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Atli EI, Atli E, Yalcintepe S, Demir S, Mail C, Eker D, Ozen Y, Gurkan H. Clinical Features of Aberrations Chromosome 22q: A Pilot Study. Glob Med Genet 2021; 9:42-50. [PMID: 35169783 PMCID: PMC8837404 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
A significant number of genetic variations have been identified in chromosome 22, using molecular genetic techniques. Various genomic disorders on chromosome 22, including cat's eye syndrome caused by extra copies of the proximal region of the 22q chromosome, are now well-defined. Our aim in the study was to show phenotypic variability associated with rearrangements of the 22q chromosomal region.
Methods
We focused our study on clinical aspects of these disorders, including genetic testing, genotype-phenotype correlation, and potential treatments. A total of 998 patients were referred for genetic analysis (Karyotyping, MLPA, array-CGH) during January 2015 to February 2020 because of intellectual deficiency, behavior issues, and/or multiple congenital abnormalities in several genetics departments. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients and/or their parents.
Results
22q11.21 or 22q13.33 microdeletions and 22q11.22-q11.23 microduplication were identified in 31 patients out of referrals. The 22q aberrations were detected in 31/998 patients, giving a prevalence of 3.1%. In this study, 18 patients with 22q11.2 (LCR22A-H) deletion, three patients with 22q13.31 deletion, 9 patients with 22q11.2 duplication and one patient with 22q13.31 duplication were identified. We report on the clinical and molecular characterization of 31 individuals with distal deletions and duplications of chromosome 22q.
Conclusions
The current study demonstrated in the largest postnatal case series reporting the whole spectrum of atypical phenotypic and genotypic variations at 22q. We believe that when all the phenotypic differences are taken into account, various anomalies including developmental delay and intellectual disability might be considered as an indication to search for aberrations of 22q along with congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ikbal Atli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Engin Atli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yalcintepe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Selma Demir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Cisem Mail
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Damla Eker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Kunii Y, Matsumoto J, Izumi R, Nagaoka A, Hino M, Shishido R, Sainouchi M, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Kakita A, Yabe H. Evidence for Altered Phosphoinositide Signaling-Associated Molecules in the Postmortem Prefrontal Cortex of Patients with Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8280. [PMID: 34361045 PMCID: PMC8348881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) play important roles in the structure and function of the brain. Associations between PIs and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have been studied. However, the significance of the PI metabolic pathway in the pathology of schizophrenia is unknown. We examined the expression of PI signaling-associated proteins in the postmortem brain of schizophrenia patients. Protein expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma (PIP5K1C), phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha (PIK4CA, also known as PIK4A), phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN), protein kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of postmortem samples from 23 schizophrenia patients and 47 normal controls. We also examined the association between PIK4CA expression and its genetic variants in the same brain samples. PIK4CA expression was lower, whereas Akt expression was higher, in the PFC of schizophrenia patients than in that of controls; PIP5K1C, PTEN, and GSK3β expression was not different. No single-nucleotide polymorphism significantly affected protein expression. We identified molecules involved in the pathology of schizophrenia via this lipid metabolic pathway. These results suggest that PIK4CA is involved in the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and is a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Kunii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Junya Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ryuta Izumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Atsuko Nagaoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Mizuki Hino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Risa Shishido
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Makoto Sainouchi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Aichi 467-8601, Japan;
- Department of Community-Based Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Aichi 441-8124, Japan;
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Aichi 441-8124, Japan;
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (J.M.); (R.I.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (R.S.); (H.Y.)
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3
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Forsyth JK, Nachun D, Gandal MJ, Geschwind DH, Anderson AE, Coppola G, Bearden CE. Synaptic and Gene Regulatory Mechanisms in Schizophrenia, Autism, and 22q11.2 Copy Number Variant-Mediated Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:150-163. [PMID: 31500805 PMCID: PMC6925326 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 copy number variants are among the most highly penetrant genetic risk variants for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the specific mechanisms through which they confer risk remain unclear. METHODS Using a functional genomics approach, we integrated transcriptomic data from the developing human brain, genome-wide association findings for SCZ and ASD, protein interaction data, and gene expression signatures from SCZ and ASD postmortem cortex to 1) organize genes into the developmental cellular and molecular systems within which they operate, 2) identify neurodevelopmental processes associated with polygenic risk for SCZ and ASD across the allelic frequency spectrum, and 3) elucidate pathways and individual genes through which 22q11.2 copy number variants may confer risk for each disorder. RESULTS Polygenic risk for SCZ and ASD converged on partially overlapping neurodevelopmental modules involved in synaptic function and transcriptional regulation, with ASD risk variants additionally enriched for modules involved in neuronal differentiation during fetal development. The 22q11.2 locus formed a large protein network during development that disproportionately affected SCZ-associated and ASD-associated neurodevelopmental modules, including loading highly onto synaptic and gene regulatory pathways. SEPT5, PI4KA, and SNAP29 genes are candidate drivers of 22q11.2 synaptic pathology relevant to SCZ and ASD, and DGCR8 and HIRA are candidate drivers of disease-relevant alterations in gene regulation. CONCLUSIONS This approach offers a powerful framework to identify neurodevelopmental processes affected by diverse risk variants for SCZ and ASD and elucidate mechanisms through which highly penetrant, multigene copy number variants contribute to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Daniel Nachun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ariana E Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Rogdaki M, Gudbrandsen M, McCutcheon RA, Blackmore CE, Brugger S, Ecker C, Craig MC, Daly E, Murphy DGM, Howes O. Magnitude and heterogeneity of brain structural abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1704-1717. [PMID: 31925327 PMCID: PMC7387301 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a number of volumetric brain abnormalities. The syndrome is also associated with an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. An earlier meta-analysis showed reduced grey and white matter volumes in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Since this analysis was conducted, the number of studies has increased markedly, permitting more precise estimates of effects and more regions to be examined. Although 22q11.2DS is clinically heterogeneous, it is not known to what extent this heterogeneity is mirrored in neuroanatomy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate differences in mean brain volume and structural variability within regions, between 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls. We examined studies that reported measures of brain volume using MRI in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO from inception to 1 May 2019. Data were extracted from studies in order to calculate effect sizes representing case-control difference in mean volume, and in the variability of volume (as measured using the log variability ratio (lnVR) and coefficient of variation ratio (CVR)). We found significant overall decreases in mean volume in 22q11.2DS compared with control for: total brain (g = -0.96; p < 0.001); total grey matter (g = -0.81, p < 0.001); and total white matter (g = -0.81; p < 0.001). There was also a significant overall reduction of mean volume in 22q11.2DS subjects compared with controls in frontal lobe (g = -0.47; p < 0.001), temporal lobe (g = -0.84; p < 0.001), parietal lobe (g = -0.73; p = 0.053), cerebellum (g = -1.25; p < 0.001) and hippocampus (g = -0.90; p < 0.001). Significantly increased variability in 22q11.2DS individuals compared with controls was found only for the hippocampus (VR, 1.14; p = 0.036; CVR, 1.30; p < 0.001), and lateral ventricles (VR, 1.56; p = 0.004). The results support the notion that structural abnormalities in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia are convergent, and also to some degree with findings in autism spectrum disorder. Finally, the increased variability seen in the hippocampus in 22q11.2DS may underlie some of the heterogeneity observed in the neuropsychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rogdaki
