1
|
O'Connor AM, Hagenauer MH, Forrester LCT, Maras PM, Arakawa K, Hebda-Bauer EK, Khalil H, Richardson ER, Rob FI, Sannah Y, Watson SJ, Akil H. Adolescent environmental enrichment induces social resilience and alters neural gene expression in a selectively bred rodent model with anxious phenotype. bioRxiv 2024:2023.10.03.560702. [PMID: 38645129 PMCID: PMC11030238 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Stress is a major influence on mental health status; the ways that individuals respond to or copes with stressors determine whether they are negatively affected in the future. Stress responses are established by an interplay between genetics, environment, and life experiences. Psychosocial stress is particularly impactful during adolescence, a critical period for the development of mood disorders. In this study we compared two established, selectively-bred Sprague Dawley rat lines, the "internalizing" bred Low Responder (bLR) line versus the "externalizing" bred High Responder (bHR) line, to investigate how genetic temperament and adolescent environment impact future responses to social interactions and psychosocial stress, and how these determinants of stress response interact. Male bLR and bHR rats were exposed to social and environmental enrichment in adolescence prior to experiencing social defeat and were then assessed for social interaction and anxiety-like behavior. Adolescent enrichment caused rats to display more social interaction, as well as nominally less social avoidance, less submission during defeat, and resilience to the effects of social stress on corticosterone, in a manner that seemed more notable in bLRs. For bHRs, enrichment also caused greater aggression during a neutral social encounter and nominally during defeat, and decreased anxiety-like behavior. To explore the neurobiology underlying the development of social resilience in the anxious phenotype bLRs, RNA-seq was conducted on the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, two brain regions that mediate stress regulation and social behavior. Gene sets previously associated with stress, social behavior, aggression and exploratory activity were enriched with differential expression in both regions, with a particularly large effect on gene sets that regulate social behaviors. Our findings provide further evidence that adolescent enrichment can serve as an inoculating experience against future stressors. The ability to induce social resilience in a usually anxious line of animals by manipulating their environment has translational implications, as it underscores the feasibility of intervention strategies targeted at genetically vulnerable adolescent populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huda Akil
- Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hagenauer MH, Sannah Y, Hebda-Bauer EK, Rhoads C, O'Connor AM, Watson SJ, Akil H. Resource: A Curated Database of Brain-Related Functional Gene Sets (Brain.GMT). bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.05.588301. [PMID: 38645214 PMCID: PMC11030436 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling has become a common tool for investigating the nervous system. During analysis, differential expression results are often compared to functional ontology databases, which contain curated gene sets representing well-studied pathways. This dependence can cause neuroscience studies to be interpreted in terms of functional pathways documented in better studied tissues (e.g., liver) and topics (e.g., cancer), and systematically emphasizes well-studied genes, leaving other findings in the obscurity of the brain "ignorome". To address this issue, we compiled a curated database of 918 gene sets related to nervous system function, tissue, and cell types ("Brain.GMT") that can be used within common analysis pipelines (GSEA, limma, edgeR) to interpret results from three species (rat, mouse, human). Brain.GMT includes brain-related gene sets curated from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) and extracted from public databases (GeneWeaver, Gemma, DropViz, BrainInABlender, HippoSeq) and published studies containing differential expression results. Although Brain.GMT is still undergoing development and currently only represents a fraction of available brain gene sets, "brain ignorome" genes are already better represented than in traditional Gene Ontology databases. Moreover, Brain.GMT substantially improves the quantity and quality of gene sets identified as enriched with differential expression in neuroscience studies, enhancing interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Hagenauer
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
| | - Yusra Sannah
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
| | - Elaine K Hebda-Bauer
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
| | - Cosette Rhoads
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela M O'Connor
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Turner CA, Khalil H, Murphy-Weinberg V, Hagenauer MH, Gates L, Tang Y, Weinberg L, Grysko R, Floran-Garduno L, Dokas T, Samaniego C, Zhao Z, Fang Y, Sen S, Lopez JF, Watson SJ, Akil H. The impact of COVID-19 on a college freshman sample reveals genetic and nongenetic forms of susceptibility and resilience to stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305779120. [PMID: 38011555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305779120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a longitudinal approach, we sought to define the interplay between genetic and nongenetic factors in shaping vulnerability or resilience to COVID-19 pandemic stress, as indexed by the emergence of symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. University of Michigan freshmen were characterized at baseline using multiple psychological instruments. Subjects were genotyped, and a polygenic risk score for depression (MDD-PRS) was calculated. Daily physical activity and sleep were captured. Subjects were sampled at multiple time points throughout the freshman year on clinical rating scales, including GAD-7 and PHQ-9 for anxiety and depression, respectively. Two cohorts (2019 to 2021) were compared to a pre-COVID-19 cohort to assess the impact of the pandemic. Across cohorts, 26 to 40% of freshmen developed symptoms of anxiety or depression (N = 331). Depression symptoms significantly increased in the pandemic years and became more chronic, especially in females. Physical activity was reduced, and sleep was increased by the pandemic, and this correlated with the emergence of mood symptoms. While low MDD-PRS predicted lower risk for depression during a typical freshman year, this genetic advantage vanished during the pandemic. Indeed, females with lower genetic risk accounted for the majority of the pandemic-induced rise in depression. We developed a model that explained approximately half of the variance in follow-up depression scores based on psychological trait and state characteristics at baseline and contributed to resilience in genetically vulnerable subjects. We discuss the concept of multiple types of resilience, and the interplay between genetic, sex, and psychological factors in shaping the affective response to different types of stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Huzefa Khalil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Virginia Murphy-Weinberg
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Megan H Hagenauer
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Linda Gates
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yu Tang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lauren Weinberg
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert Grysko
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Leonor Floran-Garduno
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thomas Dokas
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Catherine Samaniego
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yu Fang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Srijan Sen
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Juan F Lopez
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei Q, Kumar V, Moore S, Li F, Murphy GG, Watson SJ, Akil H. High emotional reactivity is associated with activation of a molecularly distinct hippocampal-amygdala circuit modulated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100581. [PMID: 37928820 PMCID: PMC10623371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotions are characterized not only by their valence but also by whether they are stable or labile. Yet, we do not understand the molecular or circuit mechanisms that control the dynamic nature of emotional responses. We have shown that glucocorticoid receptor overexpression in the forebrain (GRov) leads to a highly reactive mouse with increased anxiety behavior coupled with greater swings in emotional responses. This phenotype is established early in development and persists into adulthood. However, the neural circuitry mediating this lifelong emotional lability remains unknown. In the present study, optogenetic stimulation in ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) of GRov mice led to a greater range and a prolonged duration of anxiety behavior. cFos expression analysis showed that the amplified behavioral response to vDG activation in GRov mice is coupled to increased neuronal activity in specific brain regions. Relative to wild type mice, GRov mice displayed glutamatergic/GABAergic activation imbalance in ventral CA1 (vCA1) and selectively increased glutamatergic activation in the basal posterior amygdaloid complex. Moreover, forebrain GR overexpression led to increased activation of molecularly distinct subpopulations of neurons within the hippocampus and the posterior basolateral amygdala (pBLA) as evident from the increased cFos co-labeling in the calbindin1+ glutamatergic neurons in vCA1 and in the DARPP-32/Ppp1r1b+ glutamatergic neurons in pBLA. We propose that a molecularly distinct hippocampal-amygdala circuit is shaped by stress early in life and tunes the dynamics of emotional responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Corresponding author. Michigan Neuroscience Institute University of Michigan 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Corresponding author. Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Shannon Moore
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G. Murphy
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moyers BA, Loupe JM, Felker SA, Lawlor JM, Anderson AG, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Bunney WE, Bunney BG, Cartagena PM, Sequeira A, Watson SJ, Akil H, Mendenhall EM, Cooper GM, Myers RM. Allele biased transcription factor binding across human brain regions gives mechanistic insight into eQTLs. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.06.561245. [PMID: 37873117 PMCID: PMC10592666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcription Factors (TFs) influence gene expression by facilitating or disrupting the formation of transcription initiation machinery at particular genomic loci. Because genomic localization of TFs is in part driven by TF recognition of DNA sequence, variation in TF binding sites can disrupt TF-DNA associations and affect gene regulation. To identify variants that impact TF binding in human brain tissues, we quantified allele bias for 93 TFs analyzed with ChIP-seq experiments of multiple structural brain regions from two donors. Using graph genomes constructed from phased genomic sequence data, we compared ChIP-seq signal between alleles at heterozygous variants within each tissue sample from each donor. Comparison of results from different brain regions within donors and the same regions between donors provided measures of allele bias reproducibility. We identified thousands of DNA variants that show reproducible bias in ChIP-seq for at least one TF. We found that alleles that are rarer in the general population were more likely than common alleles to exhibit large biases, and more frequently led to reduced TF binding. Combining ChIP-seq with RNA-seq, we identified TF-allele interaction biases with RNA bias in a phased allele linked to 6,709 eQTL variants identified in GTEx data, 3,309 of which were found in neural contexts. Our results provide insights into the effects of both common and rare variation on gene regulation in the brain. These findings can facilitate mechanistic understanding of cis-regulatory variation associated with biological traits, including disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob M. Loupe
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Blynn G. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Preston M. Cartagena
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Medina AM, Hagenauer MH, Krolewski DM, Hughes E, Forrester LCT, Walsh DM, Waselus M, Richardson E, Turner CA, Sequeira PA, Cartagena PM, Thompson RC, Vawter MP, Bunney BG, Myers RM, Barchas JD, Lee FS, Schatzberg AF, Bunney WE, Akil H, Watson SJ. Neurotransmission-related gene expression in the frontal pole is altered in subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:118. [PMID: 37031222 PMCID: PMC10082811 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The frontal pole (Brodmann area 10, BA10) is the largest cytoarchitectonic region of the human cortex, performing complex integrative functions. BA10 undergoes intensive adolescent grey matter pruning prior to the age of onset for bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCHIZ), and its dysfunction is likely to underly aspects of their shared symptomology. In this study, we investigated the role of BA10 neurotransmission-related gene expression in BP and SCHIZ. We performed qPCR to measure the expression of 115 neurotransmission-related targets in control, BP, and SCHIZ postmortem samples (n = 72). We chose this method for its high sensitivity to detect low-level expression. We then strengthened our findings by performing a meta-analysis of publicly released BA10 microarray data (n = 101) and identified sources of convergence with our qPCR results. To improve interpretation, we leveraged the unusually large database of clinical metadata accompanying our samples to explore the relationship between BA10 gene expression, therapeutics, substances of abuse, and symptom profiles, and validated these findings with publicly available datasets. Using these convergent sources of evidence, we identified 20 neurotransmission-related genes that were differentially expressed in BP and SCHIZ in BA10. These results included a large diagnosis-related decrease in two important therapeutic targets with low levels of expression, HTR2B and DRD4, as well as other findings related to dopaminergic, GABAergic and astrocytic function. We also observed that therapeutics may produce a differential expression that opposes diagnosis effects. In contrast, substances of abuse showed similar effects on BA10 gene expression as BP and SCHIZ, potentially amplifying diagnosis-related dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Medina
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David M Krolewski
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Evan Hughes
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Waselus
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Evelyn Richardson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cortney A Turner
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Robert C Thompson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bossert JM, Mejias-Aponte CA, Saunders T, Altidor L, Emery M, Fredriksson I, Batista A, Claypool SM, Caldwell KE, Reiner DJ, Chow JJ, Foltz M, Kumar V, Seasholtz A, Hughes E, Filipiak W, Harvey BK, Richie CT, Vautier F, Gomez JL, Michaelides M, Kieffer BL, Watson SJ, Akil H, Shaham Y. Effect of Selective Lesions of Nucleus Accumbens µ-Opioid Receptor-Expressing Cells on Heroin Self-Administration in Male and Female Rats: A Study with Novel Oprm1-Cre Knock-in Rats. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1692-1713. [PMID: 36717230 PMCID: PMC10010456 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2049-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain µ-opioid receptor (MOR) is critical for the analgesic, rewarding, and addictive effects of opioid drugs. However, in rat models of opioid-related behaviors, the circuit mechanisms of MOR-expressing cells are less known because of a lack of genetic tools to selectively manipulate them. We introduce a CRISPR-based Oprm1-Cre knock-in transgenic rat that provides cell type-specific genetic access to MOR-expressing cells. After performing anatomic and behavioral validation experiments, we used the Oprm1-Cre knock-in rats to study the involvement of NAc MOR-expressing cells in heroin self-administration in male and female rats. Using RNAscope, autoradiography, and FISH chain reaction (HCR-FISH), we found no differences in Oprm1 expression in NAc, dorsal striatum, and dorsal hippocampus, or MOR receptor density (except dorsal striatum) or function between Oprm1-Cre knock-in rats and wildtype littermates. HCR-FISH assay showed that iCre is highly coexpressed with Oprm1 (95%-98%). There were no genotype differences in pain responses, morphine analgesia and tolerance, heroin self-administration, and relapse-related behaviors. We used the Cre-dependent vector AAV1-EF1a-Flex-taCasp3-TEVP to lesion NAc MOR-expressing cells. We found that the lesions decreased acquisition of heroin self-administration in male Oprm1-Cre rats and had a stronger inhibitory effect on the effort to self-administer heroin in female Oprm1-Cre rats. The validation of an Oprm1-Cre knock-in rat enables new strategies for understanding the role of MOR-expressing cells in rat models of opioid addiction, pain-related behaviors, and other opioid-mediated functions. Our initial mechanistic study indicates that lesioning NAc MOR-expressing cells had different effects on heroin self-administration in male and female rats.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain µ-opioid receptor (MOR) is critical for the analgesic, rewarding, and addictive effects of opioid drugs. However, in rat models of opioid-related behaviors, the circuit mechanisms of MOR-expressing cells are less known because of a lack of genetic tools to selectively manipulate them. We introduce a CRISPR-based Oprm1-Cre knock-in transgenic rat that provides cell type-specific genetic access to brain MOR-expressing cells. After performing anatomical and behavioral validation experiments, we used the Oprm1-Cre knock-in rats to show that lesioning NAc MOR-expressing cells had different effects on heroin self-administration in males and females. The new Oprm1-Cre rats can be used to study the role of brain MOR-expressing cells in animal models of opioid addiction, pain-related behaviors, and other opioid-mediated functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bossert
