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Ori APS, Olde Loohuis LM, Guintivano J, Hannon E, Dempster E, St Clair D, Bass NJ, McQuillin A, Mill J, Sullivan PF, Kahn RS, Horvath S, Ophoff RA. Meta-analysis of epigenetic aging in schizophrenia reveals multifaceted relationships with age, sex, illness duration, and polygenic risk. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:53. [PMID: 38589929 PMCID: PMC11003125 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of biological age acceleration may help identify at-risk individuals and reduce the rising global burden of age-related diseases. Using DNA methylation (DNAm) clocks, we investigated biological aging in schizophrenia (SCZ), a mental illness that is associated with an increased prevalence of age-related disabilities and morbidities. In a whole blood DNAm sample of 1090 SCZ cases and 1206 controls across four European cohorts, we performed a meta-analysis of differential aging using three DNAm clocks (i.e., Hannum, Horvath, and Levine). To dissect how DNAm aging contributes to SCZ, we integrated information on duration of illness and SCZ polygenic risk, as well as stratified our analyses by chronological age and biological sex. RESULTS We found that blood-based DNAm aging is significantly altered in SCZ independent from duration of the illness since onset. We observed sex-specific and nonlinear age effects that differed between clocks and point to possible distinct age windows of altered aging in SCZ. Most notably, intrinsic cellular age (Horvath clock) is decelerated in SCZ cases in young adulthood, while phenotypic age (Levine clock) is accelerated in later adulthood compared to controls. Accelerated phenotypic aging was most pronounced in women with SCZ carrying a high polygenic burden with an age acceleration of + 3.82 years (CI 2.02-5.61, P = 1.1E-03). Phenotypic aging and SCZ polygenic risk contributed additively to the illness and together explained up to 14.38% of the variance in disease status. CONCLUSIONS Our study contributes to the growing body of evidence of altered DNAm aging in SCZ and points to intrinsic age deceleration in younger adulthood and phenotypic age acceleration in later adulthood in SCZ. Since increased phenotypic age is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, our findings indicate that specific and identifiable patient groups are at increased mortality risk as measured by the Levine clock. Our study did not find that DNAm aging could be explained by the duration of illness of patients, but we did observe age- and sex-specific effects that warrant further investigation. Finally, our results show that combining genetic and epigenetic predictors can improve predictions of disease outcomes and may help with disease management in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Gonda Center, Room 4357B, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-176, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Gonda Center, Room 4357B, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-176, USA
| | - Jerry Guintivano
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Emma Dempster
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Nick J Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Gonda Center, Room 4357B, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-176, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Woods SW, Parker S, Kerr MJ, Walsh BC, Wijtenburg SA, Prunier N, Nunez AR, Buccilli K, Mourgues-Codern C, Brummitt K, Kinney KS, Trankler C, Szacilo J, Colton BL, Ali M, Haidar A, Billah T, Huynh K, Ahmed U, Adery LL, Marcy PJ, Allott K, Amminger P, Arango C, Broome MR, Cadenhead KS, Chen EY, Choi J, Conus P, Cornblatt BA, Glenthøj LB, Horton LE, Kambeitz J, Kapur T, Keshavan MS, Koutsouleris N, Langbein K, Lavoie S, Diaz-Caneja CM, Mathalon DH, Mittal VA, Nordentoft M, Pasternak O, Pearlson GD, Ramos PAG, Shah JL, Smesny S, Stone WS, Strauss GP, Wang J, Corcoran CM, Perkins DO, Schiffman J, Perez J, Mamah D, Ellman LM, Powers AR, Coleman MJ, Anticevic A, Fusar-Poli P, Kane JM, Kahn RS, McGorry PD, Bearden CE, Shenton ME, Nelson B, Calkins ME, Hendricks L, Bouix S, Addington J, McGlashan TH, Yung AR. Development of the PSYCHS: Positive SYmptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the CAARMS Harmonized with the SIPS. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024; 18:255-272. [PMID: 37641537 PMCID: PMC10899527 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To harmonize two ascertainment and severity rating instruments commonly used for the clinical high risk syndrome for psychosis (CHR-P): the Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS). METHODS The initial workshop is described in the companion report from Addington et al. After the workshop, lead experts for each instrument continued harmonizing attenuated positive symptoms and criteria for psychosis and CHR-P through an intensive series of joint videoconferences. RESULTS Full harmonization was achieved for attenuated positive symptom ratings and psychosis criteria, and modest harmonization for CHR-P criteria. The semi-structured interview, named Positive SYmptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the CAARMS Harmonized with the SIPS (PSYCHS), generates CHR-P criteria and severity scores for both CAARMS and SIPS. CONCLUSIONS Using the PSYCHS for CHR-P ascertainment, conversion determination, and attenuated positive symptom severity rating will help in comparing findings across studies and in meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophie Parker
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Melissa J. Kerr
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara C. Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Prunier
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela R. Nunez
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kate Buccilli
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catalina Mourgues-Codern
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kali Brummitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Kyle S. Kinney
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carli Trankler
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia Szacilo
- CAMEO, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beau-Luke Colton
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Munaza Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anastasia Haidar
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tashrif Billah
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Uzair Ahmed
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura L. Adery
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences & Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kelly Allott
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERSAM, ISCIII, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew R. Broome
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Jimmy Choi
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare Behavioral Health Network, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Philippe Conus
- Chef de Service Service de Psychiatrie Générale Dép. de Psychiatrie CHUV Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara A. Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Louise Birkedal Glenthøj
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leslie E. Horton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tina Kapur
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Kerstin Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Suzie Lavoie
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Covadonga Martinez Diaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERSAM, ISCIII, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health Service 116D, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jai L. Shah
- PEPP-Montreal, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - William S. Stone
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Perez
- CAMEO, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Department of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Lauren M. Ellman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert R. Powers
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael J. Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - John M. Kane
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick D. McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences & Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Larry Hendricks
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Thomas H. McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alison R. Yung
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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3
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Boltz T, Schwarz T, Bot M, Hou K, Caggiano C, Lapinska S, Duan C, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Zaitlen N, Pasaniuc B, Ophoff R. Cell-type deconvolution of bulk-blood RNA-seq reveals biological insights into neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:323-337. [PMID: 38306997 PMCID: PMC10870131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have uncovered susceptibility loci associated with psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, most of these loci are in non-coding regions of the genome, and the causal mechanisms of the link between genetic variation and disease risk is unknown. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of bulk tissue is a common approach used for deciphering underlying mechanisms, although this can obscure cell-type-specific signals and thus mask trait-relevant mechanisms. Although single-cell sequencing can be prohibitively expensive in large cohorts, computationally inferred cell-type proportions and cell-type gene expression estimates have the potential to overcome these problems and advance mechanistic studies. Using bulk RNA-seq from 1,730 samples derived from whole blood in a cohort ascertained from individuals with BP and SCZ, this study estimated cell-type proportions and their relation with disease status and medication. For each cell type, we found between 2,875 and 4,629 eGenes (genes with an associated eQTL), including 1,211 that are not found on the basis of bulk expression alone. We performed a colocalization test between cell-type eQTLs and various traits and identified hundreds of associations that occur between cell-type eQTLs and GWASs but that are not detected in bulk eQTLs. Finally, we investigated the effects of lithium use on the regulation of cell-type expression loci and found examples of genes that are differentially regulated according to lithium use. Our study suggests that applying computational methods to large bulk RNA-seq datasets of non-brain tissue can identify disease-relevant, cell-type-specific biology of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Boltz
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tommer Schwarz
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Merel Bot
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kangcheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christa Caggiano
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Lapinska
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenda Duan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Wen J, Nasrallah IM, Abdulkadir A, Satterthwaite TD, Yang Z, Erus G, Robert-Fitzgerald T, Singh A, Sotiras A, Boquet-Pujadas A, Mamourian E, Doshi J, Cui Y, Srinivasan D, Skampardoni I, Chen J, Hwang G, Bergman M, Bao J, Veturi Y, Zhou Z, Yang S, Dazzan P, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Zanetti MV, Meisenzahl E, Busatto GF, Crespo-Facorro B, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Shinohara RT, Gur RC, Gur RE, Koutsouleris N, Wolf DH, Saykin AJ, Ritchie MD, Shen L, Thompson PM, Colliot O, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Tosun D, Bilgel M, An Y, Marcus DS, LaMontagne P, Heckbert SR, Austin TR, Launer LJ, Espeland M, Masters CL, Maruff P, Fripp J, Johnson SC, Morris JC, Albert MS, Bryan RN, Resnick SM, Fan Y, Habes M, Wolk D, Shou H, Davatzikos C. Genomic loci influence patterns of structural covariance in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300842120. [PMID: 38127979 PMCID: PMC10756284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300842120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal and pathologic neurobiological processes influence brain morphology in coordinated ways that give rise to patterns of structural covariance (PSC) across brain regions and individuals during brain aging and diseases. The genetic underpinnings of these patterns remain largely unknown. We apply a stochastic multivariate factorization method to a diverse population of 50,699 individuals (12 studies and 130 sites) and derive data-driven, multi-scale PSCs of regional brain size. PSCs were significantly correlated with 915 genomic loci in the discovery set, 617 of which are newly identified, and 72% were independently replicated. Key pathways influencing PSCs involve reelin signaling, apoptosis, neurogenesis, and appendage development, while pathways of breast cancer indicate potential interplays between brain metastasis and PSCs associated with neurodegeneration and dementia. Using support vector machines, multi-scale PSCs effectively derive imaging signatures of several brain diseases. Our results elucidate genetic and biological underpinnings that influence structural covariance patterns in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wen
- Laboratory of AI and Biomedical Science, Department of Neurology, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ilya M. Nasrallah
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Zhijian Yang
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Guray Erus
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Timothy Robert-Fitzgerald
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ashish Singh
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Mamourian
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Jimit Doshi
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Yuhan Cui
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ioanna Skampardoni
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Jiong Chen
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Gyujoon Hwang
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Mark Bergman
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Jingxuan Bao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Zhen Zhou
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonWC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Hugo G. Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX Ut, Netherlands
| | - Marcus V. Zanetti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo05508-070, Brazil
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf40204, Germany
| | - Geraldo F. Busatto
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo05508-070, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, School of Medicine, University of Sevilla,Sevilla41004, Spain
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Wood
- Orygen and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Real Tine Tracing of Brain Circuits in Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300070, China
| | - Russell T. Shinohara
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Daniel H. Wolf
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202-3082
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Institut du Cerveau, Sorbonne Université, Paris75013, France
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald17475, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald17475, Germany
| | - Duygu Tosun
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore21224, MD
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore21224, MD
| | - Daniel S. Marcus
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Pamela LaMontagne
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Thomas R. Austin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Washington, MD20817
| | - Mark Espeland
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Divisions of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27101
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Jurgen Fripp
- Health and Biosecurity, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, QLD4029, Australia
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI53792
| | - John C. Morris
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Marilyn S. Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - R. Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore21224, MD
| | - Yong Fan
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
| | - David Wolk
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Haochang Shou
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- AI in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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5
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Boltz T, Schwarz T, Bot M, Hou K, Caggiano C, Lapinska S, Duan C, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Zaitlen N, Pasaniuc B, Ophoff R. Cell type deconvolution of bulk blood RNA-Seq to reveal biological insights of neuropsychiatric disorders. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.24.542156. [PMID: 37293101 PMCID: PMC10245943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered susceptibility loci associated with psychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, most of these loci are in non-coding regions of the genome with unknown causal mechanisms of the link between genetic variation and disease risk. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis of bulk tissue is a common approach to decipher underlying mechanisms, though this can obscure cell-type specific signals thus masking trait-relevant mechanisms. While single-cell sequencing can be prohibitively expensive in large cohorts, computationally inferred cell type proportions and cell type gene expression estimates have the potential to overcome these problems and advance mechanistic studies. Using bulk RNA-Seq from 1,730 samples derived from whole blood in a cohort ascertained for individuals with BP and SCZ this study estimated cell type proportions and their relation with disease status and medication. We found between 2,875 and 4,629 eGenes for each cell type, including 1,211 eGenes that are not found using bulk expression alone. We performed a colocalization test between cell type eQTLs and various traits and identified hundreds of associations between cell type eQTLs and GWAS loci that are not detected in bulk eQTLs. Finally, we investigated the effects of lithium use on cell type expression regulation and found examples of genes that are differentially regulated dependent on lithium use. Our study suggests that computational methods can be applied to large bulk RNA-Seq datasets of non-brain tissue to identify disease-relevant, cell type specific biology of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Boltz
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tommer Schwarz
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Merel Bot
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kangcheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christa Caggiano
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Lapinska
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenda Duan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Woods SW, Parker S, Kerr MJ, Walsh BC, Wijtenburg SA, Prunier N, Nunez AR, Buccilli K, Mourgues-Codern C, Brummitt K, Kinney KS, Trankler C, Szacilo J, Colton BL, Ali M, Haidar A, Billah T, Huynh K, Ahmed U, Adery LL, Corcoran CM, Perkins DO, Schiffman J, Perez J, Mamah D, Ellman LM, Powers AR, Coleman MJ, Anticevic A, Fusar-Poli P, Kane JM, Kahn RS, McGorry PD, Bearden CE, Shenton ME, Nelson B, Calkins ME, Hendricks L, Bouix S, Addington J, McGlashan TH, Yung AR. Development of the PSYCHS: Positive SYmptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the CAARMS Harmonized with the SIPS. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.29.23289226. [PMID: 37205422 PMCID: PMC10187348 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.29.23289226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aim To harmonize two ascertainment and severity rating instruments commonly used for the clinical high risk syndrome for psychosis (CHR-P): the Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS). Methods The initial workshop is described in the companion report from Addington et al. After the workshop, lead experts for each instrument continued harmonizing attenuated positive symptoms and criteria for psychosis and CHR-P through an intensive series of joint videoconferences. Results Full harmonization was achieved for attenuated positive symptom ratings and psychosis criteria, and partial harmonization for CHR-P criteria. The semi-structured interview, named P ositive SY mptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the C AARMS H armonized with the S IPS (PSYCHS), generates CHR-P criteria and severity scores for both CAARMS and SIPS. Conclusion Using the PSYCHS for CHR-P ascertainment, conversion determination, and attenuated positive symptom severity rating will help in comparing findings across studies and in meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophie Parker
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Melissa J. Kerr
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara C. Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Prunier
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela R. Nunez
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kate Buccilli
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catalina Mourgues-Codern
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kali Brummitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Kyle S. Kinney
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carli Trankler
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia Szacilo
- CAMEO, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beau-Luke Colton
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Munaza Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anastasia Haidar
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tashrif Billah
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Uzair Ahmed
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura L. Adery
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences & Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Perez
- CAMEO, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Department of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Lauren M. Ellman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert R. Powers
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael J. Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - John M. Kane
- Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick D. McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Larry Hendricks
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Thomas H. McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alison R. Yung
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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7
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Dwyer DB, Chand GB, Pigoni A, Khuntia A, Wen J, Antoniades M, Hwang G, Erus G, Doshi J, Srinivasan D, Varol E, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Meisenzahl E, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Sotiras A, Shinohara RT, Shou H, Fan Y, Schaulfelberger M, Rosa P, Lalousis PA, Upthegrove R, Kaczkurkin AN, Moore TM, Nelson B, Gur RE, Gur RC, Ritchie MD, Satterthwaite TD, Murray RM, Di Forti M, Ciufolini S, Zanetti MV, Wolf DH, Pantelis C, Crespo-Facorro B, Busatto GF, Davatzikos C, Koutsouleris N, Dazzan P. Psychosis brain subtypes validated in first-episode cohorts and related to illness remission: results from the PHENOM consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2008-2017. [PMID: 37147389 PMCID: PMC10575777 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Using machine learning, we recently decomposed the neuroanatomical heterogeneity of established schizophrenia to discover two volumetric subgroups-a 'lower brain volume' subgroup (SG1) and an 'higher striatal volume' subgroup (SG2) with otherwise normal brain structure. In this study, we investigated whether the MRI signatures of these subgroups were also already present at the time of the first-episode of psychosis (FEP) and whether they were related to clinical presentation and clinical remission over 1-, 3-, and 5-years. We included 572 FEP and 424 healthy controls (HC) from 4 sites (Sao Paulo, Santander, London, Melbourne) of the PHENOM consortium. Our prior MRI subgrouping models (671 participants; USA, Germany, and China) were applied to both FEP and HC. Participants were assigned into 1 of 4 categories: subgroup 1 (SG1), subgroup 2 (SG2), no subgroup membership ('None'), and mixed SG1 + SG2 subgroups ('Mixed'). Voxel-wise analyses characterized SG1 and SG2 subgroups. Supervised machine learning analyses characterized baseline and remission signatures related to SG1 and SG2 membership. The two dominant patterns of 'lower brain volume' in SG1 and 'higher striatal volume' (with otherwise normal neuromorphology) in SG2 were identified already at the first episode of psychosis. SG1 had a significantly higher proportion of FEP (32%) vs. HC (19%) than SG2 (FEP, 21%; HC, 23%). Clinical multivariate signatures separated the SG1 and SG2 subgroups (balanced accuracy = 64%; p < 0.0001), with SG2 showing higher education but also greater positive psychosis symptoms at first presentation, and an association with symptom remission at 1-year, 5-year, and when timepoints were combined. Neuromorphological subtypes of schizophrenia are already evident at illness onset, separated by distinct clinical presentations, and differentially associated with subsequent remission. These results suggest that the subgroups may be underlying risk phenotypes that could be targeted in future treatment trials and are critical to consider when interpreting neuroimaging literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Orygen, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ganesh B Chand
