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Zhou J, Luo C, Liu H, Heffel MG, Straub RE, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Ecker JR, Weinberger DR, Han S. scMeFormer: a transformer-based deep learning model for imputing DNA methylation states in single cells enhances the detection of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.25.577200. [PMID: 38328094 PMCID: PMC10849713 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm), a crucial epigenetic mark, plays a key role in gene regulation, mammalian development, and various human diseases. Single-cell technologies enable the profiling of DNAm states at cytosines within the DNA sequence of individual cells, but they often suffer from limited coverage of CpG sites. In this study, we introduce scMeFormer, a transformer-based deep learning model designed to impute DNAm states for each CpG site in single cells. Through comprehensive evaluations, we demonstrate the superior performance of scMeFormer compared to alternative models across four single-nucleus DNAm datasets generated by distinct technologies. Remarkably, scMeFormer exhibits high-fidelity imputation, even when dealing with significantly reduced coverage, as low as 10% of the original CpG sites. Furthermore, we applied scMeFormer to a single-nucleus DNAm dataset generated from the prefrontal cortex of four schizophrenia patients and four neurotypical controls. This enabled the identification of thousands of differentially methylated regions associated with schizophrenia that would have remained undetectable without imputation and added granularity to our understanding of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia within specific cell types. Our study highlights the power of deep learning in imputing DNAm states in single cells, and we expect scMeFormer to be a valuable tool for single-cell DNAm studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Zhou
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chongyuan Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Matthew G. Heffel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph R. Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shizhong Han
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Bae T, Fasching L, Wang Y, Shin JH, Suvakov M, Jang Y, Norton S, Dias C, Mariani J, Jourdon A, Wu F, Panda A, Pattni R, Chahine Y, Yeh R, Roberts RC, Huttner A, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Straub RE, Walsh CA, Urban AE, Leckman JF, Weinberger DR, Vaccarino FM, Abyzov A. Analysis of somatic mutations in 131 human brains reveals aging-associated hypermutability. Science 2022; 377:511-517. [PMID: 35901164 PMCID: PMC9420557 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed 131 human brains (44 neurotypical, 19 with Tourette syndrome, 9 with schizophrenia, and 59 with autism) for somatic mutations after whole genome sequencing to a depth of more than 200×. Typically, brains had 20 to 60 detectable single-nucleotide mutations, but ~6% of brains harbored hundreds of somatic mutations. Hypermutability was associated with age and damaging mutations in genes implicated in cancers and, in some brains, reflected in vivo clonal expansions. Somatic duplications, likely arising during development, were found in ~5% of normal and diseased brains, reflecting background mutagenesis. Brains with autism were associated with mutations creating putative transcription factor binding motifs in enhancer-like regions in the developing brain. The top-ranked affected motifs corresponded to MEIS (myeloid ectopic viral integration site) transcription factors, suggesting a potential link between their involvement in gene regulation and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejeong Bae
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Liana Fasching
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Milovan Suvakov
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yeongjun Jang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Scott Norton
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Caroline Dias
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Feinan Wu
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Arijit Panda
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Reenal Pattni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yasmine Chahine
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Yeh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Al, 35294
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander E. Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Flora M. Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alexej Abyzov
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Trubetskoy V, Pardiñas AF, Qi T, Panagiotaropoulou G, Awasthi S, Bigdeli TB, Bryois J, Chen CY, Dennison CA, Hall LS, Lam M, Watanabe K, Frei O, Ge T, Harwood JC, Koopmans F, Magnusson S, Richards AL, Sidorenko J, Wu Y, Zeng J, Grove J, Kim M, Li Z, Voloudakis G, Zhang W, Adams M, Agartz I, Atkinson EG, Agerbo E, Al Eissa M, Albus M, Alexander M, Alizadeh BZ, Alptekin K, Als TD, Amin F, Arolt V, Arrojo M, Athanasiu L, Azevedo MH, Bacanu SA, Bass NJ, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Benyamin B, Bergen SE, Blasi G, Bobes J, Bonassi S, Braun A, Bressan RA, Bromet EJ, Bruggeman R, Buckley PF, Buckner RL, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calkins ME, Carr VJ, Castle D, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RCK, Chaumette B, Cheng W, Cheung EFC, Chong SA, Cohen D, Consoli A, Cordeiro Q, Costas J, Curtis C, Davidson M, Davis KL, de Haan L, Degenhardt F, DeLisi LE, Demontis D, Dickerson F, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Duan J, Ducci G, Dudbridge F, Eriksson JG, Fañanás L, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Forstner A, Frank J, Freimer NB, Fromer M, Frustaci A, Gadelha A, Genovese G, Gershon ES, Giannitelli M, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, González Peñas J, González-Pinto A, Gopal S, Gratten J, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Guillin