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Carlos A Mejias-Aponte
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | | | - Lindsay Altidor
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | | | - Ida Fredriksson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Ashley Batista
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Sarah M Claypool
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Kiera E Caldwell
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - David J Reiner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Jonathan J Chow
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | | | - Vivek Kumar
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
| | | | | | | | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Francois Vautier
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- University of Strasbourg-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Strasbourg, France, 67084
| | | | - Huda Akil
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anderson AG, Rogers BB, Loupe JM, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Roberts SC, White LM, Brazell JN, Bunney WE, Bunney BG, Watson SJ, Cochran JN, Myers RM, Rizzardi LF. Single nucleus multiomics identifies ZEB1 and MAFB as candidate regulators of Alzheimer's disease-specific cis-regulatory elements. Cell Genom 2023; 3:100263. [PMID: 36950385 PMCID: PMC10025452 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell type-specific transcriptional differences between brain tissues from donors with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and unaffected controls have been well documented, but few studies have rigorously interrogated the regulatory mechanisms responsible for these alterations. We performed single nucleus multiomics (snRNA-seq plus snATAC-seq) on 105,332 nuclei isolated from cortical tissues from 7 AD and 8 unaffected donors to identify candidate cis-regulatory elements (CREs) involved in AD-associated transcriptional changes. We detected 319,861 significant correlations, or links, between gene expression and cell type-specific transposase accessible regions enriched for active CREs. Among these, 40,831 were unique to AD tissues. Validation experiments confirmed the activity of many regions, including several candidate regulators of APP expression. We identified ZEB1 and MAFB as candidate transcription factors playing important roles in AD-specific gene regulation in neurons and microglia, respectively. Microglia links were globally enriched for heritability of AD risk and previously identified active regulatory regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianne B. Rogers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jacob M. Loupe
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Lauren M. White
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Blynn G. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chitre AS, Hebda-Bauer EK, Blandino P, Bimschleger H, Nguyen KM, Maras P, Li F, Ozel AB, Pan Y, Polesskaya O, Cheng R, Flagel SB, Watson SJ, Li J, Akil H, Palmer AA. Genome-wide association study in a rat model of temperament identifies multiple loci for exploratory locomotion and anxiety-like traits. Front Genet 2023; 13:1003074. [PMID: 36712851 PMCID: PMC9873817 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Common genetic factors likely contribute to multiple psychiatric diseases including mood and substance use disorders. Certain stable, heritable traits reflecting temperament, termed externalizing or internalizing, play a large role in modulating vulnerability to these disorders. To model these heritable tendencies, we selectively bred rats for high and low exploration in a novel environment [bred High Responders (bHR) vs. Low Responders (bLR)]. To identify genes underlying the response to selection, we phenotyped and genotyped 538 rats from an F2 cross between bHR and bLR. Several behavioral traits show high heritability, including the selection trait: exploratory locomotion (EL) in a novel environment. There were significant phenotypic and genetic correlations between tests that capture facets of EL and anxiety. There were also correlations with Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) behavior despite the lower heritability of that trait. Ten significant and conditionally independent loci for six behavioral traits were identified. Five of the six traits reflect different facets of EL that were captured by three behavioral tests. Distance traveled measures from the open field and the elevated plus maze map onto different loci, thus may represent different aspects of novelty-induced locomotor activity. The sixth behavioral trait, number of fecal boli, is the only anxiety-related trait mapping to a significant locus on chromosome 18 within which the Pik3c3 gene is located. There were no significant loci for PavCA. We identified a missense variant in the Plekhf1 gene on the chromosome 1:95 Mb QTL and Fancf and Gas2 as potential candidate genes that may drive the chromosome 1:107 Mb QTL for EL traits. The identification of a locomotor activity-related QTL on chromosome 7 encompassing the Pkhd1l1 and Trhr genes is consistent with our previous finding of these genes being differentially expressed in the hippocampus of bHR vs. bLR rats. The strong heritability coupled with identification of several loci associated with exploratory locomotion and emotionality provide compelling support for this selectively bred rat model in discovering relatively large effect causal variants tied to elements of internalizing and externalizing behaviors inherent to psychiatric and substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elaine K. Hebda-Bauer
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Blandino
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hannah Bimschleger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Maras
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fei Li
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - A. Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yanchao Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Abraham A. Palmer,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hjelm BE, Ramiro C, Rollins BL, Omidsalar AA, Gerke DS, Das SC, Sequeira A, Morgan L, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Lee FS, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Large Common Mitochondrial DNA Deletions Are Associated with a Mitochondrial SNP T14798C Near the 3' Breakpoints. Complex Psychiatry 2023; 8:90-98. [PMID: 36778651 PMCID: PMC9909249 DOI: 10.1159/000528051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Large somatic deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulate with aging in metabolically active tissues such as the brain. We have cataloged the breakpoints and frequencies of large mtDNA deletions in the human brain. Methods We quantified 112 high-frequency mtDNA somatic deletions across four human brain regions with the Splice-Break2 pipeline. In addition, we utilized PLINK/Seq to test the association of mitochondrial genotypes with the abundance of these high-frequency mtDNA deletions. A conservative p value threshold of 5E-08 was used to find the significant loci. Results One mtDNA SNP (T14798C) was significantly associated with mtDNA deletions in two brain regions, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the superior temporal gyrus. Since the DLPFC showed the most robust association between T14798C and two deletion breakpoints (7816-14807 and 5462-14807), this association was tested in the DLPFC of a replication sample and validated the first results. Incorporating the C allele at 14,798 bp increased the perfect/imperfect length of the repeat at the 3' breakpoint of the two associated deletions. Conclusion This is the first study to identify the association of mtDNA SNP with large mtDNA deletions in the human brain. The T14798C allele located in the MT-CYB gene is a common polymorphism that occurs in several mitochondrial haplogroups. We hypothesize that the T14798C association with two deletions occurs by extending the repeat length around the 3' deletion breakpoints. This simple mechanism suggests that mtDNA SNPs can affect the mitochondrial genome structure, especially in brain where high levels of reactive oxygen species lead to deletion accumulation with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Hjelm
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christian Ramiro
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brandi L. Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Audrey A. Omidsalar
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel S. Gerke
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sujan C. Das
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ling Morgan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jack D. Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute (MNI), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute (MNI), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA,*Marquis P. Vawter,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Das SC, Hjelm BE, Rollins BL, Sequeira A, Morgan L, Omidsalar AA, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Lee FS, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Mitochondria DNA copy number, mitochondria DNA total somatic deletions, Complex I activity, synapse number, and synaptic mitochondria number are altered in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:353. [PMID: 36042222 PMCID: PMC9427957 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a neurobiological phenomenon implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder that can synergistically affect synaptic neurotransmission. We hypothesized that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share molecular alterations at the mitochondrial and synaptic levels. Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN), mtDNA common deletion (CD), mtDNA total deletion, complex I activity, synapse number, and synaptic mitochondria number were studied in the postmortem human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), superior temporal gyrus (STG), primary visual cortex (V1), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of controls (CON), and subjects with schizophrenia (SZ), and bipolar disorder (BD). The results showed (i) the mtDNA CN is significantly higher in DLPFC of both SZ and BD, decreased in the STG of BD, and unaltered in V1 and NAc of both SZ and BD; (ii) the mtDNA CD is significantly higher in DLPFC of BD while unaltered in STG, V1, and NAc of both SZ and BD; (iii) The total deletion burden is significantly higher in DLPFC in both SZ and BD while unaltered in STG, V1, and NAc of SZ and BD; (iv) Complex I activity is significantly lower in DLPFC of both SZ and BD, which is driven by the presence of medications, with no alteration in STG, V1, and NAc. In addition, complex I protein concentration, by ELISA, was decreased across three cortical regions of SZ and BD subjects; (v) The number of synapses is decreased in DLPFC of both SZ and BD, while the synaptic mitochondria number was significantly lower in female SZ and female BD compared to female controls. Overall, these findings will pave the way to understand better the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujan C. Das
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Brooke E. Hjelm
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Brandi L. Rollins
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Ling Morgan
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Audrey A. Omidsalar
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jack D. Barchas
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NJ USA
| | - Francis S. Lee
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NJ USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Huda Akil
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - William E. Bunney
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mamdani F, Weber MD, Bunney B, Burke K, Cartagena P, Walsh D, Lee FS, Barchas J, Schatzberg AF, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Vawter MP, Bunney WE, Sequeira A. Identification of potential blood biomarkers associated with suicide in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:159. [PMID: 35422091 PMCID: PMC9010430 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicides have increased to over 48,000 deaths yearly in the United States. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common diagnosis among suicides, and identifying those at the highest risk for suicide is a pressing challenge. The objective of this study is to identify changes in gene expression associated with suicide in brain and blood for the development of biomarkers for suicide. Blood and brain were available for 45 subjects (53 blood samples and 69 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) samples in total). Samples were collected from MDD patients who died by suicide (MDD-S), MDDs who died by other means (MDD-NS) and non-psychiatric controls. We analyzed gene expression using RNA and the NanoString platform. In blood, we identified 14 genes which significantly differentiated MDD-S versus MDD-NS. The top six genes differentially expressed in blood were: PER3, MTPAP, SLC25A26, CD19, SOX9, and GAR1. Additionally, four genes showed significant changes in brain and blood between MDD-S and MDD-NS; SOX9 was decreased and PER3 was increased in MDD-S in both tissues, while CD19 and TERF1 were increased in blood but decreased in DLPFC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze matched blood and brain samples in a well-defined population of MDDs demonstrating significant differences in gene expression associated with completed suicide. Our results strongly suggest that blood gene expression is highly informative to understand molecular changes in suicide. Developing a suicide biomarker signature in blood could help health care professionals to identify subjects at high risk for suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firoza Mamdani
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Matthieu D. Weber
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Blynn Bunney
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kathleen Burke
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Preston Cartagena
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - David Walsh
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Francis S. Lee
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Jack Barchas
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Huda Akil
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - William E. Bunney
