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Bigdeli TB, Barr PB, Rajeevan N, Graham DP, Li Y, Meyers JL, Gorman BR, Peterson RE, Sayward F, Radhakrishnan K, Natarajan S, Nielsen DA, Wilkinson AV, Malhotra AK, Zhao H, Brophy M, Shi Y, O'Leary TJ, Gleason T, Przygodzki R, Pyarajan S, Muralidhar S, Gaziano JM, Huang GD, Concato J, Siever LJ, DeLisi LE, Kimbrel NA, Beckham JC, Swann AC, Kosten TR, Fanous AH, Aslan M, Harvey PD. Correlates of suicidal behaviors and genetic risk among United States veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02472-1. [PMID: 38491344 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar I disorder (BPI) are at high risk for self-injurious behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviors (SB). Characterizing associations between diagnosed health problems, prior pharmacological treatments, and polygenic scores (PGS) has potential to inform risk stratification. We examined self-reported SB and ideation using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) among 3,942 SCZ and 5,414 BPI patients receiving care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). These cross-sectional data were integrated with electronic health records (EHRs), and compared across lifetime diagnoses, treatment histories, follow-up screenings, and mortality data. PGS were constructed using available genomic data for related traits. Genome-wide association studies were performed to identify and prioritize specific loci. Only 20% of the veterans who reported SB had a corroborating ICD-9/10 EHR code. Among those without prior SB, more than 20% reported new-onset SB at follow-up. SB were associated with a range of additional clinical diagnoses, and with treatment with specific classes of psychotropic medications (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics, etc.). PGS for externalizing behaviors, smoking initiation, suicide attempt, and major depressive disorder were associated with SB. The GWAS for SB yielded no significant loci. Among individuals with a diagnosed mental illness, self-reported SB were strongly associated with clinical variables across several EHR domains. Analyses point to sequelae of substance-related and psychiatric comorbidities as strong correlates of prior and subsequent SB. Nonetheless, past SB was frequently not documented in health records, underscoring the value of regular screening with direct, in-person assessments, especially among high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Bigdeli
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, US.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US.
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US.
| | - Peter B Barr
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David P Graham
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuli Li
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Bryan R Gorman
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krishnan Radhakrishnan
- National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - David A Nielsen
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna V Wilkinson
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary Brophy
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunling Shi
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | - Timothy J O'Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Theresa Gleason
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald Przygodzki
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | | | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant D Huang
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Concato
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan C Swann
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip D Harvey
- Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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2
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Bigdeli TB, Barr PB, Rajeevan N, Graham DP, Li Y, Meyers JL, Gorman BR, Peterson RE, Sayward F, Radhakrishnan K, Natarajan S, Nielsen DA, Wilkinson AV, Malhotra AK, Zhao H, Brophy M, Shi Y, O’Leary TJ, Gleason T, Przygodzki R, Pyarajan S, Muralidhar S, Gaziano JM, Huang GD, Concato J, Siever LJ, DeLisi LE, Kimbrel NA, Beckham JC, Swann AC, Kosten TR, Fanous AH, Aslan M, Harvey PD. Correlates of suicidal behaviors and genetic risk among United States veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.06.23286866. [PMID: 36945597 PMCID: PMC10029042 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.23286866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar I disorder (BPI) are at high risk for self-injurious behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviors (SB). Characterizing associations between diagnosed mental and physical health problems, prior pharmacological treatments, and aggregate genetic factors has potential to inform risk stratification and mitigation strategies. Methods In this study of 3,942 SCZ and 5,414 BPI patients receiving VA care, self-reported SB and ideation were assessed using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). These cross-sectional data were integrated with electronic health records (EHR), and compared by lifetime diagnoses, treatment histories, follow-up screenings, and mortality data. Polygenic scores (PGS) for traits related to psychiatric disorders, substance use, and cognition were constructed using available genomic data, and exploratory genome-wide association studies were performed to identify and prioritize specific loci. Results Only 20% of veterans who self-reported SB had a corroborating ICD-9/10 code in their EHR; and among those who denied prior behaviors, more than 20% reported new-onset SB at follow-up. SB were associated with a range of psychiatric and non-psychiatric diagnoses, and with treatment with specific classes of psychotropic medications (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics, etc.). PGS for externalizing behaviors, smoking, suicide attempt, and major depressive disorder were also associated with attempt and ideation. Conclusions Among individuals with a diagnosed mental illness, a GWAS for SB did not yield any significant loci. Self-reported SB were strongly associated with clinical variables across several EHR domains. Overall, clinical and polygenic analyses point to sequelae of substance-use related behaviors and other psychiatric comorbidities as strong correlates of prior and subsequent SB. Nonetheless, past SB was frequently not documented in clinical settings, underscoring the value of regular screening based on direct, in-person assessments, especially among high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Bigdeli
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Peter B. Barr
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - David P. Graham
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yuli Li
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Bryan R. Gorman
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Krishnan Radhakrishnan
- National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD
| | | | - David A. Nielsen
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Anna V. Wilkinson
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
- National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mary Brophy
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yunling Shi
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Timothy J. O’Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Theresa Gleason
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Ronald Przygodzki
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
- Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Grant D. Huang
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - John Concato
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Alan C. Swann
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Philip D. Harvey
- Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, FL
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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3
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Johnson EC, Kapoor M, Hatoum AS, Zhou H, Polimanti R, Wendt FR, Walters RK, Lai D, Kember RL, Hartz S, Meyers JL, Peterson RE, Ripke S, Bigdeli TB, Fanous AH, Pato CN, Pato MT, Goate AM, Kranzler HR, O'Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A. Investigation of convergent and divergent genetic influences underlying schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1196-1204. [PMID: 34231451 PMCID: PMC8738774 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100266x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) frequently co-occur, and large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified significant genetic correlations between these disorders. METHODS We used the largest published GWAS for AUD (total cases = 77 822) and SCZ (total cases = 46 827) to identify genetic variants that influence both disorders (with either the same or opposite direction of effect) and those that are disorder specific. RESULTS We identified 55 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms with the same direction of effect on AUD and SCZ, 8 with robust effects in opposite directions, and 98 with disorder-specific effects. We also found evidence for 12 genes whose pleiotropic associations with AUD and SCZ are consistent with mediation via gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. The genetic covariance between AUD and SCZ was concentrated in genomic regions functional in brain tissues (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further evidence that SCZ shares meaningful genetic overlap with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Burstein D, Hoffman G, Mathur D, Venkatesh S, Therrien K, Fanous AH, Bigdeli TB, Harvey PD, Roussos P, Voloudakis G. Detecting and Adjusting for Hidden Biases due to Phenotype Misclassification in Genome-Wide Association Studies. medRxiv 2023:2023.01.17.23284670. [PMID: 36711948 PMCID: PMC9882426 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.23284670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of healthcare-based genotyped biobanks, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) leverage larger sample sizes, incorporate patients with diverse ancestries and introduce noisier phenotypic definitions. Yet the extent and impact of phenotypic misclassification on large-scale datasets is not currently well understood due to a lack of statistical methods to estimate relevant parameters from empirical data. Here, we develop a statistical method and scalable software, PheMED, Phenotypic Measurement of Effective Dilution, to quantify phenotypic misclassification across GWAS using only summary statistics. We illustrate how the parameters estimated by PheMED relate to the negative and positive predictive value of the labeled phenotype, compared to ground truth, and how misclassification of the phenotype yields diluted effect-sizes of variant-phenotype associations. Furthermore, we apply our methodology to detect multiple instances of statistically significant dilution in real-world data. We demonstrate how effective dilution biases downstream GWAS replication and heritability analyses despite utilizing current best practices, and provide a dilution-aware meta-analysis approach that outperforms existing methods. Consequently, we anticipate that PheMED will be a valuable tool for researchers to address phenotypic data quality issues both within and across cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Burstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepika Mathur
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanan Venkatesh
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Karen Therrien
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix
- Carl T. Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Philip D Harvey
- Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, Florida
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Bigdeli TB, Voloudakis G, Barr PB, Gorman BR, Genovese G, Peterson RE, Burstein DE, Velicu VI, Li Y, Gupta R, Mattheisen M, Tomasi S, Rajeevan N, Sayward F, Radhakrishnan K, Natarajan S, Malhotra AK, Shi Y, Zhao H, Kosten TR, Concato J, O’Leary TJ, Przygodzki R, Gleason T, Pyarajan S, Brophy M, Huang GD, Muralidhar S, Gaziano JM, Aslan M, Fanous AH, Harvey PD, Roussos P. Penetrance and Pleiotropy of Polygenic Risk Scores for Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Depression Among Adults in the US Veterans Affairs Health Care System. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:2796413. [PMID: 36103194 PMCID: PMC9475441 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance Serious mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, are heritable, highly multifactorial disorders and major causes of disability worldwide. Objective To benchmark the penetrance of current neuropsychiatric polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in the Veterans Health Administration health care system and to explore associations between PRS and broad categories of human disease via phenome-wide association studies. Design, Setting, and Participants Extensive Veterans Health Administration's electronic health records were assessed from October 1999 to January 2021, and an embedded cohort of 9378 individuals with confirmed diagnoses of schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder were found. The performance of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression PRSs were compared in participants of African or European ancestry in the Million Veteran Program (approximately 400 000 individuals), and associations between PRSs and 1650 disease categories based on ICD-9/10 billing codes were explored. Last, genomic structural equation modeling was applied to derive novel PRSs indexing common and disorder-specific genetic factors. Analysis took place from January 2021 to January 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Diagnoses based on in-person structured clinical interviews were compared with ICD-9/10 billing codes. PRSs were constructed using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Results Of 707 299 enrolled study participants, 459 667 were genotyped at the time of writing; 84 806 were of broadly African ancestry (mean [SD] age, 58 [12.1] years) and 314 909 were of broadly European ancestry (mean [SD] age, 66.4 [13.5] years). Among 9378 individuals with confirmed diagnoses of schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder, 8962 (95.6%) were correctly identified using ICD-9/10 codes (2 or more). Among those of European ancestry, PRSs were robustly associated with having received a diagnosis of schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR], 1.81 [95% CI, 1.76-1.87]; P < 10-257) or bipolar disorder (OR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.39-1.44]; P < 10-295). Corresponding effect sizes in participants of African ancestry were considerably smaller for schizophrenia (OR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.29-1.42]; P < 10-38) and bipolar disorder (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.11-1.12]; P < 10-10). Neuropsychiatric PRSs were associated with increased risk for a range of psychiatric and physical health problems. Conclusions and Relevance Using diagnoses confirmed by in-person structured clinical interviews and current neuropsychiatric PRSs, the validity of an electronic health records-based phenotyping approach in US veterans was demonstrated, highlighting the potential of PRSs for disentangling biological and mediated pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Bigdeli
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Peter B. Barr
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Bryan R. Gorman
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - David E. Burstein
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Vlad I. Velicu
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yuli Li
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rishab Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Simone Tomasi
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Krishnan Radhakrishnan
- National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Yunling Shi
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John Concato
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Timothy J. O’Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Ronald Przygodzki
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Theresa Gleason
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain
| | - Mary Brophy
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grant D. Huang
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix
- Carl T. Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Philip D. Harvey
- Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, Florida
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Panos Roussos
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Trubetskoy V, Pardiñas AF, Qi T, Panagiotaropoulou G, Awasthi S, Bigdeli TB, Bryois J, Chen CY, Dennison CA, Hall LS, Lam M, Watanabe K, Frei O, Ge T, Harwood JC, Koopmans F, Magnusson S, Richards AL, Sidorenko J, Wu Y, Zeng J, Grove J, Kim M, Li Z, Voloudakis G, Zhang W, Adams M, Agartz I, Atkinson EG, Agerbo E, Al Eissa M, Albus M, Alexander M, Alizadeh BZ, Alptekin K, Als TD, Amin F, Arolt V, Arrojo M, Athanasiu L, Azevedo MH, Bacanu SA, Bass NJ, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Benyamin B, Bergen SE, Blasi G, Bobes J, Bonassi S, Braun A, Bressan RA, Bromet EJ, Bruggeman R, Buckley PF, Buckner RL, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calkins ME, Carr VJ, Castle D, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RCK, Chaumette B, Cheng W, Cheung EFC, Chong SA, Cohen D, Consoli A, Cordeiro Q, Costas J, Curtis C, Davidson M, Davis KL, de Haan L, Degenhardt F, DeLisi LE, Demontis D, Dickerson F, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Duan J, Ducci G, Dudbridge F, Eriksson JG, Fañanás L, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Forstner A, Frank J, Freimer NB, Fromer M, Frustaci A, Gadelha A, Genovese G, Gershon ES, Giannitelli M, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, González Peñas J, González-Pinto A, Gopal S, Gratten J, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Guillin O, Gülöksüz S, Gur RE, Gur RC, Gutiérrez B, Hahn E, Hakonarson H, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Harvey C, Hayward C, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Howrigan DP, Ikeda M, Iyegbe C, Joa I, Julià A, Kähler AK, Kam-Thong T, Kamatani Y, Karachanak-Yankova S, Kebir O, Keller MC, Kelly BJ, Khrunin A, Kim SW, Klovins J, Kondratiev N, Konte B, Kraft J, Kubo M, Kučinskas V, Kučinskiene ZA, Kusumawardhani A, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Landi S, Lazzeroni LC, Lee PH, Legge SE, Lehrer DS, Lencer R, Lerer B, Li M, Lieberman J, Light GA, Limborska S, Liu CM, Lönnqvist J, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Luykx JJ, Lynham A, Macek M, Mackinnon A, Magnusson PKE, Maher BS, Maier W, Malaspina D, Mallet J, Marder SR, Marsal S, Martin AR, Martorell L, Mattheisen M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McGrath JJ, Medeiros H, Meier S, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mitjans M, Molden E, Molina E, Molto MD, Mondelli V, Moreno C, Morley CP, Muntané G, Murphy KC, Myin-Germeys I, Nenadić I, Nestadt G, Nikitina-Zake L, Noto C, Nuechterlein KH, O'Brien NL, O'Neill FA, Oh SY, Olincy A, Ota VK, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Parellada M, Paunio T, Pellegrino R, Periyasamy S, Perkins DO, Pfuhlmann B, Pietiläinen O, Pimm J, Porteous D, Powell J, Quattrone D, Quested D, Radant AD, Rampino A, Rapaport MH, Rautanen A, Reichenberg A, Roe C, Roffman JL, Roth J, Rothermundt M, Rutten BPF, Saker-Delye S, Salomaa V, Sanjuan J, Santoro ML, Savitz A, Schall U, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Sharp SI, Shi J, Siever LJ, Sigurdsson E, Sim K, Skarabis N, Slominsky P, So HC, Sobell JL, Söderman E, Stain HJ, Steen NE, Steixner-Kumar AA, Stögmann E, Stone WS, Straub RE, Streit F, Strengman E, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Sugar CA, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Swerdlow NR, Szatkiewicz JP, Ta TMT, Takahashi A, Terao C, Thibaut F, Toncheva D, Tooney PA, Torretta S, Tosato S, Tura GB, Turetsky BI, Üçok A, Vaaler A, van Amelsvoort T, van Winkel R, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walter H, Waterreus A, Webb BT, Weiser M, Williams NM, Witt SH, Wormley BK, Wu JQ, Xu Z, Yolken R, Zai CC, Zhou W, Zhu F, Zimprich F, Atbaşoğlu EC, Ayub M, Benner C, Bertolino A, Black DW, Bray NJ, Breen G, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Chen WJ, Cloninger CR, Crespo-Facorro B, Donohoe G, Freedman R, Galletly C, Gandal MJ, Gennarelli M, Hougaard DM, Hwu HG, Jablensky AV, McCarroll SA, Moran JL, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Neil AL, Nordentoft M, Pato MT, Petryshen TL, Pirinen M, Pulver AE, Schulze TG, Silverman JM, Smoller JW, Stahl EA, Tsuang DW, Vilella E, Wang SH, Xu S, Adolfsson R, Arango C, Baune BT, Belangero SI, Børglum AD, Braff D, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Campion D, Cervilla JA, Cichon S, Collier DA, Corvin A, Curtis D, Forti MD, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Escott-Price V, Esko T, Fanous AH, Gareeva A, Gawlik M, Gejman PV, Gill M, Glatt SJ, Golimbet V, Hong KS, Hultman CM, Hyman SE, Iwata N, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy JL, Khusnutdinova E, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Krebs MO, Laurent-Levinson C, Lee J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, Malhotra D, McIntosh A, McQuillin A, Menezes PR, Morgan VA, Morris DW, Mowry BJ, Murray RM, Nimgaonkar V, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Paciga SA, Palotie A, Pato CN, Qin S, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rivera M, Rujescu D, Saka MC, Sanders AR, Schwab SG, Serretti A, Sham PC, Shi Y, St Clair D, Stefánsson H, Stefansson K, Tsuang MT, van Os J, Vawter MP, Weinberger DR, Werge T, Wildenauer DB, Yu X, Yue W, Holmans PA, Pocklington AJ, Roussos P, Vassos E, Verhage M, Visscher PM, Yang J, Posthuma D, Andreassen OA, Kendler KS, Owen MJ, Wray NR, Daly MJ, Huang H, Neale BM, Sullivan PF, Ripke S, Walters JTR, O'Donovan MC. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:502-508. [PMID: 35396580 PMCID: PMC9392466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 360.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ting Qi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte A Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lynsey S Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet C Harwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander L Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Madeline Alexander