O, Gülöksüz S, Gur RE, Gur RC, Gutiérrez B, Hahn E, Hakonarson H, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Harvey C, Hayward C, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Howrigan DP, Ikeda M, Iyegbe C, Joa I, Julià A, Kähler AK, Kam-Thong T, Kamatani Y, Karachanak-Yankova S, Kebir O, Keller MC, Kelly BJ, Khrunin A, Kim SW, Klovins J, Kondratiev N, Konte B, Kraft J, Kubo M, Kučinskas V, Kučinskiene ZA, Kusumawardhani A, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Landi S, Lazzeroni LC, Lee PH, Legge SE, Lehrer DS, Lencer R, Lerer B, Li M, Lieberman J, Light GA, Limborska S, Liu CM, Lönnqvist J, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Luykx JJ, Lynham A, Macek M, Mackinnon A, Magnusson PKE, Maher BS, Maier W, Malaspina D, Mallet J, Marder SR, Marsal S, Martin AR, Martorell L, Mattheisen M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McGrath JJ, Medeiros H, Meier S, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mitjans M, Molden E, Molina E, Molto MD, Mondelli V, Moreno C, Morley CP, Muntané G, Murphy KC, Myin-Germeys I, Nenadić I, Nestadt G, Nikitina-Zake L, Noto C, Nuechterlein KH, O'Brien NL, O'Neill FA, Oh SY, Olincy A, Ota VK, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Parellada M, Paunio T, Pellegrino R, Periyasamy S, Perkins DO, Pfuhlmann B, Pietiläinen O, Pimm J, Porteous D, Powell J, Quattrone D, Quested D, Radant AD, Rampino A, Rapaport MH, Rautanen A, Reichenberg A, Roe C, Roffman JL, Roth J, Rothermundt M, Rutten BPF, Saker-Delye S, Salomaa V, Sanjuan J, Santoro ML, Savitz A, Schall U, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Sharp SI, Shi J, Siever LJ, Sigurdsson E, Sim K, Skarabis N, Slominsky P, So HC, Sobell JL, Söderman E, Stain HJ, Steen NE, Steixner-Kumar AA, Stögmann E, Stone WS, Straub RE, Streit F, Strengman E, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Sugar CA, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Swerdlow NR, Szatkiewicz JP, Ta TMT, Takahashi A, Terao C, Thibaut F, Toncheva D, Tooney PA, Torretta S, Tosato S, Tura GB, Turetsky BI, Üçok A, Vaaler A, van Amelsvoort T, van Winkel R, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walter H, Waterreus A, Webb BT, Weiser M, Williams NM, Witt SH, Wormley BK, Wu JQ, Xu Z, Yolken R, Zai CC, Zhou W, Zhu F, Zimprich F, Atbaşoğlu EC, Ayub M, Benner C, Bertolino A, Black DW, Bray NJ, Breen G, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Chen WJ, Cloninger CR, Crespo-Facorro B, Donohoe G, Freedman R, Galletly C, Gandal MJ, Gennarelli M, Hougaard DM, Hwu HG, Jablensky AV, McCarroll SA, Moran JL, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Neil AL, Nordentoft M, Pato MT, Petryshen TL, Pirinen M, Pulver AE, Schulze TG, Silverman JM, Smoller JW, Stahl EA, Tsuang DW, Vilella E, Wang SH, Xu S, Adolfsson R, Arango C, Baune BT, Belangero SI, Børglum AD, Braff D, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Campion D, Cervilla JA, Cichon S, Collier DA, Corvin A, Curtis D, Forti MD, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Escott-Price V, Esko T, Fanous AH, Gareeva A, Gawlik M, Gejman PV, Gill M, Glatt SJ, Golimbet V, Hong KS, Hultman CM, Hyman SE, Iwata N, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy JL, Khusnutdinova E, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Krebs MO, Laurent-Levinson C, Lee J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, Malhotra D, McIntosh A, McQuillin A, Menezes PR, Morgan VA, Morris DW, Mowry BJ, Murray RM, Nimgaonkar V, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Paciga SA, Palotie A, Pato CN, Qin S, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rivera M, Rujescu D, Saka MC, Sanders AR, Schwab SG, Serretti A, Sham PC, Shi Y, St Clair D, Stefánsson H, Stefansson K, Tsuang MT, van Os J, Vawter MP, Weinberger DR, Werge T, Wildenauer DB, Yu X, Yue W, Holmans PA, Pocklington AJ, Roussos P, Vassos E, Verhage M, Visscher PM, Yang J, Posthuma D, Andreassen OA, Kendler KS, Owen MJ, Wray NR, Daly MJ, Huang H, Neale BM, Sullivan PF, Ripke S, Walters JTR, O'Donovan MC. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:502-508. [PMID: 35396580 PMCID: PMC9392466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 745] [Impact Index Per Article: 372.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ting Qi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte A Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lynsey S Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet C Harwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander L Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Madeline Alexander
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thomas D Als
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farooq Amin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Helena Azevedo
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silviu A Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beben Benyamin
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Julio Bobes
- Área de Psiquiatría-Universidad de Oviedo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma and San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht, General Menthal Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley V Catts
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley D Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boris Chaumette
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Cohen
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR7222, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Angèle Consoli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Costas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Charles Curtis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kenneth L Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Dimitris Dikeos
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Fiorentino
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Menachem Fromer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Frustaci
