1
|
Maden Bedel F, Balasar Ö, Erol Aytekin S, Keleş S, Çaksen H. Lenz-Majewski syndrome and recurrent otitis media: Are they related or not? Eur J Med Genet 2024; 68:104910. [PMID: 38262577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism (LMHD) is a rare condition characterized by intellectual disability, sclerosing bone dysplasia, dysmorphic facial features, brachydactyly, symphalangism and cutis laxa. Nineteen cases have been reported in the literature so far, eleven of them with PTDSS1 mutations. Although studies have had clinically similar findings, in some cases the authors have reported even rarer features such as hydrocephalus, facial paralysis, and cleft palate. We, hereby, report the case of the first patient with Lenz-Majewski syndrome (LMS) with molecular confirmation from Turkey. Although our patient had characteristic features described in the literature, she also had immunodeficiency, which has not been reported before. Although there is no established phenotype-genotype correlation, molecular mechanisms can be explained with the reporting of more patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fayize Maden Bedel
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Meram Medical School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Özgür Balasar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Selma Erol Aytekin
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keleş
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Çaksen
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Meram Medical School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sugahara S, Ishino Y, Sawada K, Iwata T, Shimanaka Y, Aoki J, Arai H, Kono N. Disease-related PSS1 mutant impedes the formation and function of osteoclasts. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100443. [PMID: 37714410 PMCID: PMC10641532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an acidic phospholipid that is involved in various cellular events. Heterologous dominant mutations have been identified in the gene encoding PS synthase 1 (PSS1) in patients with a congenital disease called Lenz-Majewski syndrome (LMS). Patients with LMS show various symptoms, including craniofacial/distal-limb bone dysplasia and progressive hyperostosis. The LMS-causing gain-of-function mutants of PSS1 (PSS1LMS) have been shown to synthesize PS without control, but why the uncontrolled synthesis would lead to LMS is unknown. Here we investigated the effect of PSS1LMS on osteoclasts (OCs) to elucidate the causative mechanism of LMS. PSS1LMS did not affect the expression of OC-related genes but inhibited the formation, multinucleation, and activity of OCs. Especially, OCs expressing PSS1LMS showed abnormal patterns and dynamics of actin podosome clusters, which have roles in OC migration and fusion. PSS1LMS did not affect the level of PS but changed the acyl chain compositions of PS and phosphatidylethanolamine, and decreased the level of phosphatidylinositol. The introduction of a catalytically inactive mutation into PSSLMS canceled the changes in phospholipids and the phenotypes observed in OCs expressing PSS1LMS. A gain-of-function mutant of PSS2 (PSS2 R97K) also impaired OC formation and caused changes in phospholipid composition similar to the changes caused by PSS1LMS. Our results suggest that uncontrolled PS synthesis by PSS1LMS causes changes in the quantity or fatty acid composition of certain phospholipid classes, impairing OC formation and function, which might be a cause of osteosclerosis in patients with LMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Sugahara
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishino
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Sawada
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsumugi Iwata
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimanaka
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gracie S, Sengupta N, Ferreira C, Pemberton J, Anderson I, Wang X, Rhodes L, Brown K, Balla T, Larson A. De novo loss-of-function variant in PTDSS1 is associated with developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1739-1745. [PMID: 35224839 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo missense pathogenic variants in PTDSS1 that result in gain-of-function of phosphatidylserine synthase 1 are associated with Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism (LMHD). We identified the novel heterozygous de novo variant p.(Leu137Phe) in PTDSS1 in a child with mild-to-moderate developmental delay. Skeletal survey revealed no evidence of LMHD in this patient. Functional assessment of the p.Leu137Phe variant was performed by overexpressing the mutant protein into HEK293 cells. Following C14 -serine labeling and TLC analysis of lipids, we observed that the p.(Leu137Phe) variant displayed no catalytic activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. We conclude that p.(Leu137Phe) variant has decreased enzymatic activity and that is likely to be the etiology of the patient's symptoms given the gene's constraint in the population. This is the first report of the clinical phenotype seen in an individual with a heterozygous loss-of-function variant in PTDSS1. This phenotype is distinct from LMHD, which results from gain-of-function pathogenic variants in the same gene. Evaluation of the neurodevelopmental phenotype of additional individuals with loss-of-function variants in PTDSS1 is indicated to determine the spectrum of associated phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gracie
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nivedita Sengupta
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos Ferreira
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilse Anderson
