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Li C, Wen Y, Zhao M, Wang Y, Li P, Wang L, Wang S. A novel splice-site mutation in CHMP2B associated with frontotemporal dementia: The first report from China and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2222. [PMID: 37272767 PMCID: PMC10422061 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has genetic heterogeneity, and the endosomal ESCRTIII-complex subunit CHMP2B variant is a rare cause of FTD. The mutations in CHMP2B were first identified in a large Danish pedigree with autosomal dominant FTD, and have also been found in several individuals from Belgium, France, the United States, and Türkiye. In the Chinese population, cases of CHMP2B variant-associated FTD have never been reported. METHODS The spectrum of clinical symptoms and the genetic analysis of the presented patient were identified and investigated. Besides this case, we assessed previously reported cases with CHMP2B gene mutations. RESULTS This study presents a Chinese patient harboring a novel heterozygous A-to-T variant (NM_014043:c.532-2A>T) in CHMP2B with a phenotype compatible with FTD. Although previous reports suggested cases of CHMP2B variant-associated FTD initially presented with personality changes and stereotypical movements at the age of 50, this case was characterized by psychosis involving delusion of persecution, auditory hallucination, and suspiciousness at the earlier onset age of 44. Minigene splicing assay revealed that the splice-site variant could result in the retention of intron 5. CONCLUSION This is the first case of CHMP2B variant-associated FTD reported in the Chinese population. The novel c.532-2A>T variant in the acceptor splice site of exon 6 retaining intron 5 was predicted to cause truncated protein and protein conformation changes. This discovery may expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of CHMP2B variant-associated FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Mengqiu Zhao
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yaye Wang
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
| | - Ping Li
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
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West RJH, Ugbode C, Fort-Aznar L, Sweeney ST. Neuroprotective activity of ursodeoxycholic acid in CHMP2B Intron5 models of frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105047. [PMID: 32801000 PMCID: PMC7491204 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the most prevalent forms of early-onset dementia. It represents part of the FTD-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) spectrum, a continuum of genetically and pathologically overlapping disorders. FTD-causing mutations in CHMP2B, a gene encoding a core component of the heteromeric ESCRT-III Complex, lead to perturbed endosomal-lysosomal and autophagic trafficking with impaired proteostasis. While CHMP2B mutations are rare, dysfunctional endosomal-lysosomal signalling is common across the FTD-ALS spectrum. Using our established Drosophila and mammalian models of CHMP2BIntron5 induced FTD we demonstrate that the FDA-approved compound Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) conveys neuroprotection, downstream of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in both Drosophila and primary mammalian neurons. UDCA exhibited a dose dependent rescue of neuronal structure and function in Drosophila pan-neuronally expressing CHMP2BIntron5. Rescue of CHMP2BIntron5 dependent dendritic collapse and apoptosis with UDCA in rat primary neurons was also observed. UDCA failed to ameliorate aberrant accumulation of endosomal and autophagic organelles or ubiquitinated neuronal inclusions in both models. We demonstrate the neuroprotective activity of UDCA downstream of endosomal-lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction, delineating the molecular mode of action of UDCA and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic for the treatment of FTD-ALS spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J H West
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Chris Ugbode
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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3
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive changes in behavior, personality, and language with involvement of the frontal and temporal regions of the brain. About 40% of FTD cases have a positive family history, and about 10% of these cases are inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. These gene defects present with distinct clinical phenotypes. As the diagnosis of FTD becomes more recognizable, it will become increasingly important to keep these gene mutations in mind. In this chapter, we review the genes with known associations to FTD. We discuss protein functions, mutation frequencies, clinical phenotypes, imaging characteristics, and pathology associated with these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Deleon
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Sadoul R, Laporte MH, Chassefeyre R, Chi KI, Goldberg Y, Chatellard C, Hemming FJ, Fraboulet S. The role of ESCRT during development and functioning of the nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:40-49. [PMID: 28811263 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is made of subcomplexes (ESCRT 0-III), crucial to membrane remodelling at endosomes, nuclear envelope and cell surface. ESCRT-III shapes membranes and in most cases cooperates with the ATPase VPS4 to mediate fission of membrane necks from the inside. The first ESCRT complexes mainly serve to catalyse the formation of ESCRT-III but can be bypassed by accessory proteins like the Alg-2 interacting protein-X (ALIX). In the nervous system, ALIX/ESCRT controls the survival of embryonic neural progenitors and later on the outgrowth and pruning of axons and dendrites, all necessary steps to establish a functional brain. In the adult brain, ESCRTs allow the endosomal turn over of synaptic vesicle proteins while stable ESCRT complexes might serve as scaffolds for the postsynaptic parts. The necessity of ESCRT for the harmonious function of the brain has its pathological counterpart, the mutations in CHMP2B of ESCRT-III giving rise to several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marine H Laporte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Chassefeyre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Kwang Il Chi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Goldberg