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, St Ann's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marianna Giannitelli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephanie Godard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier González Peñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, OSI Araba, University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Srihari Gopal
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Guillin
- INSERM, Rouen, France
- Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Rouen, France
- UFR Santé, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blanca Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Clinical and Education Center (MIRECC), JJ Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carol Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frans A Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Herms
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inge Joa
- Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna K Kähler
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oussama Kebir
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrey Khrunin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Agung Kusumawardhani
- Psychiatry Department, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carmel M Loughland
- Hunter New England Health and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Second Opinion Outpatient Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Mackinnon
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacques Mallet
- Asfalia Biologics, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Semel Institute for Neurosciene, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Espen Molden
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Molto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Departments of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Family Medicine, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department for Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cristiano Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niamh Louise O'Brien
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Anthony O'Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sang-Yun Oh
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christos Pantelis
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George N Papadimitriou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruno Pfuhlmann
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Digby Quested
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allen D Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Roe
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Leite Santoro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Savitz
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Mater Hospital, McAuley Centre, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Isabel Sharp
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nora Skarabis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Slominsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Söderman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen J Stain
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
- TIPS - Network for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - William S Stone
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin P Szatkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thi Minh Tam Ta
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Cochin-Tarnier, Paris, France
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Battista Tura
- Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arne Vaaler
- Division of Mental Health, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - John Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Waterreus
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brandon K Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhida Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, GGz Centraal, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clement C Zai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eşref Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University Kingston, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Donald W Black
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy G Buccola
- School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University of Sevilla, CIBERSAM IBiS, Seville, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad del Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Assen V Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele T Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann E Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy M Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Shi-Heng Wang
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Department of Psychiatry, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Banner-University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anna Gareeva
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology and Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven E Hyman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - René S Kahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Laurent-Levinson
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Dheeraj Malhotra
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paulo R Menezes
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera A Morgan
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin M Murray
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brien P Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meram C Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pak C Sham
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter B Wildenauer
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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4
