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Constantinides C, Han LKM, Alloza C, Antonucci LA, Arango C, Ayesa-Arriola R, Banaj N, Bertolino A, Borgwardt S, Bruggemann J, Bustillo J, Bykhovski O, Calhoun V, Carr V, Catts S, Chung YC, Crespo-Facorro B, Díaz-Caneja CM, Donohoe G, Plessis SD, Edmond J, Ehrlich S, Emsley R, Eyler LT, Fuentes-Claramonte P, Georgiadis F, Green M, Guerrero-Pedraza A, Ha M, Hahn T, Henskens FA, Holleran L, Homan S, Homan P, Jahanshad N, Janssen J, Ji E, Kaiser S, Kaleda V, Kim M, Kim WS, Kirschner M, Kochunov P, Kwak YB, Kwon JS, Lebedeva I, Liu J, Mitchie P, Michielse S, Mothersill D, Mowry B, de la Foz VOG, Pantelis C, Pergola G, Piras F, Pomarol-Clotet E, Preda A, Quidé Y, Rasser PE, Rootes-Murdy K, Salvador R, Sangiuliano M, Sarró S, Schall U, Schmidt A, Scott RJ, Selvaggi P, Sim K, Skoch A, Spalletta G, Spaniel F, Thomopoulos SI, Tomecek D, Tomyshev AS, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, van Amelsvoort T, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Vecchio D, Voineskos A, Weickert CS, Weickert T, Thompson PM, Schmaal L, van Erp TGM, Turner J, Cole JH, Dima D, Walton E. Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1201-1209. [PMID: 36494461 PMCID: PMC10005935 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with an increased risk of life-long cognitive impairments, age-related chronic disease, and premature mortality. We investigated evidence for advanced brain ageing in adult SZ patients, and whether this was associated with clinical characteristics in a prospective meta-analytic study conducted by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. The study included data from 26 cohorts worldwide, with a total of 2803 SZ patients (mean age 34.2 years; range 18-72 years; 67% male) and 2598 healthy controls (mean age 33.8 years, range 18-73 years, 55% male). Brain-predicted age was individually estimated using a model trained on independent data based on 68 measures of cortical thickness and surface area, 7 subcortical volumes, lateral ventricular volumes and total intracranial volume, all derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Deviations from a healthy brain ageing trajectory were assessed by the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference [brain-PAD]). On average, SZ patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +3.55 years (95% CI: 2.91, 4.19; I2 = 57.53%) compared to controls, after adjusting for age, sex and site (Cohen's d = 0.48). Among SZ patients, brain-PAD was not associated with specific clinical characteristics (age of onset, duration of illness, symptom severity, or antipsychotic use and dose). This large-scale collaborative study suggests advanced structural brain ageing in SZ. Longitudinal studies of SZ and a range of mental and somatic health outcomes will help to further evaluate the clinical implications of increased brain-PAD and its ability to be influenced by interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura K M Han
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Alloza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Linda Antonella Antonucci
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität-Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Oleg Bykhovski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Centre Hospitalier des Quatre Villes, St. Cloud, France
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vaughan Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley Catts
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, IBiS-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefan Du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jesse Edmond
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Foivos Georgiadis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital Benito Menni CASM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Minji Ha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frans A Henskens
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Homan
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Homan
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Ellen Ji
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Minah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoo Bin Kwak
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patricia Mitchie
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Stijn Michielse
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Mothersill
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul E Rasser
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly Rootes-Murdy
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raymond Salvador
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Sangiuliano
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvador Sarró
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonin Skoch
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- MR unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Filip Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - David Tomecek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- Advanced Computation and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Aristotle Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia S Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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