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Chatellard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Fraboulet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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5
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Vernay A, Therreau L, Blot B, Risson V, Dirrig-Grosch S, Waegaert R, Lequeu T, Sellal F, Schaeffer L, Sadoul R, Loeffler JP, René F. A transgenic mouse expressing CHMP2Bintron5 mutant in neurons develops histological and behavioural features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3341-3360. [PMID: 27329763 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) are associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and with a mixed ALS-FTD syndrome. To model this syndrome, we generated a transgenic mouse line expressing the human CHMP2Bintron5 mutant in a neuron-specific manner. These mice developed a dose-dependent disease phenotype. A longitudinal study revealed progressive gait abnormalities, reduced muscle strength and decreased motor coordination. CHMP2Bintron5 mice died due to generalized paralysis. When paralyzed, signs of denervation were present as attested by altered electromyographic profiles, by decreased number of fully innervated neuromuscular junctions, by reduction in size of motor endplates and by a decrease of sciatic nerve axons area. However, spinal motor neurons cell bodies were preserved until death. In addition to the motor dysfunctions, CHMP2Bintron5 mice progressively developed FTD-relevant behavioural modifications such as disinhibition, stereotypies, decrease in social interactions, compulsivity and change in dietary preferences. Furthermore, neurons in the affected spinal cord and brain regions showed accumulation of p62-positive cytoplasmic inclusions associated or not with ubiquitin and CHMP2Bintron5 As observed in FTD3 patients, these inclusions were negative for TDP-43 and FUS. Moreover, astrogliosis and microgliosis developed with age. Altogether, these data indicate that the neuronal expression of human CHMP2Bintron5 in areas involved in motor and cognitive functions induces progressive motor alterations associated with dementia symptoms and with histopathological hallmarks reminiscent of both ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Vernay
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludivine Therreau
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, F-38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Valérie Risson
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL/HCL Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robin Waegaert
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thiebault Lequeu
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Sellal
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Neurology department, Hôpitaux civils and CMRR, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL/HCL Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, F-38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédérique René
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France .,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Spencer B, Kim C, Gonzalez T, Bisquertt A, Patrick C, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Lee SJ, Desplats P, Masliah E. α-Synuclein interferes with the ESCRT-III complex contributing to the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1100-15. [PMID: 26740557 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) has been implicated in neurological disorders with parkinsonism, including Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy body. Recent studies have shown α-syn oligomers released from neurons can propagate from cell-to-cell in a prion-like fashion exacerbating neurodegeneration. In this study, we examined the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway on the propagation of α-syn. α-syn, which is transported via the ESCRT pathway through multivesicular bodies for degradation, can also target the degradation of the ESCRT protein-charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP2B), thus generating a roadblock of endocytosed α-syn. Disruption of the ESCRT transport system also resulted in increased exocytosis of α-syn thus potentially increasing cell-to-cell propagation of synuclein. Conversely, delivery of a lentiviral vector overexpressing CHMP2B rescued the neurodegeneration in α-syn transgenic mice. Better understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of α-syn might be important for understanding the pathogenesis and developing new treatments for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA and
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Xu J, Nonogaki M, Madhira R, Ma HY, Hermanson O, Kioussi C, Gross MK. Population-specific regulation of Chmp2b by Lbx1 during onset of synaptogenesis in lateral association interneurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48573. [PMID: 23284619 PMCID: PMC3528757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chmp2b is closely related to Vps2, a key component of the yeast protein complex that creates the intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Dominant negative mutations in Chmp2b cause autophagosome accumulation and neurodegenerative disease. Loss of Chmp2b causes failure of dendritic spine maturation in cultured neurons. The homeobox gene Lbx1 plays an essential role in specifying postmitotic dorsal interneuron populations during late pattern formation in the neural tube. We have discovered that Chmp2b is one of the most highly regulated cell-autonomous targets of Lbx1 in the embryonic mouse neural tube. Chmp2b was expressed and depended on Lbx1 in only two of the five nascent, Lbx1-expressing, postmitotic, dorsal interneuron populations. It was also expressed in neural tube cell populations that lacked Lbx1 protein. The observed population-specific expression of Chmp2b