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Page SC, Sripathy SR, Farinelli F, Ye Z, Wang Y, Hiler DJ, Pattie EA, Nguyen CV, Tippani M, Moses RL, Chen HY, Tran MN, Eagles NJ, Stolz JM, Catallini JL, Soudry OR, Dickinson D, Berman KF, Apud JA, Weinberger DR, Martinowich K, Jaffe AE, Straub RE, Maher BJ. Electrophysiological measures from human iPSC-derived neurons are associated with schizophrenia clinical status and predict individual cognitive performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2109395119. [PMID: 35017298 PMCID: PMC8784142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109395119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been used to model basic cellular aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the relationship between the emergent phenotypes and the clinical characteristics of donor individuals has been unclear. We analyzed RNA expression and indices of cellular function in hiPSC-derived neural progenitors and cortical neurons generated from 13 individuals with high polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ) and a clinical diagnosis of SCZ, along with 15 neurotypical individuals with low PRS. We identified electrophysiological measures in the patient-derived neurons that implicated altered Na+ channel function, action potential interspike interval, and gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurotransmission. Importantly, electrophysiological measures predicted cardinal clinical and cognitive features found in these SCZ patients. The identification of basic neuronal physiological properties related to core clinical characteristics of illness is a potentially critical step in generating leads for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zengyou Ye
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniel J Hiler
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | | | | | | - Huei-Ying Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Matthew Nguyen Tran
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Joshua M Stolz
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joseph L Catallini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jose A Apud
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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5
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Lam M, Chen CY, Ge T, Xia Y, Hill DW, Trampush JW, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Stahl EA, Huckins L, Liewald DC, Djurovic S, Melle I, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Hartmann AM, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Chiba-Falek O, Koltai DC, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NB, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Huang H, Liu C, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Identifying nootropic drug targets via large-scale cognitive GWAS and transcriptomics. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1788-1801. [PMID: 34035472 PMCID: PMC8357785 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Broad-based cognitive deficits are an enduring and disabling symptom for many patients with severe mental illness, and these impairments are inadequately addressed by current medications. While novel drug targets for schizophrenia and depression have emerged from recent large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of these psychiatric disorders, GWAS of general cognitive ability can suggest potential targets for nootropic drug repurposing. Here, we (1) meta-analyze results from two recent cognitive GWAS to further enhance power for locus discovery; (2) employ several complementary transcriptomic methods to identify genes in these loci that are credibly associated with cognition; and (3) further annotate the resulting genes using multiple chemoinformatic databases to identify "druggable" targets. Using our meta-analytic data set (N = 373,617), we identified 241 independent cognition-associated loci (29 novel), and 76 genes were identified by 2 or more methods of gene identification. Actin and chromatin binding gene sets were identified as novel pathways that could be targeted via drug repurposing. Leveraging our transcriptomic and chemoinformatic databases, we identified 16 putative genes targeted by existing drugs potentially available for cognitive repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Biogen, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tian Ge
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Psychiatry Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - David W Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joey W Trampush
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Emma Knowles
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Olin Neuropsychic Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David C Liewald
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antony Payton
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deborah C Koltai
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, and Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna C Need
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Scult
- Weill Cornell Psychiatry at NewYork-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology/School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR, Greece
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Olin Neuropsychic Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Psychiatry Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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6