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Charlotte E Blackmore
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Stefan Brugger
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK ,0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ UK ,0000000121901201grid.83440.3bDivision of Psychiatry, UCL, Maple House, London, W1T 7NF UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael C Craig
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2324 5535grid.415717.1National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK
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Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Scambler PJ. Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 176:2070-2081. [PMID: 30380194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital malformation and neuropsychiatric disorder caused by meiotic chromosome rearrangements. One of the goals of this review is to summarize the current state of basic research studies of 22q11.2DS. It highlights efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion that occurs in meiosis. This mechanism involves the four sets of low copy repeats (LCR22) that are dispersed in the 22q11.2 region and the deletion is mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination events. This review also highlights selected genes mapping to the 22q11.2 region that may contribute to the typical clinical findings associated with the disorder and explain that mutations in genes on the remaining allele can uncover rare recessive conditions. Another important aspect of 22q11.2DS is the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity. While some patients are mildly affected, others have severe medical, cognitive, and/or psychiatric challenges. Variability may be due in part to the presence of genetic modifiers. This review discusses current genome-wide efforts to identify such modifiers that could shed light on molecular pathways required for normal human development, cognition or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Motahari Z, Moody SA, Maynard TM, LaMantia AS. In the line-up: deleted genes associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome: are they all suspects? J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:7. [PMID: 31174463 PMCID: PMC6554986 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy number variation (CNV) disorder, occurs in approximately 1:4000 live births due to a heterozygous microdeletion at position 11.2 (proximal) on the q arm of human chromosome 22 (hChr22) (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011). This disorder was known as DiGeorge syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) or conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) based upon diagnostic cardiovascular, pharyngeal, and craniofacial anomalies (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011; Burn et al., J Med Genet 30:822-4, 1993) before this phenotypic spectrum was associated with 22q11.2 CNVs. Subsequently, 22q11.2 deletion emerged as a major genomic lesion associated with vulnerability for several clinically defined behavioral deficits common to a number of neurodevelopmental disorders (Fernandez et al., Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2015; Robin and Shprintzen, J Pediatr 147:90-6, 2005; Schneider et al., Am J Psychiatry 171:627-39, 2014). RESULTS The mechanistic relationships between heterozygously deleted 22q11.2 genes and 22q11DS phenotypes are still unknown. We assembled a comprehensive "line-up" of the 36 protein coding loci in the 1.5 Mb minimal critical deleted region on hChr22q11.2, plus 20 protein coding loci in the distal 1.5 Mb that defines the 3 Mb typical 22q11DS deletion. We categorized candidates based upon apparent primary cell biological functions. We analyzed 41 of these genes that encode known proteins to determine whether haploinsufficiency of any single 22q11.2 gene-a one gene to one phenotype correspondence due to heterozygous deletion restricted to that locus-versus complex multigenic interactions can account for single or multiple 22q11DS phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our 22q11.2 functional genomic assessment does not support current theories of single gene haploinsufficiency for one or all 22q11DS phenotypes. Shared molecular functions, convergence on fundamental cell biological processes, and related consequences of individual 22q11.2 genes point to a matrix of multigenic interactions due to diminished 22q11.2 gene dosage. These interactions target fundamental cellular mechanisms essential for development, maturation, or homeostasis at subsets of 22q11DS phenotypic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motahari
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Sally Ann Moody
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Thomas Michael Maynard
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
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Woodward KJ, Stampalia J, Vanyai H, Rijhumal H, Potts K, Taylor F, Peverall J, Grumball T, Sivamoorthy S, Alinejad-Rokny H, Wray J, Whitehouse A, Nagarajan L, Scurlock J, Afchani S, Edwards M, Murch A, Beilby J, Baynam G, Kiraly-Borri C, McKenzie F, Heng JIT. Atypical nested 22q11.2 duplications between LCR22B and LCR22D are associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes including autism spectrum disorder with incomplete penetrance. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00507. [PMID: 30614210 PMCID: PMC6393688 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome 22q11.2 is susceptible to genomic rearrangements and the most frequently reported involve deletions and duplications between low copy repeats LCR22A to LCR22D. Atypical nested deletions and duplications are rarer and can provide a valuable opportunity to investigate the dosage effects of a smaller subset of genes within the 22q11.2 genomic disorder region. Methods We describe thirteen individuals from six families, each with atypical nested duplications within the central 22q11.2 region between LCR22B and LCR22D. We then compared the molecular and clinical data for patients from this study and the few reported atypical duplication cases, to the cases with larger typical duplications between LCR22A and LCR22D. Further, we analyzed genes with the nested region to identify candidates highly enriched in human brain tissues. Results We observed that atypical nested duplications are heterogeneous in size, often familial, and associated with incomplete penetrance and highly variable clinical expressivity. We found that the nested atypical duplications are a possible risk factor for neurodevelopmental phenotypes, particularly for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), speech and language delay, and behavioral abnormalities. In addition, we analyzed genes within the nested region between LCR22B and LCR22D to identify nine genes (ZNF74, KLHL22, MED15, PI4KA, SERPIND1, CRKL, AIFM3, SLC7A4, and BCRP2) with enriched expression in the nervous system, each with unique spatiotemporal patterns in fetal and adult brain tissues. Interestingly, PI4KA is prominently expressed in the brain, and this gene is included either partially or completely in all of our subjects. Conclusion Our findings confirm variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance for atypical nested 22q11.2 duplications and identify genes such as PI4KA to be directly relevant to brain development and disorder. We conclude that further work is needed to elucidate the basis of variable neurodevelopmental phenotypes and to exclude the presence of a second disorder. Our findings contribute to the genotype–phenotype data for atypical nested 22q11.2 duplications, with implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Woodward