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Adyasha Khuntia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Junhao Wen
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathilde Antoniades
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gyujoon Hwang
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guray Erus
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jimit Doshi
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erdem Varol
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Department of Radiology and Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Pedro Rosa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paris A Lalousis
- Institute for Mental Health and Centre for Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health and Centre for Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Mental Health Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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8
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Hwang G, Wen J, Sotardi S, Brodkin ES, Chand GB, Dwyer DB, Erus G, Doshi J, Singhal P, Srinivasan D, Varol E, Sotiras A, Dazzan P, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Zanetti MV, Meisenzahl E, Busatto GF, Crespo-Facorro B, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Shinohara RT, Shou H, Fan Y, Di Martino A, Koutsouleris N, Gur RE, Gur RC, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C. Assessment of Neuroanatomical Endophenotypes of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Association With Characteristics of Individuals With Schizophrenia and the General Population. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80:498-507. [PMID: 37017948 PMCID: PMC10157419 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with significant clinical, neuroanatomical, and genetic heterogeneity that limits precision diagnostics and treatment. Objective To assess distinct neuroanatomical dimensions of ASD using novel semisupervised machine learning methods and to test whether the dimensions can serve as endophenotypes also in non-ASD populations. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used imaging data from the publicly available Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) repositories as the discovery cohort. The ABIDE sample included individuals diagnosed with ASD aged between 16 and 64 years and age- and sex-match typically developing individuals. Validation cohorts included individuals with schizophrenia from the Psychosis Heterogeneity Evaluated via Dimensional Neuroimaging (PHENOM) consortium and individuals from the UK Biobank to represent the general population. The multisite discovery cohort included 16 internationally distributed imaging sites. Analyses were performed between March 2021 and March 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures The trained semisupervised heterogeneity through discriminative analysis models were tested for reproducibility using extensive cross-validations. It was then applied to individuals from the PHENOM and the UK Biobank. It was hypothesized that neuroanatomical dimensions of ASD would display distinct clinical and genetic profiles and would be prominent also in non-ASD populations. Results Heterogeneity through discriminative analysis models trained on T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images of 307 individuals with ASD (mean [SD] age, 25.4 [9.8] years; 273 [88.9%] male) and 362 typically developing control individuals (mean [SD] age, 25.8 [8.9] years; 309 [85.4%] male) revealed that a 3-dimensional scheme was optimal to capture the ASD neuroanatomy. The first dimension (A1: aginglike) was associated with smaller brain volume, lower cognitive function, and aging-related genetic variants (FOXO3; Z = 4.65; P = 1.62 × 10-6). The second dimension (A2: schizophrenialike) was characterized by enlarged subcortical volumes, antipsychotic medication use (Cohen d = 0.65; false discovery rate-adjusted P = .048), partially overlapping genetic, neuroanatomical characteristics to schizophrenia (n = 307), and significant genetic heritability estimates in the general population (n = 14 786; mean [SD] h2, 0.71 [0.04]; P < 1 × 10-4). The third dimension (A3: typical ASD) was distinguished by enlarged cortical volumes, high nonverbal cognitive performance, and biological pathways implicating brain development and abnormal apoptosis (mean [SD] β, 0.83 [0.02]; P = 4.22 × 10-6). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study discovered 3-dimensional endophenotypic representation that may elucidate the heterogeneous neurobiological underpinnings of ASD to support precision diagnostics. The significant correspondence between A2 and schizophrenia indicates a possibility of identifying common biological mechanisms across the 2 mental health diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyujoon Hwang
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Junhao Wen
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Laboratory of AI & Biomedical Science (LABS), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey
| | - Susan Sotardi
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ganesh B Chand
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Guray Erus
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jimit Doshi
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Pankhuri Singhal
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Erdem Varol
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Haochang Shou
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Yong Fan
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience at the New York University Child Study Center, New York
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- AI 2 D Center for Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Modabbernia A, Whalley HC, Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Kahn RS, Frangou S. Systematic evaluation of machine learning algorithms for neuroanatomically-based age prediction in youth. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:5126-5140. [PMID: 35852028 PMCID: PMC9812239 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data has yielded behaviorally meaningful estimates of the biological age of the brain (brain-age). The choice of the ML approach in estimating brain-age in youth is important because age-related brain changes in this age-group are dynamic. However, the comparative performance of the available ML algorithms has not been systematically appraised. To address this gap, the present study evaluated the accuracy (mean absolute error [MAE]) and computational efficiency of 21 machine learning algorithms using sMRI data from 2105 typically developing individuals aged 5-22 years from five cohorts. The trained models were then tested in two independent holdout datasets, one comprising 4078 individuals aged 9-10 years and another comprising 594 individuals aged 5-21 years. The algorithms encompassed parametric and nonparametric, Bayesian, linear and nonlinear, tree-based, and kernel-based models. Sensitivity analyses were performed for parcellation scheme, number of neuroimaging input features, number of cross-validation folds, number of extreme outliers, and sample size. Tree-based models and algorithms with a nonlinear kernel performed comparably well, with the latter being especially computationally efficient. Extreme Gradient Boosting (MAE of 1.49 years), Random Forest Regression (MAE of 1.58 years), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) with Radial Basis Function (RBF) Kernel (MAE of 1.64 years) emerged as the three most accurate models. Linear algorithms, with the exception of Elastic Net Regression, performed poorly. Findings of the present study could be used as a guide for optimizing methodology when quantifying brain-age in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Glahn
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Fiksinski AM, Heung T, Corral M, Breetvelt EJ, Costain G, Marshall CR, Kahn RS, Vorstman JA, Bassett AS. Within-family influences on dimensional neurobehavioral traits in a high-risk genetic model. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3184-3192. [PMID: 33443009 PMCID: PMC9693655 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotype-first and within-family studies can elucidate factors that contribute to psychiatric illness. Combining these approaches, we investigated the patterns of influence of parental scores, a high-impact variant, and schizophrenia on dimensional neurobehavioral phenotypes implicated in major psychiatric disorders. METHODS We quantitatively assessed cognitive (FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ), social, and motor functioning in 82 adult individuals with a de novo 22q11.2 deletion (22 with schizophrenia), and 148 of their unaffected parents. We calculated within-family correlations and effect sizes of the 22q11.2 deletion and schizophrenia, and used linear regressions to assess contributions to neurobehavioral measures. RESULTS Proband-parent intra-class correlations (ICC) were significant for cognitive measures (e.g. FSIQ ICC = 0.549, p < 0.0001), but not for social or motor measures. Compared to biparental scores, the 22q11.2 deletion conferred significant impairments for all phenotypes assessed (effect sizes -1.39 to -2.07 s.d.), strongest for PIQ. There were further decrements in those with schizophrenia. Regression models explained up to 37.7% of the variance in IQ and indicated that for proband IQ, parental IQ had larger effects than schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This study, for the first time, disentangles the impact of a high-impact variant from the modifying effects of parental scores and schizophrenia on relevant neurobehavioral phenotypes. The robust proband-parent correlations for cognitive measures, independent of the impact of the 22q11.2 deletion and of schizophrenia, suggest that, for certain phenotypes, shared genetic variation plays a significant role in expression. Molecular genetic and predictor studies are needed to elucidate shared factors and their contribution to psychiatric illness in this and other high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania M. Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Corral
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elemi J. Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob A.S. Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Chand GB, Singhal P, Dwyer DB, Wen J, Erus G, Doshi J, Srinivasan D, Mamourian E, Varol E, Sotiras A, Hwang G, Dazzan P, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Zanetti MV, Meisenzahl E, Busatto GF, Crespo-Facorro B, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Shinohara RT, Shou H, Fan Y, Koutsouleris N, Kaczkurkin AN, Moore TM, Verma A, Calkins ME, Gur RE, Gur RC, Ritchie MD, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C. Schizophrenia Imaging Signatures and Their Associations With Cognition, Psychopathology, and Genetics in the General Population. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:650-660. [PMID: 35410495 PMCID: PMC9444886 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21070686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence and significance of schizophrenia-related phenotypes at the population level is debated in the literature. Here, the authors assessed whether two recently reported neuroanatomical signatures of schizophrenia-signature 1, with widespread reduction of gray matter volume, and signature 2, with increased striatal volume-could be replicated in an independent schizophrenia sample, and investigated whether expression of these signatures can be detected at the population level and how they relate to cognition, psychosis spectrum symptoms, and schizophrenia genetic risk. METHODS This cross-sectional study used an independent schizophrenia-control sample (N=347; ages 16-57 years) for replication of imaging signatures, and then examined two independent population-level data sets: typically developing youths and youths with psychosis spectrum symptoms in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N=359; ages 16-23 years) and adults in the UK Biobank study (N=836; ages 44-50 years). The authors quantified signature expression using support-vector machine learning and compared cognition, psychopathology, and polygenic risk between signatures. RESULTS Two neuroanatomical signatures of schizophrenia were replicated. Signature 1 but not signature 2 was significantly more common in youths with psychosis spectrum symptoms than in typically developing youths, whereas signature 2 frequency was similar in the two groups. In both youths and adults, signature 1 was associated with worse cognitive performance than signature 2. Compared with adults with neither signature, adults expressing signature 1 had elevated schizophrenia polygenic risk scores, but this was not seen for signature 2. CONCLUSIONS The authors successfully replicated two neuroanatomical signatures of schizophrenia and describe their prevalence in population-based samples of youths and adults. They further demonstrated distinct relationships of these signatures with psychosis symptoms, cognition, and genetic risk, potentially reflecting underlying neurobiological vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh B Chand
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Pankhuri Singhal
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Junhao Wen
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Guray Erus
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Jimit Doshi
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Elizabeth Mamourian
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Erdem Varol
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Gyujoon Hwang
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Haochang Shou
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Yong Fan
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Antonia N Kaczkurkin
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Anurag Verma
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, Satterthwaite, Wolf, Davatzikos, Shinohara, Shou), Department of Radiology (Chand, Wen, Erus, Doshi, Srinivasan, Mamourian, Varol, Sotiras, Hwang, Fan, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Davatzikos), Department of Genetics (Singhal, Verma, Ritchie), Department of Psychiatry (Kaczkurkin, Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite, Wolf), and Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (Shinohara, Shou), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine (Chand, Sotiras), and Institute of Informatics (Sotiras), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Dwyer, Koutsouleris); Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York (Varol); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Dazzan); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Kahn); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Schnack); Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti, Busatto); Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (Zanetti); LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany (Meisenzahl); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS-CIBERSAM, University of Sevilla, Spain (Crespo-Facorro); Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia (Pantelis); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Wood); School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Zhuo); Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Kaczkurkin); Lifespan Brain Institute of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Moore, Calkins, R.E. Gur, R.C. Gur, Satterthwaite)
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Jaya ES, Wüsten C, Alizadeh BZ, van Amelsvoort T, Bartels-Velthuis AA, van Beveren NJ, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, de Haan L, Delespaul P, Luykx JJ, Myin-Germeys I, Kahn RS, Schirmbeck F, Simons CJP, van Haren NE, van Os J, van Winkel R, Fonseca-Pedrero E, Peters E, Verdoux H, Woodward TS, Ziermans TB, Lincoln TM. Comparing psychotic experiences in low-and-middle-income-countries and high-income-countries with a focus on measurement invariance. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1509-1516. [PMID: 33023691 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of psychotic experiences (PEs) is higher in low-and-middle-income-countries (LAMIC) than in high-income countries (HIC). Here, we examine whether this effect is explicable by measurement bias. METHODS A community sample from 13 countries (N = 7141) was used to examine the measurement invariance (MI) of a frequently used self-report measure of PEs, the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), in LAMIC (n = 2472) and HIC (n = 4669). The CAPE measures positive (e.g. hallucinations), negative (e.g. avolition) and depressive symptoms. MI analyses were conducted with multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS MI analyses showed similarities in the structure and understanding of the CAPE factors between LAMIC and HIC. Partial scalar invariance was found, allowing for latent score comparisons. Residual invariance was not found, indicating that sum score comparisons are biased. A comparison of latent scores before and after MI adjustment showed both overestimation (e.g. avolition, d = 0.03 into d = -0.42) and underestimation (e.g. magical thinking, d = -0.03 into d = 0.33) of PE in LAMIC relative to HIC. After adjusting the CAPE for MI, participants from LAMIC reported significantly higher levels on most CAPE factors but a significantly lower level of avolition. CONCLUSION Previous studies using sum scores to compare differences across countries are likely to be biased. The direction of the bias involves both over- and underestimation of PEs in LAMIC compared to HIC. Nevertheless, the study confirms the basic finding that PEs are more frequent in LAMIC than in HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo S Jaya
- Psychosis Studies Research Group, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Caroline Wüsten
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J van Beveren
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht, General Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J P Simons
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GGzE Institute for Mental Health Care, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E van Haren
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Peters
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hélène Verdoux
- University Bordeaux, U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tim B Ziermans
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Brouwer RM, Klein M, Grasby KL, Schnack HG, Jahanshad N, Teeuw J, Thomopoulos SI, Sprooten E, Franz CE, Gogtay N, Kremen WS, Panizzon MS, Olde Loohuis LM, Whelan CD, Aghajani M, Alloza C, Alnæs D, Artiges E, Ayesa-Arriola R, Barker GJ, Bastin ME, Blok E, Bøen E, Breukelaar IA, Bright JK, Buimer EEL, Bülow R, Cannon DM, Ciufolini S, Crossley NA, Damatac CG, Dazzan P, de Mol CL, de Zwarte SMC, Desrivières S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Doan NT, Dohm K, Fröhner JH, Goltermann J, Grigis A, Grotegerd D, Han LKM, Harris MA, Hartman CA, Heany SJ, Heindel W, Heslenfeld DJ, Hohmann S, Ittermann B, Jansen PR, Janssen J, Jia T, Jiang J, Jockwitz C, Karali T, Keeser D, Koevoets MGJC, Lenroot RK, Malchow B, Mandl RCW, Medel V, Meinert S, Morgan CA, Mühleisen TW, Nabulsi L, Opel N, de la Foz VOG, Overs BJ, Paillère Martinot ML, Redlich R, Marques TR, Repple J, Roberts G, Roshchupkin GV, Setiaman N, Shumskaya E, Stein F, Sudre G, Takahashi S, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, van der Lugt A, van Haren NEM, Wardlaw JM, Wen W, Westeneng HJ, Wittfeld K, Zhu AH, Zugman A, Armstrong NJ, Bonfiglio G, Bralten J, Dalvie S, Davies G, Di Forti M, Ding L, Donohoe G, Forstner AJ, Gonzalez-Peñas J, Guimaraes JPOFT, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Knol MJ, Kwok JBJ, Le Hellard S, Mather KA, Milaneschi Y, Morris DW, Nöthen MM, Papiol S, Rietschel M, Santoro ML, Steen VM, Stein JL, Streit F, Tankard RM, Teumer A, van 't Ent D, van der Meer D, van Eijk KR, Vassos E, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Witt SH, Adams HHH, Agartz I, Ames D, Amunts K, Andreassen OA, Arango C, Banaschewski T, Baune BT, Belangero SI, Bokde ALW, Boomsma DI, Bressan RA, Brodaty H, Buitelaar JK, Cahn W, Caspers S, Cichon S, Crespo-Facorro B, Cox SR, Dannlowski U, Elvsåshagen T, Espeseth T, Falkai PG, Fisher SE, Flor H, Fullerton JM, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Grabe HJ, Hahn T, Heinz A, Hillegers M, Hoare J, Hoekstra PJ, Ikram MA, Jackowski AP, Jansen A, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kircher T, Korgaonkar MS, Krug A, Lemaitre H, Malt UF, Martinot JL, McDonald C, Mitchell PB, Muetzel RL, Murray RM, Nees F, Nenadić I, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pan PM, Penninx BWJH, Poustka L, Sachdev PS, Salum GA, Schofield PR, Schumann G, Shaw P, Sim K, Smolka MN, Stein DJ, Trollor JN, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Walter H, Westlye LT, Whelan R, White T, Wright MJ, Medland SE, Franke B, Thompson PM, Hulshoff Pol HE. Genetic variants associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure across the lifespan. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:421-432. [PMID: 35383335 PMCID: PMC10040206 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human brain structure changes throughout the lifespan. Altered brain growth or rates of decline are implicated in a vast range of psychiatric, developmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we identified common genetic variants that affect rates of brain growth or atrophy in what is, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of changes in brain morphology across the lifespan. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging data from 15,640 individuals were used to compute rates of change for 15 brain structures. The most robustly identified genes GPR139, DACH1 and APOE are associated with metabolic processes. We demonstrate global genetic overlap with depression, schizophrenia, cognitive functioning, insomnia, height, body mass index and smoking. Gene set findings implicate both early brain development and neurodegenerative processes in the rates of brain changes. Identifying variants involved in structural brain changes may help to determine biological pathways underlying optimal and dysfunctional brain development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina L Grasby
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Jalmar Teeuw
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Education & Child Studies, Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Alloza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM U1299 Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 9010; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elisabet Blok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Psychosomatic and CL Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabella A Breukelaar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna K Bright
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E L Buimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christienne G Damatac
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Casper L de Mol
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Dohm
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura K M Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathew A Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Heany
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Walter Heindel
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Philip R Jansen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, VUmc, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence and MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Temmuz Karali
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Neurosciences (MCN) - Brain & Mind, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martijn G J C Koevoets
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rhoshel K Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - René C W Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Medel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catherine A Morgan
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leila Nabulsi
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM U1299 Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 9010; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikita Setiaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Department of Radiology, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
- Advanced Computing and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria (UC-CSIC), Santander, Spain
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henk-Jan Westeneng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alyssa H Zhu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Andre Zugman
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gaia Bonfiglio
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gail Davies
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Ding
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Peñas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joao P O F T Guimaraes
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B J Kwok
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcos L Santoro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rick M Tankard
- Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Ame Sua Mente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht Science, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Seville, IBIS, Seville, Spain
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter G Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hans J Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Manon Hillegers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health, Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea P Jackowski
