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Ori APS, Olde Loohuis LM, Guintivano J, Hannon E, Dempster E, St Clair D, Bass NJ, McQuillin A, Mill J, Sullivan PF, Kahn RS, Horvath S, Ophoff RA. Meta-analysis of epigenetic aging in schizophrenia reveals multifaceted relationships with age, sex, illness duration, and polygenic risk. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:53. [PMID: 38589929 PMCID: PMC11003125 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of biological age acceleration may help identify at-risk individuals and reduce the rising global burden of age-related diseases. Using DNA methylation (DNAm) clocks, we investigated biological aging in schizophrenia (SCZ), a mental illness that is associated with an increased prevalence of age-related disabilities and morbidities. In a whole blood DNAm sample of 1090 SCZ cases and 1206 controls across four European cohorts, we performed a meta-analysis of differential aging using three DNAm clocks (i.e., Hannum, Horvath, and Levine). To dissect how DNAm aging contributes to SCZ, we integrated information on duration of illness and SCZ polygenic risk, as well as stratified our analyses by chronological age and biological sex. RESULTS We found that blood-based DNAm aging is significantly altered in SCZ independent from duration of the illness since onset. We observed sex-specific and nonlinear age effects that differed between clocks and point to possible distinct age windows of altered aging in SCZ. Most notably, intrinsic cellular age (Horvath clock) is decelerated in SCZ cases in young adulthood, while phenotypic age (Levine clock) is accelerated in later adulthood compared to controls. Accelerated phenotypic aging was most pronounced in women with SCZ carrying a high polygenic burden with an age acceleration of + 3.82 years (CI 2.02-5.61, P = 1.1E-03). Phenotypic aging and SCZ polygenic risk contributed additively to the illness and together explained up to 14.38% of the variance in disease status. CONCLUSIONS Our study contributes to the growing body of evidence of altered DNAm aging in SCZ and points to intrinsic age deceleration in younger adulthood and phenotypic age acceleration in later adulthood in SCZ. Since increased phenotypic age is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, our findings indicate that specific and identifiable patient groups are at increased mortality risk as measured by the Levine clock. Our study did not find that DNAm aging could be explained by the duration of illness of patients, but we did observe age- and sex-specific effects that warrant further investigation. Finally, our results show that combining genetic and epigenetic predictors can improve predictions of disease outcomes and may help with disease management in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Gonda Center, Room 4357B, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-176, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Gonda Center, Room 4357B, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-176, USA
| | - Jerry Guintivano
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Emma Dempster
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Nick J Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Gonda Center, Room 4357B, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-176, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ori APS, Wieling M, van Loo HM. Longitudinal analyses of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation highlight greater prevalence in the northern Dutch population during the COVID-19 lockdowns. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:62-70. [PMID: 36427649 PMCID: PMC9678820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to an increased burden on mental health. AIMS To investigate the development of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and suicidal ideation in the Netherlands during the first fifteen months of the pandemic and three nation-wide lockdowns. METHOD Participants of the Lifelines Cohort Study -a Dutch population-based sample-reported current symptoms of MDD and GAD, including suicidal ideation, according to DSM-IV criteria. Between March 2020 and June 2021, 36,106 participants (aged 18-96) filled out a total of 629,811 questionnaires across 23 time points. Trajectories over time were estimated using generalized additive models and analyzed in relation to age, sex, and lifetime history of MDD/GAD. RESULTS We found non-linear trajectories for MDD and GAD with a higher number of symptoms and prevalence rates during periods of lockdown. The point prevalence of MDD and GAD peaked during the third hard lockdown at 2.88 % (95 % CI: 2.71 %-3.06 %) and 2.92 % (95 % CI: 2.76 %-3.08 %), respectively, in March 2021. Women, younger adults, and participants with a history of MDD/GAD reported significantly more symptoms. For suicidal ideation, we found a significant linear increase over time in younger participants. For example, 20-year-old participants reported 4.14× more suicidal ideation at the end of June 2021 compared to the start of the pandemic (4.64 % (CI: 3.09 %-6.96 %) versus 1.12 % (CI: 0.76 %-1.66 %)). LIMITATIONS Our findings should be interpreted in relation to the societal context of the Netherlands and the public health response of the Dutch government during the pandemic, which may be different in other regions in the world. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed greater prevalence of MDD and GAD during COVID-19 lockdowns and a continuing increase in suicidal thoughts among young adults suggesting that the pandemic and government enacted restrictions impacted mental health in the population. Our findings provide actionable insights on mental health in the population during the pandemic, which can guide policy makers and clinical care during future lockdowns and epi/pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil P S Ori
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Wieling
- University of Groningen, Department of Information Science, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hanna M van Loo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Lewis ACF, Molina SJ, Appelbaum PS, Dauda B, Fuentes A, Fullerton SM, Garrison NA, Ghosh N, Green RC, Hammonds EM, Jeff JM, Jones DS, Kenny EE, Kraft P, Mauro M, Ori APS, Panofsky A, Sohail M, Neale BM, Allen DS. An Ethical Framework for Research Using Genetic Ancestry. Perspect Biol Med 2023; 66:225-248. [PMID: 37755714 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of research uses patterns of genetic variation to infer genetic similarity between individuals, typically referred to as genetic ancestry. This research includes inference of human demographic history, understanding the genetic architecture of traits, and predicting disease risk. Researchers are not just structuring an intellectual inquiry when using genetic ancestry, they are also creating analytical frameworks with broader societal ramifications. This essay presents an ethics framework in the spirit of virtue ethics for these researchers: rather than focus on rule following, the framework is designed to build researchers' capacities to react to the ethical dimensions of their work. The authors identify one overarching principle of intellectual freedom and responsibility, noting that freedom in all its guises comes with responsibility, and they identify and define four principles that collectively uphold researchers' intellectual responsibility: truthfulness, justice and fairness, anti-racism, and public beneficence. Researchers should bring their practices into alignment with these principles, and to aid this, the authors name three common ways research practices infringe these principles, suggest a step-by-step process for aligning research choices with the principles, provide rules of thumb for achieving alignment, and give a worked case. The essay concludes by identifying support needed by researchers to act in accord with the proposed framework.