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thomas D Als
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farooq Amin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Helena Azevedo
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silviu A Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beben Benyamin
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Julio Bobes
- Área de Psiquiatría-Universidad de Oviedo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma and San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht, General Menthal Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley V Catts
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley D Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boris Chaumette
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Cohen
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR7222, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Angèle Consoli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Costas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Charles Curtis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kenneth L Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Dimitris Dikeos
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Fiorentino
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Menachem Fromer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Frustaci
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, St Ann's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marianna Giannitelli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephanie Godard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier González Peñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, OSI Araba, University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Srihari Gopal
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Guillin
- INSERM, Rouen, France
- Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Rouen, France
- UFR Santé, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blanca Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Clinical and Education Center (MIRECC), JJ Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carol Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frans A Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Herms
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inge Joa
- Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna K Kähler
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oussama Kebir
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrey Khrunin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Agung Kusumawardhani
- Psychiatry Department, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carmel M Loughland
- Hunter New England Health and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Second Opinion Outpatient Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Mackinnon
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacques Mallet
- Asfalia Biologics, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Semel Institute for Neurosciene, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Espen Molden
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Molto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Departments of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Family Medicine, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department for Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cristiano Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niamh Louise O'Brien
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Anthony O'Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sang-Yun Oh
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christos Pantelis
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George N Papadimitriou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruno Pfuhlmann
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Digby Quested
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allen D Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Roe
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Leite Santoro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Savitz
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Mater Hospital, McAuley Centre, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Isabel Sharp
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nora Skarabis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Slominsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Söderman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen J Stain
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
- TIPS - Network for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - William S Stone
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin P Szatkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thi Minh Tam Ta
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Cochin-Tarnier, Paris, France
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Battista Tura
- Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arne Vaaler
- Division of Mental Health, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - John Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Waterreus
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brandon K Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhida Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, GGz Centraal, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clement C Zai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eşref Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University Kingston, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Donald W Black
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy G Buccola
- School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University of Sevilla, CIBERSAM IBiS, Seville, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad del Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Assen V Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele T Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann E Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy M Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Shi-Heng Wang
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Department of Psychiatry, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Banner-University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anna Gareeva
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology and Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven E Hyman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - René S Kahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Laurent-Levinson
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Dheeraj Malhotra
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paulo R Menezes
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera A Morgan
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin M Murray
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brien P Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meram C Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pak C Sham
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter B Wildenauer
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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7
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Singh T, Poterba T, Curtis D, Akil H, Al Eissa M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bigdeli TB, Breen G, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Bunney WE, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley WF, Chapman SB, Chen WJ, Churchhouse C, Craddock N, Cusick CM, DeLisi L, Dodge S, Escamilla MA, Eskelinen S, Fanous AH, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Francioli L, Gabriel SB, Gage D, Gagliano Taliun SA, Ganna A, Genovese G, Glahn DC, Grove J, Hall MH, Hämäläinen E, Heyne HO, Holi M, Hougaard DM, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Hwu HG, Kahn RS, Kang HM, Karczewski KJ, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Lee FS, Lehrer DS, Lescai F, Malaspina D, Marder SR, McCarroll SA, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Milani L, Morley CP, Morris DW, Mortensen PB, Myers RM, Nordentoft M, O'Brien NL, Olivares AM, Ongur D, Ouwehand WH, Palmer DS, Paunio T, Quested D, Rapaport MH, Rees E, Rollins B, Satterstrom FK, Schatzberg A, Scolnick E, Scott LJ, Sharp SI, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sobell JL, Solomonson M, Stahl EA, Stevens CR, Suvisaari J, Tiao G, Watson SJ, Watts NA, Blackwood DH, Børglum AD, Cohen BM, Corvin AP, Esko T, Freimer NB, Glatt SJ, Hultman CM, McQuillin A, Palotie A, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pulver AE, St Clair D, Tsuang MT, Vawter MP, Walters JT, Werge TM, Ophoff RA, Sullivan PF, Owen MJ, Boehnke M, O'Donovan MC, Neale BM, Daly MJ. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:509-516. [PMID: 35396579 PMCID: PMC9805802 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare coding variation has historically provided the most direct connections between gene function and disease pathogenesis. By meta-analysing the whole exomes of 24,248 schizophrenia cases and 97,322 controls, we implicate ultra-rare coding variants (URVs) in 10 genes as conferring substantial risk for schizophrenia (odds ratios of 3-50, P < 2.14 × 10-6) and 32 genes at a false discovery rate of <5%. These genes have the greatest expression in central nervous system neurons and have diverse molecular functions that include the formation, structure and function of the synapse. The associations of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit GRIN2A and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptor subunit GRIA3 provide support for dysfunction of the glutamatergic system as a mechanistic hypothesis in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We observe an overlap of rare variant risk among schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders1, epilepsy and severe neurodevelopmental disorders2, although different mutation types are implicated in some shared genes. Most genes described here, however, are not implicated in neurodevelopment. We demonstrate that genes prioritized from common variant analyses of schizophrenia are enriched in rare variant risk3, suggesting that common and rare genetic risk factors converge at least partially on the same underlying pathogenic biological processes. Even after excluding significantly associated genes, schizophrenia cases still carry a substantial excess of URVs, which indicates that more risk genes await discovery using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Singh
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy Poterba
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Huda Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline M Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lynn DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Saana Eskelinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Laurent Francioli
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Holi
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- MIRECC, JP Peters VA Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Lescai
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Department of Family Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Olivares
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Duncan S Palmer
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Schatzberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Solomonson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Grace Tiao
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Watts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Pulver
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James T Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Pardiñas AF, Smart SE, Willcocks IR, Holmans PA, Dennison CA, Lynham AJ, Legge SE, Baune BT, Bigdeli TB, Cairns MJ, Corvin A, Fanous AH, Frank J, Kelly B, McQuillin A, Melle I, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Pato CN, Periyasamy S, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Simonsen C, St Clair D, Tooney P, Wu JQ, Andreassen OA, Kowalec K, Sullivan PF, Murray RM, Owen MJ, MacCabe JH, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Ajnakina O, Alameda L, Barnes TRE, Berardi D, Bonora E, Camporesi S, Cleusix M, Conus P, Crespo-Facorro B, D'Andrea G, Demjaha A, Do KQ, Doody GA, Eap CB, Ferchiou A, Di Forti M, Guidi L, Homman L, Jenni R, Joyce EM, Kassoumeri L, Khadimallah I, Lastrina O, Muratori R, Noyan H, O'Neill FA, Pignon B, Restellini R, Richard JR, Schürhoff F, Španiel F, Szöke A, Tarricone I, Tortelli A, Üçok A, Vázquez-Bourgon J. Interaction Testing and Polygenic Risk Scoring to Estimate the Association of Common Genetic Variants With Treatment Resistance in Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:260-269. [PMID: 35019943 PMCID: PMC8756361 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE About 20% to 30% of people with schizophrenia have psychotic symptoms that do not respond adequately to first-line antipsychotic treatment. This clinical presentation, chronic and highly disabling, is known as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The causes of treatment resistance and their relationships with causes underlying schizophrenia are largely unknown. Adequately powered genetic studies of TRS are scarce because of the difficulty in collecting data from well-characterized TRS cohorts. OBJECTIVE To examine the genetic architecture of TRS through the reassessment of genetic data from schizophrenia studies and its validation in carefully ascertained clinical samples. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two case-control genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of schizophrenia were performed in which the case samples were defined as individuals with TRS (n = 10 501) and individuals with non-TRS (n = 20 325). The differences in effect sizes for allelic associations were then determined between both studies, the reasoning being such differences reflect treatment resistance instead of schizophrenia. Genotype data were retrieved from the CLOZUK and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) schizophrenia studies. The output was validated using polygenic risk score (PRS) profiling of 2 independent schizophrenia cohorts with TRS and non-TRS: a prevalence sample with 817 individuals (Cardiff Cognition in Schizophrenia [CardiffCOGS]) and an incidence sample with 563 individuals (Genetics Workstream of the Schizophrenia Treatment Resistance and Therapeutic Advances [STRATA-G]). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES GWAS of treatment resistance in schizophrenia. The results of the GWAS were compared with complex polygenic traits through a genetic correlation approach and were used for PRS analysis on the independent validation cohorts using the same TRS definition. RESULTS The study included a total of 85 490 participants (48 635 [56.9%] male) in its GWAS stage and 1380 participants (859 [62.2%] male) in its PRS validation stage. Treatment resistance in schizophrenia emerged as a polygenic trait with detectable heritability (1% to 4%), and several traits related to intelligence and cognition were found to be genetically correlated with it (genetic correlation, 0.41-0.69). PRS analysis in the CardiffCOGS prevalence sample showed a positive association between TRS and a history of taking clozapine (r2 = 2.03%; P = .001), which was replicated in the STRATA-G incidence sample (r2 = 1.09%; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this GWAS, common genetic variants were differentially associated with TRS, and these associations may have been obscured through the amalgamation of large GWAS samples in previous studies of broadly defined schizophrenia. Findings of this study suggest the validity of meta-analytic approaches for studies on patient outcomes, including treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Smart
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella R. Willcocks
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J. Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Institute for Genomic Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Institute for Genomic Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brian Kelly
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bryan J. Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,Institute for Genomic Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany,Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Simonsen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South-East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaarina Kowalec
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Alameda
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R E Barnes
- Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Berardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-motor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Camporesi
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Cleusix
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D'Andrea
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-motor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arsime Demjaha
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Q Do
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gillian A Doody
- Department of Medical Education, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chin B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aziz Ferchiou
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley National Health Service Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Guidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lina Homman
- Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Centre For Public Health, Institute Of Clinical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Raoul Jenni
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Kassoumeri
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inès Khadimallah
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ornella Lastrina
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-motor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Muratori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Handan Noyan
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francis A O'Neill
- Centre For Public Health, Institute Of Clinical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires HMondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision, Créteil, France
| | - Romeo Restellini
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Romain Richard
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires HMondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision, Créteil, France
| | - Filip Španiel
- Department of Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrei Szöke
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires HMondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision, Créteil, France
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tortelli
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Psychiatrie Neurosciences Paris, Pôle Psychiatrie Précarité, Paris, France
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Santander, Spain
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9