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Austin Larson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Zhang H, Huang M, Tang J, Yang L, Yu Z, Li D, Li G, Jiang Y, Sun Y, Wei S, Xu P, Ren J. Whole-genome SNP markers reveal conservation status, signatures of selection, and introgression in Chinese Laiwu pigs. Evol Appl 2021; 14:383-398. [PMID: 33664783 PMCID: PMC7896721 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laiwu pigs are a Chinese indigenous breed that is renowned for its exceptionally high intramuscular fat content (average greater than 6%), providing an excellent genetic resource for the genetic improvement of meat quality of modern commercial pigs. To uncover genetic diversity, population structure, signature of selection, and potential exotic introgression in this breed, we sampled 238 Laiwu pigs from a state-supported conservation population and genotyped these individuals using GeneSeek 80K SNP BeadChip. We then conducted in-depth population genetics analyses for the Laiwu pig in a context of 1,116 pigs from 42 Eurasian diverse breeds. First, we show that the current Laiwu population has more abundant genetic diversity than the population of 18 years ago likely due to gene flow from European commercial breeds. Both neighbor-joining (NJ) and principal component analyses indicate the introgression of European haplotypes into Laiwu pigs. The admixture analysis reveals that an average 26.66% of Laiwu genetic components are of European origin. Then, we assigned the tested individuals to different families according to their clustering patterns in the NJ tree and proposed a family-based conservation strategy to reduce the risk of inbreeding depression in Laiwu pigs. Next, we explored three statistics (ROH and iHS and EigenGWAS) to identify a list of candidate genes for fat deposition, reproduction, and growth in Laiwu pigs. Last, we detected a strong signature of introgression from European pigs into Laiwu pigs at the GPC6 locus that regulates the growth of developing long bones. Further association analyses indicate that the introgressed GPC6 haplotype likely contributed to the improvement of growth performance in Laiwu pigs. Altogether, this study not only benefits the better conservation of the Laiwu pig, but also advances our knowledge of the poorly understood effect of human-mediated introgression on phenotypic traits in Chinese indigenous pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianhong Tang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Desen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guixin Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yongchuang Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanxiao Sun
- Jinan Conservation Farm for Laiwu PigsJinanChina
| | - Shudong Wei
- Jinan Conservation Farm for Laiwu PigsJinanChina
| | - Pan Xu
- School of Animal Science and TechnologyJiangsu Agri‐animal Husbandry Vocational CollegeTaizhouChina
| | - Jun Ren
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The phenotypic trait of high bone mass (HBM) is an excellent example of the nexus between common and rare disease genetics. HBM may arise from carriage of many 'high bone mineral density [BMD]'-associated alleles, and certainly the genetic architecture of individuals with HBM is enriched with high BMD variants identified through genome-wide association studies of BMD. HBM may also arise as a monogenic skeletal disorder, due to abnormalities in bone formation, bone resorption, and/or bone turnover. Individuals with monogenic disorders of HBM usually, though not invariably, have other skeletal abnormalities (such as mandible enlargement) and thus are best regarded as having a skeletal dysplasia rather than just isolated high BMD. A binary etiological division of HBM into polygenic vs. monogenic, however, would be excessively simplistic: the phenotype of individuals carrying rare variants of large effect can still be modified by their common variant polygenic background, and by the environment. HBM disorders-whether predominantly polygenic or monogenic in origin-are not only interesting clinically and genetically: they provide insights into bone processes that can be exploited therapeutically, with benefits both for individuals with these rare bone disorders and importantly for the many people affected by the commonest bone disease worldwide-i.e., osteoporosis. In this review we detail the genetic architecture of HBM; we provide a conceptual framework for considering HBM in the clinical context; and we discuss monogenic and polygenic causes of HBM with particular emphasis on anabolic causes of HBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Celia L. Gregson, ; Emma L. Duncan,
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Celia L. Gregson, ; Emma L. Duncan,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Afifi HH, Abdel‐Hamid MS, Mehrez MI, El‐Kamah G, Abdel‐Salam GMH. Lenz–Majewski syndrome in a patient from Egypt. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2039-2042. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H. Afifi
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research DivisionNational Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Abdel‐Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research DivisionNational Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Mennat I. Mehrez
- Orodental Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research DivisionNational Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Ghada El‐Kamah
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research DivisionNational Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Ghada M. H. Abdel‐Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research DivisionNational Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seda M, Peskett E, Demetriou C, Bryant D, Moore GE, Stanier P, Jenkins D. Analysis of transgenic zebrafish expressing the Lenz-Majewski syndrome gene PTDSS1 in skeletal cell lineages. F1000Res 2019; 8:273. [PMID: 31231513 PMCID: PMC6557000 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17314.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lenz-Majewski syndrome (LMS) is characterized by osteosclerosis and hyperostosis of skull, vertebrae and tubular bones as well as craniofacial, dental, cutaneous, and digit abnormalities. We previously found that LMS is caused by de novo dominant missense mutations in the PTDSS1 gene, which encodes phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PSS1), an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylserine. The mutations causing LMS result in a gain-of-function, leading to increased enzyme activity and blocking end-product inhibition of PSS1. Methods: Here, we have used transpose-mediated transgenesis to attempt to stably express wild-type and mutant forms of human PTDSS1 ubiquitously or specifically in chondrocytes, osteoblasts or osteoclasts in zebrafish. Results: We report multiple genomic integration sites for each of 8 different transgenes. While we confirmed that the ubiquitously driven transgene constructs were functional in terms of driving gene expression following transient transfection in HeLa cells, and that all lines exhibited expression of a heart-specific cistron within the transgene, we failed to detect PTDSS1 gene expression at either the RNA or protein levels in zebrafish. All wild-type and mutant transgenic lines of zebrafish exhibited mild scoliosis with variable incomplete penetrance which was never observed in non-transgenic animals. Conclusions: Collectively the data suggest that the transgenes are silenced, that animals with integrations that escape silencing are not viable, or that other technical factors prevent transgene expression. In conclusion, the incomplete penetrance of the phenotype and the lack of a matched transgenic control model precludes further meaningful investigations of these transgenic lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Seda