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Ori APS, Lu AT, Horvath S, Ophoff RA. Significant variation in the performance of DNA methylation predictors across data preprocessing and normalization strategies. Genome Biol 2022; 23:225. [PMID: 36280888 PMCID: PMC9590227 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation (DNAm)-based predictors hold great promise to serve as clinical tools for health interventions and disease management. While these algorithms often have high prediction accuracy, the consistency of their performance remains to be determined. We therefore conduct a systematic evaluation across 101 different DNAm data preprocessing and normalization strategies and assess how each analytical strategy affects the consistency of 41 DNAm-based predictors. Results Our analyses are conducted in a large EPIC DNAm array dataset from the Jackson Heart Study (N = 2053) that included 146 pairs of technical replicate samples. By estimating the average absolute agreement between replicate pairs, we show that 32 out of 41 predictors (78%) demonstrate excellent consistency when appropriate data processing and normalization steps are implemented. Across all pairs of predictors, we find a moderate correlation in performance across analytical strategies (mean rho = 0.40, SD = 0.27), highlighting significant heterogeneity in performance across algorithms. Successful or unsuccessful removal of technical variation furthermore significantly impacts downstream phenotypic association analysis, such as all-cause mortality risk associations. Conclusions We show that DNAm-based algorithms are sensitive to technical variation. The right choice of data processing strategy is important to achieve reproducible estimates and improve prediction accuracy in downstream phenotypic association analyses. For each of the 41 DNAm predictors, we report its degree of consistency and provide the best performing analytical strategy as a guideline for the research community. As DNAm-based predictors become more and more widely used, our work helps improve their performance and standardize their implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02793-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil P. S. Ori
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-176 USA
| | - Ake T. Lu
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-176 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Pathak GA, Karjalainen J, Stevens C, Neale BM, Daly M, Ganna A, Andrews SJ, Kanai M, Cordioli M, Polimanti R, Harerimana N, Pirinen M, Liao RG, Chwialkowska K, Trankiem A, Balaconis MK, Nguyen H, Solomonson M, Veerapen K, Wolford B, Roberts G, Park D, Ball CA, Coignet M, McCurdy S, Knight S, Partha R, Rhead B, Zhang M, Berkowitz N, Gaddis M, Noto K, Ruiz L, Pavlovic M, Hong EL, Rand K, Girshick A, Guturu H, Baltzell AH, Niemi MEK, Rahmouni S, Guntz J, Beguin Y, Cordioli M, Pigazzini S, Nkambule L, Georges M, Moutschen M, Misset B, Darcis G, Guiot J, Azarzar S, Gofflot S, Claassen S, Malaise O, Huynen P, Meuris C, Thys M, Jacques J, Léonard P, Frippiat F, Giot JB, Sauvage AS, Frenckell CV, Belhaj Y, Lambermont B, Nakanishi T, Morrison DR, Mooser V, Richards JB, Butler-Laporte G, Forgetta V, Li R, Ghosh B, Laurent L, Belisle A, Henry D, Abdullah T, Adeleye O, Mamlouk N, Kimchi N, Afrasiabi Z, Rezk N, Vulesevic B, Bouab M, Guzman C, Petitjean L, Tselios C, Xue X, Afilalo J, Afilalo M, Oliveira M, Brenner B, Brassard N, Durand M, Schurr E, Lepage P, Ragoussis J, Auld D, Chassé M, Kaufmann DE, Lathrop GM, Adra D, Hayward C, Glessner JT, Shaw DM, Campbell A, Morris M, Hakonarson H, Porteous DJ, Below J, Richmond A, Chang X, Polikowski H, Lauren PE, Chen HH, Wanying Z, Fawns-Ritchie C, North K, McCormick JB, Chang X, Glessner JR, Hakonarson H, Gignoux CR, Wicks SJ, Crooks K, Barnes KC, Daya M, Shortt J, Rafaels N, Chavan S, Timmers PRHJ, Wilson JF, Tenesa A, Kerr SM, D’Mellow K, Shahin D, El-Sherbiny YM, von Hohenstaufen KA, Sobh A, Eltoukhy MM, Nkambul L, Elhadidy TA, Abd Elghafar MS, El-Jawhari JJ, Mohamed AAS, Elnagdy MH, Samir A, Abdel-Aziz M, Khafaga WT, El-Lawaty WM, Torky MS, El-shanshory MR, Yassen AM, Hegazy MAF, Okasha K, Eid MA, Moahmed HS, Medina-Gomez C, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, Mägi R, Milani L, Metspalu A, Laisk T, Läll K, Lepamets M, Esko T, Reimann E, Naaber P, Laane E, Pesukova J, Peterson P, Kisand K, Tabri J, Allos R, Hensen K, Starkopf J, Ringmets I, Tamm A, Kallaste A, Alavere H, Metsalu K, Puusepp M, Batini C, Tobin MD, Venn LD, Lee PH, Shrine N, Williams AT, Guyatt AL, John C, Packer RJ, Ali A, Free RC, Wang X, Wain LV, Hollox EJ, Bee CE, Adams EL, Palotie A, Ripatti S, Ruotsalainen S, Kristiansson K, Koskelainen S, Perola M, Donner K, Kivinen K, Palotie A, Kaunisto M, Rivolta C, Bochud PY, Bibert S, Boillat N, Nussle SG, Albrich W, Quinodoz M, Kamdar D, Suh N, Neofytos D, Erard V, Voide C, Bochud PY, Rivolta C, Bibert S, Quinodoz M, Kamdar D, Neofytos D, Erard V, Voide C, Friolet R, Vollenweider P, Pagani JL, Oddo M, zu Bentrup FM, Conen A, Clerc O, Marchetti O, Guillet A, Guyat-Jacques C, Foucras S, Rime M, Chassot J, Jaquet M, Viollet RM, Lannepoudenx Y, Portopena L, Bochud PY, Vollenweider P, Pagani JL, Desgranges F, Filippidis P, Guéry B, Haefliger D, Kampouri EE, Manuel O, Munting A, Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Regina J, Rochat-Stettler L, Suttels V, Tadini E, Tschopp J, Van Singer M, Viala B, Boillat-Blanco N, Brahier T, Hügli O, Meuwly JY, Pantet O, Gonseth Nussle S, Bochud M, D’Acremont V, Estoppey Younes S, Albrich WC, Suh N, Cerny A, O’Mahony L, von Mering C, Bochud PY, Frischknecht M, Kleger GR, Filipovic M, Kahlert CR, Wozniak H, Negro TR, Pugin J, Bouras K, Knapp C, Egger T, Perret A, Montillier P, di Bartolomeo C, Barda B, de Cid R, Carreras A, Moreno V, Kogevinas M, Galván-Femenía I, Blay N, Farré X, Sumoy L, Cortés B, Mercader JM, Guindo-Martinez M, Torrents D, Garcia-Aymerich J, Castaño-Vinyals G, Dobaño C, Gori M, Renieri A, Mari F, Mondelli MU, Castelli F, Vaghi M, Rusconi S, Montagnani F, Bargagli E, Franchi F, Mazzei MA, Cantarini L, Tacconi D, Feri M, Scala R, Spargi G, Nencioni C, Bandini M, Caldarelli GP, Canaccini A, Ognibene A, D’Arminio Monforte A, Girardis M, Antinori A, Francisci D, Schiaroli E, Scotton PG, Panese S, Scaggiante R, Monica MD, Capasso M, Fiorentino G, Castori M, Aucella F, Biagio AD, Masucci L, Valente S, Mandalà M, Zucchi P, Giannattasio F, Coviello DA, Mussini C, Tavecchia L, Crotti L, Rizzi M, Rovere MTL, Sarzi-Braga S, Bussotti M, Ravaglia S, Artuso R, Perrella A, Romani D, Bergomi P, Catena E, Vincenti A, Ferri C, Grassi D, Pessina G, Tumbarello M, Pietro MD, Sabrina R, Luchi S, Furini S, Dei S, Benetti E, Picchiotti N, Sanarico M, Ceri S, Pinoli P, Raimondi F, Biscarini F, Stella A, Zguro K, Capitani K, Nkambule L, Tanfoni M, Fallerini C, Daga S, Baldassarri M, Fava F, Frullanti E, Valentino F, Doddato