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Peterson RE, Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Bacanu SA, Gejman PV, Levinson DF, Li QS, Rujescu D, Rietschel M, Weinberger DR, Straub RE, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Mowry BJ, Ophoff RA, Andreassen OA, Esko T, Petryshen TL, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Genome-wide analyses of smoking behaviors in schizophrenia: Findings from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:215-224. [PMID: 33691233 PMCID: PMC8096167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While 17% of US adults use tobacco regularly, smoking rates among persons with schizophrenia are upwards of 60%. Research supports a shared etiological basis for smoking and schizophrenia, including findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, few studies have directly tested whether the same or distinct genetic variants also influence smoking behavior among schizophrenia cases. Using data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia (35476 cases, 46839 controls), we estimated genetic correlations between these traits and tested whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) constructed from the results of smoking behaviors GWAS were associated with schizophrenia risk or smoking behaviors among schizophrenia cases. Results indicated significant genetic correlations of schizophrenia with smoking initiation (rg = 0.159; P = 5.05 × 10-10), cigarettes-smoked-per-day (rg = 0.094; P = 0.006), and age-of-onset of smoking (rg = 0.10; P = 0.009). Comparing smoking behaviors among schizophrenia cases to the general population, we observe positive genetic correlations for smoking initiation (rg = 0.624, P = 0.002) and cigarettes-smoked-per-day (rg = 0.689, P = 0.120). Similarly, TAG-based PRS for smoking initiation and cigarettes-smoked-per-day were significantly associated with smoking initiation (P = 3.49 × 10-5) and cigarettes-smoked-per-day (P = 0.007) among schizophrenia cases. We performed the first GWAS of smoking behavior among schizophrenia cases and identified a novel association with cigarettes-smoked-per-day upstream of the TMEM106B gene on chromosome 7p21.3 (rs148253479, P = 3.18 × 10-8, n = 3520). Results provide evidence of a partially shared genetic basis for schizophrenia and smoking behaviors. Additionally, genetic risk factors for smoking behaviors were largely shared across schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia populations. Future research should address mechanisms underlying these associations to aid both schizophrenia and smoking treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseann E Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre and KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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7
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Wang Y, Bae T, Thorpe J, Sherman MA, Jones AG, Cho S, Daily K, Dou Y, Ganz J, Galor A, Lobon I, Pattni R, Rosenbluh C, Tomasi S, Tomasini L, Yang X, Zhou B, Akbarian S, Ball LL, Bizzotto S, Emery SB, Doan R, Fasching L, Jang Y, Juan D, Lizano E, Luquette LJ, Moldovan JB, Narurkar R, Oetjens MT, Rodin RE, Sekar S, Shin JH, Soriano E, Straub RE, Zhou W, Chess A, Gleeson JG, Marquès-Bonet T, Park PJ, Peters MA, Pevsner J, Walsh CA, Weinberger DR, Vaccarino FM, Moran JV, Urban AE, Kidd JM, Mills RE, Abyzov A. Comprehensive identification of somatic nucleotide variants in human brain tissue. Genome Biol 2021; 22:92. [PMID: 33781308 PMCID: PMC8006362 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-zygotic mutations incurred during DNA replication, DNA repair, and other cellular processes lead to somatic mosaicism. Somatic mosaicism is an established cause of various diseases, including cancers. However, detecting mosaic variants in DNA from non-cancerous somatic tissues poses significant challenges, particularly if the variants only are present in a small fraction of cells. RESULTS Here, the Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network conducts a coordinated, multi-institutional study to examine the ability of existing methods to detect simulated somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in DNA mixing experiments, generate multiple replicates of whole-genome sequencing data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, other brain regions, dura mater, and dural fibroblasts of a single neurotypical individual, devise strategies to discover somatic SNVs, and apply various approaches to validate somatic SNVs. These efforts lead to the identification of 43 bona fide somatic SNVs that range in variant allele fractions from ~ 0.005 to ~ 0.28. Guided by these results, we devise best practices for calling mosaic SNVs from 250× whole-genome sequencing data in the accessible portion of the human genome that achieve 90% specificity and sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrate that analysis of multiple bulk DNA samples from a single individual allows the reconstruction of early developmental cell lineage trees. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a unified set of best practices to detect somatic SNVs in non-cancerous tissues. The data and methods are freely available to the scientific community and should serve as a guide to assess the contributions of somatic SNVs to neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Taejeong Bae
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jeremy Thorpe
- Program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maxwell A Sherman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Attila G Jones
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sean Cho
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Present Address: Arcus Biosciences, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | | | - Yanmei Dou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier Ganz
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alon Galor
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Lobon
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reenal Pattni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chaggai Rosenbluh
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Simone Tomasi
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Livia Tomasini
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurel L Ball
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sara Bizzotto
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sarah B Emery
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ryan Doan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Liana Fasching
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yeongjun Jang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David Juan