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core-Facility Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Unit for Psychosomatic Medicine and C-L Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM U1299 Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 9010; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro M Pan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, CCM, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Shaw
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute for Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Whelan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, Vogel JW, Anderson KM, Adamson C, Adler S, Alexopoulos GS, Anagnostou E, Areces-Gonzalez A, Astle DE, Auyeung B, Ayub M, Bae J, Ball G, Baron-Cohen S, Beare R, Bedford SA, Benegal V, Beyer F, Blangero J, Blesa Cábez M, Boardman JP, Borzage M, Bosch-Bayard JF, Bourke N, Calhoun VD, Chakravarty MM, Chen C, Chertavian C, Chetelat G, Chong YS, Cole JH, Corvin A, Costantino M, Courchesne E, Crivello F, Cropley VL, Crosbie J, Crossley N, Delarue M, Delorme R, Desrivieres S, Devenyi GA, Di Biase MA, Dolan R, Donald KA, Donohoe G, Dunlop K, Edwards AD, Elison JT, Ellis CT, Elman JA, Eyler L, Fair DA, Feczko E, Fletcher PC, Fonagy P, Franz CE, Galan-Garcia L, Gholipour A, Giedd J, Gilmore JH, Glahn DC, Goodyer IM, Grant PE, Groenewold NA, Gunning FM, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hammill CF, Hansson O, Hedden T, Heinz A, Henson RN, Heuer K, Hoare J, Holla B, Holmes AJ, Holt R, Huang H, Im K, Ipser J, Jack CR, Jackowski AP, Jia T, Johnson KA, Jones PB, Jones DT, Kahn RS, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Kawashima R, Kelley EA, Kern S, Kim KW, Kitzbichler MG, Kremen WS, Lalonde F, Landeau B, Lee S, Lerch J, Lewis JD, Li J, Liao W, Liston C, Lombardo MV, Lv J, Lynch C, Mallard TT, Marcelis M, Markello RD, Mathias SR, Mazoyer B, McGuire P, Meaney MJ, Mechelli A, Medic N, Misic B, Morgan SE, Mothersill D, Nigg J, Ong MQW, Ortinau C, Ossenkoppele R, Ouyang M, Palaniyappan L, Paly L, Pan PM, Pantelis C, Park MM, Paus T, Pausova Z, Paz-Linares D, Pichet Binette A, Pierce K, Qian X, Qiu J, Qiu A, Raznahan A, Rittman T, Rodrigue A, Rollins CK, Romero-Garcia R, Ronan L, Rosenberg MD, Rowitch DH, Salum GA, Satterthwaite TD, Schaare HL, Schachar RJ, Schultz AP, Schumann G, Schöll M, Sharp D, Shinohara RT, Skoog I, Smyser CD, Sperling RA, Stein DJ, Stolicyn A, Suckling J, Sullivan G, Taki Y, Thyreau B, Toro R, Traut N, Tsvetanov KA, Turk-Browne NB, Tuulari JJ, Tzourio C, Vachon-Presseau É, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Valdes-Sosa PA, Valk SL, van Amelsvoort T, Vandekar SN, Vasung L, Victoria LW, Villeneuve S, Villringer A, Vértes PE, Wagstyl K, Wang YS, Warfield SK, Warrier V, Westman E, Westwater ML, Whalley HC, Witte AV, Yang N, Yeo B, Yun H, Zalesky A, Zar HJ, Zettergren A, Zhou JH, Ziauddeen H, Zugman A, Zuo XN, Bullmore ET, Alexander-Bloch AF. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 2022; 604:525-533. [PMID: 35388223 PMCID: PMC9021021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - S R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Adamson
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Adler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - G S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - E Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Areces-Gonzalez
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - D E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Ayub
- Queen's University, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - G Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - F Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - M Blesa Cábez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J F Bosch-Bayard
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Bourke
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - V D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M M Chakravarty
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Chen
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Chertavian
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Chetelat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Y S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Costantino
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Crivello
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Crosbie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto Milenio Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - R Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, McGill Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - K A Donald
- Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Dunlop
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - C E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - A Gholipour
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Giedd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N A Groenewold
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F M Gunning
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C F Hammill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T Hedden
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - R N Henson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Heuer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - A J Holmes
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Huang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ipser
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A P Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Beijing, China
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K A Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D T Jones
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - H Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - E A Kelley
- Queen's University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M G Kitzbichler
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F Lalonde
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - S Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - W Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - C Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - J Lv
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lynch
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R D Markello
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Mazoyer
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mechelli
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Medic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - D Mothersill
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Q W Ong
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ouyang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Paly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - P M Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Poalo (UNIFESP), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Paz-Linares
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - A Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - X Qian
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C K Rollins
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain
| | - L Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G A Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H L Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - R J Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Schultz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - G Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS-Centre, Charite Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen's Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - R T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C D Smyser
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Sperling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y Taki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - B Thyreau
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - R Toro
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - N Traut
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J J Tuulari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - C Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - É Vachon-Presseau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - P A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain (AECRP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S L Valk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L Vasung
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L W Victoria
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Villeneuve
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - K Wagstyl
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Y S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S K Warfield
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 'Obesity Mechanisms', University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Yun
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J H Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - X N Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Education, School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - E T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Wen J, Varol E, Sotiras A, Yang Z, Chand GB, Erus G, Shou H, Abdulkadir A, Hwang G, Dwyer DB, Pigoni A, Dazzan P, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Zanetti MV, Meisenzahl E, Busatto GF, Crespo-Facorro B, Rafael RG, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Shinohara RT, Fan Y, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Koutsouleris N, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C. Multi-scale semi-supervised clustering of brain images: Deriving disease subtypes. Med Image Anal 2022; 75:102304. [PMID: 34818611 PMCID: PMC8678373 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Disease heterogeneity is a significant obstacle to understanding pathological processes and delivering precision diagnostics and treatment. Clustering methods have gained popularity for stratifying patients into subpopulations (i.e., subtypes) of brain diseases using imaging data. However, unsupervised clustering approaches are often confounded by anatomical and functional variations not related to a disease or pathology of interest. Semi-supervised clustering techniques have been proposed to overcome this and, therefore, capture disease-specific patterns more effectively. An additional limitation of both unsupervised and semi-supervised conventional machine learning methods is that they typically model, learn and infer from data using a basis of feature sets pre-defined at a fixed anatomical or functional scale (e.g., atlas-based regions of interest). Herein we propose a novel method, "Multi-scAle heteroGeneity analysIs and Clustering" (MAGIC), to depict the multi-scale presentation of disease heterogeneity, which builds on a previously proposed semi-supervised clustering method, HYDRA. It derives multi-scale and clinically interpretable feature representations and exploits a double-cyclic optimization procedure to effectively drive identification of inter-scale-consistent disease subtypes. More importantly, to understand the conditions under which the clustering model can estimate true heterogeneity related to diseases, we conducted extensive and systematic semi-simulated experiments to evaluate the proposed method on a sizeable healthy control sample from the UK Biobank (N = 4403). We then applied MAGIC to imaging data from Alzheimer's disease (ADNI, N = 1728) and schizophrenia (PHENOM, N = 1166) patients to demonstrate its potential and challenges in dissecting the neuroanatomical heterogeneity of common brain diseases. Taken together, we aim to provide guidance regarding when such analyses can succeed or should be taken with caution. The code of the proposed method is publicly available at https://github.com/anbai106/MAGIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wen
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Erdem Varol
- Department of Statistics, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Department of Radiology and Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ganesh B Chand
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Guray Erus
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Gyujoon Hwang
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla-IBIS; IDIVAL-CIBERSAM, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Romero-Garcia Rafael
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Sevilla, IBiS, CIBERSAM, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- key Laboratory of Real Tine Tracing of Brain Circuits in Psychiatry and Neurology(RTBCPN-Lab), Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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16
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Kalman JL, Olde Loohuis LM, Vreeker A, McQuillin A, Stahl EA, Ruderfer D, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Panagiotaropoulou G, Ripke S, Bigdeli TB, Stein F, Meller T, Meinert S, Pelin H, Streit F, Papiol S, Adams MJ, Adolfsson R, Adorjan K, Agartz I, Aminoff SR, Anderson-Schmidt H, Andreassen OA, Ardau R, Aubry JM, Balaban C, Bass N, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Benabarre A, Bengesser S, Berrettini WH, Boks MP, Bromet EJ, Brosch K, Budde M, Byerley W, Cervantes P, Chillotti C, Cichon S, Clark SR, Comes AL, Corvin A, Coryell W, Craddock N, Craig DW, Croarkin PE, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Dalkner N, Dannlowski U, Degenhardt F, Del Zompo M, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Edenberg HJ, Eissa MA, Elvsåshagen T, Etain B, Fanous AH, Fellendorf F, Fiorentino A, Forstner AJ, Frye MA, Fullerton JM, Gade K, Garnham J, Gershon E, Gill M, Goes FS, Gordon-Smith K, Grof P, Guzman-Parra J, Hahn T, Hasler R, Heilbronner M, Heilbronner U, Jamain S, Jimenez E, Jones I, Jones L, Jonsson L, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kennedy JL, Kircher T, Kirov G, Kittel-Schneider S, Klöhn-Saghatolislam F, Knowles JA, Kranz TM, Lagerberg TV, Landen M, Lawson WB, Leboyer M, Li QS, Maj M, Malaspina D, Manchia M, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McInnis MG, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Melle I, Milanova V, Mitchell PB, Monteleone P, Monteleone AM, Nöthen MM, Novak T, Nurnberger JI, O'Brien N, O'Connell KS, O'Donovan C, O'Donovan MC, Opel N, Ortiz A, Owen MJ, Pålsson E, Pato C, Pato MT, Pawlak J, Pfarr JK, Pisanu C, Potash JB, Rapaport MH, Reich-Erkelenz D, Reif A, Reininghaus E, Repple J, Richard-Lepouriel H, Rietschel M, Ringwald K, Roberts G, Rouleau G, Schaupp S, Scheftner WA, Schmitt S, Schofield PR, Schubert KO, Schulte EC, Schweizer B, Senner F, Severino G, Sharp S, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Squassina A, Stopkova P, Strauss J, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Twarowska-Hauser J, Veldic M, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Xu W, Zai CC, Zandi PP, Di Florio A, Smoller JW, Biernacka JM, McMahon FJ, Alda M, Müller-Myhsok B, Koutsouleris N, Falkai P, Freimer NB, Andlauer TF, Schulze TG, Ophoff RA. Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 219:659-669. [PMID: 35048876 PMCID: PMC8636611 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. AIMS To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. METHOD Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. RESULTS Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = -0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = -0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = -0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = -0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. CONCLUSIONS AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos L. Kalman
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Annabel Vreeker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eli A. Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, USA
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, USA; and VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, USA
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany; and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Pelin
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Germany; and Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; and Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | | | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofie R. Aminoff
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hosptial, Norway
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Faculty of medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ceylan Balaban
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; and Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Universite de Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1144, France; and DMU Neurosciences, GHU Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, APHP, France
| | - Antoni Benabarre
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Susanne Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marco P. Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Catina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Julich, Germany
| | - Scott R. Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia; and Bazil Hetzel Institute, Australia
| | - Ashley L. Comes
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Nick Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | | | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Piotr M. Czerski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Italy
| | - J. Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Norway; and NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Bruno Etain
- Universite de Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1144, France; and DMU Neurosciences, GHU Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, APHP, France
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, USA; and VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, USA
| | - Frederike Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany; and Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrin Gade
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Elliot Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando S. Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | | | - Paul Grof
- Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Spain
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Hasler
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA; and Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Maria Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stephane Jamain
- Universite Paris Est Creteil, France; and INSERM U 955, Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, France
| | - Esther Jimenez
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Lisa Jones
- Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, UK
| | - Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - James A. Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA; and Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Thorsten M. Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hosptial, Norway
| | - Mikael Landen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - William B. Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, USA
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Universite Paris Est Creteil, France; and INSERM U 955, Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, France
| | | | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; and Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Spain
| | | | | | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexander University Hospital, Bulgaria
| | | | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Tomas Novak
- National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic
| | | | - Niamh O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Kevin S. O'Connell
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Abigail Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | | | - Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, USA
| | - Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Kai Ringwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada and Department of Neurology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaupp
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Simon Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - K. Oliver Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia; and Northern Adelaide Mental Health Service, SA Health, Australia
| | - Eva C. Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Schweizer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Fanny Senner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sally Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | | | - Olav B. Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Janet L. Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada; and Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - John Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada; and Douglas Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - John B. Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Biostatistics Division, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement C. Zai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, USA
| | - Joanna M. Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Martin Alda
- National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic; and Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | | | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany; and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA; and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Till F.M. Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, USA; and Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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17
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Jaya ES, van Amelsvoort T, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, de Haan L, Kahn RS, van Os J, Schirmbeck F, Simons CJP, Lincoln TM. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences: Optimal cut-off scores for detecting individuals with a psychotic disorder. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2021; 30:e1893. [PMID: 34464487 PMCID: PMC8633944 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The need for a brief screening tool for psychosis is widely recognized. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) is a popular self-report measure of psychosis, but a cut-off score that can detect those most likely to fulfill diagnostic criteria for psychotic disorder is not established. METHODS A case-control sample from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis Project study (N = 1375, healthy individuals, n = 507, and individuals with a psychotic disorder, n = 868), was used to examine cut-off scores of the CAPE with receiver operating curve analyses. We examined 27 possible cut-off scores computed from a combination of scores from the frequency and distress scales of the various factors of the CAPE. RESULTS The weighted severity positive symptom dimension was most optimal in detecting individuals with a psychotic disorder (>1.75 cut-off; area under the curve = 0.88; sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 88%), which correctly identified 80% of the sample as cases or controls with a diagnostic odds ratio of 22.69. CONCLUSIONS The CAPE can be used as a first screening tool to detect individuals who are likely to fulfill criteria for a psychotic disorder. The >1.75 cut-off of the weighted severity positive symptom dimension provides a better prediction than all alternatives tested so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo S Jaya
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- Rob Giel Research Center, University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- Rob Giel Research Center, University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Altrecht General Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrech, The Netherland.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J P Simons
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GGzE Institute for Mental Health Care, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Vissink CE, Winter-van Rossum I, Cannon TD, Fusar-Poli P, Kahn RS, Bossong MG. Structural brain volumes of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: a meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science 2021; 2:147-152. [PMID: 36325161 PMCID: PMC9616363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis have yielded conflicting results. Methods The aims of this study were to compare intracranial and structural brain volumes and variability of CHR individuals with those of healthy control (HC) subjects and to investigate brain volume differences and variability in CHR subjects with and without transition to psychosis. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies published before June 1, 2020. Results A total of 34 studies were deemed eligible, which included baseline data of 2111 CHR and 1472 HC participants. In addition, data were included for 401 CHR subjects who subsequently transitioned to psychosis and 1023 nontransitioned CHR participants. Whole-brain and left, right, and bilateral hippocampal volume were significantly smaller in CHR subjects than in HC subjects. Cerebrospinal fluid and lateral ventricle volumes were significantly larger in CHR subjects than in HC subjects. Variability was not significantly different in CHR subjects compared with HC subjects. CHR individuals with and without subsequent transition to psychosis did not show significant differences in any of the volumetric assessments or in variability. Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrates reduced whole-brain and hippocampal volumes and increased cerebrospinal fluid and lateral ventricle volumes in CHR individuals. However, no significant differences were observed in any of the volumetric assessments between CHR individuals with and without subsequent transition to psychosis. These findings suggest that although structural brain alterations are present before the onset of the disorder, they may not significantly contribute to the identification of CHR individuals at the highest risk for the development of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E. Vissink
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to Conrad E. Vissink, M.Sc.