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Mullins N, Kang J, Campos AI, Coleman JRI, Edwards AC, Galfalvy H, Levey DF, Lori A, Shabalin A, Starnawska A, Su MH, Watson HJ, Adams M, Awasthi S, Gandal M, Hafferty JD, Hishimoto A, Kim M, Okazaki S, Otsuka I, Ripke S, Ware EB, Bergen AW, Berrettini WH, Bohus M, Brandt H, Chang X, Chen WJ, Chen HC, Crawford S, Crow S, DiBlasi E, Duriez P, Fernández-Aranda F, Fichter MM, Gallinger S, Glatt SJ, Gorwood P, Guo Y, Hakonarson H, Halmi KA, Hwu HG, Jain S, Jamain S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, Kaye WH, Keel PK, Kennedy JL, Klump KL, Li D, Liao SC, Lieb K, Lilenfeld L, Liu CM, Magistretti PJ, Marshall CR, Mitchell JE, Monson ET, Myers RM, Pinto D, Powers A, Ramoz N, Roepke S, Rozanov V, Scherer SW, Schmahl C, Sokolowski M, Strober M, Thornton LM, Treasure J, Tsuang MT, Witt SH, Woodside DB, Yilmaz Z, Zillich L, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Air TM, Alda M, Alfredsson L, Andreassen OA, Anjorin A, Appadurai V, Soler Artigas M, Van der Auwera S, Azevedo MH, Bass N, Bau CHD, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Berger K, Biernacka JM, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Boehnke M, Boks MP, Bosch R, Braff DL, Bryant R, Budde M, Byrne EM, Cahn W, Casas M, Castelao E, Cervilla JA, Chaumette B, Cichon S, Corvin A, Craddock N, Craig D, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Edenberg HJ, Fanous AH, Foo JC, Forstner AJ, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gatt JM, Gejman PV, Giegling I, Grabe HJ, Green MJ, Grevet EH, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Gutierrez B, Guzman-Parra J, Hamilton SP, Hamshere ML, Hartmann A, Hauser J, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hoffmann P, Ising M, Jones I, Jones LA, Jonsson L, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Koenen KC, Kogevinas M, Konte B, Krebs MO, Landén M, Lawrence J, Leboyer M, Lee PH, Levinson DF, Liao C, Lissowska J, Lucae S, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McGrath P, McGuffin P, McQuillin A, Medland SE, Mehta D, Melle I, Milaneschi Y, Mitchell PB, Molina E, Morken G, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nievergelt C, Nimgaonkar V, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Pato C, Pato MT, Penninx BWJH, Pimm J, Pistis G, Potash JB, Power RA, Preisig M, Quested D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Ribasés M, Richarte V, Rietschel M, Rivera M, Roberts A, Roberts G, Rouleau GA, Rovaris DL, Rujescu D, Sánchez-Mora C, Sanders AR, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Scott LJ, Serretti A, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sirignano L, Sklar P, Smeland OB, Smoller JW, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Spalletta G, Strauss JS, Świątkowska B, Trzaskowski M, Turecki G, Vilar-Ribó L, Vincent JB, Völzke H, Walters JTR, Shannon Weickert C, Weickert TW, Weissman MM, Williams LM, Wray NR, Zai CC, Ashley-Koch AE, Beckham JC, Hauser ER, Hauser MA, Kimbrel NA, Lindquist JH, McMahon B, Oslin DW, Qin X, Agerbo E, Børglum AD, Breen G, Erlangsen A, Esko T, Gelernter J, Hougaard DM, Kessler RC, Kranzler HR, Li QS, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Olsen CM, Porteous D, Ursano RJ, Wasserman D, Werge T, Whiteman DC, Bulik CM, Coon H, Demontis D, Docherty AR, Kuo PH, Lewis CM, Mann JJ, Rentería ME, Smith DJ, Stahl EA, Stein MB, Streit F, Willour V, Ruderfer DM. Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:313-327. [PMID: 34861974 PMCID: PMC8851871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. RESULTS Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - JooEun Kang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Adrian I Campos
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis C Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrey Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hsin Su
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hunna J Watson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin B Ware
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Survery Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- BioRealm, LLC, Walnut, California; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Bohus
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harry Brandt
- Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiao Chang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven Crawford
- Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emily DiBlasi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Philibert Duriez
- Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Manfred M Fichter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Schön Klinik Roseneck affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine A Halmi
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sonia Jain
- Biostatistics Research Center, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, La Jolla, California
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Inserm U955, Institut Mondor de recherches Biomédicales, Laboratoire, Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Précision Médecine en Addictologie et Psychiatrie, University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bellvitge-IDIBELL and CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Allan S Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - James L Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Lilenfeld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Washington, DC
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James E Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Eric T Monson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vsevolod Rozanov
- Department of Psychology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Borderline Disorders and Psychotherapy, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Strober
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Janet Treasure
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London and South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - D Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program for Eating Disorders, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tracy M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institut of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - M Helena Azevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Laboratory of Developmental Psychiatry, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France; UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France; Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | | | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Richard Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Granada University Hospital Complex, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR 3557, Paris, France; Department of Evaluation, Prevention and Therapeutic innovation, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Team Pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome C Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Blanca Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute, Málaga, Spain
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR 3557, Paris, France; Department of Evaluation, Prevention and Therapeutic innovation, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Team Pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Patrick McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vishwajit Nimgaonkar
- Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California; Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Pato
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York; Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert A Power
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Genetics, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, London, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Digby Quested
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II and Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter R Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley I Shyn
- Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - John S Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódz, Poland
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Brain Science, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - James T R Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clement C Zai
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth R Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer H Lindquist
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin McMahon
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - David W Oslin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuejun Qin
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Esben Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerome Breen
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Erlangsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center of Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Porteous
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David C Whiteman
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J John Mann
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Kalman JL, Olde Loohuis LM, Vreeker A, McQuillin A, Stahl EA, Ruderfer D, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Panagiotaropoulou G, Ripke S, Bigdeli TB, Stein F, Meller T, Meinert S, Pelin H, Streit F, Papiol S, Adams MJ, Adolfsson R, Adorjan K, Agartz I, Aminoff SR, Anderson-Schmidt H, Andreassen OA, Ardau R, Aubry JM, Balaban C, Bass N, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Benabarre A, Bengesser S, Berrettini WH, Boks MP, Bromet EJ, Brosch K, Budde M, Byerley W, Cervantes P, Chillotti C, Cichon S, Clark SR, Comes AL, Corvin A, Coryell W, Craddock N, Craig DW, Croarkin PE, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Dalkner N, Dannlowski U, Degenhardt F, Del Zompo M, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Edenberg HJ, Eissa MA, Elvsåshagen T, Etain B, Fanous AH, Fellendorf F, Fiorentino A, Forstner AJ, Frye MA, Fullerton JM, Gade K, Garnham J, Gershon E, Gill M, Goes FS, Gordon-Smith K, Grof P, Guzman-Parra J, Hahn T, Hasler R, Heilbronner M, Heilbronner U, Jamain S, Jimenez E, Jones I, Jones L, Jonsson L, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kennedy JL, Kircher T, Kirov G, Kittel-Schneider S, Klöhn-Saghatolislam F, Knowles JA, Kranz TM, Lagerberg TV, Landen M, Lawson WB, Leboyer M, Li QS, Maj M, Malaspina D, Manchia M, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McInnis MG, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Melle I, Milanova V, Mitchell PB, Monteleone P, Monteleone AM, Nöthen MM, Novak T, Nurnberger JI, O'Brien N, O'Connell KS, O'Donovan C, O'Donovan MC, Opel N, Ortiz A, Owen MJ, Pålsson E, Pato C, Pato MT, Pawlak J, Pfarr JK, Pisanu C, Potash JB, Rapaport MH, Reich-Erkelenz D, Reif A, Reininghaus E, Repple J, Richard-Lepouriel H, Rietschel M, Ringwald K, Roberts G, Rouleau G, Schaupp S, Scheftner WA, Schmitt S, Schofield PR, Schubert KO, Schulte EC, Schweizer B, Senner F, Severino G, Sharp S, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Squassina A, Stopkova P, Strauss J, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Twarowska-Hauser J, Veldic M, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Xu W, Zai CC, Zandi PP, Di Florio A, Smoller JW, Biernacka JM, McMahon FJ, Alda M, Müller-Myhsok B, Koutsouleris N, Falkai P, Freimer NB, Andlauer TF, Schulze TG, Ophoff RA. Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 219:659-669. [PMID: 35048876 PMCID: PMC8636611 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. AIMS To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. METHOD Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. RESULTS Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = -0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = -0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = -0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = -0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. CONCLUSIONS AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos L. Kalman
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Annabel Vreeker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eli A. Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, USA
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, USA; and VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, USA
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany; and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Pelin
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Germany; and Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; and Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | | | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofie R. Aminoff
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hosptial, Norway
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Faculty of medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ceylan Balaban
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; and Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Universite de Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1144, France; and DMU Neurosciences, GHU Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, APHP, France
| | - Antoni Benabarre
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Susanne Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marco P. Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Catina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Julich, Germany
| | - Scott R. Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia; and Bazil Hetzel Institute, Australia
| | - Ashley L. Comes
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Nick Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | | | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Piotr M. Czerski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Italy
| | - J. Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Norway; and NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Bruno Etain
- Universite de Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1144, France; and DMU Neurosciences, GHU Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, APHP, France
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, USA; and VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, USA
| | - Frederike Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany; and Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrin Gade
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Elliot Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando S. Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | | | - Paul Grof
- Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Spain
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Hasler
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA; and Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Maria Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stephane Jamain
- Universite Paris Est Creteil, France; and INSERM U 955, Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, France
| | - Esther Jimenez
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Lisa Jones
- Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, UK
| | - Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - James A. Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA; and Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Thorsten M. Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hosptial, Norway
| | - Mikael Landen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - William B. Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, USA
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Universite Paris Est Creteil, France; and INSERM U 955, Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, France
| | | | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; and Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Spain
| | | | | | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexander University Hospital, Bulgaria
| | | | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Tomas Novak
- National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic
| | | | - Niamh O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Kevin S. O'Connell
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Abigail Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | | | - Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, USA
| | - Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Kai Ringwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada and Department of Neurology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaupp
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Simon Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - K. Oliver Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia; and Northern Adelaide Mental Health Service, SA Health, Australia
| | - Eva C. Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Schweizer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Fanny Senner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sally Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | | | - Olav B. Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; and NORMENT Centre, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Janet L. Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada; and Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - John Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada; and Douglas Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - John B. Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Biostatistics Division, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement C. Zai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, USA
| | - Joanna M. Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Martin Alda
- National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic; and Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | | | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany; and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA; and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Till F.M. Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, USA; and Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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Landi I, Kaji DA, Cotter L, Van Vleck T, Belbin G, Preuss M, Loos RJF, Kenny E, Glicksberg BS, Beckmann ND, O'Reilly P, Schadt EE, Achtyes ED, Buckley PF, Lehrer D, Malaspina DP, McCarroll SA, Rapaport MH, Fanous AH, Pato MT, Pato CN, Bigdeli TB, Nadkarni GN, Charney AW. Prognostic value of polygenic risk scores for adults with psychosis. Nat Med 2021; 27:1576-1581. [PMID: 34489608 PMCID: PMC8446329 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) summarize genetic liability to a disease at the individual level, and the aim is to use them as biomarkers of disease and poor outcomes in real-world clinical practice. To date, few studies have assessed the prognostic value of PRS relative to standards of care. Schizophrenia (SCZ), the archetypal psychotic illness, is an ideal test case for this because the predictive power of the SCZ PRS exceeds that of most other common diseases. Here, we analyzed clinical and genetic data from two multi-ethnic cohorts totaling 8,541 adults with SCZ and related psychotic disorders, to assess whether the SCZ PRS improves the prediction of poor outcomes relative to clinical features captured in a standard psychiatric interview. For all outcomes investigated, the SCZ PRS did not improve the performance of predictive models, an observation that was generally robust to divergent case ascertainment strategies and the ancestral background of the study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Landi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Deepak A Kaji
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liam Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tielman Van Vleck
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gillian Belbin
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Preuss
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eimear Kenny
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin S Glicksberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noam D Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul O'Reilly
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Eric D Achtyes
- Cherry Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Dolores P Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Harvey PD, Bigdeli TB, Fanous AH, Li Y, Rajeevan N, Sayward F, Radhakrishnan K, Huang G, Aslan M. Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) #572: A Study of Serious Mental Illness in Veterans as a Pathway to personalized medicine in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Illness. Pers Med Psychiatry 2021; 27-28:10.1016/j.pmip.2021.100078. [PMID: 34222732 PMCID: PMC8247126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmip.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personalization of psychiatric treatment includes treatment of symptoms, cognition and functional deficits, suicide, and medical co-morbidities. VA Collaborative Study 572 examined a large sample of male and female veterans with schizophrenia (n=3,942) and with bipolar disorder (n=5,414) with phenotyping and genomic analyses. We present the results to date and future directions. METHODS All veterans received a structured diagnostic interview and assessments of suicidal ideation and behavior, PTSD, and health. Veterans with schizophrenia were assessed for negative symptoms and lifetime depression. All were assessed with a cognitive and functional capacity assessment. Data for genome wide association studies were collected. Controls came from the VA Million Veteran Program. RESULTS Suicidal ideation or behavior was present in 66%. Cognitive and functional deficits were consistent with previous studies. 40% of the veterans with schizophrenia had a lifetime major depressive episode and PTSD was present in over 30%. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses indicated that cognitive and functional deficits overlapped with PRS for cognition, education, and intelligence in the general population and PRS for suicidal ideation and behavior correlated with previous PRS for depression and suicidal ideation and behavior, as did the PRS for PTSD. DISCUSSION Results to date provide directions for personalization of treatment in SMI, veterans with SMI, and veterans in general. The results of the genomic analyses suggest that cognitive deficits in SMI may be associated with general population features. Upcoming genomic analyses will reexamine the issues above, as well as genomic factors associated with smoking, substance abuse, negative symptoms, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Harvey
- Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, FL
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Yuli Li
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Krishnan Radhakrishnan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Grant Huang
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
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Peterson RE, Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Bacanu SA, Gejman PV, Levinson DF, Li QS, Rujescu D, Rietschel M, Weinberger DR, Straub RE, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Mowry BJ, Ophoff RA, Andreassen OA, Esko T, Petryshen TL, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Genome-wide analyses of smoking behaviors in schizophrenia: Findings from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:215-224. [PMID: 33691233 PMCID: PMC8096167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While 17% of US adults use tobacco regularly, smoking rates among persons with schizophrenia are upwards of 60%. Research supports a shared etiological basis for smoking and schizophrenia, including findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, few studies have directly tested whether the same or distinct genetic variants also influence smoking behavior among schizophrenia cases. Using data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia (35476 cases, 46839 controls), we estimated genetic correlations between these traits and tested whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) constructed from the results of smoking behaviors GWAS were associated with schizophrenia risk or smoking behaviors among schizophrenia cases. Results indicated significant genetic correlations of schizophrenia with smoking initiation (rg = 0.159; P = 5.05 × 10-10), cigarettes-smoked-per-day (rg = 0.094; P = 0.006), and age-of-onset of smoking (rg = 0.10; P = 0.009). Comparing smoking behaviors among schizophrenia cases to the general population, we observe positive genetic correlations for smoking initiation (rg = 0.624, P = 0.002) and cigarettes-smoked-per-day (rg = 0.689, P = 0.120). Similarly, TAG-based PRS for smoking initiation and cigarettes-smoked-per-day were significantly associated with smoking initiation (P = 3.49 × 10-5) and cigarettes-smoked-per-day (P = 0.007) among schizophrenia cases. We performed the first GWAS of smoking behavior among schizophrenia cases and identified a novel association with cigarettes-smoked-per-day upstream of the TMEM106B gene on chromosome 7p21.3 (rs148253479, P = 3.18 × 10-8, n = 3520). Results provide evidence of a partially shared genetic basis for schizophrenia and smoking behaviors. Additionally, genetic risk factors for smoking behaviors were largely shared across schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia populations. Future research should address mechanisms underlying these associations to aid both schizophrenia and smoking treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseann E Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre and KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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14
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Fanous AH, Buckley PF. Update on Psychiatric Genetics: Preparing the Way for Precision Medicine. Psychiatr Ann 2021. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20210315-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Gupta R, Bigdeli TB, Buckley PF, Fanous AH. Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Potential Clinical Applications. Psychiatr Ann 2021. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20210310-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Bigdeli TB, Fanous AH, Li Y, Rajeevan N, Sayward F, Genovese G, Gupta R, Radhakrishnan K, Malhotra AK, Sun N, Lu Q, Hu Y, Li B, Chen Q, Mane S, Miller P, Cheung KH, Gur RE, Greenwood TA, Braff DL, Achtyes ED, Buckley PF, Escamilla MA, Lehrer D, Malaspina DP, McCarroll SA, Rapaport MH, Vawter MP, Pato MT, Pato CN, Zhao H, Kosten TR, Brophy M, Pyarajan S, Shi Y, O’Leary TJ, Gleason T, Przygodzki R, Muralidhar S, Gaziano JM, Huang GD, Concato J, Siever LJ, Aslan M, Harvey PD. Genome-Wide Association Studies of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in a Diverse Cohort of US Veterans. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:517-529. [PMID: 33169155 PMCID: PMC7965063 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BIP) are debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders, collectively affecting 2% of the world's population. Recognizing the major impact of these psychiatric disorders on the psychosocial function of more than 200 000 US Veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) recently completed genotyping of more than 8000 veterans with SCZ and BIP in the Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) #572. METHODS We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in CSP #572 and benchmarked the predictive value of polygenic risk scores (PRS) constructed from published findings. We combined our results with available summary statistics from several recent GWAS, realizing the largest and most diverse studies of these disorders to date. RESULTS Our primary GWAS uncovered new associations between CHD7 variants and SCZ, and novel BIP associations with variants in Sortilin Related VPS10 Domain Containing Receptor 3 (SORCS3) and downstream of PCDH11X. Combining our results with published summary statistics for SCZ yielded 39 novel susceptibility loci including CRHR1, and we identified 10 additional findings for BIP (28 326 cases and 90 570 controls). PRS trained on published GWAS were significantly associated with case-control status among European American (P < 10-30) and African American (P < .0005) participants in CSP #572. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that published findings for SCZ and BIP are robustly generalizable to a diverse cohort of US veterans. Leveraging available summary statistics from GWAS of global populations, we report 52 new susceptibility loci and improved fine-mapping resolution for dozens of previously reported associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Bigdeli
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Yuli Li
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rishab Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Krishnan Radhakrishnan
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Ning Sun
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Quan Chen
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Perry Miller
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Departments of Psychiatry and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Eric D Achtyes
- Cherry Health and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Peter F Buckley
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Michael A Escamilla
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX
| | - Douglas Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Dolores P Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | | | - Hongyu Zhao
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mary Brophy
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA,Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Yunling Shi
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Timothy J O’Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Theresa Gleason
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Ronald Przygodzki
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology, Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, MA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Grant D Huang
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC
| | - John Concato
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Philip D Harvey
- Research Service Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL,Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1450 Miami, FL 33136, USA; tel: (305)-243-4094, fax: (305)-243-1619, e-mail:
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17
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Bigdeli TB, Genovese G, Georgakopoulos P, Meyers JL, Peterson RE, Iyegbe CO, Medeiros H, Valderrama J, Achtyes ED, Kotov R, Stahl EA, Abbott C, Azevedo MH, Belliveau RA, Bevilacqua E, Bromet EJ, Byerley W, Carvalho CB, Chapman SB, DeLisi LE, Dumont AL, O’Dushlaine C, Evgrafov OV, Fochtmann LJ, Gage D, Kennedy JL, Kinkead B, Macedo A, Moran JL, Morley CP, Dewan MJ, Nemesh J, Perkins DO, Purcell SM, Rakofsky JJ, Scolnick EM, Sklar BM, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sullivan PF, Macciardi F, Marder SR, Gur RC, Gur RE, Braff DL, Nicolini H, Escamilla MA, Vawter MP, Sobell JL, Malaspina D, Lehrer DS, Buckley PF, Rapaport MH, Knowles JA, Fanous AH, Pato MT, McCarroll SA, Pato CN. Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2455-2467. [PMID: 31591465 PMCID: PMC7515843 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10-52), Latino (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10-58), and European individuals (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10-113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Bigdeli
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Penelope Georgakopoulos
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Conrad O. Iyegbe
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Medeiros
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Jorge Valderrama
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Eric D. Achtyes
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Cherry Health and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA
| | - Colony Abbott
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Helena Azevedo
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PT Portugal
| | - Richard A. Belliveau
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - William Byerley
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Celia Barreto Carvalho
- grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Sinéad B. Chapman
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ashley L. Dumont
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Colm O’Dushlaine
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Oleg V. Evgrafov
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Laura J. Fochtmann
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Diane Gage
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - James L. Kennedy
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neurogenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Becky Kinkead
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Antonio Macedo
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PT Portugal
| | - Jennifer L. Moran
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Christopher P. Morley
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Mantosh J. Dewan
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - James Nemesh
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Rakofsky
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Edward M. Scolnick
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Brooke M. Sklar
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.465198.7Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE Sweden
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Stephen R. Marder
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David L. Braff
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Escamilla
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Janet L. Sobell
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA
| | - Douglas S. Lehrer
- grid.268333.f0000 0004 1936 7937Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Peter F. Buckley
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - James A. Knowles
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | | | - Ayman H. Fanous
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Michele T. Pato
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
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18
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Viswanathan R, Myers MF, Fanous AH. Support Groups and Individual Mental Health Care via Video Conferencing for Frontline Clinicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychosomatics 2020; 61:538-543. [PMID: 32660876 PMCID: PMC7308785 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put an enormous stress on the mental health of frontline health care workers. OBJECTIVE Psychiatry departments in medical centers need to develop support systems to help our colleagues cope with this stress. METHODS We developed recurring peer support groups via videoconferencing and telephone for physicians, resident physicians, and nursing staff, focusing on issues and emotions related to their frontline clinical work with COVID patients in our medical center which was designated as a COVID-only hospital by the state. These groups are led by attending psychiatrists and psychiatry residents. In addition, we also deployed a system of telehealth individual counseling by attending psychiatrists. RESULTS Anxiety was high in the beginning of our weekly groups, dealing with fear of contracting COVID or spreading COVID to family members and the stress of social distancing. Later, the focus was also on the impairment of the traditional clinician-patient relationship by the characteristics of this disease and the associated moral challenges and trauma. Clinicians were helped to cope with these issues through group processes such as ventilation of feelings, peer support, consensual validation, peer-learning, and interventions by group facilitators. People with severe anxiety or desiring confidentiality were helped through individual interventions. CONCLUSIONS Our experience suggests that this method of offering telehealth peer support groups and individual counseling is a useful model for other centers to adapt to emotionally support frontline clinical workers in this ongoing worldwide crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Viswanathan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY.
| | - Michael F Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
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19
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Harvey PD, Sun N, Bigdeli TB, Fanous AH, Aslan M, Malhotra AK, Lu Q, Hu Y, Li B, Chen Q, Mane S, Miller P, Rajeevan N, Sayward F, Cheung KH, Li Y, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Braff DL, Brophy M, Pyarajan S, O'Leary TJ, Gleason T, Przygodszki R, Muralidhar S, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Zhao H, Siever LJ. Genome-wide association study of cognitive performance in U.S. veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:181-194. [PMID: 31872970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a frequent and serious problem in patients with various forms of severe mental illnesses (SMI), including schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). Recent research suggests genetic links to several cognitive phenotypes in both SMI and in the general population. Our goal in this study was to identify potential genomic signatures of cognitive functioning in veterans with severe mental illness and compare them to previous findings for cognition across different populations. Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) Study #572 evaluated cognitive and functional capacity measures among SZ and BP patients. In conjunction with the VA Million Veteran Program, 3,959 European American (1,095 SZ, 2,864 BP) and 2,601 African American (1,095 SZ, 2,864 BP) patients were genotyped using a custom Affymetrix Axiom Biobank array. We performed a genome-wide association study of global cognitive functioning, constructed polygenic scores for SZ and cognition in the general population, and examined genetic correlations with 2,626 UK Biobank traits. Although no single locus attained genome-wide significance, observed allelic effects were strongly consistent with previous studies. We observed robust associations between global cognitive functioning and polygenic scores for cognitive performance, intelligence, and SZ risk. We also identified significant genetic correlations with several cognition-related traits in UK Biobank. In a diverse cohort of U.S. veterans with SZ or BP, we demonstrate broad overlap of common genetic effects on cognition in the general population, and find that greater polygenic loading for SZ risk is associated with poorer cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Harvey
- Research Service, Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, Florida.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ning Sun
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yiming Hu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Boyang Li
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Quan Chen
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Perry Miller
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yuli Li
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California.,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | | | - Mary Brophy
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy J O'Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Theresa Gleason
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ronald Przygodszki
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Concato
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Larry J Siever
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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20
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Mullins N, Bigdeli TB, Børglum AD, Coleman JRI, Demontis D, Fanous AH, Mehta D, Power RA, Ripke S, Stahl EA, Starnawska A, Anjorin A, Corvin A, Sanders AR, Forstner AJ, Reif A, Koller AC, Świątkowska B, Baune BT, Müller-Myhsok B, Konte B, Penninx BWJH, Pato C, Zai C, Rujescu D, Hougaard DM, Quested D, Levinson DF, Binder EB, Byrne EM, Agerbo E, Streit F, Mayoral F, Bellivier F, Degenhardt F, Breen G, Morken G, Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Grabe HJ, Völzke H, Jones I, Giegling I, Agartz I, Melle I, Lawrence J, Potash JB, Walters JTR, Strohmaier J, Shi J, Hauser J, Biernacka JM, Vincent JB, Kelsoe J, Strauss JS, Lissowska J, Pimm J, Smoller JW, Guzman Parra J, Berger K, Scott LJ, Jones LA, Azevedo MH, Trzaskowski M, Kogevinas M, Rietschel M, Boks M, Ising M, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hamshere ML, Leboyer M, Frye M, Nöthen MM, Alda M, Preisig M, Nordentoft M, Boehnke M, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Pato MT, Renteria M, Budde M, Weissman MM, Wray NR, Bass N, Craddock N, Smeland OB, Andreassen OA, Mors O, Gejman PV, Sklar P, McGrath P, Hoffmann P, McGuffin P, Lee PH, Mortensen PB, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Adolfsson R, Van der Auwera S, Djurovic S, Shyn SI, Kloiber S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Jamain S, Hamilton SP, McElroy SL, Lucae S, Cichon S, Schulze TG, Hansen T, Werge T, Air TM, Nimgaonkar V, Appadurai V, Cahn W, Milaneschi Y, Kendler KS, McQuillin A, Lewis CM, Fanous AH, Kendler KS, McQuillin A, Lewis CM. GWAS of Suicide Attempt in Psychiatric Disorders and Association With Major Depression Polygenic Risk Scores. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:651-660. [PMID: 31164008 PMCID: PMC6675659 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than 90% of people who attempt suicide have a psychiatric diagnosis; however, twin and family studies suggest that the genetic etiology of suicide attempt is partially distinct from that of the psychiatric disorders themselves. The authors present the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on suicide attempt, using cohorts of individuals with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. METHODS The samples comprised 1,622 suicide attempters and 8,786 nonattempters with major depressive disorder; 3,264 attempters and 5,500 nonattempters with bipolar disorder; and 1,683 attempters and 2,946 nonattempters with schizophrenia. A GWAS on suicide attempt was performed by comparing attempters to nonattempters with each disorder, followed by a meta-analysis across disorders. Polygenic risk scoring was used to investigate the genetic relationship between suicide attempt and the psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Three genome-wide significant loci for suicide attempt were found: one associated with suicide attempt in major depressive disorder, one associated with suicide attempt in bipolar disorder, and one in the meta-analysis of suicide attempt in mood disorders. These associations were not replicated in independent mood disorder cohorts from the UK Biobank and iPSYCH. No significant associations were found in the meta-analysis of all three disorders. Polygenic risk scores for major depression were significantly associated with suicide attempt in major depressive disorder (R2=0.25%), bipolar disorder (R2=0.24%), and schizophrenia (R2=0.40%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new information on genetic associations and demonstrates that genetic liability for major depression increases risk for suicide attempt across psychiatric disorders. Further collaborative efforts to increase sample size may help to robustly identify genetic associations and provide biological insights into the etiology of suicide attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB,Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU,School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Robert A. Power