indicated that only certain population-specific combinations of sequence specific transcription factors allow Chmp2b expression. The cell populations that expressed Chmp2b corresponded, in time and location, to neurons that make the first synapses of the spinal cord. Chmp2b protein was transported into neurites within the motor- and association-neuropils, where the first synapses are known to form between E11.5 and E12.5 in mouse neural tubes. Selective, developmentally-specified gene expression of Chmp2b may therefore be used to endow particular neuronal populations with the ability to mature dendritic spines. Such a mechanism could explain how mammalian embryos reproducibly establish the disynaptic cutaneous reflex only between particular cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mariko Nonogaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ravi Madhira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Cohn-Hokke PE, Elting MW, Pijnenburg YAL, van Swieten JC. Genetics of dementia: update and guidelines for the clinician. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:628-43. [PMID: 22815225 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With increased frequency, clinical geneticists are asked for genetic advice on the heredity of dementia in families. Alzheimer's disease is in most cases a complex disease, but may be autosomal dominant inherited. Mutations in the PSEN1 gene are the most common genetic cause of early onset Alzheimer's disease, whereas APP and PSEN2 gene mutations are less frequent. Familial frontotemporal dementia may be associated with a mutation in the MAPT or GRN gene, or with a repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. All these genes show autosomal dominant inheritance with a high penetrance. Although Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia are clinically distinguishable entities, phenotypical overlap may occur. Rarely, dementia is caused by mutations in other autosomal dominant genes or by genetic defects with autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant or mitochondrial inheritance. The inherited forms of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease show a large phenotypic variability also within families, resulting in many remaining uncertainties for mutation carriers. Therefore, genetic counseling before performing genetic testing is essential in both symptomatic individuals and healthy at risk relatives. This review provides an overview of the genetic causes of dementia and discusses all aspects relevant for genetic counseling and testing. Furthermore, based on current knowledge, we provide algorithms for genetic testing in patients with early onset Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra E Cohn-Hokke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Isaacs AM, Johannsen P, Holm I, Nielsen JE. Frontotemporal dementia caused by CHMP2B mutations. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 8:246-51. [PMID: 21222599 PMCID: PMC3182073 DOI: 10.2174/156720511795563764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CHMP2B mutations are a rare cause of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The best studied example is frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3 (FTD-3) which occurs in a large Danish family, with a further CHMP2B mutation identified in an unrelated Belgian familial FTD patient. These mutations lead to C-terminal truncations of the CHMP2B protein and we will review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular effects of these mutant truncated proteins on vesicular fusion events within the endosome-lysosome and autophagy degradation pathways. We will also review the clinical features of FTD caused by CHMP2B truncation mutations as well as new brain imaging and neuropathological findings. Finally, we collate the current data on CHMP2B missense mutations, which have been reported in FTD and motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, VCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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10
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Ferrari R, Hardy J, Momeni P. Frontotemporal dementia: from Mendelian genetics towards genome wide association studies. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:500-15. [PMID: 21898125 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is the most common cause of dementia of non-Alzheimer's type worldwide. It manifests, clinically, with behavioural changes and language impairment and is pathologically associated with tau- or ubiquitin-positive inclusions detected in neurons and glial cells of the frontal and temporal lobes in the brain. Genetic variations in the microtubule-associated protein tau and progranulin genes explain almost 50% of familial cases, whilst variations in TAR DNA-binding protein, charged multivescicular body protein 2B, valosin-containing protein and fused in sarcoma genes contribute to <5% of cases. The rapidly developing investigative techniques available to geneticists such as genome-wide association studies, whole-exome sequencing and, soon, whole-genome sequencing promise to contribute to the unravelling of the genetic architecture of this complex disease and, in the future, to the development of more sensitive, accurate and effective diagnostic and treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St. STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Kaivorinne AL, Krüger J, Udd B, Majamaa K, Remes AM. Mutations in CHMP2B are not a cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration in Finnish patients. Eur J Neurol 2011; 17:1393-5. [PMID: 20412296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a genetically complex disorder. The majority of mutations linked to FTLD families are found in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PGRN) genes. Mutations in the chromatin-modifying protein 2B gene (CHMP2B) have been identified in a few families. However, CHMP2B has been showed to be a rare cause of FTLD. Our aim was to determine the frequency of CHMP2B mutations in a clinical series of patients with FTLD in Northern Finland. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined 72 (36 men) Finnish patients with FTLD. The mean age at onset was 58.9 (range 43–80). Symptoms of motor neuron disease (FTLDMND) were present in 12 patients (17%). Positive family history was detected in 28% of the patients. Mutations in MAPT and PGRN were excluded from these patients. All exons and exon–intron boundaries of the CHMP2B gene were sequenced. RESULTS No pathogenic CHMP2B mutations were found. A rare polymorphism in the non-coding region of exon 1 (rs36098294) and three other previously reported polymorphisms were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that mutations in CHMP2B are not a common cause of FTLD. MAPT and PGRN mutations are also rare in Finnish population, suggesting that other, still unknown genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of FTLD in Finnish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Kaivorinne