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Lizano
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lovelace J Luquette
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Moldovan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rujuta Narurkar
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Matthew T Oetjens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rachel E Rodin
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Shobana Sekar
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- ICREA Academia, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Weichen Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Chess
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technologies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Marquès-Bonet
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Pevsner
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Flora M Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA
| | - John V Moran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alexander E Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Tashia and John Morgridge Faculty Scholar, Stanford Child Health Research Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Kidd
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alexej Abyzov
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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8
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Ma L, Semick SA, Chen Q, Li C, Tao R, Price AJ, Shin JH, Jia Y, Brandon NJ, Cross AJ, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE, Weinberger DR, Straub RE. Schizophrenia risk variants influence multiple classes of transcripts of sorting nexin 19 (SNX19). Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:831-843. [PMID: 30635639 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many genomic loci associated with risk for schizophrenia, but unambiguous identification of the relationship between disease-associated variants and specific genes, and in particular their effect on risk conferring transcripts, has proven difficult. To better understand the specific molecular mechanism(s) at the schizophrenia locus in 11q25, we undertook cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) mapping for this 2 megabase genomic region using postmortem human brain samples. To comprehensively assess the effects of genetic risk upon local expression, we evaluated multiple transcript features: genes, exons, and exon-exon junctions in multiple brain regions-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), hippocampus, and caudate. Genetic risk variants strongly associated with expression of SNX19 transcript features that tag multiple rare classes of SNX19 transcripts, whereas they only weakly affected expression of an exon-exon junction that tags the majority of abundant transcripts. The most prominent class of SNX19 risk-associated transcripts is predicted to be overexpressed, defined by an exon-exon splice junction between exons 8 and 10 (junc8.10) and that is predicted to encode proteins that lack the characteristic nexin C terminal domain. Risk alleles were also associated with either increased or decreased expression of multiple additional classes of transcripts. With RACE, molecular cloning, and long read sequencing, we found a number of novel SNX19 transcripts that further define the set of potential etiological transcripts. We explored epigenetic regulation of SNX19 expression and found that DNA methylation at CpG sites near the primary transcription start site and within exon 2 partially mediate the effects of risk variants on risk-associated expression. ATAC sequencing revealed that some of the most strongly risk-associated SNPs are located within a region of open chromatin, suggesting a nearby regulatory element is involved. These findings indicate a potentially complex molecular etiology, in which risk alleles for schizophrenia generate epigenetic alterations and dysregulation of multiple classes of SNX19 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephen A Semick
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yankai Jia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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9
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Burke EE, Chenoweth JG, Shin JH, Collado-Torres L, Kim SK, Micali N, Wang Y, Colantuoni C, Straub RE, Hoeppner DJ, Chen HY, Sellers A, Shibbani K, Hamersky GR, Diaz Bustamante M, Phan BN, Ulrich WS, Valencia C, Jaishankar A, Price AJ, Rajpurohit A, Semick SA, Bürli RW, Barrow JC, Hiler DJ, Page SC, Martinowich K, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Berman KF, Apud JA, Cross AJ, Brandon NJ, Weinberger DR, Maher BJ, McKay RDG, Jaffe AE. Dissecting transcriptomic signatures of neuronal differentiation and maturation using iPSCs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:462. [PMID: 31974374 PMCID: PMC6978526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a powerful model of neural differentiation and maturation. We present a hiPSC transcriptomics resource on corticogenesis from 5 iPSC donor and 13 subclonal lines across 9 time points over 5 broad conditions: self-renewal, early neuronal differentiation, neural precursor cells (NPCs), assembled rosettes, and differentiated neuronal cells. We identify widespread changes in the expression of both individual features and global patterns of transcription. We next demonstrate that co-culturing human NPCs with rodent astrocytes results in mutually synergistic maturation, and that cell type-specific expression data can be extracted using only sequencing read alignments without cell sorting. We lastly adapt a previously generated RNA deconvolution approach to single-cell expression data to estimate the relative neuronal maturity of iPSC-derived neuronal cultures and human brain tissue. Using many public datasets, we demonstrate neuronal cultures are maturationally heterogeneous but contain subsets of neurons more mature than previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Burke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Suel-Kee Kim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicola Micali