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE,Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, GB
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IE
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, US
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, CH,Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, DE
| | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | | | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, AU
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, GB,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, DE
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, DE
| | - Brenda WJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Carlos Pato
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, US,Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Clement Zai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, DE,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, DE
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Digby Quested
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, GB
| | | | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, DE
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, ES
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, FR,Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, FR,UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, FR,Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, FR
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, NO,Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, NO
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, CA,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, CA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, DE,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, DE
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, NO,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, NO,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, NO
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, GB
| | | | - James TR Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, DE
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, PL
| | | | | | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - John S Strauss
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, CA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, PL
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, GB
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US
| | - José Guzman Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, ES
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, DE
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, GB
| | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, ES
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, DE
| | - Marco Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | | | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, RO
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, FR,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, FR,INSERM, Paris, FR
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CA,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, CZ
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, CH
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen Universtity Hospital, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Miguel Renteria
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, DE
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, US,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, US
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, GB
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US,Div Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO,NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, NO
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Div Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO,NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, NO
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, DK
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, US
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Patrick McGrath
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, US
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Phil H Lee
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, US,UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, SE
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, NO,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, NO
| | - Stanley I Shyn
- Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, CA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE
| | | | - Stéphane Jamain
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, FR,Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, FR
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA, US
| | | | | | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, DE
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, DE
| | - Thomas Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, DK
| | - Tracy M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AU
| | | | - Vivek Appadurai
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | | | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, GB
| | -
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
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- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
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Feng YCA, Howrigan DP, Abbott LE, Tashman K, Cerrato F, Singh T, Heyne H, Byrnes A, Churchhouse C, Watts N, Solomonson M, Lal D, Heinzen EL, Dhindsa RS, Stanley KE, Cavalleri GL, Hakonarson H, Helbig I, Krause R, May P, Weckhuysen S, Petrovski S, Kamalakaran S, Sisodiya SM, Cossette P, Cotsapas C, De Jonghe P, Dixon-Salazar T, Guerrini R, Kwan P, Marson AG, Stewart R, Depondt C, Dlugos DJ, Scheffer IE, Striano P, Freyer C, McKenna K, Regan BM, Bellows ST, Leu C, Bennett CA, Johns EM, Macdonald A, Shilling H, Burgess R, Weckhuysen D, Bahlo M, O’Brien TJ, Todaro M, Stamberger H, Andrade DM, Sadoway TR, Mo K, Krestel H, Gallati S, Papacostas SS, Kousiappa I, Tanteles GA, Štěrbová K, Vlčková M, Sedláčková L, Laššuthová P, Klein KM, Rosenow F, Reif PS, Knake S, Kunz WS, Zsurka G, Elger CE, Bauer J, Rademacher M, Pendziwiat M, Muhle H, Rademacher A, van Baalen A, von Spiczak S, Stephani U, Afawi Z, Korczyn AD, Kanaan M, Canavati C, Kurlemann G, Müller-Schlüter K, Kluger G, Häusler M, Blatt I, Lemke JR, Krey I, Weber YG, Wolking S, Becker F, Hengsbach C, Rau S, Maisch AF, Steinhoff BJ, Schulze-Bonhage A, Schubert-Bast S, Schreiber H, Borggräfe I, Schankin CJ, Mayer T, Korinthenberg R, Brockmann K, Kurlemann G, Dennig D, Madeleyn R, Kälviäinen R, Auvinen P, Saarela A, Linnankivi T, Lehesjoki AE, Rees MI, Chung SK, Pickrell WO, Powell R, Schneider N, Balestrini S, Zagaglia S, Braatz V, Johnson MR, Auce P, Sills GJ, Baum LW, Sham PC, Cherny SS, Lui CH, Barišić N, Delanty N, Doherty CP, Shukralla A, McCormack M, El-Naggar H, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Castellotti B, Granata T, Zara F, Iacomino M, Madia F, Vari MS, Mancardi MM, Salpietro V, Bisulli F, Tinuper P, Licchetta L, Pippucci T, Stipa C, Minardi R, Gambardella A, Labate A, Annesi G, Manna L, Gagliardi M, Parrini E, Mei D, Vetro A, Bianchini C, Montomoli M, Doccini V, Marini C, Suzuki T, Inoue Y, Yamakawa K, Tumiene B, Sadleir LG, King C, Mountier E, Caglayan SH, Arslan M, Yapıcı Z, Yis U, Topaloglu P, Kara B, Turkdogan D, Gundogdu-Eken A, Bebek N, Uğur-İşeri S, Baykan B, Salman B, Haryanyan G, Yücesan E, Kesim Y, Özkara Ç, Poduri A, Shiedley BR, Shain C, Buono RJ, Ferraro TN, Sperling MR, Lo W, Privitera M, French JA, Schachter S, Kuzniecky RI, Devinsky O, Hegde M, Khankhanian P, Helbig KL, Ellis CA, Spalletta G, Piras F, Piras F, Gili T, Ciullo V, Reif A, McQuillin A, Bass N, McIntosh A, Blackwood D, Johnstone M, Palotie A, Pato MT, Pato CN, Bromet EJ, Carvalho CB, Achtyes ED, Azevedo MH, Kotov R, Lehrer DS, Malaspina D, Marder SR, Medeiros H, Morley CP, Perkins DO, Sobell JL, Buckley PF, Macciardi F, Rapaport MH, Knowles JA, Fanous AH, McCarroll SA, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, Daly MJ, Lander ES, Lowenstein DH, Goldstein DB, Lerche H, Berkovic SF, Neale BM. Ultra-Rare Genetic Variation in the Epilepsies: A Whole-Exome Sequencing Study of 17,606 Individuals. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:267-282. [PMID: 31327507 PMCID: PMC6698801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing-based studies have identified novel risk genes associated with severe epilepsies and revealed an excess of rare deleterious variation in less-severe forms of epilepsy. To identify the shared and distinct ultra-rare genetic risk factors for different types of epilepsies, we performed a whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis of 9,170 epilepsy-affected individuals and 8,436 controls of European ancestry. We focused on three phenotypic groups: severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE), and non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We observed that compared to controls, individuals with any type of epilepsy carried an excess of ultra-rare, deleterious variants in constrained genes and in genes previously associated with epilepsy; we saw the strongest enrichment in individuals with DEEs and the least strong in individuals with NAFE. Moreover, we found that inhibitory GABAA receptor genes were enriched for missense variants across all three classes of epilepsy, whereas no enrichment was seen in excitatory receptor genes. The larger gene groups for the GABAergic pathway or cation channels also showed a significant mutational burden in DEEs and GGE. Although no single gene surpassed exome-wide significance among individuals with GGE or NAFE, highly constrained genes and genes encoding ion channels were among the lead associations; such genes included CACNA1G, EEF1A2, and GABRG2 for GGE and LGI1, TRIM3, and GABRG2 for NAFE. Our study, the largest epilepsy WES study to date, confirms a convergence in the genetics of severe and less-severe epilepsies associated with ultra-rare coding variation, and it highlights a ubiquitous role for GABAergic inhibition in epilepsy etiology.
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Charney AW, Stahl EA, Green EK, Chen CY, Moran JL, Chambert K, Belliveau RA, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, Lee PH, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Escamilla MA, Fanous AH, Fochtmann LJ, Lehrer DS, Malaspina D, Marder SR, Morley CP, Nicolini H, Perkins DO, Rakofsky JJ, Rapaport MH, Medeiros H, Sobell JL, Backlund L, Bergen SE, Juréus A, Schalling M, Lichtenstein P, Knowles JA, Burdick KE, Jones I, Jones LA, Hultman CM, Perlis R, Purcell SM, McCarroll SA, Pato CN, Pato MT, Florio AD, Craddock N, Landén M, Smoller JW, Ruderfer DM, Sklar P. Contribution of Rare Copy Number Variants to Bipolar Disorder Risk Is Limited to Schizoaffective Cases. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:110-119. [PMID: 30686506 PMCID: PMC6586545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic risk for bipolar disorder (BD) is conferred through many common alleles, while a role for rare copy number variants (CNVs) is less clear. Subtypes of BD including schizoaffective disorder bipolar type (SAB), bipolar I disorder (BD I), and bipolar II disorder (BD II) differ according to the prominence and timing of psychosis, mania, and depression. The genetic factors contributing to the combination of symptoms among these subtypes are poorly understood. METHODS Rare large CNVs were analyzed in 6353 BD cases (3833 BD I [2676 with psychosis, 850 without psychosis, and 307 with unknown psychosis history], 1436 BD II, 579 SAB, and 505 BD not otherwise specified) and 8656 controls. CNV burden and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia were used to evaluate the relative contributions of rare and common variants to risk of BD, BD subtypes, and psychosis. RESULTS CNV burden did not differ between BD and controls when treated as a single diagnostic entity. However, burden in SAB was increased relative to controls (p = .001), BD I (p = .0003), and BD II (p = .0007). Burden and schizophrenia PRSs were increased in SAB compared with BD I with psychosis (CNV p = .0007, PRS p = .004), and BD I without psychosis (CNV p = .0004, PRS p = 3.9 × 10-5). Within BD I, psychosis was associated with increased schizophrenia PRSs (p = .005) but not CNV burden. CONCLUSIONS CNV burden in BD is limited to SAB. Rare and common genetic variants may contribute differently to risk for psychosis and perhaps other classes of psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elaine K. Green
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Portland Square, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Richard A. Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Liz Forty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF14 4HQ, UK
| | - Katherine Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2FG, UK
| | - Phil H. Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA 02115,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, HSC, Level T-10, Room 020, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1201 E Marshall St., Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Georgia Regents University Medical Center, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Michael A Escamilla
- Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, 800 N. Mesa, Suite 200, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 800 Poly Pl., Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USA
| | - Laura J Fochtmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, HSC, Level T-10, Room 020, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Douglas S. Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Gleen Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University, 550 First Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stephen R. Marder
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Christopher P. Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St, MIMC 200, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St, MIMC 200, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St, MIMC 200, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Dr. García Diego # 168, Col. Doctores, Del., Mexico City, Mexico,Department of Psychiatry, Carracci Medical Group, 107 Carracci Street, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 321 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Rakofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle Suite 4000, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle Suite 4000, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Janet L. Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Vårdvägen 3, Stockholm, 11281, Sweden
| | - Sarah E. Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12 A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Anders Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12 A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Cmm (L8:00), Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12 A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Katherine E. Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA 02115,Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave Boston MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ian Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF14 4HQ, UK
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2FG, UK
| | - Christina M. Hultman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12 A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Roy Perlis
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston MA 02115,Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave Boston MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ariana Di Florio
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF14 4HQ, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 321 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Nick Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF14 4HQ, UK
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12 A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden,Institute of neuroscience and physiology, Sahlgenska academy at the Gothenburg university, Blå Sträket 15, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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23
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Ni G, Moser G, Wray NR, Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier DA, Huang H, Pers TH, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu SA, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Bergen SE, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli TB, Black DW, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Buckner RL, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor RM, Carr VJ, Carrera N, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RC, Chen RY, Chen EY, Cheng W, Cheung EF, Chong SA, Cloninger CR, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley JJ, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis KL, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous AH, Farrell MS, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Friedman JI, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere ML, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hirschhorn JN, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Ikeda M, Joa I, Juliá A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles JA, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene ZA, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler AK, Laurent C, Keong JLC, Legge SE, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Lönnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson PK, Maher BS, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsda M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Meier S, Meijer CJ, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris DW, Mors O, Murphy KC, Murray RM, Myin-Germeys I, Müller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Nicodemus KK, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill FA, Oh SY, Olinc A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Papio S, Parkhomenko E, Pato MT, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins DO, Pietiläinenl O, Pimm J, Pocklington AJ, Powell J, Price A, Pulver AE, Purcell SM, Quested D, Rasmussen HB, Reichenberg A, Reimers MA, Richards AL, Roffman JL, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Schall U, Schubert CR, Schulze TG, Schwab SG, Scolnick EM, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman JM, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller JW, So HC, Spencer CC, Stah EA, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub RE, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Szatkiewicz JP, Söderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb BT, Weiser M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Williams S, Witt SH, Wolen AR, Wong EH, Wormley BK, Xi HS, Zai CC, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Stefansson K, Visscher PM, Adolfsson R, Andreassen OA, Blackwood DH, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Børglum AD, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman PV, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman CM, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jönsson EG, Kendler KS, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, McCarrol SA, McQuillin A, Moran JL, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Pato CN, Petryshen TL, Posthuma D, Rietsche M, Riley BP, Rujescu D, Sham PC, Sklar P, St Clair D, Weinberger DR, Wendland JR, Werge T, Daly MJ, Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1185-1194. [PMID: 29754766 PMCID: PMC5993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlation is a key population parameter that describes the shared genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. It can be estimated by current state-of-art methods, i.e., linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood (GREML). The massively reduced computing burden of LDSC compared to GREML makes it an attractive tool, although the accuracy (i.e., magnitude of standard errors) of LDSC estimates has not been thoroughly studied. In simulation, we show that the accuracy of GREML is generally higher than that of LDSC. When there is genetic heterogeneity between the actual sample and reference data from which LD scores are estimated, the accuracy of LDSC decreases further. In real data analyses estimating the genetic correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and body mass index, we show that GREML estimates based on ∼150,000 individuals give a higher accuracy than LDSC estimates based on ∼400,000 individuals (from combined meta-data). A GREML genomic partitioning analysis reveals that the genetic correlation between SCZ and height is significantly negative for regulatory regions, which whole genome or LDSC approach has less power to detect. We conclude that LDSC estimates should be carefully interpreted as there can be uncertainty about homogeneity among combined meta-datasets. We suggest that any interesting findings from massive LDSC analysis for a large number of complex traits should be followed up, where possible, with more detailed analyses with GREML methods, even if sample sizes are lesser.