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the genetic causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Approximately 40% to 50% of patients diagnosed with FTLD have a family history of a ''related disorder,'' whereas 10% to 40% have an autosomal dominant family history for the disease. At this time, mutations occurring in 2 independent genes located on the same chromosome (MAPT and GRN) have been shown to cause the majority of cases of autosomal dominant FTLD. Specific genetic, molecular, pathological, and phenotypic variations associated with each of these gene mutations are discussed, as well as markers that may help differentiate the 2. In addition, 3 relatively rare, additional genes known to cause familial FTLD are examined in brief. Lastly, genetic counseling issues which may be important to the community clinician are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M See
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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13
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Ferrari R, Kapogiannis D, Huey ED, Grafman J, Hardy J, Momeni P. Novel missense mutation in charged multivesicular body protein 2B in a patient with frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2010; 24:397-401. [PMID: 20592581 PMCID: PMC2974047 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3181df20c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second major cause of dementia in persons below the age of 65 years after Alzheimer disease. FTD is clinically, pathologically, and genetically heterogeneous and has been associated with mutations in different genes located on chromosomes 17, 9, and 3. In our study we report a novel heterozygous g.26218G>A variant in exon 6 of charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B), predicted to cause the amino acid change p.Ser187Asn, in one patient diagnosed with FTD. We were not able to determine the mode of inheritance of the mutation as we did not have access to the genetically informative family members of the proband; those who were screened did not carry the variant. We did not find this variant in 273 White controls although we did find it in 6 of 94 African-American controls. Most of the mutations in CHMP2B which are considered pathogenic lead to partial deletion of the C-terminus region of CHMP2B protein. Based on previous reports and on our current data, missense mutations in this gene seem unlikely to be pathogenic. The pathogenicity of CHMP2B mutations requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine, 3601 4 street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, UCL, 9th Floor, Queen Square House Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG England
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bldg. 10 room 7D43, MSC 1440 NIH Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1440, USA
| | - Edward D. Huey
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bldg. 10 room 7D43, MSC 1440 NIH Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1440, USA
- Litwin-Zucker Center for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory Disorders, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Healthcare System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030-3816, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bldg. 10 room 7D43, MSC 1440 NIH Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1440, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, building 35, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, UCL, 9th Floor, Queen Square House Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG England
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine, 3601 4 street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
- Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3601 4 street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
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14
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Ghanim M, Guillot-Noel L, Pasquier F, Jornea L, Deramecourt V, Dubois B, Le Ber I, Brice A. CHMP2B mutations are rare in French families with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol 2010; 257:2032-6. [PMID: 20625756 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two C-truncating CHMP2B (chromatin modifying protein 2B) mutations were recently found in Danish and Belgian families with autosomal dominant forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). In addition, few CHMP2B missense mutations of uncertain pathogenic role were reported in several families with FTLD or FTLD associated with motoneuron disease (FTLD-MND). In order to determine the genetic contribution of CHMP2B mutations in FTLD and FTLD-MND families, we analyzed the CHMP2B gene in 198 French probands with familial FTLD and FTLD-MND. One CHMP2B missense variant was found in a proband with familial FTLD (0.8%). The pathogenic role of CHMP2B missense variants is unclear, however the pSer194Leu substitution, located in the C-terminal domain of the protein, was predicted to alter the stability of the protein by in silico analyses. We conclude that CHMP2B mutations represent a rare cause of familial FTLD and they are not implicated in familial FTLD-MND in French patients. The previously reported C-truncating CHMP2B mutations may be private to the Danish and Belgian pedigrees.