| | - Inge Winter-van Rossum
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Matthijs G. Bossong
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Matthijs G. Bossong, Ph.D.
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19
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Velthorst E, Mollon J, Murray RM, de Haan L, Germeys IM, Glahn DC, Arango C, van der Ven E, Di Forti M, Bernardo M, Guloksuz S, Delespaul P, Mezquida G, Amoretti S, Bobes J, Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Santos JL, Jiménez-López E, Sanjuan J, Aguilar EJ, Arrojo M, Carracedo A, López G, González-Peñas J, Parellada M, Atbaşoğlu C, Saka MC, Üçok A, Alptekin K, Akdede B, Binbay T, Altınyazar V, Ulaş H, Yalınçetin B, Gümüş-Akay G, Beyaz BC, Soygür H, Cankurtaran EŞ, Kaymak SU, Maric NP, Mihaljevic MM, Petrovic SA, Mirjanic T, Del-Ben CM, Ferraro L, Gayer-Anderson C, Jones PB, Jongsma HE, Kirkbride JB, La Cascia C, Lasalvia A, Tosato S, Llorca PM, Menezes PR, Morgan C, Quattrone D, Menchetti M, Selten JP, Szöke A, Tarricone I, Tortelli A, McGuire P, Valmaggia L, Kempton MJ, van der Gaag M, Riecher-Rössler A, Bressan RA, Barrantes-Vidal N, Nelson B, McGorry P, Pantelis C, Krebs MO, Ruhrmann S, Sachs G, Rutten BPF, van Os J, Alizadeh BZ, van Amelsvoort T, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Bruggeman R, van Beveren NJ, Luykx JJ, Cahn W, Simons CJP, Kahn RS, Schirmbeck F, van Winkel R, Reichenberg A. Cognitive functioning throughout adulthood and illness stages in individuals with psychotic disorders and their unaffected siblings. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4529-4543. [PMID: 33414498 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Important questions remain about the profile of cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders across adulthood and illness stages. The age-associated profile of familial impairments also remains unclear, as well as the effect of factors, such as symptoms, functioning, and medication. Using cross-sectional data from the EU-GEI and GROUP studies, comprising 8455 participants aged 18 to 65, we examined cognitive functioning across adulthood in patients with psychotic disorders (n = 2883), and their unaffected siblings (n = 2271), compared to controls (n = 3301). An abbreviated WAIS-III measured verbal knowledge, working memory, visuospatial processing, processing speed, and IQ. Patients showed medium to large deficits across all functions (ES range = -0.45 to -0.73, p < 0.001), while siblings showed small deficits on IQ, verbal knowledge, and working memory (ES = -0.14 to -0.33, p < 0.001). Magnitude of impairment was not associated with participant age, such that the size of impairment in older and younger patients did not significantly differ. However, first-episode patients performed worse than prodromal patients (ES range = -0.88 to -0.60, p < 0.001). Adjusting for cannabis use, symptom severity, and global functioning attenuated impairments in siblings, while deficits in patients remained statistically significant, albeit reduced by half (ES range = -0.13 to -0.38, p < 0.01). Antipsychotic medication also accounted for around half of the impairment in patients (ES range = -0.21 to -0.43, p < 0.01). Deficits in verbal knowledge, and working memory may specifically index familial, i.e., shared genetic and/or shared environmental, liability for psychotic disorders. Nevertheless, potentially modifiable illness-related factors account for a significant portion of the cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Seaver Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin Germeys
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Els van der Ven
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Department of Social Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Mondriaan Mental Health Care, Heerlen/Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela Mezquida
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar A Saiz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Paz García-Portilla
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Luis Santos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain.,Neurobiological Research Group, Institute of Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital "Virgen de la Luz", Cuenca, Spain
| | - Estela Jiménez-López
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain.,Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Aguilar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) y Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier González-Peñas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meram Can Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Akdede
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Binbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vesile Altınyazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Halis Ulaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güvem Gümüş-Akay
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burçin Cihan Beyaz
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haldun Soygür
- Turkish Federation of Schizophrenia Associations, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Nadja P Maric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade & Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina M Mihaljevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade & Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Andric Petrovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade & Clinic for Psychiatry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Mirjanic
- Special Hospital for Psychiatric Disorders Kovin, Kovin, Serbia
| | | | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Hannah E Jongsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK.,PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, England, UK
| | | | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.,ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Department of Social Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Marco Menchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Lucia Valmaggia
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- Amsterdam Public Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- LiNC-Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociências Clínicas, Depto Psiquiatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Sanitària Sant Pere Claver, Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- University of Paris, GHU-Paris, Sainte-Anne, C'JAAD, Inserm U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie (CNRS 3557), Paris, France
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sachs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J van Beveren
- Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Altrecht Science, Altrecht Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J P Simons
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GGzE Institute for Mental Health Care, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Seaver Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Pollak TA, Vincent A, Iyegbe C, Coutinho E, Jacobson L, Rujescu D, Stone J, Jezequel J, Rogemond V, Jamain S, Groc L, David A, Egerton A, Kahn RS, Honnorat J, Dazzan P, Leboyer M, McGuire P. Relationship Between Serum NMDA Receptor Antibodies and Response to Antipsychotic Treatment in First-Episode Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:9-15. [PMID: 33536130 PMCID: PMC8191702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When psychosis develops in NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis, it usually has an acute or subacute onset, and antipsychotic treatment may be ineffective and associated with adverse effects. Serum NMDAR antibodies have been reported in a minority of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), but their role in psychosis onset and response to antipsychotic treatment is unclear. METHODS Sera from 387 patients with FEP (duration of psychosis <2 years, minimally or never treated with antipsychotics) undergoing initial treatment with amisulpride as part of the OPTiMiSE (Optimization of Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Europe) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01248195) were tested for NMDAR IgG antibodies using a live cell-based assay. Symptom severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale at baseline and again after 4 weeks of treatment with amisulpride. RESULTS At baseline, 15 patients were seropositive for NMDAR antibodies and 372 were seronegative. The seropositive patients had similar symptom profiles and demographic features to seronegative patients but a shorter duration of psychosis (median 1.5 vs. 4.0 months; p = .031). Eleven seropositive and 284 seronegative patients completed 4 weeks of amisulpride treatment: after treatment, there was no between-groups difference in improvement in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores or in the frequency of adverse medication effects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in FEP, NMDAR antibody seropositivity alone is not an indication for using immunotherapy instead of antipsychotic medications. Further studies are required to establish what proportion of patients with FEP who are NMDAR antibody seropositive have coexisting cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory changes or other paraclinical evidence suggestive of a likely benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Pollak
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Coutinho
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Jacobson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - James Stone
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Jezequel
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique Rogemond
- Rare Disease Reference Center on Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut NeuroMyoGene Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Claude Bernard, Universite de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Jamain
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department (DMU IMPACT), University Paris Est Créteil, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anthony David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- Rare Disease Reference Center on Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut NeuroMyoGene Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Claude Bernard, Universite de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department (DMU IMPACT), University Paris Est Créteil, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Créteil, France; FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Lee WH, Antoniades M, Schnack HG, Kahn RS, Frangou S. Brain age prediction in schizophrenia: Does the choice of machine learning algorithm matter? Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 310:111270. [PMID: 33714090 PMCID: PMC8056405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain-predicted age difference (brainPAD) has been used in schizophrenia to assess individual-level deviation in the biological age of the patients' brain (i.e., brain-age) from normative reference brain structural datasets. There is marked inter-study variation in brainPAD in schizophrenia which is commonly attributed to sample heterogeneity. However, the potential contribution of the different machine learning algorithms used for brain-age estimation has not been systematically evaluated. Here, we aimed to assess variation in brain-age estimated by six commonly used algorithms [ordinary least squares regression, ridge regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, elastic-net regression, linear support vector regression, and relevance vector regression] when applied to the same brain structural features from the same sample. To assess reproducibility we used data from two publically available samples of healthy individuals (n = 1092 and n = 492) and two further samples, from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) and the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE), comprising both patients with schizophrenia (n = 90 and n = 76) and healthy individuals (n = 200 and n = 87). Performance similarity across algorithms was compared within each sample using correlation analyses and hierarchical clustering. Across all samples ordinary least squares regression, the only algorithm without a penalty term, performed markedly worse. All other algorithms showed comparable performance but they still yielded variable brain-age estimates despite being applied to the same data. Although brainPAD was consistently higher in patients with schizophrenia, it varied by algorithm from 3.8 to 5.2 years in the ISMMS sample and from to 4.5 to 11.7 years in the COBRE sample. Algorithm choice introduces variations in brain-age and may confound inter-study comparisons when assessing brainPAD in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- Department of Software Convergence, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathilde Antoniades
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 20019, United States
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 20019, United States
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 20019, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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22
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Sommer IE, Gangadin SS, de Witte LD, Koops S, van Baal C, Bahn S, Drexhage H, van Haren NEM, Veling W, Bruggeman R, Martens P, Wiersma S, Veerman SRT, Grootens KP, van Beveren N, Kahn RS, Begemann MJH. Simvastatin Augmentation for Patients With Early-Phase Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1108-1115. [PMID: 33608711 PMCID: PMC8266622 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) are associated with increased inflammatory markers, both in brain and periphery. Augmentation with drugs that lower this pro-inflammatory status may improve clinical presentation. Simvastatin crosses the blood-brain barrier, has anti- inflammatory and neuroprotective effects and reduces metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated if 12 months of simvastatin augmentation can improve symptoms and cognition in patients with early SSD. This double-blind placebo-controlled trial included 127 SSD patients across the Netherlands, <3 years after their diagnosis. From these, 119 were randomly assigned 1:1 to simvastatin 40 mg (n = 61) or placebo (n = 58), stratified for sex and study site. Primary outcomes were symptom severity and cognition after 12 months of treatment. Depression, symptom subscores, general functioning, metabolic syndrome, movement disorders, and safety were secondary outcomes. Intention to treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models and ANCOVA. No main effect of simvastatin treatment was found on total symptom severity after 12 months of treatment as compared to placebo (X2(1) = 0.01, P = .90). Group differences varied over time (treatment*time X2(4) = 11.2; P = .025), with significantly lower symptom severity in the simvastatin group after 6 months (mean difference = -4.8; P = .021; 95% CI: -8.8 to -0.7) and at 24 months follow-up (mean difference = -4.7; P = .040; 95% CI: -9.3 to -0.2). No main treatment effect was found for cognition (F(1,0.1) = 0.37, P = .55) or secondary outcomes. SAEs occurred more frequently with placebo (19%) than with simvastatin (6.6%). This negative finding corroborates other large scale studies on aspirin, minocycline, and celecoxib that could not replicate positive findings of smaller studies, and suggests that anti-inflammatory augmentation does not improve the clinical presentation of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; tel: +31625647485, e-mail:
| | - Shiral S Gangadin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C van Baal
- Department of Biostatics and Research Support, University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hemmo Drexhage
- Department of Immunology Research, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N E M van Haren
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Veling
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Bruggeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Martens
- Reinier van Arkel Institute for Mental Health Care, ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Sybren Wiersma
- Early Intervention Psychosis Team, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Selene R T Veerman
- Community Mental Health, Mental Health Service Noord-Holland Noord, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Koen P Grootens
- Reinier van Arkel Institute for Mental Health Care, ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Nico van Beveren
- Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Department of Neuroscience, and Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H Begemann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Krebs CE, Ori APS, Vreeker A, Wu T, Cantor RM, Boks MPM, Kahn RS, Olde Loohuis LM, Ophoff RA. Whole blood transcriptome analysis in bipolar disorder reveals strong lithium effect. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2575-2586. [PMID: 31589133 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable mood disorder with complex genetic architecture and poorly understood etiology. Previous transcriptomic BD studies have had inconsistent findings due to issues such as small sample sizes and difficulty in adequately accounting for confounders like medication use. METHODS We performed a differential expression analysis in a well-characterized BD case-control sample (Nsubjects = 480) by RNA sequencing of whole blood. We further performed co-expression network analysis, functional enrichment, and cell type decomposition, and integrated differentially expressed genes with genetic risk. RESULTS While we observed widespread differential gene expression patterns between affected and unaffected individuals, these effects were largely linked to lithium treatment at the time of blood draw (FDR < 0.05, Ngenes = 976) rather than BD diagnosis itself (FDR < 0.05, Ngenes = 6). These lithium-associated genes were enriched for cell signaling and immune response functional annotations, among others, and were associated with neutrophil cell-type proportions, which were elevated in lithium users. Neither genes with altered expression in cases nor in lithium users were enriched for BD, schizophrenia, and depression genetic risk based on information from genome-wide association studies, nor was gene expression associated with polygenic risk scores for BD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BD is associated with minimal changes in whole blood gene expression independent of medication use but emphasize the importance of accounting for medication use and cell type heterogeneity in psychiatric transcriptomic studies. The results of this study add to mounting evidence of lithium's cell signaling and immune-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine E Krebs
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annabel Vreeker
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timothy Wu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P M Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Dazzan P, Lawrence AJ, Reinders AATS, Egerton A, van Haren NEM, Merritt K, Barker GJ, Perez-Iglesias R, Sendt KV, Demjaha A, Nam KW, Sommer IE, Pantelis C, Wolfgang Fleischhacker W, van Rossum IW, Galderisi S, Mucci A, Drake R, Lewis S, Weiser M, Martinez Diaz-Caneja CM, Janssen J, Diaz-Marsa M, Rodríguez-Jimenez R, Arango C, Baandrup L, Broberg B, Rostrup E, Ebdrup BH, Glenthøj B, Kahn RS, McGuire P. Symptom Remission and Brain Cortical Networks at First Clinical Presentation of Psychosis: The OPTiMiSE Study. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:444-455. [PMID: 33057670 PMCID: PMC7965060 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with psychoses have brain alterations, particularly in frontal and temporal cortices, that may be particularly prominent, already at illness onset, in those more likely to have poorer symptom remission following treatment with the first antipsychotic. The identification of strong neuroanatomical markers of symptom remission could thus facilitate stratification and individualized treatment of patients with schizophrenia. We used magnetic resonance imaging at baseline to examine brain regional and network correlates of subsequent symptomatic remission in 167 medication-naïve or minimally treated patients with first-episode schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or schizoaffective disorder entering a three-phase trial, at seven sites. Patients in remission at the end of each phase were randomized to treatment as usual, with or without an adjunctive psycho-social intervention for medication adherence. The final follow-up visit was at 74 weeks. A total of 108 patients (70%) were in remission at Week 4, 85 (55%) at Week 22, and 97 (63%) at Week 74. We found no baseline regional differences in volumes, cortical thickness, surface area, or local gyrification between patients who did or did not achieved remission at any time point. However, patients not in remission at Week 74, at baseline showed reduced structural connectivity across frontal, anterior cingulate, and insular cortices. A similar pattern was evident in patients not in remission at Week 4 and Week 22, although not significantly. Lack of symptom remission in first-episode psychosis is not associated with regional brain alterations at illness onset. Instead, when the illness becomes a stable entity, its association with the altered organization of cortical gyrification becomes more defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; tel: +44 0207-848-0700, fax: +44 (0)207 848 0287, e-mail:
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antje A T S Reinders
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Merritt
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rocio Perez-Iglesias
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Kyra-Verena Sendt
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Arsime Demjaha
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Kie W Nam
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - W Wolfgang Fleischhacker
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Inge Winter van Rossum
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Richard Drake
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK,Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Shon Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK,Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Weiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Covadonga M Martinez Diaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Diaz-Marsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos; CIBERSAM; Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12); CIBERSAM; Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lone Baandrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Broberg
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørn H Ebdrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip McGuire
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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25