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Zuber V, Jönsson EG, Frei O, Witoelar A, Thompson WK, Schork AJ, Bettella F, Wang Y, Djurovic S, Smeland OB, Dieset I, Fanous AH, Desikan RS, Küry S, Bézieau S, Dale AM, Mills IG, Andreassen OA. Identification of shared genetic variants between schizophrenia and lung cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:674. [PMID: 29330379 PMCID: PMC5766533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology studies suggest associations between schizophrenia and cancer. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms are not well understood, and difficult to identify from epidemiological data. We investigated if there is a shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and cancer, with the aim to identify specific overlapping genetic loci. First, we performed genome-wide enrichment analysis and second, we analyzed specific loci jointly associated with schizophrenia and cancer by the conjunction false discovery rate. We analyzed the largest genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia and lung, breast, prostate, ovary, and colon-rectum cancer including more than 220,000 subjects, and included genetic association with smoking behavior. Polygenic enrichment of associations with lung cancer was observed in schizophrenia, and weak enrichment for the remaining cancer sites. After excluding the major histocompatibility complex region, we identified three independent loci jointly associated with schizophrenia and lung cancer. The strongest association included nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is an established pleiotropic locus shared between lung cancer and smoking. The two other loci were independent of genetic association with smoking. Functional analysis identified downstream pleiotropic effects on epigenetics and gene-expression in lung and brain tissue. These findings suggest that genetic factors may explain partly the observed epidemiological association of lung cancer and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zuber
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aree Witoelar
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Cognitive Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Center for Human Development, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Francesco Bettella
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B. Smeland
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- 0000 0001 0693 2202grid.262863.bDepartment of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Rahul S. Desikan
- 0000 0001 2297 6811grid.266102.1Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sébastien Küry
- 0000 0004 0472 0371grid.277151.7CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes, CEDEX 1 France
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- 0000 0004 0472 0371grid.277151.7CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes, CEDEX 1 France
| | - Anders M. Dale
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Center for Human Development, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ian G. Mills
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0374 7521grid.4777.3Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK ,0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Charney AW, Ruderfer DM, Stahl EA, Moran JL, Chambert K, Belliveau RA, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, Di Florio A, Lee PH, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Escamilla MA, Fanous AH, Fochtmann LJ, Lehrer DS, Malaspina D, Marder SR, Morley CP, Nicolini H, Perkins DO, Rakofsky JJ, Rapaport MH, Medeiros H, Sobell JL, Green EK, Backlund L, Bergen SE, Juréus A, Schalling M, Lichtenstein P, Roussos P, Knowles JA, Jones I, Jones LA, Hultman CM, Perlis RH, Purcell SM, McCarroll SA, Pato CN, Pato MT, Craddock N, Landén M, Smoller JW, Sklar P. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e993. [PMID: 28072414 PMCID: PMC5545718 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide association study of 6447 bipolar disorder (BD) cases and 12 639 controls from the International Cohort Collection for Bipolar Disorder (ICCBD). Meta-analysis was performed with prior results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group for a combined sample of 13 902 cases and 19 279 controls. We identified eight genome-wide significant, associated regions, including a novel associated region on chromosome 10 (rs10884920; P=3.28 × 10-8) that includes the brain-enriched cytoskeleton protein adducin 3 (ADD3), a non-coding RNA, and a neuropeptide-specific aminopeptidase P (XPNPEP1). Our large sample size allowed us to test the heritability and genetic correlation of BD subtypes and investigate their genetic overlap with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. We found a significant difference in heritability of the two most common forms of BD (BD I SNP-h2=0.35; BD II SNP-h2=0.25; P=0.02). The genetic correlation between BD I and BD II was 0.78, whereas the genetic correlation was 0.97 when BD cohorts containing both types were compared. In addition, we demonstrated a significantly greater load of polygenic risk alleles for schizophrenia and BD in patients with BD I compared with patients with BD II, and a greater load of schizophrenia risk alleles in patients with the bipolar type of schizoaffective disorder compared with patients with either BD I or BD II. These results point to a partial difference in the genetic architecture of BD subtypes as currently defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Ruderfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - E A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - J L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Forty
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - A Di Florio
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - P F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgia Regents University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - M A Escamilla
- Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L J Fochtmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Family Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - H Nicolini
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Psychiatry, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J J Rakofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E K Green
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - L Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S E Bergen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Jones
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - L A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - C M Hultman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R H Perlis
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - S A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Craddock
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The following review provides some description of the movement in cross-disorder psychiatric genomics toward addressing both comorbidity and polygenicity. RECENT FINDINGS We attempt to show how dimensional approaches to the phenotype have led to further addressing the problem of comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses. And we also attempt to show how a dimensional approach to the genome, with different statistical methods from traditional genome-wide association analyses, has begun to resolve the problem of massive polygenicity. SUMMARY Cross-disorder research, of any area in psychiatry, arguably has the most potential to inform clinical diagnosis, early detection and prevention strategies, and pharmacological treatment research. Future research might leverage what we now know to inform developmental studies of risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Docherty
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arden A Moscati
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Washington Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Washington D.C., USA; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington D.C., USA
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Bigdeli TB, Lee D, Webb BT, Riley BP, Vladimirov VI, Fanous AH, Kendler KS, Bacanu SA. A simple yet accurate correction for winner's curse can predict signals discovered in much larger genome scans. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:2598-603. [PMID: 27187203 PMCID: PMC5013908 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: For genetic studies, statistically significant variants explain far less trait variance than ‘sub-threshold’ association signals. To dimension follow-up studies, researchers need to accurately estimate ‘true’ effect sizes at each SNP, e.g. the true mean of odds ratios (ORs)/regression coefficients (RRs) or Z-score noncentralities. Naïve estimates of effect sizes incur winner’s curse biases, which are reduced only by laborious winner’s curse adjustments (WCAs). Given that Z-scores estimates can be theoretically translated on other scales, we propose a simple method to compute WCA for Z-scores, i.e. their true means/noncentralities. Results:WCA of Z-scores shrinks these towards zero while, on P-value scale, multiple testing adjustment (MTA) shrinks P-values toward one, which corresponds to the zero Z-score value. Thus, WCA on Z-scores scale is a proxy for MTA on P-value scale. Therefore, to estimate Z-score noncentralities for all SNPs in genome scans, we propose FDR Inverse Quantile Transformation (FIQT). It (i) performs the simpler MTA of P-values using FDR and (ii) obtains noncentralities by back-transforming MTA P-values on Z-score scale. When compared to competitors, realistic simulations suggest that FIQT is more (i) accurate and (ii) computationally efficient by orders of magnitude. Practical application of FIQT to Psychiatric Genetic Consortium schizophrenia cohort predicts a non-trivial fraction of sub-threshold signals which become significant in much larger supersamples. Conclusions: FIQT is a simple, yet accurate, WCA method for Z-scores (and ORs/RRs, via simple transformations). Availability and Implementation: A 10 lines R function implementation is available at https://github.com/bacanusa/FIQT. Contact:sabacanu@vcu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
| | - Donghyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
| | - Bradley Todd Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
| | - Brien P Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
| | - Vladimir I Vladimirov
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics
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28
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Edwards AC, Bigdeli TB, Docherty AR, Bacanu S, Lee D, de Candia TR, Moscati A, Thiselton DL, Maher BS, Wormley BK, Walsh D, O’Neill FA, Kendler KS, Riley BP, Fanous AH. Meta-analysis of Positive and Negative Symptoms Reveals Schizophrenia Modifier Genes. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:279-87. [PMID: 26316594 PMCID: PMC4753595 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that genetic factors may influence both schizophrenia (Scz) and its clinical presentation. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated considerable success in identifying risk loci. Detection of "modifier loci" has the potential to further elucidate underlying disease processes. METHODS We performed GWAS of empirically derived positive and negative symptom scales in Irish cases from multiply affected pedigrees and a larger, independent case-control sample, subsequently combining these into a large Irish meta-analysis. In addition to single-SNP associations, we considered gene-based and pathway analyses to better capture convergent genetic effects, and to facilitate biological interpretation of these findings. Replication and testing of aggregate genetic effects was conducted using an independent European-American sample. RESULTS Though no single marker met the genome-wide significance threshold, genes and ontologies/pathways were significantly associated with negative and positive symptoms; notably, NKAIN2 and NRG1, respectively. We observed limited overlap in ontologies/pathways associated with different symptom profiles, with immune-related categories over-represented for negative symptoms, and addiction-related categories for positive symptoms. Replication analyses suggested that genes associated with clinical presentation are generalizable to non-Irish samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support the hypothesis that modifier loci contribute to the etiology of distinct Scz symptom profiles. The finding that previously implicated "risk loci" actually influence particular symptom dimensions has the potential to better delineate the roles of these genes in Scz etiology. Furthermore, the over-representation of distinct gene ontologies/pathways across symptom profiles suggests that the clinical heterogeneity of Scz is due in part to complex and diverse genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, US; tel: 1-804-828-8591, fax: 1-804-828-1471, e-mail:
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Anna R. Docherty
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Silviu Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Donghyung Lee
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Teresa R. de Candia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO;,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Arden Moscati
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Dawn L. Thiselton
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA;,Present address: Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brandon K. Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | - Francis A. O’Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Brien P. Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA;,Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC;,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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29
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Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Bacanu SA, Lee SH, Wray NR, Gejman PV, Rietschel M, Cichon S, St Clair D, Corvin A, Kirov G, McQuillin A, Gurling H, Rujescu D, Andreassen OA, Werge T, Blackwood DH, Pato CN, Pato MT, Malhotra AK, O’Donovan MC, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Genome-wide association study reveals greater polygenic loading for schizophrenia in cases with a family history of illness. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:276-89. [PMID: 26663532 PMCID: PMC5816590 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia have yielded more than 100 common susceptibility variants, and strongly support a substantial polygenic contribution of a large number of small allelic effects. It has been hypothesized that familial schizophrenia is largely a consequence of inherited rather than environmental factors. We investigated the extent to which familiality of schizophrenia is associated with enrichment for common risk variants detectable in a large GWAS. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for cases reporting a family history of psychotic illness (N = 978), cases reporting no such family history (N = 4,503), and unscreened controls (N = 8,285) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC1) study of schizophrenia. We used a multinomial logistic regression approach with model-fitting to detect allelic effects specific to either family history subgroup. We also considered a polygenic model, in which we tested whether family history positive subjects carried more schizophrenia risk alleles than family history negative subjects, on average. Several individual SNPs attained suggestive but not genome-wide significant association with either family history subgroup. Comparison of genome-wide polygenic risk scores based on GWAS summary statistics indicated a significant enrichment for SNP effects among family history positive compared to family history negative cases (Nagelkerke's R(2 ) = 0.0021; P = 0.00331; P-value threshold <0.4). Estimates of variability in disease liability attributable to the aggregate effect of genome-wide SNPs were significantly greater for family history positive compared to family history negative cases (0.32 and 0.22, respectively; P = 0.031). We found suggestive evidence of allelic effects detectable in large GWAS of schizophrenia that might be specific to particular family history subgroups. However, consideration of a polygenic risk score indicated a significant enrichment among family history positive cases for common allelic effects. Familial illness might, therefore, represent a more heritable form of schizophrenia, as suggested by previous epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - David St Clair
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Gurling
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | | | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York,The Hofstra NS-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia,Correspondence to: Ayman H. Fanous, M.D., Chief, Psychiatric Genetics Research Program; Washington, VA Medical Center; 50 Irving St. NW, Washington DC 20422.
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Lee D, Williamson VS, Bigdeli TB, Riley BP, Webb BT, Fanous AH, Kendler KS, Vladimirov VI, Bacanu SA. JEPEGMIX: gene-level joint analysis of functional SNPs in cosmopolitan cohorts. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:295-7. [PMID: 26428293 PMCID: PMC4708106 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION To increase detection power, gene level analysis methods are used to aggregate weak signals. To greatly increase computational efficiency, most methods use as input summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Subsequently, gene statistics are constructed using linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns from a relevant reference panel. However, all methods, including our own Joint Effect on Phenotype of eQTL/functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a Gene (JEPEG), assume homogeneous panels, e.g. European. However, this renders these tools unsuitable for the analysis of large cosmopolitan cohorts. RESULTS We propose a JEPEG extension, JEPEGMIX, which similar to one of our software tools, Direct Imputation of summary STatistics of unmeasured SNPs from MIXed ethnicity cohorts, is capable of estimating accurate LD patterns for cosmopolitan cohorts. JEPEGMIX uses this accurate LD estimates to (i) impute the summary statistics at unmeasured functional variants and (ii) test for the joint effect of all measured and imputed functional variants which are associated with a gene. We illustrate the performance of our tool by analyzing the GWAS meta-analysis summary statistics from the multi-ethnic Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Schizophrenia stage 2 cohort. This practical application supports the immune system being one of the main drivers of the process leading to schizophrenia. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Software, annotation database and examples are available at http://dleelab.github.io/jepegmix/. CONTACT donghyung.lee@vcuhealth.org SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Vernell S Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - T Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Brien P Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Lee D, Bigdeli TB, Williamson VS, Vladimirov VI, Riley BP, Fanous AH, Bacanu SA. DISTMIX: direct imputation of summary statistics for unmeasured SNPs from mixed ethnicity cohorts. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:3099-104. [PMID: 26059716 PMCID: PMC4576696 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation: To increase the signal resolution for large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies, genotypes at unmeasured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly imputed using large multi-ethnic reference panels. However, the ever increasing size and ethnic diversity of both reference panels and cohorts makes genotype imputation computationally challenging for moderately sized computer clusters. Moreover, genotype imputation requires subject-level genetic data, which unlike summary statistics provided by virtually all studies, is not publicly available. While there are much less demanding methods which avoid the genotype imputation step by directly imputing SNP statistics, e.g. Directly Imputing summary STatistics (DIST) proposed by our group, their implicit assumptions make them applicable only to ethnically homogeneous cohorts. Results: To decrease computational and access requirements for the analysis of cosmopolitan cohorts, we propose DISTMIX, which extends DIST capabilities to the analysis of mixed ethnicity cohorts. The method uses a relevant reference panel to directly impute unmeasured SNP statistics based only on statistics at measured SNPs and estimated/user-specified ethnic proportions. Simulations show that the proposed method adequately controls the Type I error rates. The 1000 Genomes panel imputation of summary statistics from the ethnically diverse Psychiatric Genetic Consortium Schizophrenia Phase 2 suggests that, when compared to genotype imputation methods, DISTMIX offers comparable imputation accuracy for only a fraction of computational resources. Availability and implementation: DISTMIX software, its reference population data, and usage examples are publicly available at http://code.google.com/p/distmix. Contact:dlee4@vcu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - T Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Vernell S Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Vladimir I Vladimirov
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brien P Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Docherty AR, Bigdeli TB, Edwards AC, Bacanu S, Lee D, Neale MC, Wormley BK, Walsh D, O’Neill FA, Riley BP, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Genome-wide gene pathway analysis of psychotic illness symptom dimensions based on a new schizophrenia-specific model of the OPCRIT. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:181-6. [PMID: 25778617 PMCID: PMC4409533 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Empirically derived phenotypic measurements have the potential to enhance gene-finding efforts in schizophrenia. Previous research based on factor analyses of symptoms has typically included schizoaffective cases. Deriving factor loadings from analysis of only narrowly defined schizophrenia cases could yield more sensitive factor scores for gene pathway and gene ontology analyses. Using an Irish family sample, this study 1) factor analyzed clinician-rated Operational Criteria Checklist items in cases with schizophrenia only, 2) scored the full sample based on these factor loadings, and 3) implemented genome-wide association, gene-based, and gene-pathway analysis of these SCZ-based symptom factors (final N=507). Three factors emerged from the analysis of the schizophrenia cases: a manic, a depressive, and a positive symptom factor. In gene-based analyses of these factors, multiple genes had q<0.01. Of particular interest are findings for PTPRG and WBP1L, both of which were previously implicated by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium study of SCZ; results from this study suggest that variants in these genes might also act as modifiers of SCZ symptoms. Gene pathway analyses of the first factor indicated over-representation of glutamatergic transmission, GABA-A receptor, and cyclic GMP pathways. Results suggest that these pathways may have differential influence on affective symptom presentation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Docherty