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh T, Poterba T, Curtis D, Akil H, Al Eissa M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bigdeli TB, Breen G, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Bunney WE, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley WF, Chapman SB, Chen WJ, Churchhouse C, Craddock N, Cusick CM, DeLisi L, Dodge S, Escamilla MA, Eskelinen S, Fanous AH, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Francioli L, Gabriel SB, Gage D, Gagliano Taliun SA, Ganna A, Genovese G, Glahn DC, Grove J, Hall MH, Hämäläinen E, Heyne HO, Holi M, Hougaard DM, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Hwu HG, Kahn RS, Kang HM, Karczewski KJ, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Lee FS, Lehrer DS, Lescai F, Malaspina D, Marder SR, McCarroll SA, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Milani L, Morley CP, Morris DW, Mortensen PB, Myers RM, Nordentoft M, O'Brien NL, Olivares AM, Ongur D, Ouwehand WH, Palmer DS, Paunio T, Quested D, Rapaport MH, Rees E, Rollins B, Satterstrom FK, Schatzberg A, Scolnick E, Scott LJ, Sharp SI, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sobell JL, Solomonson M, Stahl EA, Stevens CR, Suvisaari J, Tiao G, Watson SJ, Watts NA, Blackwood DH, Børglum AD, Cohen BM, Corvin AP, Esko T, Freimer NB, Glatt SJ, Hultman CM, McQuillin A, Palotie A, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pulver AE, St Clair D, Tsuang MT, Vawter MP, Walters JT, Werge TM, Ophoff RA, Sullivan PF, Owen MJ, Boehnke M, O'Donovan MC, Neale BM, Daly MJ. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:509-516. [PMID: 35396579 PMCID: PMC9805802 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare coding variation has historically provided the most direct connections between gene function and disease pathogenesis. By meta-analysing the whole exomes of 24,248 schizophrenia cases and 97,322 controls, we implicate ultra-rare coding variants (URVs) in 10 genes as conferring substantial risk for schizophrenia (odds ratios of 3-50, P < 2.14 × 10-6) and 32 genes at a false discovery rate of <5%. These genes have the greatest expression in central nervous system neurons and have diverse molecular functions that include the formation, structure and function of the synapse. The associations of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit GRIN2A and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptor subunit GRIA3 provide support for dysfunction of the glutamatergic system as a mechanistic hypothesis in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We observe an overlap of rare variant risk among schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders1, epilepsy and severe neurodevelopmental disorders2, although different mutation types are implicated in some shared genes. Most genes described here, however, are not implicated in neurodevelopment. We demonstrate that genes prioritized from common variant analyses of schizophrenia are enriched in rare variant risk3, suggesting that common and rare genetic risk factors converge at least partially on the same underlying pathogenic biological processes. Even after excluding significantly associated genes, schizophrenia cases still carry a substantial excess of URVs, which indicates that more risk genes await discovery using this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Singh
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy Poterba
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Huda Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline M Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lynn DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Saana Eskelinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Laurent Francioli
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Holi
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- MIRECC, JP Peters VA Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Lescai
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Department of Family Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Olivares
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Duncan S Palmer
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Schatzberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Solomonson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Grace Tiao
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Watts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Pulver
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James T Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maras PM, Hebda-Bauer EK, Hagenauer MH, Hilde KL, Blandino P, Watson SJ, Akil H. Differences in microglia morphological profiles reflect divergent emotional temperaments: insights from a selective breeding model. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:105. [PMID: 35292624 PMCID: PMC8924221 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play critical roles in healthy brain development and function, as well as the neuropathology underlying a range of brain diseases. Despite evidence for a role of microglia in affective regulation and mood disorders, little is known regarding how variation in microglia status relates to individual differences in emotionality. Using a selective breeding model, we have generated rat lines with unique temperamental phenotypes that reflect broad emotional traits: bred low responder rats (bLRs) are novelty-averse and model a passive coping style, whereas bred high responder rats (bHRs) are highly exploratory and model an active coping style. To identify a functional role of microglia in these phenotypes, we administered minocycline, an antibiotic with potent microglia inhibiting properties and observed shifts in forced swim, sucrose preference, and social interaction behaviors in bLRs. Using detailed anatomical analyses, we compared hippocampal microglia profiles of bHRs and bLRs and found that although the lines had similar numbers of microglia, selective breeding was associated with a shift in the morphological features of these cells. Specifically, microglia from bLRs were characterized by a hyper-ramified morphology, with longer processes and more complicated branching patterns than microglia from bHRs. This morphology is thought to reflect an early stage of microglia activation and suggests that bLR microglia are in a reactive state even when animals are not overtly challenged. Taken together, our results provide novel evidence linking variation in inborn temperament with differences in the baseline status of microglia and implicate a role for microglia in shaping enduring emotional characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Maras
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Elaine K Hebda-Bauer
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Megan H Hagenauer
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kathryn L Hilde
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter Blandino
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murra D, Hilde KL, Fitzpatrick A, Maras PM, Watson SJ, Akil H. Characterizing the behavioral and neuroendocrine features of susceptibility and resilience to social stress. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100437. [PMID: 35242893 PMCID: PMC8857076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating and coping with stressful social events as they unfold is a critical strategy in overcoming them without long-lasting detrimental effects. Individuals display a wide range of responses to stress, which can manifest in a variety of outcomes for the brain as well as subsequent behavior. Chronic Social Defeat Stress (CSDS) in mice has been widely used to model individual variation following a social stressor. Following a course of repeated intermittent psychological and physical stress, mice diverge into separate populations of social reactivity: resilient (socially interactive) and susceptible (socially avoidant) animals. A rich body of work reveals distinct neurobiological and behavioral consequences of this experience that map onto the resilient and susceptible groups. However, the range of factors that emerge over the course of defeat have not been fully described. Therefore, in the current study, we focused on characterizing behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine profiles of mice in three separate phases: before, during, and following CSDS. We found that following CSDS, traditional read-outs of anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors do not map on to the resilient and susceptible groups. By contrast, behavioral coping strategies used during the initial social stress encounter better predict which mice will eventually become resilient or susceptible. In particular, mice that will emerge as susceptible display greater escape behavior on Day 1 of social defeat than those that will emerge as resilient, indicating early differences in coping mechanisms used between the two groups. We further show that the social avoidance phenotype in susceptible mice is specific to the aggressor strain and does not generalize to conspecifics or other strains, indicating that there may be features of threat discrimination that are specific to the susceptible mice. Our findings suggest that there are costs and benefits to both the resilient and susceptible outcomes, reflected in their ability to cope and adapt to the social stressor.
Collapse
|
16
|
Parsegian A, García-Fuster MJ, Hebda-Bauer E, Watson SJ, Flagel SB, Akil H. Adolescent cocaine differentially impacts psychomotor sensitization and epigenetic profiles in adult male rats with divergent affective phenotypes. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1024617. [PMID: 36311521 PMCID: PMC9599748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1024617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent drug use reliably predicts increased addiction liability in adulthood, but not all individuals are equally impacted. To explore the biological bases of this differential reactivity to early life drug experience, we used a genetic rat model of temperament and evaluated the impact of adolescent cocaine exposure on adult psychomotor sensitization. Relative to adult bred low-responder (bLR) rats, bred high-responders (bHR) are more sensitive to the psychomotor-activating effects of cocaine and reinstate drug-seeking behavior more readily following prolonged cocaine exposure and/or abstinence. We found that a 7-day sensitizing cocaine regimen (15 mg/kg/day) during either adolescence or adulthood produced psychomotor sensitization in bHRs only, while a dual cocaine exposure prevented further sensitization, suggesting limits on neuroplasticity. By contrast, adolescent cocaine in bLRs shifted their resilient phenotype, rendering them more responsive to cocaine in adulthood following adolescent cocaine. To begin to explore the neural correlates of these behavioral phenotypes, we assessed two functionally opposite epigenetic chromatin modifications implicated in addiction liability, permissive acetylation (ac) and repressive tri-methylation (me3) on Histone 3 Lysine 9 (H3K9), in four striatal sub-regions. In bHRs, decreased H3K9me3 and increased acH3K9 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core associated with cocaine sensitization. In bLRs, the combination of cocaine exposure in adolescence and adulthood, which lead to an increased response to a cocaine challenge, also increased acH3K9 in the core. Thus, adolescent cocaine experience interacts with genetic background to elicit different behavioral profiles relevant to addiction in adulthood, with concurrent modifications in the epigenetic histone profiles in the NAc that associate with cocaine sensitization and with metaplasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Parsegian
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M Julia García-Fuster
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Elaine Hebda-Bauer
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shelly B Flagel
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Birt IA, Hagenauer MH, Clinton SM, Aydin C, Blandino P, Stead JD, Hilde KL, Meng F, Thompson RC, Khalil H, Stefanov A, Maras P, Zhou Z, Hebda-Bauer EK, Goldman D, Watson SJ, Akil H. Genetic Liability for Internalizing Versus Externalizing Behavior Manifests in the Developing and Adult Hippocampus: Insight From a Meta-analysis of Transcriptional Profiling Studies in a Selectively Bred Rat Model. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:339-355. [PMID: 32762937 PMCID: PMC7704921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For more than 16 years, we have selectively bred rats for either high or low levels of exploratory activity within a novel environment. These bred high-responder (bHR) and bred low-responder (bLR) rats model temperamental extremes, exhibiting large differences in internalizing and externalizing behaviors relevant to mood and substance use disorders. METHODS We characterized persistent differences in gene expression related to bHR/bLR phenotype across development and adulthood in the hippocampus, a region critical for emotional regulation, by meta-analyzing 8 transcriptional profiling datasets (microarray and RNA sequencing) spanning 43 generations of selective breeding (postnatal day 7: n = 22; postnatal day 14: n = 49; postnatal day 21: n = 21; adult: n = 46; all male). We cross-referenced expression differences with exome sequencing within our colony to pinpoint candidates likely to mediate the effect of selective breeding on behavioral phenotype. The results were compared with hippocampal profiling from other bred rat models. RESULTS Genetic and transcriptional profiling results converged to implicate multiple candidate genes, including two previously associated with metabolism and mood: Trhr and Ucp2. Results also highlighted bHR/bLR functional differences in the hippocampus, including a network essential for neurodevelopmental programming, proliferation, and differentiation, centering on Bmp4 and Mki67. Finally, we observed differential expression related to microglial activation, which is important for synaptic pruning, including 2 genes within implicated chromosomal regions: C1qa and Mfge8. CONCLUSIONS These candidate genes and functional pathways may direct bHR/bLR rats along divergent developmental trajectories and promote a widely different reactivity to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A. Birt
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan H. Hagenauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Cigdem Aydin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John D.H. Stead
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Kathryn L. Hilde
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert C. Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huzefa Khalil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alex Stefanov
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pamela Maras
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine K. Hebda-Bauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar V, Krolewski DM, Hebda-Bauer EK, Parsegian A, Martin B, Foltz M, Akil H, Watson SJ. Optimization and evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization chain reaction in cleared fresh-frozen brain tissues. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:481-499. [PMID: 33386994 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcript labeling in intact tissues using in situ hybridization chain reaction has potential to provide vital spatiotemporal information for molecular characterization of heterogeneous neuronal populations. However, large tissue labeling in non-perfused or fresh-frozen rodent and postmortem human samples, which provide more flexible utilization than perfused tissues, is largely unexplored. In the present study, we optimized the combination of in situ hybridization chain reaction in fresh-frozen rodent brains and then evaluated the uniformity of neuronal labeling between two clearing methods, CLARITY and iDISCO+. We found that CLARITY yielded higher signal-to-noise ratios but more limited imaging depth and required longer clearing times, whereas, iDISCO+ resulted in better tissue clearing, greater imaging depth and a more uniform labeling of larger samples. Based on these results, we used iDISCO+-cleared fresh-frozen rodent brains to further validate this combination and map the expression of a few genes of interest pertaining to mood disorders. We then examined the potential of in situ hybridization chain reaction to label transcripts in cleared postmortem human brain tissues. The combination failed to produce adequate mRNA labeling in postmortem human cortical slices but produced visually adequate labeling in the cerebellum tissues. We next, investigated the multiplexing ability of in situ hybridization chain reaction in cleared tissues which revealed inconsistent fluorescence output depending upon the fluorophore conjugated to the hairpins. Finally, we applied our optimized protocol to assess the effect of glucocorticoid receptor overexpression on basal somatostatin expression in the mouse cortex. The constitutive glucocorticoid receptor overexpression resulted in lower number density of somatostatin-expressing neurons compared to wild type. Overall, the combination of in situ hybridization chain reaction with clearing methods, especially iDISCO+, may find broad application in the transcript analysis in rodent studies, but its limited use in postmortem human tissues can be improved by further optimizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - David M Krolewski
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Elaine K Hebda-Bauer
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aram Parsegian
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian Martin
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Foltz