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie Stampalia
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah Vanyai
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hashika Rijhumal
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kim Potts
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona Taylor
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne Peverall
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya Grumball
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Soruba Sivamoorthy
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John Wray
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lakshmi Nagarajan
- Children's Neuroscience Service, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Sabine Afchani
- State Child Development Centre, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Lockridge Child Development Centre, Lockridge, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Edwards
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Murch
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John Beilby
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Health, Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health and Clinical Services Division, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Spatial Sciences, Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cathy Kiraly-Borri
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Children's Neuroscience Service, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona McKenzie
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julian I T Heng
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Sarich Neuroscience Institute, Curtin University, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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8
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Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Bassett AS, Kahn RS, Vorstman JAS. Autism Spectrum and psychosis risk in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2017; 188:59-62. [PMID: 28119035 PMCID: PMC5522359 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have a 25% risk for schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Some have hypothesized that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) diagnosed in children with 22q11DS may actually represent the social-communicative defects often observed during the early developmental stages of schizophrenia. METHODS We prospectively studied 89 children with 22q11DS to test this hypothesis. At baseline, the Autism Diagnostic Interview was used to assess ASD, evaluating both current and early childhood behaviors. At follow-up, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) was used to determine development of a psychotic disorder or psychotic symptoms. RESULTS The average age (±SD) at first and last assessments was 14.3±1.9 and 19.0±3.0years, respectively. Nineteen (21.3%) children developed a psychotic disorder. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant difference in the proportion that developed a psychotic disorder, comparing those with (n=9, 17.3%) and those without ASD at baseline (n=10, 27%; OR=0.500, 95% CI=0.160-1.569, p=0.235). Similar results were obtained using autistic symptom severity as quantitative predicting variable, psychotic symptoms as the outcome, and when correcting for age, gender and full scale IQ. CONCLUSION Results indicate that in children with 22q11DS, early childhood autistic features are not associated with an increased risk for subsequent development of psychotic disorders or symptoms, replicating previous retrospective findings in adults with 22q11DS. These results indicate that ASD and psychotic disorders can emerge independently, as pleiotropic phenotypes in the context of 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - E J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S N Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A S Bassett
- Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhuo C, Hou W, Lin C, Hu L, Li J. Potential Value of Genomic Copy Number Variations in Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:204. [PMID: 28680393 PMCID: PMC5478687 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the global population, and the disease has imposed a considerable burden on families and society. Although, the exact cause of schizophrenia remains unknown, several lines of scientific evidence have revealed that genetic variants are strongly correlated with the development and early onset of the disease. In fact, the heritability among patients suffering from schizophrenia is as high as 80%. Genomic copy number variations (CNVs) are one of the main forms of genomic variations, ubiquitously occurring in the human genome. An increasing number of studies have shown that CNVs account for population diversity and genetically related diseases, including schizophrenia. The last decade has witnessed rapid advances in the development of novel genomic technologies, which have led to the identification of schizophrenia-associated CNVs, insight into the roles of the affected genes in their intervals in schizophrenia, and successful manipulation of the target CNVs. In this review, we focus on the recent discoveries of important CNVs that are associated with schizophrenia and outline the potential values that the study of CNVs will bring to the areas of schizophrenia research, diagnosis, and therapy. Furthermore, with the help of the novel genetic tool known as the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system, the pathogenic CNVs as genomic defects could be corrected. In conclusion, the recent novel findings of schizophrenia-associated CNVs offer an exciting opportunity for schizophrenia research to decipher the pathological mechanisms underlying the onset and development of schizophrenia as well as to provide potential clinical applications in genetic counseling, diagnosis, and therapy for this complex mental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Wenzhou Seventh People's HospitalWenzhou, China.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Tianjin Anding HospitalTianjin, China
| | - Weihong Hou
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotte, NC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Chongguang Lin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Wenzhou Seventh People's HospitalWenzhou, China
| | - Lirong Hu
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Wenzhou Seventh People's HospitalWenzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Tianjin Anding HospitalTianjin, China
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10
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Thompson CA, Karelis J, Middleton FA, Gentile K, Coman IL, Radoeva PD, Mehta R, Fremont WP, Antshel KM, Faraone SV, Kates WR. Associations between neurodevelopmental genes, neuroanatomy, and ultra high risk symptoms of psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:295-314. [PMID: 28139055 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder resulting in the deletion of over 40 genes. Up to 40% of individuals with 22q11.2DS develop schizophrenia, though little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that allelic variation in functional polymorphisms in seven genes unique to the deleted region would affect lobar brain volumes, which would predict risk for psychosis in youth with 22q11.2DS. Participants included 56 individuals (30 males) with 22q11.2DS. Anatomic MR images were collected and processed using Freesurfer. Participants were genotyped for 10 SNPs in the COMT, DGCR8, GNB1L, PIK4CA, PRODH, RTN4R, and ZDHHC8 genes. All subjects were assessed for ultra high risk symptoms of psychosis. Allelic variation of the rs701428 SNP of RTN4R was significantly associated with volumetric differences in gray matter of the lingual gyrus and cuneus of the occipital lobe. Moreover, occipital gray matter volumes were robustly associated with ultra high risk symptoms of psychosis in the presence of the G allele of rs701428. Our results suggest that RTN4R, a relatively under-studied gene at the 22q11 locus, constitutes a susceptibility gene for psychosis in individuals with this syndrome through its alteration of the architecture of the brain. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Jason Karelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Karen Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Ioana L Coman
- Department of Computer Science, SUNY Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Petya D Radoeva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rashi Mehta