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA,Corresponding author (Permanent address): Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1P-132 Biotech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23220, USA, tel. +1 804 828 8127, fax. +1 804 828 1471,
| | - T. Bernard Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexis C. Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Silviu Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Donghyung Lee
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Brandon K. Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Brien P. Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia, USA,Washington Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Washington D.C. USA,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington D.C. USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H. Fanous
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC;,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; 50 Irving Street, NW Washington, DC 20422, US; tel: 202-745-8000 ext. 5-6553; fax: 202-518-4645; e-mail:
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Arnedo J, Svrakic DM, Del Val C, Romero-Zaliz R, Hernández-Cuervo H, Fanous AH, Pato MT, Pato CN, de Erausquin GA, Cloninger CR, Zwir I. Uncovering the hidden risk architecture of the schizophrenias: confirmation in three independent genome-wide association studies. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:139-53. [PMID: 25219520 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to demonstrate that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders caused by different genotypic networks that cause distinct clinical syndromes. METHOD In a large genome-wide association study of cases with schizophrenia and controls, the authors first identified sets of interacting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (SNP sets) regardless of clinical status. Second, they examined the risk of schizophrenia for each SNP set and tested replicability in two independent samples. Third, they identified genotypic networks composed of SNP sets sharing SNPs or subjects. Fourth, they identified sets of distinct clinical features that cluster in particular cases (phenotypic sets or clinical syndromes) without regard for their genetic background. Fifth, they tested whether SNP sets were associated with distinct phenotypic sets in a replicable manner across the three studies. RESULTS The authors identified 42 SNP sets associated with a 70% or greater risk of schizophrenia, and confirmed 34 (81%) or more with similar high risk of schizophrenia in two independent samples. Seventeen networks of SNP sets did not share any SNP or subject. These disjoint genotypic networks were associated with distinct gene products and clinical syndromes (i.e., the schizophrenias) varying in symptoms and severity. Associations between genotypic networks and clinical syndromes were complex, showing multifinality and equifinality. The interactive networks explained the risk of schizophrenia more than the average effects of all SNPs (24%). CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia is a group of heritable disorders caused by a moderate number of separate genotypic networks associated with several distinct clinical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arnedo
- From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis; Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation, and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa; Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Lee D, Williamson VS, Bigdeli TB, Riley BP, Fanous AH, Vladimirov VI, Bacanu SA. JEPEG: a summary statistics based tool for gene-level joint testing of functional variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 31:1176-82. [PMID: 25505091 PMCID: PMC4393522 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Gene expression is influenced by variants commonly known as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). On the basis of this fact, researchers proposed to use eQTL/functional information univariately for prioritizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) signals from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, most genes are influenced by multiple eQTLs which, thus, jointly affect any downstream phenotype. Therefore, when compared with the univariate prioritization approach, a joint modeling of eQTL action on phenotypes has the potential to substantially increase signal detection power. Nonetheless, a joint eQTL analysis is impeded by (i) not measuring all eQTLs in a gene and/or (ii) lack of access to individual genotypes. RESULTS We propose joint effect on phenotype of eQTL/functional SNPs associated with a gene (JEPEG), a novel software tool which uses only GWAS summary statistics to (i) impute the summary statistics at unmeasured eQTLs and (ii) test for the joint effect of all measured and imputed eQTLs in a gene. We illustrate the behavior/performance of the developed tool by analysing the GWAS meta-analysis summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Stage 1 and the Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa. CONCLUSIONS Applied analyses results suggest that JEPEG complements commonly used univariate GWAS tools by: (i) increasing signal detection power via uncovering (a) novel genes or (b) known associated genes in smaller cohorts and (ii) assisting in fine-mapping of challenging regions, e.g. major histocompatibility complex for schizophrenia. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION JEPEG, its associated database of eQTL SNPs and usage examples are publicly available at http://code.google.com/p/jepeg/. CONTACT dlee4@vcu.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vernell S Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - T Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brien P Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vladimir I Vladimirov
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Center for Biomarker Research & Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ruderfer DM, Fanous AH, Ripke S, McQuillin A, Amdur RL, Gejman PV, O'Donovan MC, Andreassen OA, Djurovic S, Hultman CM, Kelsoe JR, Jamain S, Landén M, Leboyer M, Nimgaonkar V, Nurnberger J, Smoller JW, Craddock N, Corvin A, Sullivan PF, Holmans P, Sklar P, Kendler KS. Polygenic dissection of diagnosis and clinical dimensions of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1017-1024. [PMID: 24280982 PMCID: PMC4033708 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are two often severe disorders with high heritabilities. Recent studies have demonstrated a large overlap of genetic risk loci between these disorders but diagnostic and molecular distinctions still remain. Here, we perform a combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 19 779 bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ) cases versus 19 423 controls, in addition to a direct comparison GWAS of 7129 SCZ cases versus 9252 BP cases. In our case-control analysis, we identify five previously identified regions reaching genome-wide significance (CACNA1C, IFI44L, MHC, TRANK1 and MAD1L1) and a novel locus near PIK3C2A. We create a polygenic risk score that is significantly different between BP and SCZ and show a significant correlation between a BP polygenic risk score and the clinical dimension of mania in SCZ patients. Our results indicate that first, combining diseases with similar genetic risk profiles improves power to detect shared risk loci and second, that future direct comparisons of BP and SCZ are likely to identify loci with significant differential effects. Identifying these loci should aid in the fundamental understanding of how these diseases differ biologically. These findings also indicate that combining clinical symptom dimensions and polygenic signatures could provide additional information that may someday be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Research Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London, England, UK
| | | | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem and University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Special Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephane Jamain
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Géné que; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP); Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Département de Psychiatrie; ENBREC group; Fondation Fondamental, Créteil; France
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Géné que; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP); Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Département de Psychiatrie; ENBREC group; Fondation Fondamental, Créteil; France
| | - Vishwajit Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick Craddock
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Peter Holmans
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Early descriptive work and controlled family and adoption studies support the hypothesis that a range of personality and nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders aggregate in families of schizophrenic probands. Can we validate, using molecular polygene scores from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), this schizophrenia spectrum? METHODS The predictive value of polygenic findings reported by the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) was applied to 4 groups of relatives from the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families (ISHDSF; N = 836) differing on their assignment within the schizophrenia spectrum. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data for affected and unaffected relatives were used to construct per-individual polygene risk scores based on the PGC stage-I results. We compared mean polygene scores in the ISHDSF with mean scores in ethnically matched population controls (N = 929). RESULTS The schizophrenia polygene score differed significantly across diagnostic categories and was highest in those with narrow schizophrenia spectrum, lowest in those with no psychiatric illness, and in-between in those classified in the intermediate, broad, and very broad schizophrenia spectrum. Relatives of all of these groups of affected subjects, including those with no diagnosis, had schizophrenia polygene scores significantly higher than the control sample. CONCLUSIONS In the relatives of high-density families, the observed pattern of enrichment of molecular indices of schizophrenia risk suggests an underlying, continuous liability distribution and validates, using aggregate common risk alleles, a genetic basis for the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In addition, as predicted by genetic theory, nonpsychotic members of multiply-affected schizophrenia families are significantly enriched for replicated, polygenic risk variants compared with the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA;,Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Brien P. Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA;,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA;,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics of VCU, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, US; tel: (804)-828-8590, fax: (804)-828-1471, e-mail:
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Bigdeli TB, Maher BS, Zhao Z, Sun J, Medeiros H, Akula N, McMahon FJ, Carvalho C, Ferreira SR, Azevedo MH, Knowles JA, Pato MT, Pato CN, Fanous AH. Association study of 83 candidate genes for bipolar disorder in chromosome 6q selected using an evidence-based prioritization algorithm. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:898-906. [PMID: 24123842 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior genome-scans of bipolar disorder have revealed chromosome 6q22 as a promising candidate region. However, linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping studies have yet to identify replicated susceptibility loci. METHODS We analyzed 1,422 LD-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 83 genes to test single-marker and locus-wide evidence of association with bipolar disorder in the NIMH Genetics Initiative bipolar pedigrees and the Portuguese Island Collection (PIC) (N = 1,093 in 528 informative pairs). Both studies previously demonstrated significant evidence of linkage to 6q. SNPs were genotyped using an Illumina iSelect genotyping array which employs the Infinium assay. Evidence of single-marker association was assessed using the generalized disequilibrium test (GDT). Empirical estimates of gene-wide significance were obtained by permutation (via 100,000 gene-dropping simulations) of Fisher's combined test of P-values for each locus. RESULTS No single variant yielded significant experiment-wide evidence of association, for either the combined sample or in each subsample. Our gene-dropping simulations identified nominally significant gene-wide associations with multiple loci, of which NT5DC1 in the NIMH subsample and CCNC in the PIC were the strongest candidates. However, no one gene consistently exceeded empirical significance criteria in both independent samples or survived Bonferroni correction for the number of genes tested. CONCLUSIONS Using a gene-based approach to family-based association, we identified gene-wide associations with several genes, though no single locus was significantly associated with bipolar disorder in both cohorts. This suggests that chromosome 6q may harbor multiple susceptibility loci or that complex patterns of LD in this region may confound approaches based on common SNPs. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bernard Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Abstract
Motivation: Genotype imputation methods are used to enhance the resolution of genome-wide association studies, and thus increase the detection rate for genetic signals. Although most studies report all univariate summary statistics, many of them limit the access to subject-level genotypes. Because such an access is required by all genotype imputation methods, it is helpful to develop methods that impute summary statistics without going through the interim step of imputing genotypes. Even when subject-level genotypes are available, due to the substantial computational cost of the typical genotype imputation, there is a need for faster imputation methods. Results: Direct Imputation of summary STatistics (DIST) imputes the summary statistics of untyped variants without first imputing their subject-level genotypes. This is achieved by (i) using the conditional expectation formula for multivariate normal variates and (ii) using the correlation structure from a relevant reference population. When compared with genotype imputation methods, DIST (i) requires only a fraction of their computational resources, (ii) has comparable imputation accuracy for independent subjects and (iii) is readily applicable to the imputation of association statistics coming from large pedigree data. Thus, the proposed application is useful for a fast imputation of summary results for (i) studies of unrelated subjects, which (a) do not provide subject-level genotypes or (b) have a large size and (ii) family association studies. Availability and implementation: Pre-compiled executables built under commonly used operating systems are publicly available at http://code.google.com/p/dist/. Contact:dlee4@vcu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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40
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Zhao Z, Webb BT, Jia P, Bigdeli TB, Maher BS, van den Oord E, Bergen SE, Amdur RL, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Thiselton DL, Chen X, Pato CN, Riley BP, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Association study of 167 candidate genes for schizophrenia selected by a multi-domain evidence-based prioritization algorithm and neurodevelopmental hypothesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67776. [PMID: 23922650 PMCID: PMC3726675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating evidence from multiple domains is useful in prioritizing disease candidate genes for subsequent testing. We ranked all known human genes (n = 3819) under linkage peaks in the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families using three different evidence domains: 1) a meta-analysis of microarray gene expression results using the Stanley Brain collection, 2) a schizophrenia protein-protein interaction network, and 3) a systematic literature search. Each gene was assigned a domain-specific p-value and ranked after evaluating the evidence within each domain. For comparison to this ranking process, a large-scale candidate gene hypothesis was also tested by including genes with Gene Ontology terms related to neurodevelopment. Subsequently, genotypes of 3725 SNPs in 167 genes from a custom Illumina iSelect array were used to evaluate the top ranked vs. hypothesis selected genes. Seventy-three genes were both highly ranked and involved in neurodevelopment (category 1) while 42 and 52 genes were exclusive to neurodevelopment (category 2) or highly ranked (category 3), respectively. The most significant associations were observed in genes PRKG1, PRKCE, and CNTN4 but no individual SNPs were significant after correction for multiple testing. Comparison of the approaches showed an excess of significant tests using the hypothesis-driven neurodevelopment category. Random selection of similar sized genes from two independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia showed the excess was unlikely by chance. In a further meta-analysis of three GWAS datasets, four candidate SNPs reached nominal significance. Although gene ranking using integrated sources of prior information did not enrich for significant results in the current experiment, gene selection using an a priori hypothesis (neurodevelopment) was superior to random selection. As such, further development of gene ranking strategies using more carefully selected sources of information is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Peilin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - T. Bernard Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edwin van den Oord
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Bergen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Amdur
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | | | - Dawn L. Thiselton
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Brien P. Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pato MT, Sobell JL, Medeiros H, Abbott C, Skar B, Buckley PF, Bromet EJ, Escamilla MA, Fanous AH, Lehrer DS, Macciardi F, Malaspina D, McCarroll SA, Marder SR, Moran J, Morley CP, Nicolini H, Perkins DO, Purcell SM, Rapaport MH, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Knowles JA, Pato CN. The genomic psychiatry cohort: partners in discovery. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:306-12. [PMID: 23650244 PMCID: PMC3729260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) is a longitudinal resource designed to provide the necessary population-based sample for large-scale genomic studies, studies focusing on Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and/or other alternate phenotype constructs, clinical and interventional studies, nested case-control studies, long-term disease course studies, and genomic variant-to-phenotype studies. We provide and will continue to encourage access to the GPC as an international resource. DNA and other biological samples and diagnostic data are available through the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Repository. After appropriate review and approval by an advisory board, investigators are able to collaborate in, propose, and co-lead studies involving cohort participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet L. Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Colony Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Skar
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter F. Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A. Escamilla
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Steve A. McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher P. Morley
- Departments of Family Medicine, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Center for Human Genome Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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42
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Fanous AH, Zhou B, Aggen SH, Bergen SE, Amdur RL, Duan J, Sanders AR, Shi J, Mowry BJ, Olincy A, Amin F, Cloninger CR, Silverman JM, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Black DW, Freedman R, Dudbridge F, Holmans PA, Ripke S, Gejman PV, Kendler KS, Levinson DF. Genome-wide association study of clinical dimensions of schizophrenia: polygenic effect on disorganized symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:1309-17. [PMID: 23212062 PMCID: PMC3646712 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sources of evidence suggest that genetic factors influence variation in clinical features of schizophrenia. The authors present the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of dimensional symptom scores among individuals with schizophrenia. METHOD Based on the Lifetime Dimensions of Psychosis Scale ratings of 2,454 case subjects of European ancestry from the Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS) sample, three symptom factors (positive, negative/disorganized, and mood) were identified with exploratory factor analysis. Quantitative scores for each factor from a confirmatory factor analysis were analyzed for association with 696,491 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using linear regression, with correction for age, sex, clinical site, and ancestry. Polygenic score analysis was carried out to determine whether case and comparison subjects in 16 Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) schizophrenia samples (excluding MGS samples) differed in scores computed by weighting their genotypes by MGS association test results for each symptom factor. RESULTS No genome-wide significant associations were observed between SNPs and factor scores. Most of the SNPs producing the strongest evidence for association were in or near genes involved in neurodevelopment, neuroprotection, or neurotransmission, including genes playing a role in Mendelian CNS diseases, but no statistically significant effect was observed for any defined gene pathway. Finally, polygenic scores based on MGS GWAS results for the negative/disorganized factor were significantly different between case and comparison subjects in the PGC data set; for MGS subjects, negative/disorganized factor scores were correlated with polygenic scores generated using case-control GWAS results from the other PGC samples. CONCLUSIONS The polygenic signal that has been observed in cross-sample analyses of schizophrenia GWAS data sets could be in part related to genetic effects on negative and disorganized symptoms (i.e., core features of chronic schizophrenia).