G, Giliberti A, Tita R, Amitrano S, Bruttini M, Croci S, Meloni I, Mencarelli MA, Rizzo CL, Pinto AM, Beligni G, Tommasi A, Sarno LD, Palmieri M, Carriero ML, Alaverdian D, Busani S, Bruno R, Vecchia M, Belli MA, Mantovani S, Ludovisi S, Quiros-Roldan E, Antoni MD, Zanella I, Siano M, Emiliozzi A, Fabbiani M, Rossetti B, Bergantini L, D’Alessandro M, Cameli P, Bennett D, Anedda F, Marcantonio S, Scolletta S, Guerrini S, Conticini E, Frediani B, Spertilli C, Donati A, Guidelli L, Corridi M, Croci L, Piacentini P, Desanctis E, Cappelli S, Verzuri A, Anemoli V, Pancrazzi A, Lorubbio M, Miraglia FG, Venturelli S, Cossarizza A, Vergori A, Gabrieli A, Riva A, Paciosi F, Andretta F, Gatti F, Parisi SG, Baratti S, Piscopo C, Russo R, Andolfo I, Iolascon A, Carella M, Merla G, Squeo GM, Raggi P, Marciano C, Perna R, Bassetti M, Sanguinetti M, Giorli A, Salerni L, Parravicini P, Menatti E, Trotta T, Coiro G, Lena F, Martinelli E, Mancarella S, Gabbi C, Maggiolo F, Ripamonti D, Bachetti T, Suardi C, Parati G, Bottà G, Domenico PD, Rancan I, Bianchi F, Colombo R, Barbieri C, Acquilini D, Andreucci E, Segala FV, Tiseo G, Falcone M, Lista M, Poscente M, Vivo OD, Petrocelli P, Guarnaccia A, Baroni S, Hayward C, Porteous DJ, Fawns-Ritchie C, Richmond A, Campbell A, van Heel DA, Hunt KA, Trembath RC, Huang QQ, Martin HC, Mason D, Trivedi B, Wright J, Finer S, Akhtar S, Anwar M, Arciero E, Ashraf S, Breen G, Chung R, Curtis CJ, Chowdhury M, Colligan G, Deloukas P, Durham C, Finer S, Griffiths C, Huang QQ, Hurles M, Hunt KA, Hussain S, Islam K, Khan A, Khan A, Lavery C, Lee SH, Lerner R, MacArthur D, MacLaughlin B, Martin H, Mason D, Miah S, Newman B, Safa N, Tahmasebi F, Trembath RC, Trivedi B, van Heel DA, Wright J, Griffiths CJ, Smith AV, Boughton AP, Li KW, LeFaive J, Annis A, Niavarani A, Aliannejad R, Sharififard B, Amirsavadkouhi A, Naderpour Z, Tadi HA, Aleagha AE, Ahmadi S, Moghaddam SBM, Adamsara A, Saeedi M, Abdollahi H, Hosseini A, Chariyavilaskul P, Jantarabenjakul W, Hirankarn N, Chamnanphon M, Suttichet TB, Shotelersuk V, Pongpanich M, Phokaew C, Chetruengchai W, Putchareon O, Torvorapanit P, Puthanakit T, Suchartlikitwong P, Nilaratanakul V, Sodsai P, Brumpton BM, Hveem K, Willer C, Wolford B, Zhou W, Rogne T, Solligard E, Åsvold BO, Franke L, Boezen M, Deelen P, Claringbould A, Lopera E, Warmerdam R, Vonk JM, van Blokland I, Lanting P, Ori APS, Feng YCA, Mercader J, Weiss ST, Karlson EW, Smoller JW, Murphy SN, Meigs JB, Woolley AE, Green RC, Perez EF, Wolford B, Zöllner S, Wang J, Beck A, Sloofman LG, Ascolillo S, Sebra RP, Collins BL, Levy T, Buxbaum JD, Sealfon SC, Jordan DM, Thompson RC, Gettler K, Chaudhary K, Belbin GM, Preuss M, Hoggart C, Choi S, Underwood SJ, Salib I, Britvan B, Keller K, Tang L, Peruggia M, Hiester LL, Niblo K, Aksentijevich A, Labkowsky A, Karp A, Zlatopolsky M, Zyndorf M, Charney AW, Beckmann ND, Schadt EE, Abul-Husn NS, Cho JH, Itan Y, Kenny EE, Loos RJF, Nadkarni GN, Do R, O’Reilly P, Huckins LM, Ferreira MAR, Abecasis GR, Leader JB, Cantor MN, Justice AE, Carey DJ, Chittoor G, Josyula NS, Kosmicki JA, Horowitz JE, Baras A, Gass MC, Yadav A, Mirshahi T, Hottenga JJ, Bartels M, de geus EEJC, Nivard MMG, Verma A, Ritchie MD, Rader D, Li B, Verma SS, Lucas A, Bradford Y, Abedalthagafi M, Alaamery M, Alshareef A, Sawaji M, Massadeh S, AlMalik A, Alqahtani S, Baraka D, Harthi FA, Alsolm E, Safieh LA, Alowayn AM, Alqubaishi F, Mutairi AA, Mangul S, Almutairi M, Aljawini N, Albesher N, Arabi YM, Mahmoud ES, Khattab AK, Halawani RT, Alahmadey ZZ, Albakri JK, Felemban WA, Suliman BA, Hasanato R, Al-Awdah L, Alghamdi J, AlZahrani D, AlJohani S, Al-Afghani H, AlDhawi N, AlBardis H, Alkwai S, Alswailm M, Almalki F, Albeladi M, Almohammed I, Barhoush E, Albader A, Alotaibi S, Alghamdi B, Jung J, fawzy MS, Alrashed M, Zeberg H, Nkambul L, Frithiof R, Hultström M, Lipcsey M, Tardif N, Rooyackers O, Grip J, Maricic T, Helgeland Ø, Magnus P, Trogstad LIS, Lee Y, Harris JR, Mangino M, Spector TD, Emma D, Moutsianas L, Caulfield MJ, Scott RH, Kousathanas A, Pasko D, Walker S, Stuckey A, Odhams CA, Rhodes D, Fowler T, Rendon A, Chan G, Arumugam P, Karczewski KJ, Martin AR, Wilson DJ, Spencer CCA, Crook DW, Wyllie DH, O’Connell AM, Atkinson EG, Kanai M, Tsuo K, Baya N, Turley P, Gupta R, Walters RK, Palmer DS, Sarma G, Solomonson M, Cheng N, Lu W, Churchhouse C, Goldstein JI, King D, Zhou W, Seed C, Daly MJ, Neale BM, Finucane H, Bryant S, Satterstrom FK, Band G, Earle SG, Lin SK, Arning N, Koelling N, Armstrong J, Rudkin JK, Callier S, Bryant S, Cusick C, Soranzo N, Zhao JH, Danesh J, Angelantonio ED, Butterworth AS, Sun YV, Huffman JE, Cho K, O’Donnell CJ, Tsao P, Gaziano JM, Peloso G, Ho YL, Smieszek SP, Polymeropoulos C, Polymeropoulos V, Polymeropoulos MH, Przychodzen BP, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Planas AM, Perez-Tur J, Llucià-Carol L, Cullell N, Muiño E, Cárcel-Márquez J, DeDiego ML, Iglesias LL, Soriano A, Rico V, Agüero D, Bedini JL, Lozano F, Domingo C, Robles V, Ruiz-Jaén F, Márquez L, Gomez J, Coto E, Albaiceta GM, García-Clemente M, Dalmau D, Arranz MJ, Dietl B, Serra-Llovich A, Soler P, Colobrán R, Martín-Nalda A, Martínez AP, Bernardo D, Rojo S, Fiz-López A, Arribas E, de la Cal-Sabater P, Segura T, González-Villa E, Serrano-Heras G, Martí-Fàbregas J, Jiménez-Xarrié E, de Felipe Mimbrera A, Masjuan J, García-Madrona S, Domínguez-Mayoral A, Villalonga JM, Menéndez-Valladares P, Chasman DI, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Franco G, Davis L, Lee S, Priest J, Sankaran VG, van Heel D, Biesecker L, Kerchberger VE, Baillie JK. A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19. Nature 2022; 608:E1-E10. [PMID: 35922517 PMCID: PMC9352569 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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van Blokland IV, Lanting P, Ori APS, Vonk JM, Warmerdam RCA, Herkert JC, Boulogne F, Claringbould A, Lopera-Maya EA, Bartels M, Hottenga JJ, Ganna A, Karjalainen J, Hayward C, Fawns-Ritchie C, Campbell A, Porteous D, Cirulli ET, Schiabor Barrett KM, Riffle S, Bolze A, White S, Tanudjaja F, Wang X, Ramirez JM, Lim YW, Lu JT, Washington NL, de Geus EJC, Deelen P, Boezen HM, Franke LH. Using symptom-based case predictions to identify host genetic factors that contribute to COVID-19 susceptibility. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255402. [PMID: 34379666 PMCID: PMC8357137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and genetic studies on COVID-19 are currently hindered by inconsistent and limited testing policies to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recently, it was shown that it is possible to predict COVID-19 cases using cross-sectional self-reported disease-related symptoms. Here, we demonstrate that this COVID-19 prediction model has reasonable and consistent performance across multiple independent cohorts and that our attempt to improve upon this model did not result in improved predictions. Using the existing COVID-19 prediction model, we then conducted a GWAS on the predicted phenotype using a total of 1,865 predicted cases and 29,174 controls. While we did not find any common, large-effect variants that reached genome-wide significance, we do observe suggestive genetic associations at two SNPs (rs11844522, p = 1.9x10-7; rs5798227, p = 2.2x10-7). Explorative analyses furthermore suggest that genetic variants associated with other viral infectious diseases do not overlap with COVID-19 susceptibility and that severity of COVID-19 may have a different genetic architecture compared to COVID-19 susceptibility. This study represents a first effort that uses a symptom-based predicted phenotype as a proxy for COVID-19 in our pursuit of understanding the genetic susceptibility of the disease. We conclude that the inclusion of symptom-based predicted cases could be a useful strategy in a scenario of limited testing, either during the current COVID-19 pandemic or any future viral outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene V. van Blokland
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Lanting
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil P. S. Ori
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. A. Warmerdam
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna C. Herkert
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floranne Boulogne
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annique Claringbould
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Structural Computational Biology unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esteban A. Lopera-Maya
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Fawns-Ritchie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephen Riffle
- Helix OpCo LLC, San Mateo, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Bolze
- Helix OpCo LLC, San Mateo, California, United States of America
| | - Simon White
- Helix OpCo LLC, San Mateo, California, United States of America
| | | | - Xueqing Wang
- Helix OpCo LLC, San Mateo, California, United States of America
| | | | - Yan Wei Lim
- Helix OpCo LLC, San Mateo, California, United States of America
| | - James T. Lu
- Helix OpCo LLC, San Mateo, California, United States of America
| | | | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H. Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude H. Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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7
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Ballering AV, Ori APS, Rosmalen JGM. The association of sex, age and FKBP5 genotype with common somatic symptoms: A replication study in the lifelines cohort study. J Psychosom Res 2021; 147:110510. [PMID: 34034139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to replicate a recent study that reported an association between the rs9470080 CC-genotype and common somatic symptoms in women, but not in men. Additionally, we quantified the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in common somatic symptom levels. METHODS We used data from the Lifelines Cohort Study, including 28,299 participants (60.0% female; 44.2% CC-genotype; mean age 42.9 (14.2) years). Common somatic symptoms were measured with the SCL-90 SOM subscale. To assess the association between the rs9470080 genotype and SCL-90 SOM scores we applied similar analyses as the original study, including independent t-tests, two-way ANOVAs and a mixed ANOVA. To estimate the proportion of phenotypic variance in SCL-90 SOM scores explained by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we used a genomic-relatedness-based restricted maximum-likelihood method. RESULTS We could not replicate the original study's findings. We found no association between the rs9470080 genotype and common somatic symptom levels in either female or male participants (F(1, 8775) = 1.07, p = 0.30 and F(1,13,903) = 0.01, p = 0.93, respectively). Genome-wide heritability analyses show that 12.1% (p = 2.1e-08) of the phenotypic variance in common somatic symptom levels in Lifelines can be explained by SNPs. The genetic contribution to common somatic symptom levels was higher in male participants (SNP-h2 = 20.5%; p = 9.1e-08) than in female participants (SNP-h2 = 12.0%, p = 2.8e-05). CONCLUSION Our findings of significant SNP-h2 and the sex-specific differences herein, does warrant further sex-stratified research of individual genetic variants associated with common somatic symptoms. Preferably, further research should be performed within the analytic framework of a genome-wide association study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka V Ballering
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anil P S Ori
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Judith G M Rosmalen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Teeuw J, Ori APS, Brouwer RM, de Zwarte SMC, Schnack HG, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ophoff RA. Accelerated aging in the brain, epigenetic aging in blood, and polygenic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 231:189-197. [PMID: 33882370 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients show signs of accelerated aging in cognitive and physiological domains. Both schizophrenia and accelerated aging, as measured by MRI brain images and epigenetic clocks, are correlated with increased mortality. However, the association between these aging measures have not yet been studied in schizophrenia patients. In schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects, accelerated aging was assessed in brain tissue using a longitudinal MRI (N = 715 scans; mean scan interval 3.4 year) and in blood using two epigenetic age clocks (N = 172). Differences ('gaps') between estimated ages and chronological ages were calculated, as well as the acceleration rate of brain aging. The correlations between these aging measures as well as with polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRS; N = 394) were investigated. Brain aging and epigenetic aging were not significantly correlated. Polygenic risk for schizophrenia was significantly correlated with brain age gap, brain age acceleration rate, and negatively correlated with DNAmAge gap, but not with PhenoAge gap. However, after controlling for disease status and multiple comparisons correction, these effects were no longer significant. Our results imply that the (accelerated) aging observed in the brain and blood reflect distinct biological processes. Our findings will require replication in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalmar Teeuw