- Department of Radiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Wanda P Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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11
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Biswas AB, Furniss F. Cognitive phenotype and psychiatric disorder in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 53-54:242-257. [PMID: 26942704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome syndrome (22q11DS), one of the most common human multiple anomaly syndromes, frequently includes intellectual disability (ID) together with high risk of diagnosis of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. Candidate cognitive endophenotypes include problems with retrieval of contextual information from memory and in executive control and focussing of attention. 22q11DS may offer a model of the relationship between ID and risk of psychiatric disorder. This paper reviews research on the relationship between the cognitive phenotype and the development of psychiatric disorders in 22q11DS. Aspects of cognitive function including verbal I.Q., visual memory, and executive function, are associated with mental health outcome in people with 22q11DS. This relationship may result from a common neurobiological basis for the cognitive difficulties and psychiatric disorders. Some of the cognitive difficulties experienced by people with 22q11DS, especially in attention, memory retrieval, and face processing, may, however, in themselves constitute risk factors for development of hallucinations and paranoid delusions. Future research into factors leading to psychiatric disorder in people with 22q11DS should include assessment of social and psychological factors including life events, symptoms associated with trauma, attachment, and self-esteem, which together with cognitive risk factors may mediate mental health outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit B Biswas
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust & University of Leicester* Leicester Frith Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QF, UK.
| | - Frederick Furniss
- The Hesley Group* Doncaster* U.K. & University of Leicester, 104 Regent Road, Leicester LE1 7LT, UK.
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12
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Vorstman JA, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Eliez S, Schneider M, Jalbrzikowski M, Armando M, Vicari S, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Chow EW, Fung WLA, Butcher NJ, Young DA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Vogels A, van Amelsvoort T, Gothelf D, Weinberger R, Weizman A, Klaassen PWJ, Koops S, Kates WR, Antshel KM, Simon TJ, Ousley OY, Swillen A, Gur RE, Bearden CE, Kahn RS, Bassett AS. Cognitive decline preceding the onset of psychosis in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:377-85. [PMID: 25715178 PMCID: PMC4383767 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have an elevated (25%) risk of developing schizophrenia. Recent reports have suggested that a subgroup of children with 22q11DS display a substantial decline in cognitive abilities starting at a young age. OBJECTIVE To determine whether early cognitive decline is associated with risk of psychotic disorder in 22q11DS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective longitudinal cohort study. As part of an international research consortium initiative, we used the largest data set of intelligence (IQ) measurements in patients with 22q11DS reported to date to investigate longitudinal IQ trajectories and the risk of subsequent psychotic illness. A total of 829 patients with a confirmed hemizygous 22q11.2 deletion, recruited through 12 international clinical research sites, were included. Both psychiatric assessments and longitudinal IQ measurements were available for a subset of 411 patients (388 with ≥1 assessment at age 8-24 years). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, initial IQ, longitudinal IQ trajectory, and timing of the last psychiatric assessment with respect to the last IQ test. RESULTS Among 411 patients with 22q11DS, 55 (13.4%) were diagnosed as having a psychotic disorder. The mean (SD) age at the most recent psychiatric assessment was 16.1 (6.2) years. The mean (SD) full-scale IQ at first cognitive assessment was lower in patients who developed a psychotic disorder (65.5 [12.0]) compared with those without a psychotic disorder (74.0 [14.0]). On average, children with 22q11DS showed a mild decline in IQ (full-scale IQ, 7.04 points) with increasing age, particularly in the domain of verbal IQ (9.02 points). In those who developed psychotic illness, this decline was significantly steeper (P < .001). Those with a negative deviation from the average cognitive trajectory observed in 22q11DS were at significantly increased risk for the development of a psychotic disorder (odds ratio = 2.49; 95% CI, 1.24-5.00; P = .01). The divergence of verbal IQ trajectories between those who subsequently developed a psychotic disorder and those who did not was distinguishable from age 11 years onward. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In 22q11DS, early cognitive decline is a robust indicator of the risk of developing a psychotic illness. These findings mirror those observed in idiopathic schizophrenia. The results provide further support for investigations of 22q11DS as a genetic model for elucidating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A.S. Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sasja N. Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Marco Armando
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Departments of Psychiatry and Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Eva W.C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wai Lun Alan Fung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald A. Young
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Petra WJ Klaassen
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Tony J. Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Opal Y. Ousley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1551 Shoup Court, 30322 Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Goswami C. Genetic variants and evolutionary analyses of heparin cofactor II. Immunobiology 2014; 219:713-28. [PMID: 24950623 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) belongs to serpin superfamily and it acts as a thrombin inhibitor in the coagulation cascade, in a glycosaminoglycan-dependent pathway using the release of a sequestered hirudin-like N-terminal tail for interaction with thrombin. This serpin belongs to multiple member group V2 of vertebrate serpin classification. However, there is no comprehensive study illustrating the exact phylogenetic history of HCII, to date. Herein, we explored phylogenetic traits of HCII genes. Structures of HCII gene from selected ray-finned fishes and lamprey varied in exon I and II with insertions of novel introns of which one in core domain for ray-finned fishes in exon II at the position 241c. We found HCII remain nested in the largest intron of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase (PIK4CA) gene (genetic variants of this gene cause schizophrenia) at the origin of vertebrates, dated about 500MY old. We found that sequence features such as two acidic repeats (AR1-II), GAG-binding helix-D, three serpin motifs and inhibitory reactive center loop (RCL) of HCII protein are highly conserved in 55 vertebrates analyzed. We identified 985 HCII variants by analysis of 1092 human genomes with top three variation classes belongs to SNPs (84.3%), insertion (7.1%) and deletion (5.0%). We identified 37 deleterious mutations in the human HCII protein and we have described these mutations in relation to HCII sequence-structure-function relationships. These understandings may have clinical and medical importance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anita Bhandari
- Molecular Physiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Master Program Agrigenomics, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chandan Goswami
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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14