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Chand GB, Dwyer DB, Erus G, Sotiras A, Varol E, Srinivasan D, Doshi J, Pomponio R, Pigoni A, Dazzan P, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Zanetti MV, Meisenzahl E, Busatto GF, Crespo-Facorro B, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Shinohara RT, Shou H, Fan Y, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Koutsouleris N, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C. Two distinct neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia revealed using machine learning. Brain 2020; 143:1027-1038. [PMID: 32103250 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological heterogeneity in schizophrenia is poorly understood and confounds current analyses. We investigated neuroanatomical subtypes in a multi-institutional multi-ethnic cohort, using novel semi-supervised machine learning methods designed to discover patterns associated with disease rather than normal anatomical variation. Structural MRI and clinical measures in established schizophrenia (n = 307) and healthy controls (n = 364) were analysed across three sites of PHENOM (Psychosis Heterogeneity Evaluated via Dimensional Neuroimaging) consortium. Regional volumetric measures of grey matter, white matter, and CSF were used to identify distinct and reproducible neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia. Two distinct neuroanatomical subtypes were found. Subtype 1 showed widespread lower grey matter volumes, most prominent in thalamus, nucleus accumbens, medial temporal, medial prefrontal/frontal and insular cortices. Subtype 2 showed increased volume in the basal ganglia and internal capsule, and otherwise normal brain volumes. Grey matter volume correlated negatively with illness duration in Subtype 1 (r = -0.201, P = 0.016) but not in Subtype 2 (r = -0.045, P = 0.652), potentially indicating different underlying neuropathological processes. The subtypes did not differ in age (t = -1.603, df = 305, P = 0.109), sex (chi-square = 0.013, df = 1, P = 0.910), illness duration (t = -0.167, df = 277, P = 0.868), antipsychotic dose (t = -0.439, df = 210, P = 0.521), age of illness onset (t = -1.355, df = 277, P = 0.177), positive symptoms (t = 0.249, df = 289, P = 0.803), negative symptoms (t = 0.151, df = 289, P = 0.879), or antipsychotic type (chi-square = 6.670, df = 3, P = 0.083). Subtype 1 had lower educational attainment than Subtype 2 (chi-square = 6.389, df = 2, P = 0.041). In conclusion, we discovered two distinct and highly reproducible neuroanatomical subtypes. Subtype 1 displayed widespread volume reduction correlating with illness duration, and worse premorbid functioning. Subtype 2 had normal and stable anatomy, except for larger basal ganglia and internal capsule, not explained by antipsychotic dose. These subtypes challenge the notion that brain volume loss is a general feature of schizophrenia and suggest differential aetiologies. They can facilitate strategies for clinical trial enrichment and stratification, and precision diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh B Chand
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Guray Erus
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Erdem Varol
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jimit Doshi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Raymond Pomponio
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University of Cantabria; IDIVAL-CIBERSAM, Cantabria, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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26
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van der Leeuw C, de Witte LD, Stellinga A, van der Ley C, Bruggeman R, Kahn RS, van Os J, Marcelis M. Vitamin D concentration and psychotic disorder: associations with disease status, clinical variables and urbanicity. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1680-1686. [PMID: 31327333 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between schizophrenia and decreased vitamin D levels is well documented. Low maternal and postnatal vitamin D levels suggest a possible etiological mechanism. Alternatively, vitamin D deficiency in patients with schizophrenia is presumably (also) the result of disease-related factors or demographic risk factors such as urbanicity. METHODS In a study population of 347 patients with psychotic disorder and 282 controls, group differences in vitamin D concentration were examined. Within the patient group, associations between vitamin D, symptom levels and clinical variables were analyzed. Group × urbanicity interactions in the model of vitamin D concentration were examined. Both current urbanicity and urbanicity at birth were assessed. RESULTS Vitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in patients (B = -8.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) -13.68 to -2.42; p = 0.005). In patients, higher vitamin D concentration was associated with lower positive (B = -0.02; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.00; p = 0.049) and negative symptom levels (B = -0.03; 95% CI -0.05 to -0.01; p = 0.008). Group differences were moderated by urbanicity at birth (χ2 = 6.76 and p = 0.001), but not by current urbanicity (χ2 = 1.50 and p = 0.224). Urbanicity at birth was negatively associated with vitamin D concentration in patients (B = -5.11; 95% CI -9.41 to -0.81; p = 0.020), but not in controls (B = 0.72; 95% CI -4.02 to 5.46; p = 0.765). CONCLUSIONS Lower vitamin D levels in patients with psychotic disorder may in part reflect the effect of psychosis risk mediated by early environmental adversity. The data also suggest that lower vitamin D and psychopathology may be related through direct or indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van der Leeuw
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Mondriaan, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - L D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Stellinga
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C van der Ley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Bruggeman
- University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J van Os
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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27
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Snijders GJLJ, de Witte LD, van den Berk D, van der Laan C, Regeer E, Begemann MJH, Berdenis van Berlekom A, Litjens M, Boks MP, Ophoff RA, Kahn RS, Hillegers MHJ. No association between anti-thyroidperoxidase antibodies and bipolar disorder: a study in the Dutch Bipolar Cohort and a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 112:104518. [PMID: 31780186 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid autoimmunity has been associated with bipolar disorder (BD). However, results from previous studies on the seroprevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-abs) in BD are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the seroprevalence and titer levels of TPO-abs are related to BD. METHOD TPO-abs were measured in plasma samples of 760 patients with bipolar disorder, 261 first-degree relatives and 363 controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To address methodological limitations of previous studies, we assessed clinical characteristics with several (self-reported) questionnaires to investigate whether TPO-abs positivity is related to particular clinical subgroups of BD patients. We performed an additional meta-analysis of seroprevalences of TPO-abs in BD patients including data from present and previous studies. RESULTS Seroprevalence or titer levels of TPO-abs did not significantly differ between patients with BD, their first-degree relatives, and controls. In BD patients, the prevalence of TPO-abs was unrelated to specific clinical factors, including lithium use. Our meta-analysis of twelve studies showed an overall odds ratio of 1.3 (CI 95 %: 0.7-2.3; p = 0.30), reaffirming the absence of an association of BD with TPO-abs. CONCLUSIONS In the largest study of TPO-abs in BD to date, our findings indicate that TPO-abs are not associated with (the risk for) bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - L D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D van den Berk
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C van der Laan
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E Regeer
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M J H Begemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Litjens
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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28
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van Haren NE, Setiaman N, Koevoets MG, Baalbergen H, Kahn RS, Hillegers MH. Brain structure, IQ, and psychopathology in young offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e5. [PMID: 32093799 PMCID: PMC8057400 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying offspring of schizophrenia (SZo) and bipolar disorder patients (BDo) provides important information on the putative neurodevelopmental trajectories underlying development toward severe mental illnesses. We compared intracranial volume (ICV), as a marker for neurodevelopment, and global and local brain measures between SZo or BDo and control offspring (Co) in relation to IQ and psychopathology. METHODS T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans were obtained from 146 participants (8-19 years; 40 SZo, 66 BDo, 40 Co). Linear mixed models were applied to compare ICV, global, and local brain measures between groups. To investigate the effect of ICV, IQ (four subtests Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children/Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III) or presence of psychopathology these variables were each added to the model. RESULTS SZo and BDo had significantly lower IQ and more often met criteria for a lifetime psychiatric disorder than Co. ICV was significantly smaller in SZo than in BDo (d = -0.56) and Co (d = -0.59), which was largely independent of IQ (respectively, d = -0.54 and d = -0.35). After ICV correction, the cortex was significantly thinner in SZo than in BDo (d = -0.42) and Co (d = -0.75) and lateral ventricles were larger in BDo than in Co (d = 0.55). Correction for IQ or lifetime psychiatric diagnosis did not change these findings. CONCLUSIONS Despite sharing a lower IQ and a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders, brain abnormalities in BDo appear less pronounced (but are not absent) than in SZo. Lower ICV in SZo implies that familial risk for schizophrenia has a stronger association with stunted early brain development than familial risk for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje E.M. van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikita Setiaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn G.J.C. Koevoets
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen Baalbergen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Manon H.J. Hillegers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Okhuijsen-Pfeifer C, Sterk AY, Horn IM, Terstappen J, Kahn RS, Luykx JJ. Demographic and clinical features as predictors of clozapine response in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:246-252. [PMID: 31982601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clozapine (CLZ) is prescribed to (relatively) treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Currently, it is unknown what factors predict response to CLZ. Therefore, we performed meta-analyses to identify predictors of CLZ response, hence aiming to facilitate timely and efficient prescribing of CLZ. METHODS A systematic search was performed in 'Pubmed' and 'Embase' until 1 January 2019. Articles were eligible if they provided data on predictors of CLZ response measured demographic and clinical factors at baseline or biochemical factors at follow-up in schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients. RESULTS A total of 34 articles, total number of participants = 9386; N unique = 2094, were eligible. Factors significantly associated with better CLZ response were: lower age, lower PANSS negative score and paranoid schizophrenia subtype. CONCLUSION The results of our meta-analyses suggest that three baseline demographic and clinical features are associated with better clozapine response, i.e. relatively young age, few negative symptoms and paranoid schizophrenia subtype. These variables may be taken into account by clinicians who consider treating a specific patient with CLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Okhuijsen-Pfeifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Y Sterk
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I M Horn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Terstappen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, 10029, New York City, New York, United States
| | - J J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; GGNet Mental Health, Deventerstraat 459, 7323 PT, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
Suicide is one of the leading causes of premature death among individuals with schizophrenia and psychotic spectrum disorders (1). Suicide and suicide attempts occur at a significantly greater rate in schizophrenia than in the general population. Common estimates are that 10% of people with schizophrenia will eventually have a completed suicide, and that attempts are made at two to five times that rate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sher
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Lee YJ, Boot E, Butcher N, Palmer L, Chow EWC, Kahn RS, Vorstman JAS, Bassett AS. Neurocognition and adaptive functioning in a genetic high risk model of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1047-1054. [PMID: 30064532 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors that influence the functional outcome is an important goal in schizophrenia research. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a unique genetic model with high risk (20-25%) for schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify potentially targetable domains of neurocognitive functioning associated with functional outcome in adults with 22q11DS. METHODS We used comprehensive neurocognitive test data available for 99 adults with 22q11DS (n = 43 with schizophrenia) and principal component analysis to derive four domains of neurocognition (Verbal Memory, Visual and Logical Memory, Motor Performance, and Executive Performance). We then investigated the association of these neurocognitive domains with adaptive functioning using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales data and a linear regression model that accounted for the effects of schizophrenia status and overall intellectual level. RESULTS The regression model explained 46.8% of the variance in functional outcome (p < 0.0001). Executive Performance was significantly associated with functional outcome (p = 0.048). Age and schizophrenia were also significant factors. The effects of Executive Performance on functioning did not significantly differ between those with and without psychotic illness. CONCLUSION The findings provide the impetus for further studies to examine the potential of directed (early) interventions targeting Executive Performance to improve long-term adaptive functional outcome in individuals with, or at high risk for, schizophrenia. Moreover, the neurocognitive test profiles may benefit caregivers and clinicians by providing insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of individuals with 22q11DS, with and without psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - E J Breetvelt
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - Y J Lee
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - E Boot
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - N Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - L Palmer
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome,Toronto General Hospital,University Health Network,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - E W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - J A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - A S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
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32
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Zhang JP, Robinson D, Yu J, Gallego J, Wolfgang Fleischhacker W, Kahn RS, Crespo-Facorro B, Vazquez-Bourgon J, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score as a Predictor of Antipsychotic Efficacy in First-Episode Psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:21-28. [PMID: 30392411 PMCID: PMC6461047 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacogenomic studies of antipsychotics have typically examined effects of individual polymorphisms. By contrast, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can quantify the influence of thousands of common alleles of small effect in a single measure. The authors examined whether PRSs for schizophrenia were predictive of antipsychotic efficacy in four independent cohorts of patients with first-episode psychosis (total N=510). METHOD All study subjects received initial treatment with antipsychotic medication for first-episode psychosis, and all were genotyped on standard single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays imputed to the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. PRS was computed based on the results of the large-scale schizophrenia GWAS reported by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Symptoms were measured by using total symptom rating scales at baseline and at week 12 or at the last follow-up visit before dropout. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, higher PRS significantly predicted higher symptom scores at the 12-week follow-up (controlling for baseline symptoms, sex, age, and ethnicity). The PRS threshold set at a p value <0.01 gave the strongest result in the discovery cohort and was used to replicate the findings in the other three cohorts. Higher PRS significantly predicted greater posttreatment symptoms in the combined replication analysis and was individually significant in two of the three replication cohorts. Across the four cohorts, PRS was significantly predictive of adjusted 12-week symptom scores (pooled partial r=0.18; 3.24% of variance explained). Patients with low PRS were more likely to be treatment responders than patients with high PRS (odds ratio=1.91 in the two Caucasian samples). CONCLUSIONS Patients with higher PRS for schizophrenia tended to have less improvement with antipsychotic drug treatment. PRS burden may have potential utility as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Zhang
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Delbert Robinson
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Juan Gallego
- Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian/Westchester Division, White Plains, NY, USA
| | | | - Rene S. Kahn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, CIBERSAM, IDIVAL, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Vazquez-Bourgon
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, CIBERSAM, IDIVAL, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - John M. Kane
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Swets M, van Dijk FA, Schirmbeck F, Peen J, de Haan L, Alizadeh BZ, van Amelsvoort T, Bartels-Velthuis AA, van Beveren NJ, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, Delespaul P, Luykx JJ, Myin-Germeys I, Kahn RS, Simons CJP, van Haren NE, van Os J, van Winkel R. Patterns of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia; a replication study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:421-427. [PMID: 30537664 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has found that Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms (OCS) in schizophrenia are associated with either more or less negative symptoms and either better or poorer cognitive functioning. In order to explain these contradictory results, (Lysaker et al., 2004), performed a cluster analysis resulting in 2 OCS positive (OCSpos) clusters, one with higher functioning (HF) and one with poorer functioning (PF) compared to 2 OCS negative (OCSneg) clusters. The OCSpos/HF cluster had less negative symptoms compared to all other clusters, while the OCSpos/PF cluster showed poorer executive functioning. We performed a replication study, in an almost 10 times larger, representative sample, using both a longitudinal and cross-sectional design. Similar to Lysaker et al., we found a group with mild OCS and HF (OCSmild/HF) showing less negative symptoms compared to the PF groups. We also found an OCSmild/PF group, which did not significantly differ in executive functioning from the other groups. Moreover, we did not find evidence for a better prognosis in the OCSmild/HF group, and thus found no support for the assumption that for some patients OCS might be an effective coping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Swets
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; dr Leo Kannerhuis, Parnasia Psychiatric Institute, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Floor A van Dijk
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Peen
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico J van Beveren
- Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Department of Psychiatry, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research center, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Altrecht, General Mental Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rene S Kahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Claudia J P Simons
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands; GGzE Institute for Mental Health Care, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E van Haren
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands; KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
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de Nijs J, Schnack HG, Koevoets MGJC, Kubota M, Kahn RS, van Haren NEM, Cahn W. Reward-related brain structures are smaller in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid metabolic syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:581-590. [PMID: 30264457 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MS) is highly prevalent in schizophrenia and often a consequence of unhealthy behaviour. Reward-related brain areas might be associated with MS, since they play a major role in regulating health behaviour. This study examined the relationship between MS and brain volumes related to the reward system in schizophrenia. METHOD We included patients with schizophrenia, with MS (MS+; n = 23), patients with schizophrenia, without MS (MS-; n = 48), and healthy controls (n = 54). Global brain volumes and volumes of (sub)cortical areas, part of the reward circuit, were compared between patients and controls. In case of a significant brain volume difference between patients and controls, the impact of MS in schizophrenia was examined. RESULTS Patients had smaller total brain (TB; P = 0.001), GM (P = 0.010), larger ventricles (P = 0.026), and smaller reward circuit volume (P < 0.001) than controls. MS+ had smaller TB (P = 0.017), GM (P = 0.008), larger ventricles (P = 0.015), and smaller reward circuit volume (P = 0.002) than MS-. MS+ had smaller orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; P = 0.002) and insula volumes (P = 0.005) and smaller OFC (P = 0.008) and insula cortical surface area (P = 0.025) compared to MS-. CONCLUSION In schizophrenia, structural brain volume reductions in areas of the reward circuitry appear to be related to comorbid MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Nijs
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H G Schnack
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M G J C Koevoets
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Kubota
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - R S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - N E M van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vermeulen JM, Schirmbeck F, Blankers M, van Tricht M, Bruggeman R, van den Brink W, de Haan L, Alizadeh BZ, Bartels-Velthuis AA, van Beveren NJ, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, de Haan L, Delespaul P, Meijer CJ, Myin-Germeys I, Kahn RS, Schirmbeck F, Simons CJ, van Haren NE, van Os J, van Winkel R. Association Between Smoking Behavior and Cognitive Functioning in Patients With Psychosis, Siblings, and Healthy Control Subjects: Results From a Prospective 6-Year Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:1121-1128. [PMID: 30138044 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of smoking and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients is well known, but findings regarding the association between the two are contradictory, and longitudinal studies are lacking. The authors sought to examine the multi-cross-sectional association between smoking behavior and performance in specific cognitive domains and the longitudinal association between change in smoking behavior and change in cognitive functioning in a large prospective study. METHOD The authors conducted a cohort study of patients with nonaffective psychosis (N=1,094), their siblings (N=1,047), and healthy control subjects (N=579). At baseline and at 3- and 6-year follow-ups, smoking behavior was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and cognitive functioning with a test battery. Multivariate linear mixed-effects regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between smoking and cognitive domains while adjusting for variation in demographic factors, psychopathology, medication, and substance use. Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was applied. RESULTS At baseline, 66.6% of the patients smoked, compared with 38.3% of the siblings and 25.2% of the control subjects. Significant multi-cross-sectional associations were found between smoking and lower processing speed in the patient and control groups compared with the nonsmoking patient group (estimate=-2.38, SE=0.84) and the nonsmoking control group (estimate=-3.13, SE=1.06). In siblings, smoking was significantly associated with lower performance in working memory and reasoning and problem solving compared with nonsmoking. Also, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was negatively associated with these domains. Patients, but not siblings and control subjects, who quit smoking showed a significant improvement in processing speed (estimate=4.90, SE=1.73). CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicate that smoking is associated with poorer cognitive performance in patients, their siblings, and healthy control subjects compared with nonsmoking. Smoking cessation may improve processing speed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jentien M Vermeulen