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Mc Intyre K, Lanting P, Deelen P, Wiersma HH, Vonk JM, Ori APS, Jankipersadsing SA, Warmerdam R, van Blokland I, Boulogne F, Dijkema MXL, Herkert JC, Claringbould A, Bakker O, Lopera Maya EA, Bültmann U, Zhernakova A, Reijneveld SA, Zijlstra E, Swertz MA, Brouwer S, van Ooijen R, Angelini V, Dekker LH, Sijtsma A, Scherjon SA, Wijmenga C, Dekens JAM, Mierau J, Boezen HM, Franke L. Lifelines COVID-19 cohort: investigating COVID-19 infection and its health and societal impacts in a Dutch population-based cohort. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044474. [PMID: 33737436 PMCID: PMC7977080 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Lifelines COVID-19 cohort was set up to assess the psychological and societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate potential risk factors for COVID-19 within the Lifelines prospective population cohort. PARTICIPANTS Participants were recruited from the 140 000 eligible participants of Lifelines and the Lifelines NEXT birth cohort, who are all residents of the three northern provinces of the Netherlands. Participants filled out detailed questionnaires about their physical and mental health and experiences on a weekly basis starting in late March 2020, and the cohort consists of everyone who filled in at least one questionnaire in the first 8 weeks of the project. FINDINGS TO DATE: >71 000 unique participants responded to the questionnaires at least once during the first 8 weeks, with >22 000 participants responding to seven questionnaires. Compiled questionnaire results are continuously updated and shared with the public through the Corona Barometer website. Early results included a clear signal that younger people living alone were experiencing greater levels of loneliness due to lockdown, and subsequent results showed the easing of anxiety as lockdown was eased in June 2020. FUTURE PLANS Questionnaires were sent on a (bi)weekly basis starting in March 2020 and on a monthly basis starting July 2020, with plans for new questionnaire rounds to continue through 2020 and early 2021. Questionnaire frequency can be increased again for subsequent waves of infections. Cohort data will be used to address how the COVID-19 pandemic developed in the northern provinces of the Netherlands, which environmental and genetic risk factors predict disease susceptibility and severity and the psychological and societal impacts of the crisis. Cohort data are linked to the extensive health, lifestyle and sociodemographic data held for these participants by Lifelines, a 30-year project that started in 2006, and to data about participants held in national databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mc Intyre
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Lanting
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry H Wiersma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soesma A Jankipersadsing
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Warmerdam
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene van Blokland
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floranne Boulogne
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein X L Dijkema
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna C Herkert
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annique Claringbould
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esteban A Lopera Maya
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elianne Zijlstra
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raun van Ooijen
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viola Angelini
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise H Dekker
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sijtsma
- Lifelines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco A Scherjon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jackie A M Dekens
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center of Development and Innovation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Mierau
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Olde Loohuis LM, Mennigen E, Ori APS, Perkins D, Robinson E, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Seidman LJ, Keshavan MS, Stone WS, Tsuang MT, Walker EF, Woods SW, Cannon TD, Gur RC, Gur RE, Bearden CE, Ophoff RA. Genetic and clinical analyses of psychosis spectrum symptoms in a large multiethnic youth cohort reveal significant link with ADHD. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:80. [PMID: 33510130 PMCID: PMC7844241 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are not only an important feature of severe neuropsychiatric disorders, but are also common in the general population, especially in youth. The genetic etiology of psychosis symptoms in youth remains poorly understood. To characterize genetic risk for psychosis spectrum symptoms (PS), we leverage a community-based multiethnic sample of children and adolescents aged 8-22 years, the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (n = 7225, 20% PS). Using an elastic net regression model, we aim to classify PS status using polygenic scores (PGS) based on a range of heritable psychiatric and brain-related traits in a multi-PGS model. We also perform univariate PGS associations and evaluate age-specific effects. The multi-PGS analyses do not improve prediction of PS status over univariate models, but reveal that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) PGS is robustly and uniquely associated with PS (OR 1.12 (1.05, 1.18) P = 0.0003). This association is driven by subjects of European ancestry (OR = 1.23 (1.14, 1.34), P = 4.15 × 10-7) but is not observed in African American subjects (P = 0.65). We find a significant interaction of ADHD PGS with age (P = 0.01), with a stronger association in younger children. The association is independent of phenotypic overlap between ADHD and PS, not indirectly driven by substance use or childhood trauma, and appears to be specific to PS rather than reflecting general psychopathology in youth. In an independent sample, we replicate an increased ADHD PGS in 328 youth at clinical high risk for psychosis, compared to 216 unaffected controls (OR 1.06, CI(1.01, 1.11), P = 0.02). Our findings suggest that PS in youth may reflect a different genetic etiology than psychotic symptoms in adulthood, one more akin to ADHD, and shed light on how genetic risk can be investigated across early disease trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eva Mennigen
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anil P. S. Ori
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Diana Perkins
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Elise Robinson
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jean Addington
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Kristin S. Cadenhead
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Barbara A. Cornblatt
- grid.440243.50000 0004 0453 5950Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Long Island, NY USA
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, and SFVA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thomas H. McGlashan