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spencer-Segal JL, Singer BH, Laborc K, Somayaji K, Watson SJ, Standiford TJ, Akil H. Sepsis survivor mice exhibit a behavioral endocrine syndrome with ventral hippocampal dysfunction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104679. [PMID: 32353815 PMCID: PMC7845932 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute stressors are known to trigger mood disorders in humans. Sepsis represents one such stressor, and survivors often suffer long term from psychiatric morbidity. We hypothesized that sepsis leads to lasting changes in neural circuits involved in stress integration, altering affective behavior and the stress response. To investigate this hypothesis, sepsis was induced in male C57Bl/6 mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and control mice underwent sham surgery. Mice recovered from acute illness within 2 weeks, after which they exhibited increased avoidance behavior and behavioral despair compared with sham, with behavioral changes observed more than 5 weeks after recovery. Sepsis survivors also showed evidence of enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, with increased corticosterone after a novel stressor and increased adrenal weight. In the brain, sepsis survivor mice showed decreased stress-induced cfos mRNA and increased glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity specifically in the ventral hippocampus, a brain region known to coordinate emotional behavior and HPA axis activity. We conclude that murine sepsis survivors exhibit a behavioral neuroendocrine syndrome of negative affective behavior and HPA axis hyperactivity, which could be explained by ventral hippocampal dysfunction. These findings could contribute to our understanding of the human post-intensive care syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Spencer-Segal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Benjamin H. Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Klaudia Laborc
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Khyati Somayaji
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hjelm BE, Rollins B, Morgan L, Sequeira A, Mamdani F, Pereira F, Damas J, Webb MG, Weber MD, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Lee FS, Akil H, Watson SJ, Myers RM, Chao EC, Kimonis V, Thompson PM, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Splice-Break: exploiting an RNA-seq splice junction algorithm to discover mitochondrial DNA deletion breakpoints and analyses of psychiatric disorders. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e59. [PMID: 30869147 PMCID: PMC6547454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions in the 16.6 kb mitochondrial genome have been implicated in numerous disorders that often display muscular and/or neurological symptoms due to the high-energy demands of these tissues. We describe a catalogue of 4489 putative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions, including their frequency and relative read rate, using a combinatorial approach of mitochondria-targeted PCR, next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics, post-hoc filtering, annotation, and validation steps. Our bioinformatics pipeline uses MapSplice, an RNA-seq splice junction detection algorithm, to detect and quantify mtDNA deletion breakpoints rather than mRNA splices. Analyses of 93 samples from postmortem brain and blood found (i) the 4977 bp ‘common deletion’ was neither the most frequent deletion nor the most abundant; (ii) brain contained significantly more deletions than blood; (iii) many high frequency deletions were previously reported in MitoBreak, suggesting they are present at low levels in metabolically active tissues and are not exclusive to individuals with diagnosed mitochondrial pathologies; (iv) many individual deletions (and cumulative metrics) had significant and positive correlations with age and (v) the highest deletion burdens were observed in major depressive disorder brain, at levels greater than Kearns–Sayre Syndrome muscle. Collectively, these data suggest the Splice-Break pipeline can detect and quantify mtDNA deletions at a high level of resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Hjelm
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ling Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Firoza Mamdani
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Filipe Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Joana Damas
- The Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michelle G Webb
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Matthieu D Weber
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Chao
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UCI, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UCI, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hebda-Bauer EK, Dokas LA, Watson SJ, Akil H. Adaptation to single housing is dynamic: Changes in hormone levels, gene expression, signaling in the brain, and anxiety-like behavior in adult male C57Bl/6J mice. Horm Behav 2019; 114:104541. [PMID: 31220462 PMCID: PMC7466935 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For basic research, rodents are often housed in individual cages prior to behavioral testing. However, aspects of the experimental design, such as duration of isolation and timing of animal manipulation, may unintentionally introduce variance into collected data. Thus, we examined temporal correlates of acclimation of C57Bl/6J mice to single housing in a novel environment following two commonly used experimental time periods (7 or 14 days, SH7 or SH14). We measured circulating stress hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone), basally or after injection stress, hippocampal gene expression of transcripts implicated in stress and affect regulation: the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), including the MR/GR ratio, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). We also measured signaling in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The basal elevation of stress hormones in the SH14 group is accompanied by a blunting in the circadian rhythms of GR and FGF2 hippocampal gene expression, and the MR/GR ratio, that is observed in SH7 mice. Following mild stress, the endocrine response and hippocampal mTOR pathway signaling are decreased in the SH14 mice. These neural and endocrine changes at 14 days of single housing likely underlie increased anxiety-like behavior measured in an elevated plus maze test. We conclude that multiple measures of stress responsiveness change dynamically between one and two weeks of single housing. The ramifications of these alterations should be considered when designing animal experiments since such hidden sources of variance might cause lack of replicability and misinterpretation of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine K Hebda-Bauer
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Linda A Dokas
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, Mattheisen M, Wang Y, Coleman JRI, Gaspar HA, de Leeuw CA, Steinberg S, Pavlides JMW, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Pers TH, Holmans PA, Richards AL, Abbott L, Agerbo E, Akil H, Albani D, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Als TD, Anjorin A, Antilla V, Awasthi S, Badner JA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bauer M, Belliveau R, Bergen SE, Pedersen CB, Bøen E, Boks MP, Boocock J, Budde M, Bunney W, Burmeister M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley W, Casas M, Cerrato F, Cervantes P, Chambert K, Charney AW, Chen D, Churchhouse C, Clarke TK, Coryell W, Craig DW, Cruceanu C, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dale AM, de Jong S, Degenhardt F, Del-Favero J, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Dobbyn AL, Dumont A, Elvsåshagen T, Escott-Price V, Fan CC, Fischer SB, Flickinger M, Foroud TM, Forty L, Frank J, Fraser C, Freimer NB, Frisén L, Gade K, Gage D, Garnham J, Giambartolomei C, Pedersen MG, Goldstein J, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Green EK, Green MJ, Greenwood TA, Grove J, Guan W, Guzman-Parra J, Hamshere ML, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Herms S, Hipolito M, Hoffmann P, Holland D, Huckins L, Jamain S, Johnson JS, Juréus A, Kandaswamy R, Karlsson R, Kennedy JL, Kittel-Schneider S, Knowles JA, Kogevinas M, Koller AC, Kupka R, Lavebratt C, Lawrence J, Lawson WB, Leber M, Lee PH, Levy SE, Li JZ, Liu C, Lucae S, Maaser A, MacIntyre DJ, Mahon PB, Maier W, Martinsson L, McCarroll S, McGuffin P, McInnis MG, McKay JD, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Meng F, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Mullins N, Nguyen H, Nievergelt CM, Adolfsson AN, Nwulia EA, O'Donovan C, Loohuis LMO, Ori APS, Oruc L, Ösby U, Perlis RH, Perry A, Pfennig A, Potash JB, Purcell SM, Regeer EJ, Reif A, Reinbold CS, Rice JP, Rivas F, Rivera M, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Ryu E, Sánchez-Mora C, Schatzberg AF, Scheftner WA, Schork NJ, Shannon Weickert C, Shehktman T, Shilling PD, Sigurdsson E, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Søholm Hansen C, Spijker AT, St Clair D, Steffens M, Strauss JS, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Szelinger S, Thompson RC, Thorgeirsson TE, Treutlein J, Vedder H, Wang W, Watson SJ, Weickert TW, Witt SH, Xi S, Xu W, Young AH, Zandi P, Zhang P, Zöllner S, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Alda M, Backlund L, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Berrettini WH, Biernacka JM, Blackwood DHR, Boehnke M, Børglum AD, Corvin A, Craddock N, Daly MJ, Dannlowski U, Esko T, Etain B, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gershon ES, Gill M, Goes F, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Hougaard DM, Hultman CM, Jones I, Jones LA, Kahn RS, Kirov G, Landén M, Leboyer M, Lewis CM, Li QS, Lissowska J, Martin NG, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Melle I, Metspalu A, Mitchell PB, Morken G, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Neale BM, Nimgaonkar V, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Oedegaard KJ, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Pato C, Pato MT, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Rietschel M, Rouleau GA, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Serretti A, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stordal E, Sullivan PF, Turecki G, Vaaler AE, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Werge T, Nurnberger JI, Wray NR, Di Florio A, Edenberg HJ, Cichon S, Ophoff RA, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, Kelsoe J, Sklar P. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 2019; 51:793-803. [PMID: 31043756 PMCID: PMC6956732 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P < 1 × 10-4 in an additional 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. Eight of the 19 variants that were genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery GWAS were not genome-wide significant in the combined analysis, consistent with small effect sizes and limited power but also with genetic heterogeneity. In the combined analysis, 30 loci were genome-wide significant, including 20 newly identified loci. The significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters and synaptic components. Pathway analysis revealed nine significantly enriched gene sets, including regulation of insulin secretion and endocannabinoid signaling. Bipolar I disorder is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia, driven by psychosis, whereas bipolar II disorder is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tune H Pers
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Alexander L Richards
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Liam Abbott
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, UK
| | - Verneri Antilla
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith A Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco P Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James Boocock
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - William Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miquel Casas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felecia Cerrato
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pablo Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danfeng Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - William Coryell
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - David Curtis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simone de Jong
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Unit, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amanda L Dobbyn
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Dumont
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sascha B Fischer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Flickinger
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Fraser
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Gade
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Claudia Giambartolomei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaqueline Goldstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Elaine K Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Weihua Guan
- Biostatistics, University of Minnesota System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - José Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hipolito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radhika Kandaswamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James A Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Psychiatry, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Department of, rth East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK
| | - William B Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geropsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anna Maaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela B Mahon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research/Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Evaristus A Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilijana Oruc
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Urban Ösby
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Perry
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eline J Regeer
- Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatyana Shehktman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David St Clair
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - John S Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Vedder
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan H Young
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mark J Daly
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Namsos, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sankt Olavs Hospital Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Langenecker SA, Mickey BJ, Eichhammer P, Sen S, Elverman KH, Kennedy SE, Heitzeg MM, Ribeiro SM, Love TM, Hsu DT, Koeppe RA, Watson SJ, Akil H, Goldman D, Burmeister M, Zubieta JK. Cognitive Control as a 5-HT 1A-Based Domain That Is Disrupted in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychol 2019; 10:691. [PMID: 30984083 PMCID: PMC6450211 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity within Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has hampered identification of biological markers (e.g., intermediate phenotypes, IPs) that might increase risk for the disorder or reflect closer links to the genes underlying the disease process. The newer characterizations of dimensions of MDD within Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) domains may align well with the goal of defining IPs. We compare a sample of 25 individuals with MDD compared to 29 age and education matched controls in multimodal assessment. The multimodal RDoC assessment included the primary IP biomarker, positron emission tomography (PET) with a selective radiotracer for 5-HT1A [(11C)WAY-100635], as well as event-related functional MRI with a Go/No-go task targeting the Cognitive Control network, neuropsychological assessment of affective perception, negative memory bias and Cognitive Control domains. There was also an exploratory genetic analysis with the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and monamine oxidase A (MAO-A) genes. In regression analyses, lower 5-HT1A binding potential (BP) in the MDD group was related to diminished engagement of the Cognitive Control network, slowed resolution of interfering cognitive stimuli, one element of Cognitive Control. In contrast, higher/normative levels of 5-HT1A BP in MDD (only) was related to a substantial memory bias toward negative information, but intact resolution of interfering cognitive stimuli and greater engagement of Cognitive Control circuitry. The serotonin transporter risk allele was associated with lower 1a BP and the corresponding imaging and cognitive IPs in MDD. Lowered 5HT 1a BP was present in half of the MDD group relative to the control group. Lowered 5HT 1a BP may represent a subtype including decreased engagement of Cognitive Control network and impaired resolution of interfering cognitive stimuli. Future investigations might link lowered 1a BP to neurobiological pathways and markers, as well as probing subtype-specific treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Langenecker
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brian J Mickey
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Eichhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Srijan Sen
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kathleen H Elverman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Susan E Kennedy
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Saulo M Ribeiro