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Kim AH, Parker EK, Williamson V, McMichael GO, Fanous AH, Vladimirov VI. Experimental validation of candidate schizophrenia gene ZNF804A as target for hsa-miR-137. Schizophr Res 2012; 141:60-64. [PMID: 22883350 PMCID: PMC4104606 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that mainly function as negative regulators of gene expression (Lai, 2002) and have been shown to be involved in schizophrenia etiology through genetic and expression studies (Burmistrova et al., 2007; Hansen et al., 2007a; Perkins et al., 2007; Beveridge et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2010). In a mega analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorders (BP), a polymorphism (rs1625579) located in the primary transcript of a miRNA gene, hsa-miR-137, was reported to be strongly associated with SZ. Four SZ loci (CACNA1C, TCF4, CSMD1, C10orf26) achieving genome-wide significance in the same study were predicted and later experimentally validated (Kwon et al., 2011) as hsa-miR-137 targets. Here, using in silico, cellular and luciferase based approaches we also provide evidence that another well replicated candidate schizophrenia gene, ZNF804A, is also target for hsa-miR-137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H. Kim
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Erin K. Parker
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vernell Williamson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gowon O. McMichael
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA
| | - Vladimir I. Vladimirov
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Ayalew M, Le-Niculescu H, Levey DF, Jain N, Changala B, Patel SD, Winiger E, Breier A, Shekhar A, Amdur R, Koller D, Nurnberger JI, Corvin A, Geyer M, Tsuang MT, Salomon D, Schork NJ, Fanous AH, O'Donovan MC, Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomics of schizophrenia: from comprehensive understanding to genetic risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:887-905. [PMID: 22584867 PMCID: PMC3427857 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have used a translational convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to identify and prioritize genes involved in schizophrenia, by gene-level integration of genome-wide association study data with other genetic and gene expression studies in humans and animal models. Using this polyevidence scoring and pathway analyses, we identify top genes (DISC1, TCF4, MBP, MOBP, NCAM1, NRCAM, NDUFV2, RAB18, as well as ADCYAP1, BDNF, CNR1, COMT, DRD2, DTNBP1, GAD1, GRIA1, GRIN2B, HTR2A, NRG1, RELN, SNAP-25, TNIK), brain development, myelination, cell adhesion, glutamate receptor signaling, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and cAMP-mediated signaling as key to pathophysiology and as targets for therapeutic intervention. Overall, the data are consistent with a model of disrupted connectivity in schizophrenia, resulting from the effects of neurodevelopmental environmental stress on a background of genetic vulnerability. In addition, we show how the top candidate genes identified by CFG can be used to generate a genetic risk prediction score (GRPS) to aid schizophrenia diagnostics, with predictive ability in independent cohorts. The GRPS also differentiates classic age of onset schizophrenia from early onset and late-onset disease. We also show, in three independent cohorts, two European American and one African American, increasing overlap, reproducibility and consistency of findings from single-nucleotide polymorphisms to genes, then genes prioritized by CFG, and ultimately at the level of biological pathways and mechanisms. Finally, we compared our top candidate genes for schizophrenia from this analysis with top candidate genes for bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders from previous CFG analyses conducted by us, as well as findings from the fields of autism and Alzheimer. Overall, our work maps the genomic and biological landscape for schizophrenia, providing leads towards a better understanding of illness, diagnostics and therapeutics. It also reveals the significant genetic overlap with other major psychiatric disorder domains, suggesting the need for improved nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayalew
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - B Changala
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Amdur
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Jia P, Wang L, Fanous AH, Pato CN, Edwards TL, Zhao Z. Network-assisted investigation of combined causal signals from genome-wide association studies in schizophrenia. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002587. [PMID: 22792057 PMCID: PMC3390381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), a wealth of association data has been accomplished for more than 200 complex diseases/traits, proposing a strong demand for data integration and interpretation. A combinatory analysis of multiple GWAS datasets, or an integrative analysis of GWAS data and other high-throughput data, has been particularly promising. In this study, we proposed an integrative analysis framework of multiple GWAS datasets by overlaying association signals onto the protein-protein interaction network, and demonstrated it using schizophrenia datasets. Building on a dense module search algorithm, we first searched for significantly enriched subnetworks for schizophrenia in each single GWAS dataset and then implemented a discovery-evaluation strategy to identify module genes with consistent association signals. We validated the module genes in an independent dataset, and also examined them through meta-analysis of the related SNPs using multiple GWAS datasets. As a result, we identified 205 module genes with a joint effect significantly associated with schizophrenia; these module genes included a number of well-studied candidate genes such as DISC1, GNA12, GNA13, GNAI1, GPR17, and GRIN2B. Further functional analysis suggested these genes are involved in neuronal related processes. Additionally, meta-analysis found that 18 SNPs in 9 module genes had Pmeta<1×10−4, including the gene HLA-DQA1 located in the MHC region on chromosome 6, which was reported in previous studies using the largest cohort of schizophrenia patients to date. These results demonstrated our bi-directional network-based strategy is efficient for identifying disease-associated genes with modest signals in GWAS datasets. This approach can be applied to any other complex diseases/traits where multiple GWAS datasets are available. The recent success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has generated a wealth of genotyping data critical to studies of genetic architectures of many complex diseases. In contrast to traditional single marker analysis, an integrative analysis of multiple genes and the assessment of their joint effects have been particularly promising, especially upon the availability of many GWAS datasets and other high-throughput datasets for numerous complex diseases. In this study, we developed an integrative analysis framework for multiple GWAS datasets and demonstrated it in schizophrenia. We first constructed a GWAS-weighted protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and then applied a dense module search algorithm to identify subnetworks with combinatory disease effects. We applied combinatorial criteria for module selection based on permutation tests to determine whether the modules are significantly different from random gene sets and whether the modules are associated with the disease in investigation. Importantly, considering there are many complex diseases with multiple GWAS datasets available, we proposed a discovery-evaluation strategy to search for modules with consistent combined effects from two or more GWAS datasets. This approach can be applied to any diseases or traits that have two or more GWAS datasets available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lily Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiolgy, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fanous AH, Middleton FA, Gentile K, Amdur RL, Maher BS, Zhao Z, Sun J, Medeiros H, Carvalho C, Ferreira SR, Macedo A, Knowles JA, Azevedo MH, Pato MT, Pato CN. Genetic overlap of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a high-density linkage survey in the Portuguese Island population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:383-91. [PMID: 22461138 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent family and genome-wide association studies strongly suggest shared genetic risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). However, linkage studies have not been used to test for statistically significant genome-wide overlap between them. Forty-seven Portuguese families with sibpairs concordant for SZ, BP, or psychosis (PSY, which includes either SZ or psychotic BP) were genotyped for over 57,000 markers using the Affymetrix 50K Xba SNP array. NPL and Kong and Cox LOD scores were calculated in Merlin for all three phenotypes. Empirical significance was determined using 1,000 gene-dropping simulations. Significance of genome-wide genetic overlap between SZ and BP was determined by the number of simulated BP scans having the same number of loci jointly linked with the real SZ scan, and vice versa. For all three phenotypes, a number of regions previously linked in this sample remained so. For BP, chromosome 1p36 achieved significance (11.54-15.71 MB, LOD = 3.51), whereas it was not even suggestively linked at lower marker densities, as did chromosome 11q14.1 (89.32-90.15 MB, NPL = 4.15). Four chromosomes had loci at which both SZ and BP had NPL ≥ 1.98, which was more than would be expected by chance (empirical P = 0.01 using simulated SZ scans; 0.07 using simulated BP scans), although they did not necessarily meet criteria for suggestive linkage individually. These results suggest that high-density marker maps may provide greater power and precision in linkage studies than lower density maps. They also further support the hypothesis that SZ and BP share at least some risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Fanous
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Bigdeli TB, Maher BS, Zhao Z, van den Oord EJCG, Thiselton DL, Sun J, Webb BT, Amdur RL, Wormley B, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Comprehensive gene-based association study of a chromosome 20 linked region implicates novel risk loci for depressive symptoms in psychotic illness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21440. [PMID: 22220189 PMCID: PMC3248394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior genomewide scans of schizophrenia support evidence of linkage to regions of chromosome 20. However, association analyses have yet to provide support for any etiologically relevant variants. METHODS We analyzed 2988 LD-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 327 genes on chromosome 20, to test for association with schizophrenia in 270 Irish high-density families (ISHDSF, N = 270 families, 1408 subjects). These SNPs were genotyped using an Illumina iSelect genotyping array which employs the Infinium assay. Given a previous report of novel linkage with chromosome 20p using latent classes of psychotic illness in this sample, association analysis was also conducted for each of five factor-derived scores based on the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (delusions, hallucinations, mania, depression, and negative symptoms). Tests of association were conducted using the PDTPHASE and QPDTPHASE packages of UNPHASED. Empirical estimates of gene-wise significance were obtained by adaptive permutation of a) the smallest observed P-value and b) the threshold-truncated product of P-values for each locus. RESULTS While no single variant was significant after LD-corrected Bonferroni-correction, our gene-dropping analyses identified loci which exceeded empirical significance criteria for both gene-based tests. Namely, R3HDML and C20orf39 are significantly associated with depressive symptoms of schizophrenia (P(emp)<2×10⁻⁵) based on the minimum P-value and truncated-product methods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using a gene-based approach to family-based association, R3HDML and C20orf39 were found to be significantly associated with clinical dimensions of schizophrenia. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of gene-based analysis and support previous evidence that chromosome 20 may harbor schizophrenia susceptibility or modifier loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Thiselton
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Amdur
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Brandon Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Brien P. Riley
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jia P, Wang L, Fanous AH, Chen X, Kendler KS, Zhao Z. A bias-reducing pathway enrichment analysis of genome-wide association data confirmed association of the MHC region with schizophrenia. J Med Genet 2011; 49:96-103. [PMID: 22187495 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the recent successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), one key challenge is to identify genetic variants that might have a significant joint effect on complex diseases but have failed to be identified individually due to weak to moderate marginal effect. One popular and effective approach is gene set based analysis, which investigates the joint effect of multiple functionally related genes (eg, pathways). However, a typical gene set analysis method is biased towards long genes, a problem that is especially severe in psychiatric diseases. METHODS A novel approach was proposed, namely generalised additive model (GAM) for GWAS (gamGWAS), for gene set enrichment analysis of GWAS data, specifically adjusting the gene length bias or the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms per gene. GAM is applied to estimate the probability of a gene to be selected as significant given its gene length, followed by weighted resampling and computation of empirical p values for the rank of pathways. We demonstrated gamGWAS in two schizophrenia GWAS datasets from the International Schizophrenia Consortium and the Genetic Association Information Network. RESULTS The gamGWAS results not only confirmed previous findings, but also highlighted several immune related pathways. Comparison with other methods indicated that gamGWAS could effectively reduce the correlation between pathway p values and its median gene length. CONCLUSION gamGWAS can effectively relieve the long gene bias and generate reliable results for GWAS data analysis. It does not require genotype data or permutation of sample labels in the original GWAS data; thus, it is computationally efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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Chen J, Lee G, Fanous AH, Zhao Z, Jia P, O'Neill A, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Chen X. Two non-synonymous markers in PTPN21, identified by genome-wide association study data-mining and replication, are associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 131:43-51. [PMID: 21752600 PMCID: PMC4117700 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We conducted data-mining analyses of genome wide association (GWA) studies of the CATIE and MGS-GAIN datasets, and found 13 markers in the two physically linked genes, PTPN21 and EML5, showing nominally significant association with schizophrenia. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis indicated that all 7 markers from PTPN21 shared high LD (r(2)>0.8), including rs2274736 and rs2401751, the two non-synonymous markers with the most significant association signals (rs2401751, P=1.10 × 10(-3) and rs2274736, P=1.21 × 10(-3)). In a meta-analysis of all 13 replication datasets with a total of 13,940 subjects, we found that the two non-synonymous markers are significantly associated with schizophrenia (rs2274736, OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97, P=5.45 × 10(-3) and rs2401751, OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97, P=5.29 × 10(-3)). One SNP (rs7147796) in EML5 is also significantly associated with the disease (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.14, P=6.43 × 10(-3)). These 3 markers remain significant after Bonferroni correction. Furthermore, haplotype conditioned analyses indicated that the association signals observed between rs2274736/rs2401751 and rs7147796 are statistically independent. Given the results that 2 non-synonymous markers in PTPN21 are associated with schizophrenia, further investigation of this locus is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390A, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390A, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390A, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Anthony O'Neill
- The Department of Psychiatry, The Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390A, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390A, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Corresponding author at: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Suite 390A, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Tel.: +1 804 828 8124; fax: +1 804 628 1035
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Levinson DF, Duan J, Oh S, Wang K, Sanders AR, Shi J, Zhang N, Mowry BJ, Olincy A, Amin F, Cloninger CR, Silverman JM, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Black DW, Kendler KS, Freedman R, Dudbridge F, Pe’er I, Hakonarson H, Bergen SE, Fanous AH, Holmans PA, Gejman PV. Copy number variants in schizophrenia: confirmation of five previous findings and new evidence for 3q29 microdeletions and VIPR2 duplications. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:302-16. [PMID: 21285140 PMCID: PMC4441324 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate previously reported associations of copy number variants (CNVs) with schizophrenia and to identify additional associations, the authors analyzed CNVs in the Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia study (MGS) and additional available data. METHOD After quality control, MGS data for 3,945 subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 3,611 screened comparison subjects were available for analysis of rare CNVs (<1% frequency). CNV detection thresholds were chosen that maximized concordance in 151 duplicate assays. Pointwise and genewise analyses were carried out, as well as analyses of previously reported regions. Selected regions were visually inspected and confirmed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In analyses of MGS data combined with other available data sets, odds ratios of 7.5 or greater were observed for previously reported deletions in chromosomes 1q21.1, 15q13.3, and 22q11.21, duplications in 16p11.2, and exon-disrupting deletions in NRXN1. The most consistently supported candidate associations across data sets included a 1.6-Mb deletion in chromosome 3q29 (21 genes, TFRC to BDH1) that was previously described in a mild-moderate mental retardation syndrome, exonic duplications in the gene for vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2), and exonic duplications in C16orf72. The case subjects had a modestly higher genome-wide number of gene-containing deletions (>100 kb and >1 Mb) but not duplications. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly confirm the association of schizophrenia with 1q21.1, 15q13.3, and 22q11.21 deletions, 16p11.2 duplications, and exonic NRXN1 deletions. These CNVs, as well as 3q29 deletions, are also associated with mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy. Additional candidate genes and regions, including VIPR2, were identified. Study of the mechanisms underlying these associations should shed light on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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