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - William S. Stone
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Elaine F. Walker
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Scott W. Woods
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Krebs CE, Ori APS, Vreeker A, Wu T, Cantor RM, Boks MPM, Kahn RS, Olde Loohuis LM, Ophoff RA. Whole blood transcriptome analysis in bipolar disorder reveals strong lithium effect. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2575-2586. [PMID: 31589133 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable mood disorder with complex genetic architecture and poorly understood etiology. Previous transcriptomic BD studies have had inconsistent findings due to issues such as small sample sizes and difficulty in adequately accounting for confounders like medication use. METHODS We performed a differential expression analysis in a well-characterized BD case-control sample (Nsubjects = 480) by RNA sequencing of whole blood. We further performed co-expression network analysis, functional enrichment, and cell type decomposition, and integrated differentially expressed genes with genetic risk. RESULTS While we observed widespread differential gene expression patterns between affected and unaffected individuals, these effects were largely linked to lithium treatment at the time of blood draw (FDR < 0.05, Ngenes = 976) rather than BD diagnosis itself (FDR < 0.05, Ngenes = 6). These lithium-associated genes were enriched for cell signaling and immune response functional annotations, among others, and were associated with neutrophil cell-type proportions, which were elevated in lithium users. Neither genes with altered expression in cases nor in lithium users were enriched for BD, schizophrenia, and depression genetic risk based on information from genome-wide association studies, nor was gene expression associated with polygenic risk scores for BD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BD is associated with minimal changes in whole blood gene expression independent of medication use but emphasize the importance of accounting for medication use and cell type heterogeneity in psychiatric transcriptomic studies. The results of this study add to mounting evidence of lithium's cell signaling and immune-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine E Krebs
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annabel Vreeker
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timothy Wu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P M Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Sul JH, Service SK, Huang AY, Ramensky V, Hwang SG, Teshiba TM, Park Y, Ori APS, Zhang Z, Mullins N, Olde Loohuis LM, Fears SC, Araya C, Araya X, Spesny M, Bejarano J, Ramirez M, Castrillón G, Gomez-Makhinson J, Lopez MC, Montoya G, Montoya CP, Aldana I, Escobar JI, Ospina-Duque J, Kremeyer B, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A, Cantor RM, Molina J, Coppola G, Ophoff RA, Macaya G, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Reus V, Bearden CE, Sabatti C, Freimer NB. Contribution of common and rare variants to bipolar disorder susceptibility in extended pedigrees from population isolates. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:74. [PMID: 32094344 PMCID: PMC7039961 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence from case/control studies indicates that genetic risk for psychiatric disorders derives primarily from numerous common variants, each with a small phenotypic impact. The literature describing apparent segregation of bipolar disorder (BP) in numerous multigenerational pedigrees suggests that, in such families, large-effect inherited variants might play a greater role. To identify roles of rare and common variants on BP, we conducted genetic analyses in 26 Colombia and Costa Rica pedigrees ascertained for bipolar disorder 1 (BP1), the most severe and heritable form of BP. In these pedigrees, we performed microarray SNP genotyping of 838 individuals and high-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 449 individuals. We compared polygenic risk scores (PRS), estimated using the latest BP1 genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, between BP1 individuals and related controls. We also evaluated whether BP1 individuals had a higher burden of rare deleterious single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and rare copy number variants (CNVs) in a set of genes related to BP1. We found that compared with unaffected relatives, BP1 individuals had higher PRS estimated from BP1 GWAS statistics (P = 0.001 ~ 0.007) and displayed modest increase in burdens of rare deleterious SNVs (P = 0.047) and rare CNVs (P = 0.002 ~ 0.033) in genes related to BP1. We did not observe rare variants segregating in the pedigrees. These results suggest that small-to-moderate effect rare and common variants are more likely to contribute to BP1 risk in these extended pedigrees than a few large-effect rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Sul
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Susan K. Service
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alden Y. Huang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Federal State Institution “National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. Petroverigskiy lane 10, Moscow, 101990 Russia
| | - Sun-Goo Hwang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Terri M. Teshiba
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - YoungJun Park
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Anil P. S. Ori
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Niamh Mullins
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764King’s College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Scott C. Fears
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Carmen Araya
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Xinia Araya
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Mitzi Spesny
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Nin ~os, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Julio Bejarano
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Margarita Ramirez
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Gabriel Castrillón
- Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia ,grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliana Gomez-Makhinson
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (Research Group in Psychiatry; GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050011 Colombia
| | - Maria C. Lopez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (Research Group in Psychiatry; GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050011 Colombia
| | - Gabriel Montoya
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (Research Group in Psychiatry; GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050011 Colombia