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tiffany M Love
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David T Hsu
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stanley J Watson
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Huda Akil
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Margit Burmeister
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Turner CA, Hagenauer MH, Aurbach EL, Maras PM, Fournier CL, Blandino P, Chauhan RB, Panksepp J, Watson SJ, Akil H. Effects of early-life FGF2 on ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and the mu-opioid receptor in male Sprague-Dawley rats selectively-bred for differences in their response to novelty. Brain Res 2019; 1715:106-114. [PMID: 30880118 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, early-life fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) administration conferred resilience to developing anxiety-like behavior in vulnerable animals in adulthood. To follow up on this work, we administered FGF2 the day after birth to animals that differ in emotional behavior and further explored its long-term effects on affective behavior and circuitry. Selectively-bred "high responder" rats (bHRs) exhibit low levels of anxiety-like and depression-like behavior, whereas selectively-bred "low responders" (bLRs) display high levels of anxiety-like and depression-like behavior. We found that early-life administration of FGF2 decreased negative affect in bLRs during the early post-natal period, as indexed by 40 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response to a brief maternal separation on PND11. FGF2 also increased positive affect during the juvenile period, as measured by 50 kHz USVs in response to heterospecific hand play ("tickling") after weaning. In general, we found that bHRs produced more 50 kHz USVs than bLRs. In adulthood, we measured opioid ligand and receptor expression in brain regions implicated in USV production and affect regulation by mRNA in situ hybridization. Within multiple affective brain regions, bHRs had greater expression of the mu opioid receptor than bLRs. FGF2 increased mu opioid expression in bLRs. The bLRs had more kappa and less delta receptor expression than bHRs, and FGF2 increased prodynorphin in bLRs. Our results provide support for further investigations into the role of growth factors and endogenous opioids in the treatment of disorders characterized by altered affect, such as anxiety and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Megan H Hagenauer
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elyse L Aurbach
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pamela M Maras
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chelsea L Fournier
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rikav B Chauhan
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaak Panksepp
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Turner CA, Lyons DM, Buckmaster CL, Aurbach EL, Watson SJ, Schatzberg AF, Akil H. Neural cell adhesion molecule peptide mimetics modulate emotionality: pharmacokinetic and behavioral studies in rats and non-human primates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:356-363. [PMID: 29703997 PMCID: PMC6300554 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family in emotion modulation. Although ligands that activate FGF receptors have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animal models, FGF ligands have a broad range of actions both in the brain and the periphery. Therefore, identifying molecular partners that may function as allosteric modulators could offer new avenues for drug development. Since neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) activates FGF receptors, we asked whether peripherally administered NCAM peptide mimetics penetrate the brain and alter the behavior of standardized tests that have predictive validity for drug treatments of anxiety or depression. The NCAM peptide mimetic, plannexin, acutely increased and chronically decreased anxiety, but did not have antidepressant effects in rats. Another NCAM peptide mimetic, FGLL, had acute anxiogenic effects and chronic antidepressant effects in rats. A related NCAM peptide mimetic, FGLS, had antidepressant effects without modulating anxiety-like behavior, and these antidepressant effects were blocked by an AMPA receptor antagonist. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of FGLs correlated with blood plasma levels in rats and non-human primates, and CSF-to-blood ratios of FGLS were comparable in both species. Results indicate that NCAM peptide mimetics penetrate the brain and support the suggestion that FGLS may be a candidate for further development as a novel treatment for major depressive disorder in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A. Turner
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - David M. Lyons
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA
| | - Christine L. Buckmaster
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA
| | - Elyse L. Aurbach
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA
| | - Huda Akil
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Krolewski DM, Kumar V, Martin B, Tomer R, Deisseroth K, Myers RM, Schatzberg AF, Lee FS, Barchas JD, Bunney WE, Akil H, Watson SJ. Quantitative validation of immunofluorescence and lectin staining using reduced CLARITY acrylamide formulations. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:987-999. [PMID: 29243106 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CLARITY technique enables three-dimensional visualization of fluorescent-labeled biomolecules in clarified intact brain samples, affording a unique view of molecular neuroanatomy and neurocircuitry. It is therefore, essential to find the ideal combination for clearing tissue and detecting the fluorescent-labeled signal. This method requires the formation of a formaldehyde-acrylamide fixative-generated hydrogel mesh through which cellular lipid is removed with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Several laboratories have used differential acrylamide and detergent concentrations to achieve better tissue clearing and antibody penetration, but the potential effects upon fluorescent signal retention is largely unknown. In an effort to optimize CLARITY processing procedures we performed quantitative parvalbumin immunofluorescence and lectin-based vasculature staining using either 4 or 8% sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent in combination with different acrylamide formulas in mouse brain slices. Using both confocal and CLARITY-optimized lightsheet microscope-acquired images, we demonstrate that 2% acrylamide monomer combined with 0.0125% bis-acrylamide and cleared with 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate generally provides the most optimal signal visualization amongst various hydrogel monomer concentrations, lipid removal times, and detergent concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Krolewski
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - V Kumar
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - B Martin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - R Tomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - A F Schatzberg
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - F S Lee
- Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J D Barchas
- Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - W E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - H Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - S J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rollins BL, Morgan L, Hjelm BE, Sequeira A, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Lee FS, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Potkin SG, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Medication Influence. Mol Neuropsychiatry 2017; 3:157-169. [PMID: 29594135 DOI: 10.1159/000484348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) show decreased protein and transcript levels for mitochondrial complex I. In vitro results suggest antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs may be responsible. We measured complex I activity in BD, SZ, and controls and presence of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and the mtDNA "common deletion" in the brain. Complex I activity in the prefrontal cortex was decreased by 45% in SZ compared to controls (p = 0.02), while no significant difference was found in BD. Complex I activity was significantly decreased (p = 0.01) in pooled cases (SZ and BD) that had detectable psychotropic medications and drugs compared to pooled cases with no detectable levels. Subjects with age at onset in their teens and psychotropic medications showed decreased (p < 0.05) complex I activity compared to subjects with an adult age at onset. Both SZ and BD groups displayed significant increases (p < 0.05) in mtDNA copy number compared to controls; however, common deletion burden was not altered. Complex I deficiency is found in SZ brain tissue, and psychotropic medications may play a role in mitochondrial dysfunction. Studies of medication-free first-episode psychosis patients are needed to elucidate whether mitochondrial pathophysiology occurs independent of medication effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ling Morgan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brooke E Hjelm
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NJ, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NJ, USA
| | - Rick M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Huda Akil
- MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee AG, Hagenauer M, Absher D, Morrison KE, Bale TL, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Schatzberg AF, Lyons DM. Stress amplifies sex differences in primate prefrontal profiles of gene expression. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 29096718 PMCID: PMC5667444 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is a recognized risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders that occur more often in women than men. Prefrontal brain regions mediate stress coping, cognitive control, and emotion. Here, we investigate sex differences and stress effects on prefrontal cortical profiles of gene expression in squirrel monkey adults. METHODS Dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial prefrontal cortical regions from 18 females and 12 males were collected after stress or no-stress treatment conditions. Gene expression profiles were acquired using HumanHT-12v4.0 Expression BeadChip arrays adapted for squirrel monkeys. RESULTS Extensive variation between prefrontal cortical regions was discerned in the expression of numerous autosomal and sex chromosome genes. Robust sex differences were also identified across prefrontal cortical regions in the expression of mostly autosomal genes. Genes with increased expression in females compared to males were overrepresented in mitogen-activated protein kinase and neurotrophin signaling pathways. Many fewer genes with increased expression in males compared to females were discerned, and no molecular pathways were identified. Effect sizes for sex differences were greater in stress compared to no-stress conditions for ventromedial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortical regions but not dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Stress amplifies sex differences in gene expression profiles for prefrontal cortical regions involved in stress coping and emotion regulation. Results suggest molecular targets for new treatments of stress disorders in human mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd MSLS Room P104, Stanford, CA, 94305-5485, USA
| | - Megan Hagenauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Kathleen E Morrison
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd MSLS Room P104, Stanford, CA, 94305-5485, USA
| | - David M Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd MSLS Room P104, Stanford, CA, 94305-5485, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prater KE, Aurbach EL, Larcinese HK, Smith TN, Turner CA, Blandino P, Watson SJ, Maren S, Akil H. Selectively Bred Rats Provide a Unique Model of Vulnerability to PTSD-Like Behavior and Respond Differentially to FGF2 Augmentation Early in Life. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1706-1714. [PMID: 28205604 PMCID: PMC5518903 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Individuals respond differently to traumatic experiences, including their propensity to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding individual differences in PTSD vulnerability will allow the development of improved prevention and treatment options. Here we characterized fear conditioning and extinction in rats selectively bred for differences in their locomotor response to a novel environment. Selectively bred high-responder (bHR) and low-responder (bLR) male rats are known to differ in their emotional reactivity on a range of measures of spontaneous anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. We demonstrate that bHRs have facilitated extinction learning and retention compared with outbred Sprague Dawley rats, whereas bLRs show reduced extinction learning and retention. This indicates that bLRs are more vulnerable to PTSD-like behavior. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has previously been implicated in the development of these behavioral phenotypes and facilitates extinction learning in outbred animals, therefore we examined the effects of early-life FGF2 on bHR and bLR behavior. FGF2 administered on the day after birth facilitated extinction learning and retention in bHRs, but not in bLRs or control rats, during adulthood. This indicates that, under the current fear conditioning paradigm, early-life FGF2 has protective effects only in resilient animals. This stands in contrast to FGF2's ability to protect vulnerable animals in milder tests of anxiety. These results provide a unique animal model of individual differences in PTSD-like behavior, allowing the study of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors in its expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Prater
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 2008 MBNI Building, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5720, USA, Tel: 734 764 6999, Fax: 734 647 4130, E-mail:
| | - Elyse L Aurbach
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hanna K Larcinese
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taylor N Smith
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cortney A Turner
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
García-Fuster MJ, Parsegian A, Watson SJ, Akil H, Flagel SB. Adolescent cocaine exposure enhances goal-tracking behavior and impairs hippocampal cell genesis selectively in adult bred low-responder rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1293-1305. [PMID: 28210781 PMCID: PMC5792824 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Environmental challenges during adolescence, such as drug exposure, can cause enduring behavioral and molecular changes that contribute to life-long maladaptive behaviors, including addiction. Selectively bred high-responder (bHR) and low-responder (bLR) rats represent a unique model for assessing the long-term impact of adolescent environmental manipulations, as they inherently differ on a number of addiction-related traits. bHR rats are considered "addiction-prone," whereas bLR rats are "addiction-resilient," at least under baseline conditions. Moreover, relative to bLRs, bHR rats are more likely to attribute incentive motivational value to reward cues, or to "sign-track." OBJECTIVES We utilized bHR and bLR rats to determine whether adolescent cocaine exposure can alter their inborn behavioral and neurobiological profiles, with a specific focus on Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior (i.e., sign- vs. goal-tracking) and hippocampal neurogenesis. METHODS bHR and bLR rats were administered cocaine (15 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days during adolescence (postnatal day, PND 33-39) and subsequently tested for Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in adulthood (PND 62-75), wherein an illuminated lever (conditioned stimulus) was followed by the response-independent delivery of a food pellet (unconditioned stimulus). Behaviors directed toward the lever and the food cup were recorded as sign- and goal-tracking, respectively. Hippocampal cell genesis was evaluated on PND 77 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Adolescent cocaine exposure impaired hippocampal cell genesis (proliferation and survival) and enhanced the inherent propensity to goal-track in adult bLR, but not bHR, rats. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent cocaine exposure elicits long-lasting changes in stimulus-reward learning and enduring deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis selectively in adult bLR rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Julia García-Fuster
- IUNICS/IdISPa, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,Corresponding author: M. Julia García-Fuster. IUNICS/IdISPa, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Phone: +34 971 259992. Fax: +34 971 259501.