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15
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Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a highly familial condition and is increasingly being recognized as an important form of dementia. The literature published on this disease is often difficult to collate due to the wide range in nomenclature used. Thankfully, consensus recommendations have now been published to address this issue and hopefully the community will adopt these as intended. Much progress has been made in our understanding of the clinical, pathological and genetic understanding of FTLD in recent years. Progranulin and TDP-43 have recently been identified as new important proteins involved in the pathophysiology of FTLD and this latter protein may have potential as a biomarker of this disease. However, much remains before we have a full picture of the genes that cause FTLD and the biological pathways in which they function. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current concepts and recent advances in our knowledge of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pickering-Brown
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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16
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Bronner IF, Bochdanovits Z, Rizzu P, Kamphorst W, Ravid R, van Swieten JC, Heutink P. Comprehensive mRNA expression profiling distinguishes tauopathies and identifies shared molecular pathways. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6826. [PMID: 19714246 PMCID: PMC2729393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the aetiologies of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease (PiD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is often hampered by the considerable clinical and molecular overlap between these diseases and normal ageing. The development of high throughput genomic technologies such as microarrays provide a new molecular tool to gain insight in the complexity and relationships between diseases, as they provide data on the simultaneous activity of multiple genes, gene networks and cellular pathways. Methodology/Principal Findings We have constructed genome wide expression profiles from snap frozen post-mortem tissue from the medial temporal lobe of patients with four neurodegenerative disorders (5 AD, 5 PSP, 5 PiD and 5 FTD patients) and 5 control subjects. All patients were matched for age, gender, ApoE-ε and MAPT (tau) haplotype. From all groups a total of 790 probes were shown to be differently expressed when compared to control individuals. The results from these experiments were then used to investigate the correlations between clinical, pathological and molecular findings. From the 790 identified probes we extracted a gene set of 166 probes whose expression could discriminate between these disorders and normal ageing. Conclusions/Significance From genome wide expression profiles we extracted a gene set of 166 probes whose expression could discriminate between neurological disorders and normal ageing. This gene set can be further developed into an accurate microarray-based classification test. Furthermore, from this dataset we extracted a disease specific set of genes and identified two aging related transcription factors (FOXO1A and FOXO3A) as possible drug targets related to neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraad F. Bronner
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, and Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Bochdanovits
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, and Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, and Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kamphorst
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rivka Ravid
- Netherlands Brain Bank, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Heutink
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, and Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Mutations in the CHMP2B (charged multivesicular body protein 2B) gene that lead to C-terminal truncations of the protein can cause frontotemporal dementia. CHMP2B is a member of ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport III), which is required for formation of the multivesicular body, a late endosomal structure that fuses with the lysosome to degrade endocytosed proteins. Overexpression of mutant C-terminally truncated CHMP2B proteins produces an enlarged endosomal phenotype in PC12 and human neuroblastoma cells, which is likely to be due to a dominant-negative effect on endosomal function. Disruption of normal endosomal trafficking is likely to affect the transport of neuronal growth factors and autophagic clearance of proteins, both of which could contribute to neurodegeneration in frontotemporal dementia.