| | - Claudia P. Montoya
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (Research Group in Psychiatry; GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050011 Colombia
| | - Ileana Aldana
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Javier I. Escobar
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychiatry and Family Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Jorge Ospina-Duque
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (Research Group in Psychiatry; GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050011 Colombia
| | - Barbara Kremeyer
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | - Giovanni Coppola
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Macaya
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (Research Group in Psychiatry; GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050011 Colombia ,Mood Disorders Program, Hospital San Vicente Fundacion, Medellín, 050011 Colombia
| | - Victor Reus
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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13
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Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, Mattheisen M, Wang Y, Coleman JRI, Gaspar HA, de Leeuw CA, Steinberg S, Pavlides JMW, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Pers TH, Holmans PA, Richards AL, Abbott L, Agerbo E, Akil H, Albani D, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Als TD, Anjorin A, Antilla V, Awasthi S, Badner JA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bauer M, Belliveau R, Bergen SE, Pedersen CB, Bøen E, Boks MP, Boocock J, Budde M, Bunney W, Burmeister M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley W, Casas M, Cerrato F, Cervantes P, Chambert K, Charney AW, Chen D, Churchhouse C, Clarke TK, Coryell W, Craig DW, Cruceanu C, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dale AM, de Jong S, Degenhardt F, Del-Favero J, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Dobbyn AL, Dumont A, Elvsåshagen T, Escott-Price V, Fan CC, Fischer SB, Flickinger M, Foroud TM, Forty L, Frank J, Fraser C, Freimer NB, Frisén L, Gade K, Gage D, Garnham J, Giambartolomei C, Pedersen MG, Goldstein J, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Green EK, Green MJ, Greenwood TA, Grove J, Guan W, Guzman-Parra J, Hamshere ML, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Herms S, Hipolito M, Hoffmann P, Holland D, Huckins L, Jamain S, Johnson JS, Juréus A, Kandaswamy R, Karlsson R, Kennedy JL, Kittel-Schneider S, Knowles JA, Kogevinas M, Koller AC, Kupka R, Lavebratt C, Lawrence J, Lawson WB, Leber M, Lee PH, Levy SE, Li JZ, Liu C, Lucae S, Maaser A, MacIntyre DJ, Mahon PB, Maier W, Martinsson L, McCarroll S, McGuffin P, McInnis MG, McKay JD, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Meng F, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Mullins N, Nguyen H, Nievergelt CM, Adolfsson AN, Nwulia EA, O'Donovan C, Loohuis LMO, Ori APS, Oruc L, Ösby U, Perlis RH, Perry A, Pfennig A, Potash JB, Purcell SM, Regeer EJ, Reif A, Reinbold CS, Rice JP, Rivas F, Rivera M, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Ryu E, Sánchez-Mora C, Schatzberg AF, Scheftner WA, Schork NJ, Shannon Weickert C, Shehktman T, Shilling PD, Sigurdsson E, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Søholm Hansen C, Spijker AT, St Clair D, Steffens M, Strauss JS, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Szelinger S, Thompson RC, Thorgeirsson TE, Treutlein J, Vedder H, Wang W, Watson SJ, Weickert TW, Witt SH, Xi S, Xu W, Young AH, Zandi P, Zhang P, Zöllner S, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Alda M, Backlund L, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Berrettini WH, Biernacka JM, Blackwood DHR, Boehnke M, Børglum AD, Corvin A, Craddock N, Daly MJ, Dannlowski U, Esko T, Etain B, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gershon ES, Gill M, Goes F, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Hougaard DM, Hultman CM, Jones I, Jones LA, Kahn RS, Kirov G, Landén M, Leboyer M, Lewis CM, Li QS, Lissowska J, Martin NG, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Melle I, Metspalu A, Mitchell PB, Morken G, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Neale BM, Nimgaonkar V, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Oedegaard KJ, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Pato C, Pato MT, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Rietschel M, Rouleau GA, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Serretti A, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stordal E, Sullivan PF, Turecki G, Vaaler AE, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Werge T, Nurnberger JI, Wray NR, Di Florio A, Edenberg HJ, Cichon S, Ophoff RA, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, Kelsoe J, Sklar P. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 2019; 51:793-803. [PMID: 31043756 PMCID: PMC6956732 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P < 1 × 10-4 in an additional 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. Eight of the 19 variants that were genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery GWAS were not genome-wide significant in the combined analysis, consistent with small effect sizes and limited power but also with genetic heterogeneity. In the combined analysis, 30 loci were genome-wide significant, including 20 newly identified loci. The significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters and synaptic components. Pathway analysis revealed nine significantly enriched gene sets, including regulation of insulin secretion and endocannabinoid signaling. Bipolar I disorder is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia, driven by psychosis, whereas bipolar II disorder is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tune H Pers
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Alexander L Richards
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Liam Abbott
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, UK
| | - Verneri Antilla
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith A Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco P Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James Boocock
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - William Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miquel Casas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felecia Cerrato
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pablo Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danfeng Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - William Coryell
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - David Curtis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simone de Jong
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Unit, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amanda L Dobbyn