| | - Aram Parsegian
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Individual differences in temperament are associated with psychopathology in humans. Moreover, the relationship between temperament and anxiety-, depression-, PTSD- and addiction-related behaviors can be modeled in animals. This review will highlight these relationships with a focus on individual differences in the response to stressors, fear conditioning and drugs of abuse using animals that differ in their response to a novel environment. We will discuss behavioral and neurobiological commonalities amongst these behaviors with a focus on the hippocampus and, in particular, growth factors as promising novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
| | - Shelly B Flagel
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Litvin Y, Turner CA, Rios MB, Maras PM, Chaudhury S, Baker MR, Blandino P, Watson SJ, Akil H, McEwen B. Fibroblast growth factor 2 alters the oxytocin receptor in a developmental model of anxiety-like behavior in male rat pups. Horm Behav 2016; 86:64-70. [PMID: 27693608 PMCID: PMC5789801 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the short-term effects of early-life stress in the form of maternal separation (MS) on anxiety-like behavior in male rat pups. In order to assess anxiety, we measured 40kHz separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) on postnatal day (PND) 11. We further aimed to evaluate the potential involvement of two neurochemical systems known to regulate social and anxiety-like behaviors throughout life: oxytocin (OT) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). For these purposes, we tested the effects of neonatal administration (on PND1) of an acute dose of FGF2 on USV and its potential interaction with MS. In addition, we validated the anxiolytic effects of OT and measured oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene expression, binding and epigenetic regulation via histone acetylation. Our results show that MS potentiated USV while acute administration of OT and FGF2 attenuated them. Further, we found that both FGF2 and MS increased OTR gene expression and the association of acH3K14 with the OTR promoter in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Comparable changes, though not as pronounced, were also found for the central amygdala (CeA). Our findings suggest that FGF2 may exert its anxiolytic effects in male MS rats by a compensatory increase in the acetylation of the OTR promoter to overcome reduced OT levels in the BNST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Litvin
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Cortney A Turner
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mariel B Rios
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Pamela M Maras
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Sraboni Chaudhury
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Miriam R Baker
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bruce McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Azevedo JA, Carter BS, Meng F, Turner DL, Dai M, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Myers RM, Akil H, Watson SJ, Thompson RC. The microRNA network is altered in anterior cingulate cortex of patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:58-67. [PMID: 27468165 PMCID: PMC5026930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs acting as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Though implicated in multiple CNS disorders, miRNAs have not been examined in any psychiatric disease state in anterior cingulate cortex (AnCg), a brain region centrally involved in regulating mood. We performed qPCR analyses of 29 miRNAs previously implicated in psychiatric illness (major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BP) and/or schizophrenia (SZ)) in AnCg of patients with MDD and BP versus controls. miR-132, miR-133a and miR-212 were initially identified as differentially expressed in BP, miR-184 in MDD and miR-34a in both MDD and BP (although none survived multiple correction testing and must be considered preliminary). In silico target prediction algorithms identified putative targets of differentially expressed miRNAs. Nuclear Co-Activator 1 (NCOA1), Nuclear Co-Repressor 2 (NCOR2) and Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) were selected based upon predicted targeting by miR-34a (with NCOR2 and PDE4B both targeted by miR-184) and published relevance to psychiatric illness. Luciferase assays identified PDE4B as a target of miR-34a and miR-184, while NCOA1 and NCOR2 were targeted by miR-34a and 184, respectively. qPCR analyses were performed to determine whether changes in miRNA levels correlated with mRNA levels of validated targets. NCOA1 showed an inverse correlation with miR-34a in BP, while NCOR2 demonstrated a positive correlation. In sum, this is the first study to demonstrate miRNA changes in AnCg in psychiatric illness and validate miR-34a as differentially expressed in CNS in MDD. These findings support a mechanistic role for miRNAs in the regulation of stress-responsive genes disrupted in psychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Azevedo
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 4137 Undergraduate Science Building (USB), 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bradley S Carter
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 4137 Undergraduate Science Building (USB), 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Neuroscience Program, Oberlin College, Science Center A261, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David L Turner
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 4137 Undergraduate Science Building (USB), 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 5301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Manhong Dai
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Edward G Jones
- Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Center for Neuroscience, University of California - Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California – Irvine, 101 The City Dr S, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 4137 Undergraduate Science Building (USB), 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan; 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 4137 Undergraduate Science Building (USB), 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert C Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 4137 Undergraduate Science Building (USB), 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Morgan LZ, Rollins B, Sequeira A, Byerley W, DeLisi LE, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Quantitative Trait Locus and Brain Expression of HLA-DPA1 Offers Evidence of Shared Immune Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders. Microarrays (Basel) 2016; 5. [PMID: 26998349 PMCID: PMC4795482 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia encompassing the major histocompatibility locus (MHC) were highly significant following genome-wide correction. This broad region implicates many genes including the MHC complex class II. Within this interval we examined the expression of two MHC II genes (HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DRB1) in brain from individual subjects with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and controls by differential gene expression methods. A third MHC II mRNA, CD74, was studied outside of the MHC II locus, as it interacts within the same immune complex. Exon microarrays were performed in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in BD compared to controls, and both HLA-DPA1 and CD74 were decreased in expression in BD. The expression of HLA-DPA1 and CD74 were both reduced in hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions in SZ and BD compared to controls by specific qPCR assay. We found several novel HLA-DPA1 mRNA variants spanning HLA-DPA1 exons 2-3-4 as suggested by exon microarrays. The intronic rs9277341 SNP was a significant cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) that was associated with the total expression of HLA-DPA1 in five brain regions. A biomarker study of MHC II mRNAs was conducted in SZ, BD, MDD, and control lymphoblastic cell lines (LCL) by qPCR assay of 87 subjects. There was significantly decreased expression of HLA-DPA1 and CD74 in BD, and trends for reductions in SZ in LCLs. The discovery of multiple splicing variants in brain for HLA-DPA1 is important as the HLA-DPA1 gene is highly conserved, there are no reported splicing variants, and the functions in brain are unknown. Future work on the function and localization of MHC Class II proteins in brain will help to understand the role of alterations in neuropsychiatric disorders. The HLA-DPA1 eQTL is located within a large linkage disequilibrium block that has an irrefutable association with schizophrenia. Future tests in a larger cohort are needed to determine the significance of this eQTL association with schizophrenia. Our findings support the long-held hypothesis that alterations in immune function are associated with the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Z. Morgan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; (L.Z.M.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; (L.Z.M.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; (L.Z.M.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA;
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA 02301, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Jack D. Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University of California, Ithaca, NJ 10065, USA;
| | - Richard M. Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA;
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.J.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Huda Akil
- The Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.J.W.); (H.A.)
| | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; (L.Z.M.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 949-824-9014; Fax: + 949-824-1787
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Burghardt PR, Krolewski DM, Dykhuis KE, Ching J, Pinawin AM, Britton SL, Koch LG, Watson SJ, Akil H. Nucleus accumbens cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript mediates food intake during novelty conflict. Physiol Behav 2016; 158:76-84. [PMID: 26926827 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a persistent and pervasive problem, particularly in industrialized nations. It has come to be appreciated that the metabolic health of an individual can influence brain function and subsequent behavioral patterns. To examine the relationship between metabolic phenotype and central systems that regulate behavior, we tested rats with divergent metabolic phenotypes (Low Capacity Runner: LCR vs. High Capacity Runner: HCR) for behavioral responses to the conflict between hunger and environmental novelty using the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) paradigm. Additionally, we measured expression of mRNA, for peptides involved in energy management, in response to fasting. Following a 24-h fast, LCR rats showed lower latencies to begin eating in a novel environment compared to HCR rats. A 48-h fast equilibrated the latency to begin eating in the novel environment. A 24-h fast differentially affected expression of cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) mRNA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), where 24-h of fasting reduced CART mRNA in LCR rats. Bilateral microinjections of CART 55-102 peptide into the NAc increased the latency to begin eating in the NSF paradigm following a 24-h fast in LCR rats. These results indicate that metabolic phenotype influences how animals cope with the conflict between hunger and novelty, and that these differences are at least partially mediated by CART signaling in the NAc. For individuals with poor metabolic health who have to navigate food-rich and stressful environments, changes in central systems that mediate conflicting drives may feed into the rates of obesity and exacerbate the difficulty individuals have in maintaining weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Burghardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
| | - D M Krolewski
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - K E Dykhuis
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J Ching
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - A M Pinawin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - S L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - L G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - S J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - H Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Stress-elicited behavioral and physiologic responses vary widely across individuals and depend on a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Adolescence is an important developmental period when neural circuits that guide emotional behavior and stress reactivity are still maturing. A critical question is whether stress exposure elicits contrasting effects when it occurs during adolescence versus adulthood. We previously found that Sprague-Dawley rats selectively bred for low-behavioral response to novelty (bred Low Responders; bLRs) are particularly sensitive to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS) exposure in adulthood, which exacerbates their typically high levels of spontaneous depressive- and anxiety-like behavior. Given developmental processes known to occur during adolescence, we sought to determine whether the impact of CMS on bLR rats is equivalent when they are exposed to it during adolescence as compared with adulthood. Young bLR rats were either exposed to CMS or control condition from postnatal days 35-60. As adults, we found that CMS-exposed bLRs maintained high levels of sucrose preference and exhibited increased social exploration along with decreased immobility on the forced swim test compared with bLR controls. These data indicate a protective effect of CMS exposure during adolescence in bLR rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Rana
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Nam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Matthew E. Glover
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology
- Neuroscience, Graduate Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Ilan A. Kerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology
- Corresponding author at: Sparks Center 743, 1720 7 Avenue South, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, voice: (205)975-0310,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Turner CA, Eren-Koçak E, Inui EG, Watson SJ, Akil H. Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 53:136-43. [PMID: 26454097 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system in brain-related disorders has received considerable attention in recent years. To understand the role of this system in neurological and psychiatric disorders, it is important to identify the specific members of the FGF family that are implicated, their location and the various mechanisms they can be modulated. Each disorder appears to impact specific molecular players in unique anatomical locations, and all of these could conceivably become targets for treatment. In the last several years, the issue of how to target this system directly has become an area of increasing interest. To date, the most promising therapeutics are small molecule inhibitors and antibodies that modulate FGF receptor (FGFR) function. Beyond attempting to modify the primary players affected by a given brain disorder, it may prove useful to target molecules, such as membrane-bound or extracellular proteins that interact with FGF ligands or FGFRs to modulate signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Emine Eren-Koçak
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Robinson MJF, Burghardt PR, Patterson CM, Nobile CW, Akil H, Watson SJ, Berridge KC, Ferrario CR. Individual Differences in Cue-Induced Motivation and Striatal Systems in Rats Susceptible to Diet-Induced Obesity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2113-23. [PMID: 25761571 PMCID: PMC4613617 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pavlovian cues associated with junk-foods (caloric, highly sweet, and/or fatty foods), like the smell of brownies, can elicit craving to eat and increase the amount of food consumed. People who are more susceptible to these motivational effects of food cues may have a higher risk for becoming obese. Further, overconsumption of junk-foods leading to the development of obesity may itself heighten attraction to food cues. Here, we used a model of individual susceptibility to junk-foods diet-induced obesity to determine whether there are pre-existing and/or diet-induced increases in attraction to and motivation for sucrose-paired cues (ie, incentive salience or 'wanting'). We also assessed diet- vs obesity-associated alterations in mesolimbic function and receptor expression. We found that rats susceptible to diet-induced obesity displayed heightened conditioned approach prior to the development of obesity. In addition, after junk-food diet exposure, those rats that developed obesity also showed increased willingness to gain access to a sucrose cue. Heightened 'wanting' was not due to individual differences in the hedonic impact ('liking') of sucrose. Neurobiologically, Mu opioid receptor mRNA expression was lower in striatal 'hot-spots' that generate eating or hedonic impact only in those rats that became obese. In contrast, prolonged exposure to junk-food resulted in cross-sensitization to amphetamine-induced locomotion and downregulation of striatal D2R mRNA regardless of the development of obesity. Together these data shed light on individual differences in behavioral and neurobiological consequences of exposure to junk-food diets and the potential contribution of incentive sensitization in susceptible individuals to greater food cue-triggered motivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike JF Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Paul R Burghardt
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christa M Patterson
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cameron W Nobile
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, MSRB III 1301, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Tel: +1 734 945 9887, Fax: +847 578 8515, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sequeira A, Rollins B, Magnan C, van Oven M, Baldi P, Myers RM, Barchas JD, Schatzberg AF, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Mitochondrial mutations in subjects with psychiatric disorders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127280. [PMID: 26011537 PMCID: PMC4444211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of evidence supports the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are known to alter brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and cause neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic studies focusing on common nuclear genome variants associated with these disorders have produced genome wide significant results but those studies have not directly studied mtDNA variants. The purpose of this study is to investigate, using next generation sequencing, the involvement of mtDNA variation in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and methamphetamine use. MtDNA extracted from multiple brain regions and blood were sequenced (121 mtDNA samples with an average of 8,800x coverage) and compared to an electronic database containing 26,850 mtDNA genomes. We confirmed novel and rare variants, and confirmed next generation sequencing error hotspots by traditional sequencing and genotyping methods. We observed a significant increase of non-synonymous mutations found in individuals with schizophrenia. Novel and rare non-synonymous mutations were found in psychiatric cases in mtDNA genes: ND6, ATP6, CYTB, and ND2. We also observed mtDNA heteroplasmy in brain at a locus previously associated with schizophrenia (T16519C). Large differences in heteroplasmy levels across brain regions within subjects suggest that somatic mutations accumulate differentially in brain regions. Finally, multiplasmy, a heteroplasmic measure of repeat length, was observed in brain from selective cases at a higher frequency than controls. These results offer support for increased rates of mtDNA substitutions in schizophrenia shown in our prior results. The variable levels of heteroplasmic/multiplasmic somatic mutations that occur in brain may be indicators of genetic instability in mtDNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christophe Magnan
- School of Information and Computer Sciences (ICS), Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics (IGB), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mannis van Oven
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre Baldi
- School of Information and Computer Sciences (ICS), Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics (IGB), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jack D. Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Berger PA, Watson SJ, Akil H, Barchas JD. Clinical studies on the role of endorphins in schizophrenia. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 2015; 17:226-35. [PMID: 6276727 DOI: 10.1159/000402418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
41
|
Bunney BG, Li JZ, Walsh DM, Stein R, Vawter MP, Cartagena P, Barchas JD, Schatzberg AF, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE. Circadian dysregulation of clock genes: clues to rapid treatments in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:48-55. [PMID: 25349171 PMCID: PMC4765913 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional antidepressants require 2-8 weeks for a full clinical response. In contrast, two rapidly acting antidepressant interventions, low-dose ketamine and sleep deprivation (SD) therapy, act within hours to robustly decrease depressive symptoms in a subgroup of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Evidence that MDD may be a circadian-related illness is based, in part, on a large set of clinical data showing that diurnal rhythmicity (sleep, temperature, mood and hormone secretion) is altered during depressive episodes. In a microarray study, we observed widespread changes in cyclic gene expression in six regions of postmortem brain tissue of depressed patients matched with controls for time-of-death (TOD). We screened 12 000 transcripts and observed that the core clock genes, essential for controlling virtually all rhythms in the body, showed robust 24-h sinusoidal expression patterns in six brain regions in control subjects. In MDD patients matched for TOD with controls, the expression patterns of the clock genes in brain were significantly dysregulated. Some of the most robust changes were seen in anterior cingulate (ACC). These findings suggest that in addition to structural abnormalities, lesion studies, and the large body of functional brain imaging studies reporting increased activation in the ACC of depressed patients who respond to a wide range of therapies, there may be a circadian dysregulation in clock gene expression in a subgroup of MDDs. Here, we review human, animal and neuronal cell culture data suggesting that both low-dose ketamine and SD can modulate circadian rhythms. We hypothesize that the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and SD may act, in part, to reset abnormal clock genes in MDD to restore and stabilize circadian rhythmicity. Conversely, clinical relapse may reflect a desynchronization of the clock, indicative of a reactivation of abnormal clock gene function. Future work could involve identifying specific small molecules capable of resetting and stabilizing clock genes to evaluate if they can rapidly relieve symptoms and sustain improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BG Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - JZ Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - DM Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - R Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - MP Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P Cartagena
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - JD Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - AF Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - RM Myers
- HudsonAlpha, Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - SJ Watson
- Department of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Akil
- Department of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - WE Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Turner CA, Thompson RC, Bunney WE, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Myers RM, Akil H, Watson SJ. Altered choroid plexus gene expression in major depressive disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 24795602 PMCID: PMC4001046 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the emergent interest in biomarkers for mood disorders, we assessed gene expression in the choroid plexus (CP), the region that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Genes that are expressed in the CP can be secreted into the CSF and may be potential biomarker candidates. Given that we have previously shown that fibroblast growth factor family members are differentially expressed in post-mortem brain of subjects with MDD and the CP is a known source of growth factors in the brain, we posed the question whether growth factor dysregulation would be found in the CP of subjects with MDD. We performed laser capture microscopy of the CP at the level of the hippocampus in subjects with MDD and psychiatrically normal controls. We then extracted, amplified, labeled, and hybridized the cRNA to Illumina BeadChips to assess gene expression. In controls, the most highly abundant known transcript was transthyretin. Moreover, half of the 14 most highly expressed transcripts in controls encode ribosomal proteins. Using BeadStudio software, we identified 169 transcripts differentially expressed (p < 0.05) between control and MDD samples. Using pathway analysis we noted that the top network altered in subjects with MDD included multiple members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed downregulation of several transcripts that interact with the extracellular matrix in subjects with MDD. These results suggest that there may be an altered cytoskeleton in the CP in MDD subjects that may lead to a disrupted blood-CSF-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert C Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California - Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hamilton DE, Cooke CL, Carter BS, Akil H, Watson SJ, Thompson RC. Basal microRNA expression patterns in reward circuitry of selectively bred high-responder and low-responder rats vary by brain region and genotype. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:290-301. [PMID: 24569673 PMCID: PMC4035657 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00152.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health disorders involving altered reward, emotionality, and anxiety are thought to result from the interaction of individual predisposition (genetic factors) and personal experience (environmental factors), although the mechanisms that contribute to an individual's vulnerability to these disorders remain poorly understood. We used an animal model of individual variation [inbred high-responder/low-responder (bHR-bLR) rodents] known to vary in reward, anxiety, and emotional processing to examine neuroanatomical expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs). Laser capture microdissection was used to dissect the prelimbic cortex and the nucleus accumbens core and shell prior to analysis of basal miRNA expression in bHR and bLR male rats. These studies identified 187 miRNAs differentially expressed by genotype in at least one brain region, 10 of which were validated by qPCR. Four of these 10 qPCR-validated miRNAs demonstrated differential expression across multiple brain regions, and all miRNAs with validated differential expression between genotypes had lower expression in bHR animals compared with bLR animals. microRNA (miR)-484 and miR-128a expression differences between the prelimbic cortex of bHR and bLR animals were validated by semiquantitative in situ hybridization. miRNA expression analysis independent of genotype identified 101 miRNAs differentially expressed by brain region, seven of which validated by qPCR. Dnmt3a mRNA, a validated target of miR-29b, varied in a direction opposite that of miR-29b's differential expression between bHR and bLR animals. These data provide evidence that basal central nervous system miRNA expression varies in the bHR-bLR model, implicating microRNAs as potential epigenetic regulators of key neural circuits and individual differences associated with mental health disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Hamilton