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Lindquist SG, Braedgaard H, Svenstrup K, Isaacs AM, Nielsen JE. Frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3 (FTD-3)--current concepts and the detection of a previously unknown branch of the Danish FTD-3 family. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:667-70. [PMID: 18484988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among patients with onset of dementia below the age of 65 years, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most prevalent cause, secondary only to Alzheimer's disease. Recent advances in understanding the heterogeneous genetic background for different clinical and neuropathological entities of FTD have involved identification of several new causative genes. METHODS AND RESULTS We report the finding of a truncating mutation in the CHMP2B gene (c.532-1G>C) in a patient with early onset dementia. The patient was previously not known to be related to the single Danish pedigree known to have this specific mutation. Subsequently he has turned out to represent a new branch of the family with several affected individuals. DISCUSSION Our findings highlight the need for awareness of the CHMP2B mutation and associated clinical phenotype for neurological assessment in Denmark. Further, we discuss recent advances and current concepts in the understanding of CHMP2B-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Lindquist
- Memory Disorders Research Group, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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19
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Pickering-Brown SM, Rollinson S, Du Plessis D, Morrison KE, Varma A, Richardson AMT, Neary D, Snowden JS, Mann DMA. Frequency and clinical characteristics of progranulin mutation carriers in the Manchester frontotemporal lobar degeneration cohort: comparison with patients with MAPT and no known mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:721-31. [PMID: 18192287 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and twenty-three consecutive patients fulfilling clinical diagnostic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and 259 patients with motor neuron disease (MND), for whom genomic DNA was available, were investigated for the presence of mutations in tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PGRN) genes. All FTLD patients had undergone longitudinal neuropsychological and clinical assessment, and in 44 cases, the diagnosis had been pathologically confirmed at post-mortem. Six different PGRN mutations were found in 13 (6%) patients with FTLD. Four apparently unrelated patients shared exon Q415X 10 stop codon mutation. However, genotyping data revealed all four patients shared common alleles of 15 SNPs from rs708386 to rs5848, defining a 45.8-kb haplotype containing the whole PGRN gene, suggesting they are related. Three patients shared exon 11 R493X stop codon mutation. Four patients shared exon 10 V452WfsX38 frameshift mutation. Two of these patients were siblings, though not apparently related to the other patients who in turn appeared unrelated. One patient had exon 1 C31LfsX34 frameshift mutation, one had exon 4 Q130SfsX130 frameshift mutation and one had exon 10 Q468X stop codon mutation. In addition, two non-synonymous changes were detected: G168S change in exon 5 was found in a single patient, with no family history, who showed a mixed FTLD/MND picture and A324T change in exon 9 was found in two cases; one case of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with a sister with FTD+MND and the other in a case of progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) without any apparent family history. MAPT mutations were found in 17 (8%) patients. One patient bore exon 10 + 13 splice mutation, and 16 patients bore exon 10 + 16 splice mutation. When PGRN and MAPT mutation carriers were excluded, there were no significant differences in either the allele or genotype frequencies, or haplotype frequencies, between the FTLD cohort as a whole, or for any clinical diagnostic FTLD subgroup, and 286 controls or between MND cases and controls. However, possession of the A allele of SNP rs9897526, in intron 4 of PGRN, delayed mean age at onset by approximately 4 years. Patients with PGRN and MAPT mutations did not differ significantly from other FTLD cases in terms of gender distribution or total duration of illness. However, a family history of dementia in a first-degree relative was invariably present in MAPT cases, but not always so in PGRN cases. Onset of illness was earlier in MAPT cases compared to PGRN and other FTLD cases. PNFA, combined with limb apraxia was significantly more common in PGRN mutation cases than other FTLD cases. By contrast, the behavioural disorder of FTD combined with semantic impairment was a strong predictor of MAPT mutations. These findings complement recent clinico-pathological findings in suggesting identifiable associations between clinical phenotype and genotype in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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21
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Filimonenko M, Stuffers S, Raiborg C, Yamamoto A, Malerød L, Fisher EMC, Isaacs A, Brech A, Stenmark H, Simonsen A. Functional multivesicular bodies are required for autophagic clearance of protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:485-500. [PMID: 17984323 PMCID: PMC2064794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200702115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) are required to sort integral membrane proteins into intralumenal vesicles of the multivesicular body (MVB). Mutations in the ESCRT-III subunit CHMP2B were recently associated with frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal ubiquitin-positive protein deposits in affected neurons. We show here that autophagic degradation is inhibited in cells depleted of ESCRT subunits and in cells expressing CHMP2B mutants, leading to accumulation of protein aggregates containing ubiquitinated proteins, p62 and Alfy. Moreover, we find that functional MVBs are required for clearance of TDP-43 (identified as the major ubiquitinated protein in ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin deposits), and of expanded polyglutamine aggregates associated with Huntington's disease. Together, our data indicate that efficient autophagic degradation requires functional MVBs and provide a possible explanation to the observed neurodegenerative phenotype seen in patients with CHMP2B mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filimonenko