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Emma Peskett
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Dale Bryant
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gudrun E. Moore
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dagan Jenkins
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The group of sclerosing bone dysplasia's is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare bone disorders which, according to the latest Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders (2015), can be subdivided in three subgroups; the neonatal osteosclerotic dysplasias, the osteopetroses and related disorders and the other sclerosing bone disorders. Here, we give an overview of the most important radiographic and clinical symptoms, the underlying genetic defect and potential treatment options of the different sclerosing dysplasias included in these subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Boudin
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vance JE. Historical perspective: phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from the 1800s to the present. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:923-944. [PMID: 29661786 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a historical account of the discovery, chemistry, and biochemistry of two ubiquitous phosphoglycerolipids, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), including the ether lipids. In addition, the article describes the biosynthetic pathways for these phospholipids and how these pathways were elucidated. Several unique functions of PS and PE in mammalian cells in addition to their ability to define physical properties of membranes are discussed. For example, the translocation of PS from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of cells occurs during apoptosis and during some other specific physiological processes, and this translocation is responsible for profound life-or-death events. Moreover, mitochondrial function is severely impaired when the PE content of mitochondria is reduced below a threshold level. The discovery and implications of the existence of membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and their relevance for PS and PE metabolism, as well as for mitochondrial function, are also discussed. Many of the recent advances in these fields are due to the use of isotope labeling for tracing biochemical pathways. In addition, techniques for disruption of specific genes in mice are now widely used and have provided major breakthroughs in understanding the roles and metabolism of PS and PE in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Vance
- Department of Medicine and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Piard J, Lespinasse J, Vlckova M, Mensah MA, Iurian S, Simandlova M, Malikova M, Bartsch O, Rossi M, Lenoir M, Nugues F, Mundlos S, Kornak U, Stanier P, Sousa SB, Van Maldergem L. Cutis laxa and excessive bone growth due to de novo mutations in PTDSS1. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:668-675. [PMID: 29341480 PMCID: PMC5838527 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cutis laxa syndromes are multisystem disorders that share loose redundant inelastic and wrinkled skin as a common hallmark clinical feature. The underlying molecular defects are heterogeneous and 13 different genes have been involved until now, all of them being implicated in elastic fiber assembly. We provide here molecular and clinical characterization of three unrelated patients with a very rare phenotype associating cutis laxa, facial dysmorphism, severe growth retardation, hyperostotic skeletal dysplasia, and intellectual disability. This disorder called Lenz–Majewski syndrome (LMS) is associated with gain of function mutations in PTDSS1, encoding an enzyme involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. This report illustrates that LMS is an unequivocal cutis laxa syndrome and expands the clinical and molecular spectrum of this group of disorders. In the neonatal period, brachydactyly and facial dysmorphism are two early distinctive signs, later followed by intellectual disability and hyperostotic skeletal dysplasia with severe dwarfism allowing differentiation of this condition from other cutis laxa phenotypes. Further studies are needed to understand the link between PTDSS1 and extra cellular matrix assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique HumaineUniversité de Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
| | - James Lespinasse
- Service de CytogénétiqueCentre Hospitalier de Chambéry‐Hôtel DieuChambéryFrance
| | - Marketa Vlckova
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsMotol HospitalCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin A. Mensah
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und HumangenetikCharité − Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Sorin Iurian
- Faculty of MedicineLucian Blaga University SibiuSibiuRomania
| | - Martina Simandlova
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsMotol HospitalCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Marcela Malikova
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsMotol HospitalCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human GeneticsMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de LyonCentre de Recherche en Neurosciences de LyonBronFrance
| | - Marion Lenoir
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique et Imagerie de la FemmeCentre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de BesançonBesançonFrance
| | - Frédérique Nugues
- Service d'Imagerie PédiatriqueCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und HumangenetikCharité − Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und HumangenetikCharité − Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL GOS Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Sérgio B. Sousa
- Serviço de Genética MedicaHospital PediatricoCentro Hospitalar e Universitário de CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | |
Collapse
|