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Blankers
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van Tricht
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam; the Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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36
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Boks MP, Houtepen LC, Xu Z, He Y, Ursini G, Maihofer AX, Rajarajan P, Yu Q, Xu H, Wu Y, Wang S, Shi JP, Hulshoff Pol HE, Strengman E, Rutten BPF, Jaffe AE, Kleinman JE, Baker DG, Hol EM, Akbarian S, Nievergelt CM, De Witte LD, Vinkers CH, Weinberger DR, Yu J, Kahn RS. Genetic vulnerability to DUSP22 promoter hypermethylation is involved in the relation between in utero famine exposure and schizophrenia. NPJ Schizophr 2018; 4:16. [PMID: 30131491 PMCID: PMC6104043 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-018-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes may account for the doubled risk to develop schizophrenia in individuals exposed to famine in utero. We therefore investigated DNA methylation in a unique sample of patients and healthy individuals conceived during the great famine in China. Subsequently, we examined two case-control samples without famine exposure in whole blood and brain tissue. To shed light on the causality of the relation between famine exposure and DNA methylation, we exposed human fibroblasts to nutritional deprivation. In the famine-exposed schizophrenia patients, we found significant hypermethylation of the dual specificity phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) gene promoter (Chr6:291687-293285) (N = 153, p = 0.01). In this sample, DUSP22 methylation was also significantly higher in patients independent of famine exposure (p = 0.025), suggesting that hypermethylation of DUSP22 is also more generally involved in schizophrenia risk. Similarly, DUSP22 methylation was also higher in two separate case-control samples not exposed to famine using DNA from whole blood (N = 64, p = 0.03) and postmortem brains (N = 214, p = 0.007). DUSP22 methylation showed strong genetic regulation across chromosomes by a region on chromosome 16 which was consistent with new 3D genome interaction data. The presence of a direct link between famine and DUSP22 transcription was supported by data from cultured human fibroblasts that showed increased methylation (p = 0.048) and expression (p = 0.019) in response to nutritional deprivation (N = 10). These results highlight an epigenetic locus that is genetically regulated across chromosomes and that is involved in the response to early-life exposure to famine and that is relevant for a major psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - L C Houtepen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Z Xu
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Y He
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Ursini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, USA
| | - A X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P Rajarajan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - J P Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Strengman
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, USA
| | - J E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, USA
| | - D G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E M Hol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Akbarian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - C M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L D De Witte
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C H Vinkers
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, USA
| | - J Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - R S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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37
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van Leeuwen JMC, Vink M, Fernández G, Hermans EJ, Joëls M, Kahn RS, Vinkers CH. At-risk individuals display altered brain activity following stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1954-1960. [PMID: 29483659 PMCID: PMC6046038 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a major risk factor for almost all psychiatric disorders, however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain largely elusive. In healthy individuals, a successful stress response involves an adequate neuronal adaptation to a changing environment. This adaptive response may be dysfunctional in vulnerable individuals, potentially contributing to the development of psychopathology. In the current study, we investigated brain responses to emotional stimuli following stress in healthy controls and at-risk individuals. An fMRI study was conducted in healthy male controls (N = 39) and unaffected healthy male siblings of schizophrenia patients (N = 39) who are at increased risk for the development of a broad range of psychiatric disorders. Brain responses to pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were measured 33 min after exposure to stress induced by the validated trier social stress test (TSST) or a control condition. Stress-induced levels of cortisol, alpha-amylase, and subjective stress were comparable in both groups. Yet, stress differentially affected brain responses of schizophrenia siblings versus controls. Specifically, control subjects, but not schizophrenia siblings, showed reduced brain activity in key nodes of the default mode network (PCC/precuneus and mPFC) and salience network (anterior insula) as well as the STG, MTG, MCC, vlPFC, precentral gyrus, and cerebellar vermis in response to all pictures following stress. These results indicate that even in the absence of a psychiatric disorder, at-risk individuals display abnormal functional activation following stress, which in turn may increase their vulnerability and risk for adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M C van Leeuwen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M Vink
- Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E J Hermans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Kelly S, Jahanshad N, Zalesky A, Kochunov P, Agartz I, Alloza C, Andreassen OA, Arango C, Banaj N, Bouix S, Bousman CA, Brouwer RM, Bruggemann J, Bustillo J, Cahn W, Calhoun V, Cannon D, Carr V, Catts S, Chen J, Chen JX, Chen X, Chiapponi C, Cho KK, Ciullo V, Corvin AS, Crespo-Facorro B, Cropley V, De Rossi P, Diaz-Caneja CM, Dickie EW, Ehrlich S, Fan FM, Faskowitz J, Fatouros-Bergman H, Flyckt L, Ford JM, Fouche JP, Fukunaga M, Gill M, Glahn DC, Gollub R, Goudzwaard ED, Guo H, Gur RE, Gur RC, Gurholt TP, Hashimoto R, Hatton SN, Henskens FA, Hibar DP, Hickie IB, Hong LE, Horacek J, Howells FM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hyde CL, Isaev D, Jablensky A, Jansen PR, Janssen J, Jönsson EG, Jung LA, Kahn RS, Kikinis Z, Liu K, Klauser P, Knöchel C, Kubicki M, Lagopoulos J, Langen C, Lawrie S, Lenroot RK, Lim KO, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Lyall A, Magnotta V, Mandl RCW, Mathalon DH, McCarley RW, McCarthy-Jones S, McDonald C, McEwen S, McIntosh A, Melicher T, Mesholam-Gately RI, Michie PT, Mowry B, Mueller BA, Newell DT, O'Donnell P, Oertel-Knöchel V, Oestreich L, Paciga SA, Pantelis C, Pasternak O, Pearlson G, Pellicano GR, Pereira A, Pineda Zapata J, Piras F, Potkin SG, Preda A, Rasser PE, Roalf DR, Roiz R, Roos A, Rotenberg D, Satterthwaite TD, Savadjiev P, Schall U, Scott RJ, Seal ML, Seidman LJ, Shannon Weickert C, Whelan CD, Shenton ME, Kwon JS, Spalletta G, Spaniel F, Sprooten E, Stäblein M, Stein DJ, Sundram S, Tan Y, Tan S, Tang S, Temmingh HS, Westlye LT, Tønnesen S, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Doan NT, Vaidya J, van Haren NEM, Vargas CD, Vecchio D, Velakoulis D, Voineskos A, Voyvodic JQ, Wang Z, Wan P, Wei D, Weickert TW, Whalley H, White T, Whitford TJ, Wojcik JD, Xiang H, Xie Z, Yamamori H, Yang F, Yao N, Zhang G, Zhao J, van Erp TGM, Turner J, Thompson PM, Donohoe G. Widespread white matter microstructural differences in schizophrenia across 4322 individuals: results from the ENIGMA Schizophrenia DTI Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1261-1269. [PMID: 29038599 PMCID: PMC5984078 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regional distribution of white matter (WM) abnormalities in schizophrenia remains poorly understood, and reported disease effects on the brain vary widely between studies. In an effort to identify commonalities across studies, we perform what we believe is the first ever large-scale coordinated study of WM microstructural differences in schizophrenia. Our analysis consisted of 2359 healthy controls and 1963 schizophrenia patients from 29 independent international studies; we harmonized the processing and statistical analyses of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data across sites and meta-analyzed effects across studies. Significant reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) in schizophrenia patients were widespread, and detected in 20 of 25 regions of interest within a WM skeleton representing all major WM fasciculi. Effect sizes varied by region, peaking at (d=0.42) for the entire WM skeleton, driven more by peripheral areas as opposed to the core WM where regions of interest were defined. The anterior corona radiata (d=0.40) and corpus callosum (d=0.39), specifically its body (d=0.39) and genu (d=0.37), showed greatest effects. Significant decreases, to lesser degrees, were observed in almost all regions analyzed. Larger effect sizes were observed for FA than diffusivity measures; significantly higher mean and radial diffusivity was observed for schizophrenia patients compared with controls. No significant effects of age at onset of schizophrenia or medication dosage were detected. As the largest coordinated analysis of WM differences in a psychiatric disorder to date, the present study provides a robust profile of widespread WM abnormalities in schizophrenia patients worldwide. Interactive three-dimensional visualization of the results is available at www.enigma-viewer.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA. E-mail:
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - A Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - P Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - I Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Alloza
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - C Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C A Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bruggemann
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Bustillo
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - W Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V Calhoun
- The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - D Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - V Carr
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Catts
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - J Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J-x Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - X Chen
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kl K Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - V Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - A S Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain,CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - V Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - P De Rossi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy,Department NESMOS, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University ‘Sapienza’ of Rome, Rome, Italy,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C M Diaz-Caneja
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - E W Dickie
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - F-m Fan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Faskowitz
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - H Fatouros-Bergman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Flyckt
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Ford
- University of California, VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J-P Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - M Gill
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D C Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Gollub
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E D Goudzwaard
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - H Guo
- Zhumadian Psychiatry Hospital, Henan Province, China
| | - R E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T P Gurholt
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - S N Hatton
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - F A Henskens
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Health Behaviour Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - I B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L E Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C L Hyde
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Isaev
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - A Jablensky
- University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P R Jansen
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Janssen
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E G Jönsson
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L A Jung
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Z Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Liu
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - P Klauser
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Knöchel
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - M Kubicki
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast QLD, Australia, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Langen
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Lawrie
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R K Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Lopez-Jaramillo
- Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Mood Disorder Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A Lyall
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R C W Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D H Mathalon
- University of California, VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - S McCarthy-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - S McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - T Melicher
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R I Mesholam-Gately
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess, Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P T Michie
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia,The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia and Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane and Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D T Newell
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P O'Donnell
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Oertel-Knöchel
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - L Oestreich
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia and Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane and Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S A Paciga
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Centre for Neural Engineering (CfNE), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - O Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G R Pellicano
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pereira
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - F Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - S G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P E Rasser
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - D R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Roiz
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain,CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - A Roos
- SU/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - D Rotenberg
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Savadjiev
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - U Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M L Seal
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - L J Seidman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess, Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - M E Shenton
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J S Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - G Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy,Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E Sprooten
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Stäblein
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Sundram
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Y Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - S Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - S Tang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - H S Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Tønnesen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain,Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - N T Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - N E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C D Vargas
- Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - D Velakoulis
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - A Voineskos
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Q Voyvodic
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Z Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - P Wan
- Zhumadian Psychiatry Hospital, Henan Province, China
| | - D Wei
- Luoyang Fifth People's Hospital, Henan Province, China
| | - T W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Whalley
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T White
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T J Whitford
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J D Wojcik
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess, Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Xiang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Xie
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - H Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - F Yang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - N Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Zhao
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland,School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J Turner
- Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - G Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Jézéquel J, Lepleux M, Kahn RS, Honnorat J, Leboyer M, Groc L. Molecular Pathogenicity of Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoantibody From Patients With First-Episode Psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:382-383. [PMID: 29606071 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jézéquel
- From the Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Institut NeuroMyoGène INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; the Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est Créteil, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, France; the Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, France; and FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Marilyn Lepleux
- From the Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Institut NeuroMyoGène INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; the Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est Créteil, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, France; the Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, France; and FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Rene S Kahn
- From the Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Institut NeuroMyoGène INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; the Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est Créteil, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, France; the Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, France; and FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- From the Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Institut NeuroMyoGène INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; the Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est Créteil, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, France; the Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, France; and FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- From the Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Institut NeuroMyoGène INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; the Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est Créteil, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, France; the Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, France; and FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- From the Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Institut NeuroMyoGène INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; the Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est Créteil, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, France; the Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, France; and FondaMental Foundation, France
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40
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Hibar DP, Westlye LT, Doan NT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, Ching CRK, Versace A, Bilderbeck AC, Uhlmann A, Mwangi B, Krämer B, Overs B, Hartberg CB, Abé C, Dima D, Grotegerd D, Sprooten E, Bøen E, Jimenez E, Howells FM, Delvecchio G, Temmingh H, Starke J, Almeida JRC, Goikolea JM, Houenou J, Beard LM, Rauer L, Abramovic L, Bonnin M, Ponteduro MF, Keil M, Rive MM, Yao N, Yalin N, Najt P, Rosa PG, Redlich R, Trost S, Hagenaars S, Fears SC, Alonso-Lana S, van Erp TGM, Nickson T, Chaim-Avancini TM, Meier TB, Elvsåshagen T, Haukvik UK, Lee WH, Schene AH, Lloyd AJ, Young AH, Nugent A, Dale AM, Pfennig A, McIntosh AM, Lafer B, Baune BT, Ekman CJ, Zarate CA, Bearden CE, Henry C, Simhandl C, McDonald C, Bourne C, Stein DJ, Wolf DH, Cannon DM, Glahn DC, Veltman DJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Vieta E, Canales-Rodriguez EJ, Nery FG, Duran FLS, Busatto GF, Roberts G, Pearlson GD, Goodwin GM, Kugel H, Whalley HC, Ruhe HG, Soares JC, Fullerton JM, Rybakowski JK, Savitz J, Chaim KT, Fatjó-Vilas M, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Boks MP, Zanetti MV, Otaduy MCG, Schaufelberger MS, Alda M, Ingvar M, Phillips ML, Kempton MJ, Bauer M, Landén M, Lawrence NS, van Haren NEM, Horn NR, Freimer NB, Gruber O, Schofield PR, Mitchell PB, Kahn RS, Lenroot R, Machado-Vieira R, Ophoff RA, Sarró S, Frangou S, Satterthwaite TD, Hajek T, Dannlowski U, Malt UF, Arolt V, Gattaz WF, Drevets WC, Caseras X, Agartz I, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:932-942. [PMID: 28461699 PMCID: PMC5668195 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is still not well understood. Structural brain differences have been associated with BD, but results from neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent. To address this, we performed the largest study to date of cortical gray matter thickness and surface area measures from brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of 6503 individuals including 1837 unrelated adults with BD and 2582 unrelated healthy controls for group differences while also examining the effects of commonly prescribed medications, age of illness onset, history of psychosis, mood state, age and sex differences on cortical regions. In BD, cortical gray matter was thinner in frontal, temporal and parietal regions of both brain hemispheres. BD had the strongest effects on left pars opercularis (Cohen's d=-0.293; P=1.71 × 10-21), left fusiform gyrus (d=-0.288; P=8.25 × 10-21) and left rostral middle frontal cortex (d=-0.276; P=2.99 × 10-19). Longer duration of illness (after accounting for age at the time of scanning) was associated with reduced cortical thickness in frontal, medial parietal and occipital regions. We found that several commonly prescribed medications, including lithium, antiepileptic and antipsychotic treatment showed significant associations with cortical thickness and surface area, even after accounting for patients who received multiple medications. We found evidence of reduced cortical surface area associated with a history of psychosis but no associations with mood state at the time of scanning. Our analysis revealed previously undetected associations and provides an extensive analysis of potential confounding variables in neuroimaging studies of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - N T Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - J W Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - C R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A C Bilderbeck