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Dumont
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sascha B Fischer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Flickinger
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Fraser
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Gade
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Claudia Giambartolomei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaqueline Goldstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Elaine K Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Weihua Guan
- Biostatistics, University of Minnesota System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - José Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hipolito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radhika Kandaswamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James A Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Psychiatry, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Department of, rth East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK
| | - William B Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geropsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anna Maaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela B Mahon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research/Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Evaristus A Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilijana Oruc
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Urban Ösby
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Perry
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eline J Regeer
- Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatyana Shehktman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David St Clair
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - John S Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Vedder
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan H Young
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mark J Daly
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Namsos, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sankt Olavs Hospital Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Olde Loohuis LM, Mangul S, Ori APS, Jospin G, Koslicki D, Yang HT, Wu T, Boks MP, Lomen-Hoerth C, Wiedau-Pazos M, Cantor RM, de Vos WM, Kahn RS, Eskin E, Ophoff RA. Transcriptome analysis in whole blood reveals increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:96. [PMID: 29743478 PMCID: PMC5943399 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the human microbiome in health and disease is increasingly appreciated. We studied the composition of microbial communities present in blood across 192 individuals, including healthy controls and patients with three disorders affecting the brain: schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and bipolar disorder. By using high-quality unmapped RNA sequencing reads as candidate microbial reads, we performed profiling of microbial transcripts detected in whole blood. We were able to detect a wide range of bacterial and archaeal phyla in blood. Interestingly, we observed an increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia patients compared to the three other groups. We replicated this finding in an independent schizophrenia case-control cohort. This increased diversity is inversely correlated with estimated cell abundance of a subpopulation of CD8+ memory T cells in healthy controls, supporting a link between microbial products found in blood, immunity and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Serghei Mangul
- Department of Computer, Science University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David Koslicki
- Mathematics Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Harry Taegyun Yang
- Department of Computer, Science University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Wu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martina Wiedau-Pazos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer, Science University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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de Jong S, Boks MPM, Fuller TF, Strengman E, Janson E, de Kovel CGF, Ori APS, Vi N, Mulder F, Blom JD, Glenthøj B, Schubart CD, Cahn W, Kahn RS, Horvath S, Ophoff RA. A gene co-expression network in whole blood of schizophrenia patients is independent of antipsychotic-use and enriched for brain-expressed genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39498. [PMID: 22761806 PMCID: PMC3384650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the underlying genes for schizophrenia are largely unknown. Additional approaches are therefore required to identify the genetic background of this disorder. Here we report findings from a large gene expression study in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients and controls. We applied a systems biology approach to genome-wide expression data from whole blood of 92 medicated and 29 antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients and 118 healthy controls. We show that gene expression profiling in whole blood can identify twelve large gene co-expression modules associated with schizophrenia. Several of these disease related modules are likely to reflect expression changes due to antipsychotic medication. However, two of the disease modules could be replicated in an independent second data set involving antipsychotic-free patients and controls. One of these robustly defined disease modules is significantly enriched with brain-expressed genes and with genetic variants that were implicated in a GWAS study, which could imply a causal role in schizophrenia etiology. The most highly connected intramodular hub gene in this module (ABCF1), is located in, and regulated by the major histocompatibility (MHC) complex, which is intriguing in light of the fact that common allelic variants from the MHC region have been implicated in schizophrenia. This suggests that the MHC increases schizophrenia susceptibility via altered gene expression of regulatory genes in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Jong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P. M. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tova F. Fuller
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Esther Janson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anil P. S. Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy Vi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Flip Mulder
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk Blom
- Parnassia Bravo Group, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Psychiatric University Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Chris D. Schubart
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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