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo and Department of Biochemistry, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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22
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van der Zee J, Urwin H, Engelborghs S, Bruyland M, Vandenberghe R, Dermaut B, De Pooter T, Peeters K, Santens P, De Deyn PP, Fisher EM, Collinge J, Isaacs AM, Van Broeckhoven C. CHMP2B C-truncating mutations in frontotemporal lobar degeneration are associated with an aberrant endosomal phenotype in vitro. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:313-22. [PMID: 17956895 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The charged multivesicular body protein 2B gene (CHMP2B) was recently associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) linked to chromosome 3 in a Danish FTLD family (FTD-3). In this family, a mutation in the acceptor splice site of exon 6 produced two aberrant transcripts predicting two C-truncated CHMP2B proteins due to a read through of intron 5 (p.Met178ValfsX2) and a cryptic splicing event within exon 6 (p.Met178LeufsX30). Extensive mutation analysis of CHMP2B in Belgian patients (N = 146) identified one nonsense mutation in exon 5 (c.493C>T) in a familial FTLD patient, predicting a C-truncated protein p.Gln165X analogous to the Danish mutant proteins. Overexpression of Belgian p.Gln165X in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells showed the formation of large, aberrant endosomal structures that were highly similar to those observed for Danish p.Met178ValfsX2. Together, these data suggest that C-truncating mutations in CHMP2B might underlie the pathogenic mechanism in FTLD by disturbing endosome function. We also describe a missense mutation in exon 5 of CHMP2B (p.Asn143Ser) in a familial patient with cortical basal degeneration. However, the pathogenic character of this mutation remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
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23
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van der Zee J, Gijselinck I, Pirici D, Kumar-Singh S, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions: a molecular genetic update. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:227-35. [PMID: 17596717 DOI: 10.1159/000101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically, pathologically and genetically highly complex disorder. In the last few years enormous progress has been made in dissecting the genetic etiology of FTLD. Mutations have been identified in the progranulin gene (PGRN), the charged multivesicular body protein 2B gene (CHMP2B) and the valosin-containing protein gene (VCP). Mutations in these genes all lead to FTLD pathology characterized by ubiquitin-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic and intranuclear lentiform inclusions (FTLD-U). The similar pathology suggests that these genes may be connected trough a common disease pathway leading to neurodegeneration and the formation of these pathognomic inclusions. This review focuses on the molecular genetic processes underlying FTLD-U pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
This article describes the remarkable progress that has been made over the past decade in identifying the genetic contribution to frontotemporal dementia. The clinical and neuropathologic features of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 and the nature of the mutations in the progranulin and microtubule-associated protein tau genes are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Haugarvoll
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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25
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Abstract
The clinical disorders associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are increasingly recognized as an important cause of early-onset dementia. Patients usually present with progressive changes in personality, behavior, or language, progressing to general cognitive impairment and ultimately death. In the past decade, improved clinical and histopathologic characterization uncovered extensive heterogeneity, and multiple clinical and pathologic FTLD subtypes were defined. Simultaneously, the discovery of four causal FTLD genes emphasized the genetic complexity associated with FTLD. More recently, the field of FTLD has gained increased attention as a result of two major findings. First, mutations in the progranulin gene (PGRN) were recognized as a major cause of FTLD with ubiquitin-positive and tau-negative inclusions (FTLD-U), and subsequently the TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) was identified as a key protein within the ubiquitinated inclusions in FTLD-U and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this report, we outline the progress made in the study of the genetic etiologies and neuropathologic substrates in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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26
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Pickering-Brown SM. Progranulin and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:39-47. [PMID: 17572900 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is the term used to describe the non-Alzheimer clinical syndromes of frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia and progressive non-fluent aphasia, regardless of the underlying neuropathological features. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the aetiology of this disorder, notably the identification of mutations in tau and progranulin genes, both on chromosome 17q21. Mutations in tau appear to affect the ability of tau to bind microtubules and/or increase this protein's ability to form fibrils. In contrast, progranulin mutations cause haploinsufficiency leading to TDP-43 accumulation. These genes collectively account for 10-20% of FTLD. However, it is clear that much remains to be discovered before our knowledge of this heterogeneous condition is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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27