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Overs
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C B Hartberg
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Dima
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - E Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Jimenez
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Delvecchio
- IRCCS "E. Medea" Scientific Institute, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - H Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Starke
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J R C Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J M Goikolea
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Houenou
- INSERM U955 Team 15 ‘Translational Psychiatry’, University Paris East, APHP, CHU Mondor, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - L M Beard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Rauer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Abramovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Bonnin
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F Ponteduro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Keil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M M Rive
- Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - N Yalin
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - P Najt
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - P G Rosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S Trost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S C Fears
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,West Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Alonso-Lana
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - T Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T M Chaim-Avancini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T B Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - T Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - U K Haukvik
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - W H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Lloyd
- Academic Psychiatry and Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Newcastle University/Northumberland Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - A H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - A Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Dale
- MMIL, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Cognitive Science, Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Lafer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C J Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Henry
- INSERM U955 Team 15 ‘Translational Psychiatry’, University Paris East, APHP, CHU Mondor, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, Paris, France
| | - C Simhandl
- Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - C McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - C Bourne
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Psychology & Counselling, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E J Canales-Rodriguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - F G Nery
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - F L S Duran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Busatto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Roberts
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - G M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H G Ruhe
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA,Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - K T Chaim
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,LIM44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M G Soeiro-de-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M V Zanetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C G Otaduy
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,LIM44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Schaufelberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M J Kempton
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Landén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - N S Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - N E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N R Horn
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - O Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - U F Malt
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W F Gattaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W C Drevets
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - X Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research—TOP Study, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Building 49, Kirkeveien 166, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. E-mail:
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41
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Mansueto G, van Nierop M, Schruers K, Alizadeh BZ, Bartels-Velthuis AA, van Beveren NJ, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, de Haan L, Delespaul P, Meijer CJ, Myin-Germeys I, Kahn RS, Schirmbeck F, Simons CJP, van Haren NEM, van Os J, van Winkel R. The role of cognitive functioning in the relationship between childhood trauma and a mixed phenotype of affective-anxious-psychotic symptoms in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:262-268. [PMID: 28416093 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments in patients with psychotic disorder have been associated with poor functioning and increased symptom severity. Furthermore, childhood trauma (CT) exposure has been associated with worse cognitive functioning as well as co-occurrence of affective-anxious-psychosis symptoms or a 'mixed phenotype of psychopathology' (MP), which in turn is associated with greater symptom severity, and poor functioning. This study aims to evaluate if cognition could be associated with CT/MP. 532 patients with non-affective psychotic patients were assessed on CT, symptom profile, cognition, functioning, and symptom severity at baseline and 3 and 6-year follow-up. Four subgroups were made according to trauma exposure (CT- or CT+) and presence of a mixed phenotype (MP- or MP+): CT-/MP (n=272), CT-/MP+ (n=157), CT+/MP- (n=49), and CT+/MP+ (n=54). Mixed-effects multilevel regression, linear regression, and Tobit analyses were performed. Patients with both CT and MP showed lower verbal learning and memory than CT-/MP+ individuals (p<0.001). No other significant differences were found among the 4 subgroups. No cognitive decline was found at follow-up, neither in the CT+/MP- nor in CT-/MP- group. Lower cognition was not associated with increased symptom severity or poor functioning at follow-up, neither in the CT+/MP- nor in CT-/MP- group. Although cognitive impairments and CT may be related to clinical or functional features of psychotic disorder, and cognitive functioning could be affected by CT exposure, cognition does not discriminate subgroups of patients stratified by CT exposure and MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martine van Nierop
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Schruers
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Berhooz Z Alizadeh
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J van Beveren
- Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Dept of Psychiatry, Dept. of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Dept. of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Dept. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carin J Meijer
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Dept. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rene S Kahn
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Dept. of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Dept. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J P Simons
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GGzE, Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven and De Kempen, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Dept. of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands; King's College London, King's Health Partners, Dept. of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium.
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42
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Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Bongers M, Schnack HG, Mandl RCW, Van Haren NEM, Durston S, Koning H, Van Der Linden JA, Kahn RS. Brain morphology in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia: A study of multiple brain structures. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 43:s66-72. [PMID: 12271803 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.181.43.s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough brain volume changes are found in schizophrenia, only a limited number of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have exclusively examined antipsychotic-naïve patients.AimsTo comprehensively investigate multiple brain structures in a single sample of patients who were antipsychotic-naïve.MethodTwenty antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 20 healthy comparison subjects were included. Intracranial, total brain, frontal lobe, grey and white matter, cerebellar, hippocampal, parahippocampal, thalamic, caudate nucleus and lateral and third ventricular volumes were measured. Repeated-measures analyses of (co)variance were conducted with intracranial volume as covariate.ResultsThird ventricle volume enlargement was found in patients compared with the healthy subjects. No differences were found in other brain regions.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that some brain abnormalities are present in the early stages of schizophrenia. Moreover, it suggests that brain abnormalities reported in patients with chronic schizophrenia develop in a later stage of the disease and/or are medication induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,New York,NY,USA
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44
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Walton E, Hibar DP, van Erp TGM, Potkin SG, Roiz-Santiañez R, Crespo-Facorro B, Suarez-Pinilla P, Van Haren NEM, de Zwarte SMC, Kahn RS, Cahn W, Doan NT, Jørgensen KN, Gurholt TP, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT, Melle I, Berg AO, Morch-Johnsen L, Færden A, Flyckt L, Fatouros-Bergman H, Jönsson EG, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Fukunaga M, Jahanshad N, De Rossi P, Piras F, Banaj N, Spalletta G, Gur RE, Gur RC, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Beard LM, Sommer IE, Koops S, Gruber O, Richter A, Krämer B, Kelly S, Donohoe G, McDonald C, Cannon DM, Corvin A, Gill M, Di Giorgio A, Bertolino A, Lawrie S, Nickson T, Whalley HC, Neilson E, Calhoun VD, Thompson PM, Turner JA, Ehrlich S. Prefrontal cortical thinning links to negative symptoms in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium. Psychol Med 2018; 48:82-94. [PMID: 28545597 PMCID: PMC5826665 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the complex relationship between schizophrenia symptomatology and etiological factors can be improved by studying brain-based correlates of schizophrenia. Research showed that impairments in value processing and executive functioning, which have been associated with prefrontal brain areas [particularly the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC)], are linked to negative symptoms. Here we tested the hypothesis that MOFC thickness is associated with negative symptom severity. METHODS This study included 1985 individuals with schizophrenia from 17 research groups around the world contributing to the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. Cortical thickness values were obtained from T1-weighted structural brain scans using FreeSurfer. A meta-analysis across sites was conducted over effect sizes from a model predicting cortical thickness by negative symptom score (harmonized Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms or Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores). RESULTS Meta-analytical results showed that left, but not right, MOFC thickness was significantly associated with negative symptom severity (β std = -0.075; p = 0.019) after accounting for age, gender, and site. This effect remained significant (p = 0.036) in a model including overall illness severity. Covarying for duration of illness, age of onset, antipsychotic medication or handedness weakened the association of negative symptoms with left MOFC thickness. As part of a secondary analysis including 10 other prefrontal regions further associations in the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus and pars opercularis emerged. CONCLUSIONS Using an unusually large cohort and a meta-analytical approach, our findings point towards a link between prefrontal thinning and negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. This finding provides further insight into the relationship between structural brain abnormalities and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Theo GM van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
- Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
- Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Suarez-Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
- Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Neeltje EM Van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja MC de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil N Jørgensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiril P Gurholt
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Akiah O Berg
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Morch-Johnsen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Færden
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Flyckt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Fatouros-Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Pietro De Rossi
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Functions), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | | | - Lauren M Beard
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
- Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Centre, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Centre, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Centre, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S.G. Rotondo (FG), 71013 Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, 70124 Italy
| | - Stephen Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Thomas Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Emma Neilson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Bassett AS, Kahn RS, Vorstman JAS. Autism Spectrum and psychosis risk in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2017; 188:59-62. [PMID: 28119035 PMCID: PMC5522359 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have a 25% risk for schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Some have hypothesized that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) diagnosed in children with 22q11DS may actually represent the social-communicative defects often observed during the early developmental stages of schizophrenia. METHODS We prospectively studied 89 children with 22q11DS to test this hypothesis. At baseline, the Autism Diagnostic Interview was used to assess ASD, evaluating both current and early childhood behaviors. At follow-up, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) was used to determine development of a psychotic disorder or psychotic symptoms. RESULTS The average age (±SD) at first and last assessments was 14.3±1.9 and 19.0±3.0years, respectively. Nineteen (21.3%) children developed a psychotic disorder. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant difference in the proportion that developed a psychotic disorder, comparing those with (n=9, 17.3%) and those without ASD at baseline (n=10, 27%; OR=0.500, 95% CI=0.160-1.569, p=0.235). Similar results were obtained using autistic symptom severity as quantitative predicting variable, psychotic symptoms as the outcome, and when correcting for age, gender and full scale IQ. CONCLUSION Results indicate that in children with 22q11DS, early childhood autistic features are not associated with an increased risk for subsequent development of psychotic disorders or symptoms, replicating previous retrospective findings in adults with 22q11DS. These results indicate that ASD and psychotic disorders can emerge independently, as pleiotropic phenotypes in the context of 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - E J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S N Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A S Bassett
- Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Guadalupe T, Mathias SR, vanErp TGM, Whelan CD, Zwiers MP, Abe Y, Abramovic L, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vásquez A, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Arolt V, Artiges E, Ayesa-Arriola R, Baboyan VG, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Blangero J, Bokde ALW, Boedhoe PSW, Bose A, Brem S, Brodaty H, Bromberg U, Brooks S, Büchel C, Buitelaar J, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cattrell A, Cheng Y, Conrod PJ, Conzelmann A, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Crivello F, Dannlowski U, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Deary IJ, Desrivières S, Doan NT, Donohoe G, Dørum ES, Ehrlich S, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Flor H, Fouche JP, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gill M, Suarez AG, Gowland P, Grabe HJ, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Hagenaars S, Hashimoto R, Hauser TU, Heinz A, Hibar DP, Hoekstra PJ, Hoogman M, Howells FM, Hu H, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Ittermann B, Jahanshad N, Jönsson EG, Jurk S, Kahn RS, Kelly S, Kraemer B, Kugel H, Kwon JS, Lemaitre H, Lesch KP, Lochner C, Luciano M, Marquand AF, Martin NG, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Martinot JL, Mataix-Cols D, Mather K, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Menchón JM, Morris DW, Mothersill O, Maniega SM, Mwangi B, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswaamy JC, Nees F, Nordvik JE, Onnink AMH, Opel N, Ophoff R, Paillère Martinot ML, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Pauli P, Paus T, Poustka L, Reddy JY, Renteria ME, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Roos A, Royle NA, Sachdev P, Sánchez-Juan P, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shumskaya E, Smolka MN, Soares JC, Soriano-Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Toro R, Turner JA, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Uhlmann A, Hernández MV, van den Heuvel OA, van der Meer D, van Haren NEM, Veltman DJ, Venkatasubramanian G, Vetter NC, Vuletic D, Walitza S, Walter H, Walton E, Wang Z, Wardlaw J, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan R, Wittfeld K, Wolfers T, Wright MJ, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao J, Franke B, Thompson PM, Glahn DC, Mazoyer B, Fisher SE, Francks C. Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 11:1497-1514. [PMID: 27738994 PMCID: PMC5540813 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The two hemispheres of the human brain differ functionally and structurally. Despite over a century of research, the extent to which brain asymmetry is influenced by sex, handedness, age, and genetic factors is still controversial. Here we present the largest ever analysis of subcortical brain asymmetries, in a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods. Volumetric asymmetry of seven subcortical structures was assessed in 15,847 MRI scans from 52 datasets worldwide. There were sex differences in the asymmetry of the globus pallidus and putamen. Heritability estimates, derived from 1170 subjects belonging to 71 extended pedigrees, revealed that additive genetic factors influenced the asymmetry of these two structures and that of the hippocampus and thalamus. Handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries, even in this unprecedented sample size, but the asymmetry of the putamen varied with age. Genetic drivers of asymmetry in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia may affect variability in human cognition, including susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Guadalupe
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Theo G M vanErp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshinari Abe
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Vatche G Baboyan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Premika S W Boedhoe
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anushree Bose
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Silvia Brem
- University Clinic for and Adolescent Psychiatry UCCAP, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), & Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samantha Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Neurosciences, Computer Science, and Psychiatry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Germany, Tübingen, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, SW4 794, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry & trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erlend S Dørum
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea Gonzalez Suarez
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hao Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | | | - Chaim Huyser
- De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AMC, department of child and adolescent psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine. Psychiatry section, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90292, USA
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Lochner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Derek W Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, SW4 794, Galway, Ireland
| | - Omar Mothersill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, SW4 794, Galway, Ireland
| | - Susana Munoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benson Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Nakamae
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neural Computation for Decision-Making, ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan E Nordvik
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - A Marten H Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, M6A 2E1, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janardhan Yc Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Roberto Roiz-Santiáñez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Annerine Roos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roberto Toro
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jessica A Turner
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nora C Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniella Vuletic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susanne Walitza
- University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JingJing Zhao
- Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology & Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, SW4 794, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT, 06114, USA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- UMR5296 CNRS, CEA and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Witt SH, Streit F, Jungkunz M, Frank J, Awasthi S, Reinbold CS, Treutlein J, Degenhardt F, Forstner AJ, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Dietl L, Schwarze CE, Schendel D, Strohmaier J, Abdellaoui A, Adolfsson R, Air TM, Akil H, Alda M, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Andreassen OA, Babadjanova G, Bass NJ, Bauer M, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Bergen S, Bethell A, Biernacka JM, Blackwood DHR, Boks MP, Boomsma DI, Børglum AD, Borrmann-Hassenbach M, Brennan P, Budde M, Buttenschøn HN, Byrne EM, Cervantes P, Clarke TK, Craddock N, Cruceanu C, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dannlowski U, Davis T, de Geus EJC, Di Florio A, Djurovic S, Domenici E, Edenberg HJ, Etain B, Fischer SB, Forty L, Fraser C, Frye MA, Fullerton JM, Gade K, Gershon ES, Giegling I, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Grabe HJ, Green EK, Greenwood TA, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Guzman-Parra J, Hall LS, Hamshere M, Hauser J, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Herms S, Hitturlingappa S, Hoffmann P, Holmans P, Hottenga JJ, Jamain S, Jones I, Jones LA, Juréus A, Kahn RS, Kammerer-Ciernioch J, Kirov G, Kittel-Schneider S, Kloiber S, Knott SV, Kogevinas M, Landén M, Leber M, Leboyer M, Li QS, Lissowska J, Lucae S, Martin NG, Mayoral-Cleries F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McKay JD, McQuillin A, Medland SE, Middeldorp CM, Milaneschi Y, Mitchell PB, Montgomery GW, Morken G, Mors O, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Nievergelt CM, Nurnberger JI, O'Donovan MC, Loohuis LMO, Ophoff R, Oruc L, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Penninx BWJH, Perry A, Pfennig A, Potash JB, Preisig M, Reif A, Rivas F, Rouleau GA, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Schwarz M, Scott L, Sinnamon GCB, Stahl EA, Strauss J, Turecki G, Van der Auwera S, Vedder H, Vincent JB, Willemsen G, Witt CC, Wray NR, Xi HS, Tadic A, Dahmen N, Schott BH, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Ripke S, Mobascher A, Rujescu D, Lieb K, Roepke S, Schmahl C, Bohus M, Rietschel M. Genome-wide association study of borderline personality disorder reveals genetic overlap with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1155. [PMID: 28632202 PMCID: PMC5537640 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BOR) is determined by environmental and genetic factors, and characterized by affective instability and impulsivity, diagnostic symptoms also observed in manic phases of bipolar disorder (BIP). Up to 20% of BIP patients show comorbidity with BOR. This report describes the first case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BOR, performed in one of the largest BOR patient samples worldwide. The focus of our analysis was (i) to detect genes and gene sets involved in BOR and (ii) to investigate the genetic overlap with BIP. As there is considerable genetic overlap between BIP, major depression (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) and a high comorbidity of BOR and MDD, we also analyzed the genetic overlap of BOR with SCZ and MDD. GWAS, gene-based tests and gene-set analyses were performed in 998 BOR patients and 1545 controls. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to detect the genetic overlap between BOR and these disorders. Single marker analysis revealed no significant association after correction for multiple testing. Gene-based analysis yielded two significant genes: DPYD (P=4.42 × 10-7) and PKP4 (P=8.67 × 10-7); and gene-set analysis yielded a significant finding for exocytosis (GO:0006887, PFDR=0.019; FDR, false discovery rate). Prior studies have implicated DPYD, PKP4 and exocytosis in BIP and SCZ. The most notable finding of the present study was the genetic overlap of BOR with BIP (rg=0.28 [P=2.99 × 10-3]), SCZ (rg=0.34 [P=4.37 × 10-5]) and MDD (rg=0.57 [P=1.04 × 10-3]). We believe our study is the first to demonstrate that BOR overlaps with BIP, MDD and SCZ on the genetic level. Whether this is confined to transdiagnostic clinical symptoms should be examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Witt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F Streit
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Jungkunz
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinic of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy (IPPP)/Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Frank
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - C S Reinbold
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Treutlein
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A J Forstner
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - L Dietl
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C E Schwarze
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Schendel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Strohmaier
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - H Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - N Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - O A Andreassen
- Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Babadjanova
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - N J Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - F Bellivier
- Inserm, U1144, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
| | - S Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Bethell
- National Center for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J M Biernacka
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M P Boks
- Urain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - P Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M Budde
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
| | - H N Buttenschøn
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E M Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - P Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - T-K Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Craddock
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - D Curtis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - P M Czerski
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münste, Münster, Germany
| | - T Davis
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - E J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Di Florio
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Domenici
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - H J Edenberg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - B Etain
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - S B Fischer
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Forty
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Fraser
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J M Fullerton
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Gade
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
| | - E S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - S D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - K Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - H J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - E K Green
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - T A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - J Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, Biomedicine Institute, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - L S Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Hamshere
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Hauser
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - U Heilbronner
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
| | - S Herms
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Hitturlingappa
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P Hoffmann
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Holmans
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J-J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Jamain
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - I Jones
- National Center for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - L A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - A Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R S Kahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - G Kirov
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Kloiber
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S V Knott
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - M Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Leber
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Leboyer
- Inserm U955, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Q S Li
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - J Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Lucae
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - N G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - F Mayoral-Cleries
- Mental Health Department, Biomedicine Institute, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - S L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Research Institute, Mason, OH, USA
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - A McQuillin
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - S E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Milaneschi
- VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G Morken
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - O Mors
- Risskov, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T W Mühleisen
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - C M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - L M O Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Ophoff
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Brain Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Oruc
- Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
| | - M J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S A Paciga
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Groton, CT, USA
| | - B W J H Penninx
- VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Perry
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - A Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - J B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - F Rivas
- Mental Health Department, Biomedicine Institute, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - G A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P R Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T G Schulze
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Schwarz
- Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - L Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - G C B Sinnamon
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - E A Stahl
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Strauss
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Vedder
- Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - J B Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Witt
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - N R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - H S Xi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bipolar Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinic of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy (IPPP)/Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Inserm, U1144, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Center for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Urain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical and Quality Assurance, Clinics of Upper Bavaria, Munich, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münste, Münster, Germany
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Mental Health Department, Biomedicine Institute, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Psychiatry Weinsberg, Weinsberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Inserm U955, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Titusville, NJ, USA
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Research Institute, Mason, OH, USA
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Risskov, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Brain Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Groton, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Cambridge, MA, USA
- AGAPLESION Elisabethenstift gGmbh, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Darmstadt, Germany
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinic of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy (IPPP)/Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Inserm, U1144, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Center for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Urain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical and Quality Assurance, Clinics of Upper Bavaria, Munich, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münste, Münster, Germany
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Mental Health Department, Biomedicine Institute, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Psychiatry Weinsberg, Weinsberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Inserm U955, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Titusville, NJ, USA
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Research Institute, Mason, OH, USA
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Risskov, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Brain Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Groton, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Cambridge, MA, USA
- AGAPLESION Elisabethenstift gGmbh, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Darmstadt, Germany
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinic of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy (IPPP)/Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Inserm, U1144, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Center for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Urain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical and Quality Assurance, Clinics of Upper Bavaria, Munich, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münste, Münster, Germany
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Mental Health Department, Biomedicine Institute, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Psychiatry Weinsberg, Weinsberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Inserm U955, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Titusville, NJ, USA
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Research Institute, Mason, OH, USA
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Risskov, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Brain Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Groton, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Cambridge, MA, USA
- AGAPLESION Elisabethenstift gGmbh, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Darmstadt, Germany
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tadic
- AGAPLESION Elisabethenstift gGmbh, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Darmstadt, Germany
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
| | - N Dahmen
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
| | - B H Schott
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Mobascher
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - K Lieb
- University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Schmahl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinic of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Bohus
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy (IPPP)/Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Walton E, Hibar DP, van Erp TGM, Potkin SG, Roiz-Santiañez R, Crespo-Facorro B, Suarez-Pinilla P, Van Haren NEM, de Zwarte SMC, Kahn RS, Cahn W, Doan NT, Jørgensen KN, Gurholt TP, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT, Melle I, Berg AO, Mørch-Johnsen L, Færden A, Flyckt L, Fatouros-Bergman H, Jönsson EG, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Fukunaga M, Preda A, De Rossi P, Piras F, Banaj N, Piras F, Ciullo V, Spalletta G, Gur RE, Gur RC, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Beard LM, Sommer IE, Koops S, Gruber O, Richter A, Krämer B, Kelly S, Donohoe G, McDonald C, Cannon DM, Corvin A, Gill M, Di Giorgio A, Bertolino A, Lawrie S, Nickson T, Whalley HC, Neilson E, Calhoun VD, Thompson PM, Turner JA, Ehrlich S. Positive symptoms associate with cortical thinning in the superior temporal gyrus via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:439-447. [PMID: 28369804 PMCID: PMC5399182 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on the role of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in auditory processing, language comprehension and self-monitoring, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between STG cortical thickness and positive symptom severity in schizophrenia. METHOD This prospective meta-analysis includes data from 1987 individuals with schizophrenia collected at seventeen centres around the world that contribute to the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. STG thickness measures were extracted from T1-weighted brain scans using FreeSurfer. The study performed a meta-analysis of effect sizes across sites generated by a model predicting left or right STG thickness with a positive symptom severity score (harmonized SAPS or PANSS-positive scores), while controlling for age, sex and site. Secondary models investigated relationships between antipsychotic medication, duration of illness, overall illness severity, handedness and STG thickness. RESULTS Positive symptom severity was negatively related to STG thickness in both hemispheres (left: βstd = -0.052; P = 0.021; right: βstd = -0.073; P = 0.001) when statistically controlling for age, sex and site. This effect remained stable in models including duration of illness, antipsychotic medication or handedness. CONCLUSION Our findings further underline the important role of the STG in hallmark symptoms in schizophrenia. These findings can assist in advancing insight into symptom-relevant pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302,Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Theo GM van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain,Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain,Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Suarez-Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain,Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Neeltje EM Van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja MC de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil N Jørgensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiril P Gurholt
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Akiah O Berg
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Færden
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Flyckt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Fatouros-Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pietro De Rossi
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Functions), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy,Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | | | - Lauren M Beard
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States,Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S.G. Rotondo (FG), 71013 Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, 70124 Italy
| | - Stephen Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Thomas Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Emma Neilson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany,Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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de With SAJ, Pulit SL, Staal WG, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA. More than 25 years of genetic studies of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Pharmacogenomics J 2017; 17:304-311. [PMID: 28418011 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is one of the most effective atypical antipsychotic drugs prescribed to patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Approximately 1% of patients experience potential life-threatening adverse effects in the form of agranulocytosis, greatly hindering its applicability in clinical practice. The etiology of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis (CIA) remains unclear, but is thought to be a heritable trait. We reviewed the genetic studies of CIA published thus far. One recurrent finding from early candidate gene study to more recent genome-wide analysis is that of the involvement of human leukocyte antigen locus. We conclude that CIA is most likely a complex, polygenic trait, which may hamper efforts to the development of a genetic predictor test with clinical relevance. To decipher the genetic architecture of CIA, it is necessary to apply more rigorous standards of phenotyping and study much larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A J de With
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S L Pulit
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W G Staal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center and Karakter, Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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50
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Tempelaar WM, Termorshuizen F, MacCabe JH, Boks MPM, Kahn RS. Educational achievement in psychiatric patients and their siblings: a register-based study in 30 000 individuals in The Netherlands. Psychol Med 2017; 47:776-784. [PMID: 27873559 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor educational achievement is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders. Several studies suggest that this underperformance is due to cognitive deficits that commence before disease onset and reflect a genetic risk for this disorder. However, the specificity and the familial contribution of this cognitive deficit are not clear. We analysed lifetime educational achievement of psychiatric patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar or depressive disorder and their unaffected siblings. METHOD In a register-based case-control study, 1561 patients with schizophrenia, 813 patients with bipolar disorder, 8112 patients with depression, and their siblings were each matched with eight population controls. Patients, siblings and controls were compared on the highest educational stream they completed. RESULTS Lower educational achievement was present in schizophrenia patients from primary school onwards [completing primary school: odds ratio (OR) 0.69; completing secondary school: OR 0.69; completing academic education: OR 0.46], compared to patients with bipolar disorder or depression. Siblings of schizophrenia, bipolar or depressed patients showed no underachievement at primary or secondary school, but siblings of schizophrenia patients as well as siblings of depressed patients were less successful in their educational achievement after secondary school (completing academic education, schizophrenia siblings: OR 0.90; depressive disorder siblings: OR 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Educational underachievement from primary school onwards is specifically related to schizophrenia and not to bipolar disorder or depression. Moreover, it appears to be a harbinger of the illness, since it is not found in their siblings. These results add to evidence that early cognitive deficits are a distinct feature of the schizophrenia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Tempelaar
- Department of Psychiatry,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus,University Medical Centre Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - F Termorshuizen
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care,University Medical Centre Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - J H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies,Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - M P M Boks
- Department of Psychiatry,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus,University Medical Centre Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus,University Medical Centre Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
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