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Huei-Ying Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alana Sellers
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kamel Shibbani
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - BaDoi N Phan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Roland W Bürli
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James C Barrow
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Hiler
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jose A Apud
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Toulopoulou T, Zhang X, Cherny S, Dickinson D, Berman KF, Straub RE, Sham P, Weinberger DR. Polygenic risk score increases schizophrenia liability through cognition-relevant pathways. Brain 2019; 142:471-485. [PMID: 30535067 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficit is thought to represent, at least in part, genetic mechanisms of risk for schizophrenia, with recent evidence from statistical modelling of twin data suggesting direct causality from the former to the latter. However, earlier evidence was based on inferences from twin not molecular genetic data and it is unclear how much genetic influence 'passes through' cognition on the way to diagnosis. Thus, we included direct measurements of genetic risk (e.g. schizophrenia polygenic risk scores) in causation models to assess the extent to which cognitive deficit mediates some of the effect of polygenic risk scores on the disorder. Causal models of family data tested relationships among key variables and allowed parsing of genetic variance components. Polygenic risk scores were calculated from summary statistics from the current largest genome-wide association study of schizophrenia and were represented as a latent trait. Cognition was also modelled as a latent trait. Participants were 1313 members of 1078 families: 416 patients with schizophrenia, 290 unaffected siblings, and 607 controls. Modelling supported earlier findings that cognitive deficit has a putatively causal role in schizophrenia. In total, polygenic risk score explained 8.07% [confidence interval (CI) 5.45-10.74%] of schizophrenia risk in our sample. Of this, more than a third (2.71%, CI 2.41-3.85%) of the polygenic risk score influence was mediated through cognition paths, exceeding the direct influence of polygenic risk score on schizophrenia risk (1.43%, CI 0.46-3.08%). The remainder of the polygenic risk score influence (3.93%, CI 2.37-4.48%) reflected reciprocal causation between schizophrenia liability and cognition (e.g. mutual influences in a cyclical manner). Analysis of genetic variance components of schizophrenia liability indicated that 26.87% (CI 21.45-32.57%) was associated with cognition-related pathways not captured by polygenic risk score. The remaining variance in schizophrenia was through pathways other than cognition-related and polygenic risk score. Although our results are based on inference through statistical modelling and do not provide an absolute proof of causality, we find that cognition pathways mediate a significant part of the influence of cumulative genetic risk on schizophrenia. We estimate from our model that 33.51% (CI 27.34-43.82%) of overall genetic risk is mediated through influences on cognition, but this requires further studies and analyses as the genetics of schizophrenia becomes better characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothea Toulopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Psychology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stacey Cherny
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Pak Sham
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, The McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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11
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Lam M, Hill WD, Trampush JW, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Stahl E, Huckins L, Liewald DC, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Hartmann AM, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Pleiotropic Meta-Analysis of Cognition, Education, and Schizophrenia Differentiates Roles of Early Neurodevelopmental and Adult Synaptic Pathways. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:334-350. [PMID: 31374203 PMCID: PMC6699140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to schizophrenia is inversely correlated with general cognitive ability at both the phenotypic and the genetic level. Paradoxically, a modest but consistent positive genetic correlation has been reported between schizophrenia and educational attainment, despite the strong positive genetic correlation between cognitive ability and educational attainment. Here we leverage published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia to parse biological mechanisms underlying these results. Association analysis based on subsets (ASSET), a pleiotropic meta-analytic technique, allowed jointly associated loci to be identified and characterized. Specifically, we identified subsets of variants associated in the expected ("concordant") direction across all three phenotypes (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia, lower cognitive ability, and lower educational attainment); these were contrasted with variants that demonstrated the counterintuitive ("discordant") relationship between education and schizophrenia (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia and higher educational attainment). ASSET analysis revealed 235 independent loci associated with cognitive ability, education, and/or schizophrenia at p < 5 × 10-8. Pleiotropic analysis successfully identified more than 100 loci that were not significant in the input GWASs. Many of these have been validated by larger, more recent single-phenotype GWASs. Leveraging the joint genetic correlations of cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia, we were able to dissociate two distinct biological mechanisms-early neurodevelopmental pathways that characterize concordant allelic variation and adulthood synaptic pruning pathways-that were linked to the paradoxical positive genetic association between education and schizophrenia. Furthermore, genetic correlation analyses revealed that these mechanisms contribute not only to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia but also to the broader biological dimensions implicated in both general health outcomes and psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, 539747, Singapore; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - W David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joey W Trampush