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Flagel SB, Waselus M, Clinton SM, Watson SJ, Akil H. Antecedents and consequences of drug abuse in rats selectively bred for high and low response to novelty. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:425-36. [PMID: 23639434 PMCID: PMC3766490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic and epidemiological studies provide evidence that only a subset of individuals who experiment with potentially addictive drugs become addicts. What renders some individuals susceptible to addiction remains to be determined, but most would agree that there is no single trait underlying the disorder. However, there is evidence in humans that addiction liability has a genetic component, and that certain personality characteristics related to temperament (e.g. the sensation-seeking trait) are associated with individual differences in addiction liability. Consequently, we have used a selective breeding strategy based on locomotor response to a novel environment to generate two lines of rats with distinct behavioral characteristics. We have found that the resulting phenotypes differ on a number of neurobehavioral dimensions relevant to addiction. Relative to bred low-responder (bLR) rats, bred high-responder (bHR) rats exhibit increased exploratory behavior, are more impulsive, more aggressive, seek stimuli associated with rewards, and show a greater tendency to relapse. We therefore utilize this unique animal model to parse the genetic, neural and environmental factors that contribute to addiction liability. Our work shows that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), dopaminergic molecules, and members of the fibroblast growth factor family are among the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that play a role in both the initial susceptibility to addiction as well as the altered neural responses that follow chronic drug exposure. Moreover, our findings suggest that the hippocampus plays a major role in mediating vulnerability to addiction. It is hoped that this work will emphasize the importance of personalized treatment strategies and identify novel therapeutic targets for humans suffering from addictive disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly B Flagel
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress dramatically impacts adult behavior, physiology, and neuroendocrine function. Using rats bred for novelty-seeking differences and known to display divergent anxiety, depression, and stress vulnerability, we examined the interaction between early life adversity and genetic predisposition for high- versus low-emotional reactivity. Thus, bred Low Novelty Responder (bLR) rats, which naturally exhibit high anxiety- and depression-like behavior, and bred High Novelty Responder (bHR) rats, which show low anxiety/depression together with elevated aggression, impulsivity, and addictive behavior, were subjected to daily 3 h maternal separation (MS) stress postnatal days 1-14. We hypothesized that MS stress would differentially impact adult bHR/bLR behavior, physiology (stress-induced defecation), and neuroendocrine reactivity. While MS stress did not impact bHR and bLR anxiety-like behavior in the open field test and elevated plus maze, it exacerbated bLRs' already high physiological response to stress - stress-induced defecation. In both tests, MS bLR adult offspring showed exaggerated stress-induced defecation compared to bLR controls while bHR offspring were unaffected. MS also selectively impacted bLRs' (but not bHRs') neuroendocrine stress reactivity, producing an exaggerated corticosterone acute stress response in MS bLR versus control bLR rats. These findings highlight how genetic predisposition shapes individuals' response to early life stress. Future work will explore neural mechanisms underlying the distinct behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of MS in bHR/bLR animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Clinton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham
- Corresponding author at: 1720 7 Avenue South SC 745, Birmingham, AL 35233, , phone: 205-975-0312
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Guella I, Sequeira A, Rollins B, Morgan L, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, DeLisi LE, Byerley W, Vawter MP. Evidence of allelic imbalance in the schizophrenia susceptibility gene ZNF804A in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:111-6. [PMID: 24315717 PMCID: PMC3947280 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The rs1344706, an intronic SNP within the zinc-finger protein 804A gene (ZNF804A), was identified as one of the most compelling risk SNPs for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). It is however not clear by which molecular mechanisms ZNF804A increases disease risk. We evaluated the role of ZNF804A in SZ and BD by genotyping the originally associated rs1344706 SNP and an exonic SNP (rs12476147) located in exon four of ZNF804A in a sample of 422 SZ, 382 BD, and 507 controls from the isolated population of the Costa Rica Central Valley. We also investigated the rs1344706 SNP for allelic specific expression (ASE) imbalance in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 46 heterozygous postmortem brains. While no significant association between rs1344706 and SZ or BD was observed in the Costa Rica sample, we observed an increased risk of SZ for the minor allele (A) of the exonic rs12476147 SNP (p=0.026). Our ASE assay detected a significant over-expression of the rs12476147 A allele in DLPFC of rs1344706 heterozygous subjects. Interestingly, cDNA allele ratios were significantly different according to the intronic rs1344706 genotypes (p-value=0.03), with the rs1344706 A allele associated with increased ZNF804A rs12476147 A allele expression (average 1.06, p-value=0.02, for heterozygous subjects vs. genomic DNA). In conclusion, we have demonstrated a significant association of rs12476147 with SZ, and using a powerful within-subject design, an allelic expression imbalance of ZNF804A exonic SNP rs12476147 in the DLPFC. Although this data does not preclude the possibility of other functional variants in ZNF804A, it provides evidence that the rs1344706 SZ risk allele is the cis-regulatory variant directly responsible for this allelic expression imbalance in adult cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Guella
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Ling Morgan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | | | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- Harvard Medical School, Brockton VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tomita H, Ziegler ME, Kim HB, Evans SJ, Choudary PV, Li JZ, Meng F, Dai M, Myers RM, Neal CR, Speed TP, Barchas JD, Schatzberg AF, Watson SJ, Akil H, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. G protein-linked signaling pathways in bipolar and major depressive disorders. Front Genet 2013; 4:297. [PMID: 24391664 PMCID: PMC3870297 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The G-protein linked signaling system (GPLS) comprises a large number of G-proteins, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), GPCR ligands, and downstream effector molecules. G-proteins interact with both GPCRs and downstream effectors such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phosphatidylinositols, and ion channels. The GPLS is implicated in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of both major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD). This study evaluated whether GPLS is altered at the transcript level. The gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) were compared from MDD, BPD, and control subjects using Affymetrix Gene Chips and real time quantitative PCR. High quality brain tissue was used in the study to control for confounding effects of agonal events, tissue pH, RNA integrity, gender, and age. GPLS signaling transcripts were altered especially in the ACC of BPD and MDD subjects. Transcript levels of molecules which repress cAMP activity were increased in BPD and decreased in MDD. Two orphan GPCRs, GPRC5B and GPR37, showed significantly decreased expression levels in MDD, and significantly increased expression levels in BPD. Our results suggest opposite changes in BPD and MDD in the GPLS, “activated” cAMP signaling activity in BPD and “blunted” cAMP signaling activity in MDD. GPRC5B and GPR37 both appear to have behavioral effects, and are also candidate genes for neurodegenerative disorders. In the context of the opposite changes observed in BPD and MDD, these GPCRs warrant further study of their brain effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA ; Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ; Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine CA, USA
| | - Mary E Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA ; Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine CA, USA
| | - Helen B Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA ; Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine CA, USA
| | - Simon J Evans
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jun Z Li
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manhong Dai
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Charles R Neal
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Terry P Speed
- Department of Statistics, University of California Berkeley CA, USA
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edward G Jones
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA ; Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ballaz SJ, Perez J, Waselus M, Akil H, Watson SJ. Interaction between cholecystokinin and the fibroblast growth factor system in the ventral tegmental area of selectively bred high- and low-responder rats. Neuroscience 2013; 255:68-75. [PMID: 24121132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in the locomotor response to novelty have been linked to basal differences in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Mesolimbic dopaminergic outputs are regulated by cholecystokinin (CCK), a neuropeptide implicated in anxiety. In turn, CCK expression is regulated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), which has recently been identified as an endogenous regulator of anxiety. FGF2 binds to the high-affinity fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGF-R1) to regulate the development and maintenance of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, the relationship between the FGF and CCK systems in the VTA is not well understood. Therefore, we utilized the selectively-bred low-responder (bLR; high-anxiety) and high-responder (bHR; low-anxiety) rats to examine the effects of repeated (21-day) FGF2 treatment on CCK and FGF-R1 mRNA in the rostral VTA (VTAr). In vehicle-treated controls, both CCK and FGF-R1 mRNA levels were increased in the VTAr of bLR rats relative to bHR rats. Following FGF2 treatment, however, bHR-bLR differences in CCK and FGF-R1 mRNA expression were eliminated, due to decreased CCK mRNA levels in the VTAr of bLR rats and increased FGF-R1 expression in bHR rats. Differences after FGF2 treatment may denote distinct interactions between the CCK and FGF systems in the VTAr of bHR vs. bLR rats. Indeed, significant correlations between CCK and FGF-R1 mRNA expression were found in bHR, but not bLR rats. Colocalization studies suggest that CCK and FGF-R1 are coexpressed in some VTAr neurons. Taken together, our findings suggest that the FGF system is poised to modulate both CCK and FGF-R1 expression in the VTAr, which may be associated with individual differences in mesolimbic pathways associated with anxiety-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Ballaz
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0720, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Waselus M, Flagel SB, Jedynak JP, Akil H, Robinson TE, Watson SJ. Long-term effects of cocaine experience on neuroplasticity in the nucleus accumbens core of addiction-prone rats. Neuroscience 2013; 248:571-84. [PMID: 23811073 PMCID: PMC3859827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse is associated with structural plasticity in brain reward pathways. Rats selectively bred for locomotor response to novelty differ on a number of neurobehavioral dimensions relevant to addiction. This unique genetic animal model was used here to examine both pre-existing differences and long-term consequences of repeated cocaine treatment on structural plasticity. Selectively bred high-responder (bHR) and low-responder (bLR) rats received repeated saline or cocaine injections for 9 consecutive days. Escalating doses of cocaine (7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg) were administered on the first (day 1) and last (day 9) days of treatment and a single injection of the intermediate dose (15 mg/kg) was given on days 2-8. Motor activity in response to escalating doses of cocaine was compared on the first and last days of treatment to assess the acute and sensitized response to the drug. Following prolonged cocaine abstinence (28 days), spine density was examined on terminal dendrites of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens core. Relative to bLRs, bHRs exhibited increased psychomotor activation in response to both the acute and repeated effects of cocaine. There were no differences in spine density between bHR and bLR rats under basal conditions or following repeated saline treatment. However, spine density differed markedly between these two lines following prolonged cocaine abstinence. All spine types were decreased in cocaine-treated bHRs, while only mushroom spines were decreased in bLRs that received cocaine. Changes in spine density occurred specifically near the branch point of terminal dendrites. These findings indicate that structural plasticity associated with prolonged cocaine abstinence varies markedly in two selected strains of rats that vary on numerous traits relevant to addiction. Thus, genetic factors that contribute to individual variation in the behavioral response to cocaine also influence cocaine-induced structural plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Waselus
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - S B Flagel
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J P Jedynak
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T E Robinson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S J Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Medina A, Burke S, Thompson RC, Bunney W, Myers RM, Schatzberg A, Akil H, Watson SJ. Glutamate transporters: a key piece in the glutamate puzzle of major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1150-6. [PMID: 23706640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic therapies are emerging as the new path for the treatment of Major Depression Disorder. Recent reports reviewing the use of glutamate activity modulators in the treatment of resistant depression advocate the importance of understanding the alterations of the diverse components of this complex system in mood disorders. In this postmortem study we used in situ hybridization and microarray analysis to evaluate the gene expression of the membrane transporters SLC1A2 and SLCA3 and the vesicular transporter SLCA17A7 in the hippocampus of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder (BPD) subjects. Samples from 8 controls, 11 MDD and 6 BPD subjects were processed for in situ hybridization using cRNA probes for SLC1A2, SLC1A3 and SLC17A7. Laser capture microdissection was used to collect tissue from adjacent sections for microarray analysis. The results showed that the expression of the membrane transporters SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 was diminished in the MDD group compared to controls. The expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter SLC17A7 on the other hand was increased in MDD subjects. As for the BPD group, all three transporters showed trends similar to those observed in MDD, but the changes observed did not reach significance. We hypothesize that the decreased expression of the membrane glutamate transporters and the increased expression of the vesicular transporter in the hippocampus would affect the balance of the glutamatergic circuitry of the hippocampus, and that this effect may be a major contributor to depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Medina
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|