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Mehta D, Iwamoto K, Ueda J, Bundo M, Adati N, Kojima T, Kato T. Comprehensive survey of CNVs influencing gene expression in the human brain and its implications for pathophysiology. Neurosci Res 2013; 79:22-33. [PMID: 24211644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases, which may be partly mediated by their effects on gene expression. However, few studies have assessed the influence of CNVs on gene expression in the brain. The objective was to perform an unbiased comprehensive survey of influence of CNVs on gene expression in human brain tissues. CNV regions (CNVRs) were identified in 72 individuals (23 schizophrenia, 23 bipolar disorder and 26 controls). Significant associations between the CNVRs and gene expression levels were observed for 583 CNVR-expression probe pairs (293 unique eCNVRs and 429 unique transcripts), after corrections for multiple testing and controlling the effect of the number of subjects with CNVRs by label swapping permutations. These CNVRs affecting gene expression (eCNVRs) were significantly enriched for rare/low frequency (p=1.087×10(-10)) and gene-harboring CNVRs (p=1.4×10(-6)). Transcripts overlapping CNVRs were significantly enriched for glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress only for cases but not for controls. Moreover, 72 (24.6%) of eCNVRs were located within the chromosomal aberration regions implicated in psychiatric-disorders: 16p11.2, 1q21.1, 22q11.2, 3q29, 15q11.2, 17q12 and 16p13.1. These results shed light on the mechanism of how CNVs confer a risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Junko Ueda
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miki Bundo
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Naoki Adati
- Comparative Systems Biology Team, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Kojima
- Comparative Systems Biology Team, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research interest as plasma membrane signaling molecules when discovered in the 1970s and 1980s. Research in the last 15 years has added a wide range of biological processes regulated by PIs, turning these lipids into one of the most universal signaling entities in eukaryotic cells. PIs control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, but they also modulate lipid distribution and metabolism via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. PIs regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters and control both endocytic and exocytic processes. The nuclear phosphoinositides have grown from being an epiphenomenon to a research area of its own. As expected from such pleiotropic regulators, derangements of phosphoinositide metabolism are responsible for a number of human diseases ranging from rare genetic disorders to the most common ones such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that a number of infectious agents hijack the PI regulatory systems of host cells for their intracellular movements, replication, and assembly. As a result, PI converting enzymes began to be noticed by pharmaceutical companies as potential therapeutic targets. This review is an attempt to give an overview of this enormous research field focusing on major developments in diverse areas of basic science linked to cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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17
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Clayton EL, Minogue S, Waugh MG. Mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases as modulators of membrane trafficking and lipid signaling networks. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:294-304. [PMID: 23608234 PMCID: PMC3989048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The four mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases modulate inter-organelle lipid trafficking, phosphoinositide signalling and intracellular vesicle trafficking. In addition to catalytic domains required for the synthesis of PI4P, the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases also contain isoform-specific structural motifs that mediate interactions with proteins such as AP-3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, and such structural differences determine isoform-specific roles in membrane trafficking. Moreover, different permutations of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isozymes may be required for a single cellular function such as occurs during distinct stages of GPCR signalling and in Golgi to lysosome trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases have recently been implicated in human disease. Emerging paradigms include increased phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase expression in some cancers, impaired functioning associated with neurological pathologies, the subversion of PI4P trafficking functions in bacterial infection and the activation of lipid kinase activity in viral disease. We discuss how the diverse and sometimes overlapping functions of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases present challenges for the design of isoform-specific inhibitors in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Williams HJ, Monks S, Murphy KC, Kirov G, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Schizophrenia two-hit hypothesis in velo-cardio facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:177-82. [PMID: 23335482 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of chr22q11 gives rise to velo-cardio facial syndrome (VCFS) and increases schizophrenia risk. The source of this elevated risk although unknown could result from stochastic, environmental, or genetic factors, the latter encompassing a range of complexity from polygenic mechanisms to "second-hit" mutations. For this study we tested the two-hit hypothesis where additional risk is conferred through a second CNV. We identified large (>100 kb) CNVs in 48 VCFS cases (23 with psychosis--25 without) and show in the psychotic VCFS group there is a significant (P = 0.02) increase in the average size of CNVs (354-227 kb). To identify second-hit loci we focused on individuals possessing gene-centric CNVs and through literature mining identified 4 (31%) psychotic VCFS individuals (n = 13) that overlapped loci previously implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders compared to 1 (10%) from the non-psychotic VCFS individuals (n = 10). For replication 17 VCFS patients with schizophrenia from the molecular genetics of schizophrenia dataset were used to identify further CNVs. Thirteen individuals possessing gene-centric CNVs were identified including 3 (23%) individuals possessing a potential second-hit, taking the overall total in the psychotic VCFS group (n = 26) to 7 (27%) potential second-hit loci. Notably a deletion in a psychotic VCFS patient at 2q23.1 hit the gene MBD5 which when deleted gives rise to intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autistic features. Through this study we potentially extend this phenotypic spectrum to include schizophrenia. Our results suggest the two-hit hypothesis may be relevant to a proportion of VCFS patients with psychosis but sample sizes are small and further studies warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel J Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Michaelovsky E, Frisch A, Carmel M, Patya M, Zarchi O, Green T, Basel-Vanagaite L, Weizman A, Gothelf D. Genotype-phenotype correlation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:122. [PMID: 23245648 PMCID: PMC3548696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by hemizygous microdeletions on chromosome 22q11.2 with highly variable physical and neuropsychiatric manifestations. We explored the genotype-phenotype relationship in a relatively large 22q11.2DS cohort treated and monitored in our clinic using comprehensive clinical evaluation and detailed molecular characterization of the deletion. METHODS Molecular analyses in 142 subjects with 22q11.2DS features were performed by FISH and MLPA methods. Participants underwent clinical assessment of physical symptoms and structured psychiatric and cognitive evaluation. RESULTS Deletions were found in 110 individuals including one with an atypical nested distal deletion which was missed by the FISH test. Most subjects (88.2%) carried the 3Mb typically deleted region and 11.8% carried 4 types of deletions differing in size and location. No statistically significant genotype-phenotype correlations were found between deletion type and clinical data although some differences in hypocalcemia and cardiovascular anomalies were noted.Analysis of the patient with the distal nested deletion suggested a redundancy of genes causing the physical and neuropsychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2DS and indicating that the psychiatric and cognitive trajectories may be governed by different genes. CONCLUSIONS MLPA is a useful and affordable molecular method combining accurate diagnosis and detailed deletion characterization. Variations in deletion type and clinical manifestations impede the detection of significant differences in samples of moderate size, but analysis of individuals with unique deletions may provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms.Future genotype-phenotype studies should involve large multicenter collaborations employing uniform clinical standards and high-resolution molecular methods.
