP7 gene variants with site-specific bone mineral density. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:1648-57. [PMID: 22171069 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a Hong Kong Southern Chinese population with extreme bone mineral density (BMD) scores revealed suggestive association with MPP7, which ranked second after JAG1 as a candidate gene for BMD. To follow-up this suggestive signal, we replicated the top single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4317882 of MPP7 in three additional independent Asian-descent samples (n= 2684). The association of rs4317882 reached the genome-wide significance in the meta-analysis of all available subjects (P(meta)= 4.58 × 10(-8), n= 4204). Site heterogeneity was observed, with a larger effect on spine than hip BMD. Further functional studies in a zebrafish model revealed that vertebral bone mass was lower in an mpp7 knock-down model compared with the wide-type (P= 9.64 × 10(-4), n= 21). In addition, MPP7 was found to have constitutive expression in human bone-derived cells during osteogenesis. Immunostaining of murine MC3T3-E1 cells revealed that the Mpp7 protein is localized in the plasma membrane and intracytoplasmic compartment of osteoblasts. In an assessment of the function of identified variants, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated the binding of transcriptional factor GATA2 to the risk allele 'A' but not the 'G' allele of rs4317882. An mRNA expression study in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells confirmed that the low BMD-related allele 'A' of rs4317882 was associated with lower MPP7 expression (P= 9.07 × 10(-3), n= 135). Our data suggest a genetic and functional association of MPP7 with BMD variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Xiao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Rainger J, van Beusekom E, Ramsay JK, McKie L, Al-Gazali L, Pallotta R, Saponari A, Branney P, Fisher M, Morrison H, Bicknell L, Gautier P, Perry P, Sokhi K, Sexton D, Bardakjian TM, Schneider AS, Elcioglu N, Ozkinay F, Koenig R, Mégarbané A, Semerci CN, Khan A, Zafar S, Hennekam R, Sousa SB, Ramos L, Garavelli L, Furga AS, Wischmeijer A, Jackson IJ, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Brunner HG, Wieczorek D, van Bokhoven H, FitzPatrick DR. Loss of the BMP antagonist, SMOC-1, causes Ophthalmo-acromelic (Waardenburg Anophthalmia) syndrome in humans and mice. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002114. [PMID: 21750680 PMCID: PMC3131273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome (OAS), also known as Waardenburg Anophthalmia syndrome, is defined by the combination of eye malformations, most commonly bilateral anophthalmia, with post-axial oligosyndactyly. Homozygosity mapping and subsequent targeted mutation analysis of a locus on 14q24.2 identified homozygous mutations in SMOC1 (SPARC-related modular calcium binding 1) in eight unrelated families. Four of these mutations are nonsense, two frame-shift, and two missense. The missense mutations are both in the second Thyroglobulin Type-1 (Tg1) domain of the protein. The orthologous gene in the mouse, Smoc1, shows site- and stage-specific expression during eye, limb, craniofacial, and somite development. We also report a targeted pre-conditional gene-trap mutation of Smoc1 (Smoc1tm1a) that reduces mRNA to ∼10% of wild-type levels. This gene-trap results in highly penetrant hindlimb post-axial oligosyndactyly in homozygous mutant animals (Smoc1tm1a/tm1a). Eye malformations, most commonly coloboma, and cleft palate occur in a significant proportion of Smoc1tm1a/tm1a embryos and pups. Thus partial loss of Smoc-1 results in a convincing phenocopy of the human disease. SMOC-1 is one of the two mammalian paralogs of Drosophila Pentagone, an inhibitor of decapentaplegic. The orthologous gene in Xenopus laevis, Smoc-1, also functions as a Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) antagonist in early embryogenesis. Loss of BMP antagonism during mammalian development provides a plausible explanation for both the limb and eye phenotype in humans and mice. Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome (OAS) is a rare congenital genetic disorder involving complete absence of the eyes and limb malformations, with missing or fused bones in the feet and hands. In this paper we report the identification of genetic changes to both copies of the SMOC1 gene as the cause of most cases of OAS. We have identified eight different mutations in this gene in unrelated individuals, and six of these mutations are predicted to completely abolish SMOC-1 function. We have also genetically disrupted the mouse Smoc1 gene to produce only 10% of normal levels. These animals, called Smoc1tm1a/tm1a mice, have similar hindlimb malformations to those seen in the limbs of human OAS patients, resulting in missing toes in some mice and fusion of toes in others. Smoc1tm1a/tm1a embryos and pups also have eye malformations but these are milder than those seen in human cases, perhaps because, unlike the human cases, the mice still have some residual function of the gene. We suggest that the normal function of SMOC-1 may be to regulate an important class of growth factors, called Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), which are essential for normal embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rainger
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline K. Ramsay
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa McKie
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Departments of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rosanna Pallotta
- Regional Service for Diagnosis, Prevention, and Care of Birth Defects, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anita Saponari
- Regional Service for Diagnosis, Prevention, and Care of Birth Defects, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Peter Branney
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Fisher
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harris Morrison
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Bicknell
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Perry
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kishan Sokhi
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Sexton
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya M. Bardakjian
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adele S. Schneider
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nursel Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferda Ozkinay
- Ege University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Institut für Humangenetik der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andre Mégarbané
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - C. Nur Semerci
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saemah Zafar
- Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Raoul Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Translational Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sérgio B. Sousa
- Serviço Genética Médica, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lina Ramos
- Serviço Genética Médica, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Department of Clinical Genetics, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (DRF); (HvB)
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DRF); (HvB)
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Okada I, Hamanoue H, Terada K, Tohma T, Megarbane A, Chouery E, Abou-Ghoch J, Jalkh N, Cogulu O, Ozkinay F, Horie K, Takeda J, Furuichi T, Ikegawa S, Nishiyama K, Miyatake S, Nishimura A, Mizuguchi T, Niikawa N, Hirahara F, Kaname T, Yoshiura KI, Tsurusaki Y, Doi H, Miyake N, Furukawa T, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H. SMOC1 is essential for ocular and limb development in humans and mice. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:30-41. [PMID: 21194678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia with limb anomalies (MLA) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder, presenting with anophthalmia or microphthalmia and hand and/or foot malformation. We mapped the MLA locus to 14q24 and successfully identified three homozygous (one nonsense and two splice site) mutations in the SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine)-related modular calcium binding 1 (SMOC1) in three families. Smoc1 is expressed in the developing optic stalk, ventral optic cup, and limbs of mouse embryos. Smoc1 null mice recapitulated MLA phenotypes, including aplasia or hypoplasia of optic nerves, hypoplastic fibula and bowed tibia, and syndactyly in limbs. A thinned and irregular ganglion cell layer and atrophy of the anteroventral part of the retina were also observed. Soft tissue syndactyly, resulting from inhibited apoptosis, was related to disturbed expression of genes involved in BMP signaling in the interdigital mesenchyme. Our findings indicate that SMOC1/Smoc1 is essential for ocular and limb development in both humans and mice.
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Yang X, Xie X, Chen L, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhao W, Tian R, Zhang R, Tian C, Long J, Shen Y. Structural basis for tandem L27 domain‐mediated polymerization. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.163857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Xingqiao Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Liu Chen
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology China Anhui China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Weijing Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Ran Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Changlin Tian
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology China Anhui China
| | - Jiafu Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
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