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Kumar-Singh S, Van Broeckhoven C. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: current concepts in the light of recent advances. Brain Pathol 2007; 17:104-14. [PMID: 17493044 PMCID: PMC8095552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Work done over the past decade has led to a molecular understanding of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a deadly disease that afflicts patients in mid-life. It is a common cause of dementia, second only to Alzheimer's disease in the population below 65 years of age. Neuroanatomical and neurobiological substrates have been identified for the three major subtypes of FTLD and these discoveries have broadened the FTLD spectrum to include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in MAPT were found to cause frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), a familial disorder with filamentous tau inclusions in nerve cells and glial cells. FTDP-17 can result in clinical syndromes that closely resemble progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and Pick's disease. More recently, mutations in three genes (VCP, CHMP2B and PGRN) have been found to cause FTLD with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative neuronal inclusions (FTLD-U). They explain a large proportion of inherited FTLD-U. It remains to be seen whether dementia lacking distinctive histopathology (DLDH) constitutes a third disease category, as many of these cases are now being reclassified as FTLD-U. Recently, TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) has been identified as a key protein of the ubiquitin inclusions of FTLD-U and ALS. Thus, for familial forms of FTLD and related disorders, we now know the primary etiologies and accumulating proteins. These findings are pivotal for dissecting the pathways by which different etiologies lead to the varied clinicopathological presentations of FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar-Singh
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, VIB, Institute Born-Bunge and University of Antwerp, BE-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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28
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Rollinson S, Snowden JS, Neary D, Morrison KE, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM. TDP-43 gene analysis in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurosci Lett 2007; 419:1-4. [PMID: 17434264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been established that the ubiquitinated neuronal inclusions and neurites observed in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) contain the TAR DNA-binding protein, TDP-43. It is not uncommon for genetic variation of genes that encode proteins that accumulate in neurodegenerative conditions to increase risk for disease. We therefore examined whether variation of the TDP-43 locus was associated with an increased risk of disease in the Manchester FTLD cohort. We found no evidence of TDP-43 variation increasing risk for FTLD in this cohort. These data suggest that TDP-43 accumulation is a consequence of the disease process underlying FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rollinson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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29
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Pickering-Brown SM. The complex aetiology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Exp Neurol 2007; 206:1-10. [PMID: 17509568 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is now a widely recognised form of dementia. This heterogeneous disease has been of particular interest to geneticists due to its high rate of heritability with up to 40% of patients reporting a family history of the disease in at least one extra family member. There have been several chromosome loci linked to this disorder and three genes have already been identified. Remarkably, it has been recently demonstrated that 2 of these are only 1.7 Mb from one another on chromosome 17q21, these being tau and progranulin. The identification of these genes has contributed greatly to our understanding of the differing neuropathologies associated with FTLD. Furthermore, the discovery that TDP-43 is a component of the neuronal inclusions seen in the most common neuropathological subtype has also helped expand the biochemical pathways that are the focus of much FTLD research. Nevertheless, other genes causing FTLD remain to be identified and their biology elucidated before we have a complete understanding of the complex aetiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, and Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
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30
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Bronner IF, Rizzu P, Seelaar H, van Mil SE, Anar B, Azmani A, Donker Kaat L, Rosso S, Heutink P, van Swieten JC. Progranulin mutations in Dutch familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:369-74. [PMID: 17228326 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the progranulin (PGRN) gene have recently been identified in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin inclusions linked to chromosome 17q21. We report here the finding of two novel frameshift mutations and three possible pathogenic missense mutations in the PGRN gene. Furthermore, we determined the frequency of PGRN mutations in familial cases recruited from a large population-based study of frontotemporal lobar degeneration carried out in The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraad F Bronner
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Center and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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