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Brzustowicz LM, Bassett AS. miRNA-mediated risk for schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Front Genet 2012; 3:291. [PMID: 23248646 PMCID: PMC3521194 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the most common genomic disorder is a hemizygous deletion of a 1.5-3 Mb region of chromosome 22q11.2. The resultant 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) can affect multiple organ systems, and most notably includes cardiac, craniofacial, and neurodevelopmental defects. Individuals with 22q11.2DS have a 20-25-fold risk of developing schizophrenia compared to individuals from the general population, making 22q11.2DS the strongest known molecular genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Although the deleted region includes DGCR8, a gene coding for a miRNA processing protein, the exact mechanism by which this deletion increases risk is unknown. Importantly, several lines of evidence suggest that miRNAs may modulate risk for schizophrenia in other, non-22q11.2DS populations. Here we present a theory which mechanistically explains the link between 22q11.2DS, miRNAs, and schizophrenia risk. We outline the testable predictions generated by this theory and present preliminary data in support of our model. Further experimental validation of this model could provide important insights into the etiology of both 22q11.2DS and more common forms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Brzustowicz
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ, USA
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21
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Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinases and PI4P Metabolism in the Nervous System: Roles in Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:361-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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An atypical 0.8 Mb inherited duplication of 22q11.2 associated with psychomotor impairment. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:650-5. [PMID: 22796526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microduplications 22q11.2 have been recently characterized as a new genomic duplication syndrome showing an extremely variable phenotype ranging from normal or mild learning disability to multiple congenital defects and sharing some overlapping features with DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome (DGS/VCFS), including heart defects, urogenital abnormalities and velopharyngeal insufficiency. We present an atypical and inherited 0.8-Mb duplication at 22q11.2, in the distal segment of the DGS/VCFS syndrome typically deleted region (TDR), in a 3-year-old boy with motor delay, language disorders and mild facial phenotype. This 22q11.2 microduplication was identified by MLPA, designed to detect recurrent microdeletions and microduplications of chromosomal regions frequently involved in mental retardation syndromes and was further characterized by aCGH. The duplicated region encompasses 14 genes, excluding TBX1 but including CRKL, ZNF74, PIK4CA, SNAP29 and PCQAP known to contribute to several aspects of the DGS/VCFS phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of an isolated duplication in the distal segment of the TDR between chromosome 22-specific low-copy repeats B (LCR22-B) and D (LCR22-D) has been published, but the present report is the first one with a detailed description of physical and developmental features in a patient carrying this kind of atypical 22q11.2 duplication. This case illustrates the importance of reporting unusual 22q11.2 duplications to further evaluate the incidence of these rearrangements in the general population and to improve genotype-phenotype correlations and genetic counseling.
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23
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Depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21:379-85. [PMID: 22526976 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-012-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is characterized by a high prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. These disorders are a source of great impairment in everyday functioning, as well as important risk factors for the emergence of later psychotic disorders. Impairment in daily and social functioning as well as loss of IQ throughout growth are also are well-established correlates of the VCFS. This study aimed to confirm the high prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders. The second objective was to ascertain the correlation between anxious and depressive symptoms and the decline in adaptive and cognitive functioning. A total of 73 children and adolescents with VCFS (mean age 11.9 years) underwent psychiatric evaluation. Subjects were further divided into four age groups: ages 6-9, 9-12, 12-15 and 15-18 years. Assessments measuring intelligence, anxious and depressive symptoms, and adaptation skills reported by parents were submitted to a subsample of 62 children (mean age 12.2 years); 62.2 % of the sample showed an anxiety disorder, specific phobia being the most represented at all ages. Lifetime depression concerned 27 % of the sample, peaking at age 12-15 years. Anxious and depressive symptoms and low IQ were significantly associated with low adaptive functioning. Anxiety and depression are common disorders in children and adolescents with VCFS and have a great impact on adaptive functioning. Clinicians should pay great attention to diagnosis and treatment.
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de Jong S, Boks MPM, Fuller TF, Strengman E, Janson E, de Kovel CGF, Ori APS, Vi N, Mulder F, Blom JD, Glenthøj B, Schubart CD, Cahn W, Kahn RS, Horvath S, Ophoff RA. A gene co-expression network in whole blood of schizophrenia patients is independent of antipsychotic-use and enriched for brain-expressed genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39498. [PMID: 22761806 PMCID: PMC3384650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the underlying genes for schizophrenia are largely unknown. Additional approaches are therefore required to identify the genetic background of this disorder. Here we report findings from a large gene expression study in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients and controls. We applied a systems biology approach to genome-wide expression data from whole blood of 92 medicated and 29 antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients and 118 healthy controls. We show that gene expression profiling in whole blood can identify twelve large gene co-expression modules associated with schizophrenia. Several of these disease related modules are likely to reflect expression changes due to antipsychotic medication. However, two of the disease modules could be replicated in an independent second data set involving antipsychotic-free patients and controls. One of these robustly defined disease modules is significantly enriched with brain-expressed genes and with genetic variants that were implicated in a GWAS study, which could imply a causal role in schizophrenia etiology. The most highly connected intramodular hub gene in this module (ABCF1), is located in, and regulated by the major histocompatibility (MHC) complex, which is intriguing in light of the fact that common allelic variants from the MHC region have been implicated in schizophrenia. This suggests that the MHC increases schizophrenia susceptibility via altered gene expression of regulatory genes in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Jong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P. M. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tova F. Fuller
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Esther Janson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anil P. S. Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy Vi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Flip Mulder
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk Blom
- Parnassia Bravo Group, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Psychiatric University Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Chris D. Schubart
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Costain G, Bassett AS. Clinical applications of schizophrenia genetics: genetic diagnosis, risk, and counseling in the molecular era. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2012; 5:1-18. [PMID: 23144566 PMCID: PMC3492098 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disease with documented clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and evidence for neurodevelopmental origins. Driven by new genetic technologies and advances in molecular medicine, there has recently been concrete progress in understanding some of the specific genetic causes of this serious psychiatric illness. In particular, several large rare structural variants have been convincingly associated with schizophrenia, in targeted studies over two decades with respect to 22q11.2 microdeletions, and more recently in large-scale, genome-wide case-control studies. These advances promise to help many families afflicted with this disease. In this review, we critically appraise recent developments in the field of schizophrenia genetics through the lens of immediate clinical applicability. Much work remains in translating the recent surge of genetic research discoveries into the clinic. The epidemiology and basic genetic parameters (such as penetrance and expression) of most genomic disorders associated with schizophrenia are not yet well characterized. To date, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the only established genetic subtype of schizophrenia of proven clinical relevance. We use this well-established association as a model to chart the pathway for translating emerging genetic discoveries into clinical practice. We also propose new directions for research involving general genetic risk prediction and counseling in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Hochstenbach R, Buizer-Voskamp JE, Vorstman JAS, Ophoff RA. Genome arrays for the detection of copy number variations in idiopathic mental retardation, idiopathic generalized epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders: lessons for diagnostic workflow and research. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 135:174-202. [PMID: 22056632 DOI: 10.1159/000332928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the contributions and limitations of genome-wide array-based identification of copy number variants (CNVs) in the clinical diagnostic evaluation of patients with mental retardation (MR) and other brain-related disorders. In unselected MR referrals a causative genomic gain or loss is detected in 14-18% of cases. Usually, such CNVs arise de novo, are not found in healthy subjects, and have a major impact on the phenotype by altering the dosage of multiple genes. This high diagnostic yield justifies array-based segmental aneuploidy screening as the initial genetic test in these patients. This also pertains to patients with autism (expected yield about 5-10% in nonsyndromic and 10-20% in syndromic patients) and schizophrenia (at least 5% yield). CNV studies in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder and Tourette syndrome indicate that patients have, on average, a larger CNV burden as compared to controls. Collectively, the CNV studies suggest that a wide spectrum of disease-susceptibility variants exists, most of which are rare (<0.1%) and of variable and usually small effect. Notwithstanding, a rare CNV can have a major impact on the phenotype. Exome sequencing in MR and autism patients revealed de novo mutations in protein coding genes in 60 and 20% of cases, respectively. Therefore, it is likely that arrays will be supplanted by next-generation sequencing methods as the initial and perhaps ultimate diagnostic tool in patients with brain-related disorders, revealing both CNVs and mutations in a single test.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hochstenbach
- Division of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Abstract
It is now well recognized that as well as having a characteristic facial dysmorphology and a range of congenital abnormalities, individuals with chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have a greatly increased risk of developing psychosis, in particular schizophrenia. The majority of deletions span a large 3Mb region at 22q11. However, the presence of affected individuals carrying smaller deletions have not been sufficient to satisfactorily reduce the critical region for the behavioral phenotype beyond a ~1.5Mb region that contains at least 28 genes. By having a shared genetic variant that greatly increases risk to psychosis, individuals with 22q11DS are a relatively homogeneous population to study psychiatric disease. Despite this, the large volume of research performed over the last 15 years suggest that the mechanism by which haploinsufficiency at 22q11 increases risk to psychiatric illness is likely to be complex and it remains uncertain why individuals carrying identical 22q11 deletions can present with such a wide range of neuropsychiatric phenotypes. This review will therefore consider the ways in which deletions at 22q11 are expected to increase risk to develop psychiatric disease by summarizing the work that has been done to investigate three of the most likely disease causing mechanisms: (a) gene dosage sensitivity; (b) unmasking of recessive alleles or functional polymorphism; and (c) position effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M. Williams
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +44-(0)2920-687070, e-mail:
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28
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Cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Behav Genet 2011; 41:403-12. [PMID: 21573985 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion syndrome has become an important model for understanding the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly schizophrenia which develops in about 20-25% of individuals with a chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion. From the initial discovery of the syndrome, associated developmental delays made it clear that changes in brain development were a key part of the expression. Once patients were followed through childhood into adult years, further neurobehavioural phenotypes became apparent, including a changing cognitive profile, anxiety disorders and seizure diathesis. The variability of expression is as wide as for the myriad physical features associated with the syndrome, with the addition of evolving phenotype over the developmental trajectory. Notably, variability appears unrelated to length of the associated deletion. Several mouse models of the deletion have been engineered and are beginning to reveal potential molecular mechanisms for the cognitive and behavioural phenotypes observable in animals. Both animal and human studies hold great promise for further discoveries relevant to neurodevelopment and associated cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric disorders.
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29
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Gothelf D, Hoeft F, Ueno T, Sugiura L, Lee AD, Thompson P, Reiss AL. Developmental changes in multivariate neuroanatomical patterns that predict risk for psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:322-31. [PMID: 20817203 PMCID: PMC3000448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of the current prospective study was to examine developmental patterns of voxel-by-voxel gray and white matter volumes (GMV, WMV, respectively) that would predict psychosis in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common known genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. We performed a longitudinal voxel-based morphometry analysis using structural T1 MRI scans from 19 individuals with 22q11.2DS and 18 typically developing individuals. In 22q11.2DS, univariate analysis showed that greater reduction in left dorsal prefrontal cortical (dPFC) GMV over time predicted greater psychotic symptoms at Time2. This dPFC region also showed significantly reduced volumes in 22q11.2DS compared to typically developing individuals at Time1 and 2, greater reduction over time in 22q11.2DS COMT(Met) compared to COMT(Val), and greater reduction in those with greater decline in verbal IQ over time. Leave-one-out Multivariate pattern analysis results (MVPA) on the other hand, showed that patterns of GM and WM morphometric changes over time in regions including but not limited to the dPFC predicted risk for psychotic symptoms (94.7-100% accuracy) significantly better than using univariate analysis (63.1%). Additional predictive brain regions included medial PFC and dorsal cingulum. This longitudinal prospective study shows novel evidence of morphometric spatial patterns predicting the development of psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2DS, and further elucidates the abnormal maturational processes in 22q11.2DS. The use of neuroimaging using MVPA may hold promise to predict outcome in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Department, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Sugiura
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Agatha D. Lee
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan L. Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA,Corresponding authors: Allan L. Reiss, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Stanford CA USA 94305-5795; Tel (650) 498-4538 Fax (650) 724-4794
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30
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Dixdc1 is a critical regulator of DISC1 and embryonic cortical development. Neuron 2010; 67:33-48. [PMID: 20624590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The psychiatric illness risk gene Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) plays an important role in brain development; however, it is unclear how DISC1 is regulated during cortical development. Here, we report that DISC1 is regulated during embryonic neural progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration through an interaction with DIX domain containing-1 (Dixdc1), the third mammalian gene discovered to contain a Disheveled-Axin (DIX) domain. We determined that Dixdc1 functionally interacts with DISC1 to regulate neural progenitor proliferation by co-modulating Wnt-GSK3beta/beta-catenin signaling. However, DISC1 and Dixdc1 do not regulate migration via this pathway. During neuronal migration, we discovered that phosphorylation of Dixdc1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) facilitates its interaction with the DISC1-binding partner Ndel1. Furthermore, Dixdc1 phosphorylation and its interaction with DISC1/Ndel1 in vivo is required for neuronal migration. Together, these data reveal that Dixdc1 integrates DISC1 into Wnt-GSK3beta/beta-catenin-dependent and -independent signaling pathways during cortical development and further delineate how DISC1 contributes to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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31
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Ikeda M, Williams N, Williams HJ, Smith R, Monks S, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, O'Donovan MC. Failure to confirm association between PIK4CA and psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:980-2. [PMID: 20052689 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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A deletion and a duplication in distal 22q11.2 deletion syndrome region. Clinical implications and review. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:48. [PMID: 19490635 PMCID: PMC2700091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals affected with DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes present with both phenotypic diversity and variable expressivity. The most frequent clinical features include conotruncal congenital heart defects, velopharyngeal insufficiency, hypocalcemia and a characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism. The etiology in most patients is a 3 Mb recurrent deletion in region 22q11.2. However, cases of infrequent deletions and duplications with different sizes and locations have also been reported, generally with a milder, slightly different phenotype for duplications but with no clear genotype-phenotype correlation to date. Methods We present a 7 month-old male patient with surgically corrected ASD and multiple VSDs, and dysmorphic facial features not clearly suggestive of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and a newborn male infant with cleft lip and palate and upslanting palpebral fissures. Karyotype, FISH, MLPA, microsatellite markers segregation studies and SNP genotyping by array-CGH were performed in both patients and parents. Results Karyotype and FISH with probe N25 were normal for both patients. MLPA analysis detected a partial de novo 1.1 Mb deletion in one patient and a novel partial familial 0.4 Mb duplication in the other. Both of these alterations were located at a distal position within the commonly deleted region in 22q11.2. These rearrangements were confirmed and accurately characterized by microsatellite marker segregation studies and SNP array genotyping. Conclusion The phenotypic diversity found for deletions and duplications supports a lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in the vicinity of the LCRC-LCRD interval of the 22q11.2 chromosomal region, whereas the high presence of duplications in normal individuals supports their role as polymorphisms. We suggest that any hypothetical correlation between the clinical phenotype and the size and location of these alterations may be masked by other genetic and/or epigenetic modifying factors.
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Bassett AS, Marshall CR, Lionel AC, Chow EWC, Scherer SW. Copy number variations and risk for schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:4045-53. [PMID: 18806272 PMCID: PMC2638574 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome with congenital and late-onset features. Testing for the genomic content of copy number variations (CNVs) may help elucidate the 22q11.2 deletion mechanism and the variable clinical expression of the syndrome including the high (25%) risk for schizophrenia. We used genome-wide microarrays to assess CNV content and the parental origin of 22q11.2 deletions in a cohort of 100 adults with 22q11.2DS (44 with schizophrenia) and controls. 22q11.2DS subjects with schizophrenia failed to exhibit de novo CNVs or any excess of novel inherited CNVs outside the 22q11.2 region. There were no significant effects of parental origin of the 22q11.2 deletion, deletion length, parental age or family history on expression of schizophrenia. There was no evidence for a general increase of de novo CNVs in 22q11.2DS. A novel finding was the relative paucity of males with de novo 22q11.2 deletions of paternal origin (P = 0.019). The Y chromosome may play a mediating role in the mechanism of 22q11.2 deletion events during spermatogenesis, resulting in the previously observed excess of maternal de novo 22q11.2 deletions. Hemizygosity of the 22q11.2 region appears to be the major CNV-related risk factor for schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS. The results reinforce the need for further efforts to identify specific molecular mechanisms underlying this expression and to identify the 1% of patients with schizophrenia who carry 22q11.2 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada.
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