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Norsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Norsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 1094, Blindern 0317, Norway
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 1094, Blindern 0317, Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 7807, N-5020, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Norsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 1094, Blindern 0317, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Antony Payton
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M139NT, United Kingdom
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, United Kingdom; School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Deborah K Attix
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens 115 27, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Dan E Arking
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert M Bilder
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nelson A Freimer
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97401, USA
| | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition, and Genomics Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition, and Genomics Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Norsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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12
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Chen Q, Ursini G, Romer AL, Knodt AR, Mezeivtch K, Xiao E, Pergola G, Blasi G, Straub RE, Callicott JH, Berman KF, Hariri AR, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia polygenic risk score predicts mnemonic hippocampal activity. Brain 2019; 141:1218-1228. [PMID: 29415119 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polygenic risk scores has become a practical translational approach to investigating the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia, but the link between polygenic risk scores and pathophysiological components of this disorder has been the subject of limited research. We investigated in healthy volunteers whether schizophrenia polygenic risk score predicts hippocampal activity during simple memory encoding, which has been proposed as a risk-associated intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia. We analysed the relationship between polygenic risk scores and hippocampal activity in a discovery sample of 191 unrelated healthy volunteers from the USA and in two independent replication samples of 76 and 137 healthy unrelated participants from Europe and the USA, respectively. Polygenic risk scores for each individual were calculated as the sum of the imputation probability of reference alleles weighted by the natural log of odds ratio from the recent schizophrenia genome-wide association study. We examined hippocampal activity during simple memory encoding of novel visual stimuli assessed using blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI. Polygenic risk scores were significantly associated with hippocampal activity in the discovery sample [P = 0.016, family-wise error (FWE) corrected within Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) bilateral hippocampal-parahippocampal mask] and in both replication samples (P = 0.033, FWE corrected within AAL right posterior hippocampal-parahippocampal mask in Bari sample, and P = 0.002 uncorrected in the Duke Neurogenetics Study sample). The relationship between polygenic risk scores and hippocampal activity was consistently negative, i.e. lower hippocampal activity in individuals with higher polygenic risk scores, consistent with previous studies reporting decreased hippocampal-parahippocampal activity during declarative memory tasks in patients with schizophrenia and in their healthy siblings. Polygenic risk scores accounted for more than 8% of variance in hippocampal activity during memory encoding in discovery sample. We conclude that polygenic risk scores derived from the most recent schizophrenia genome-wide association study predict significant variability in hippocampal activity during memory encoding in healthy participants. Our findings validate mnemonic hippocampal activity as a genetic risk associated intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia, indicating that the aggregate neurobiological effect of schizophrenia risk alleles converges on this pattern of neural activity.awy004media15749593779001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrienne L Romer
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neurosicence, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neurosicence, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karleigh Mezeivtch
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA
| | - Ena Xiao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA
| | - Joseph H Callicott
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neurosicence, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 855 North Wolfe Street, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Collado-Torres L, Burke EE, Peterson A, Shin J, Straub RE, Rajpurohit A, Semick SA, Ulrich WS, Price AJ, Valencia C, Tao R, Deep-Soboslay A, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR, Jaffe AE. Regional Heterogeneity in Gene Expression, Regulation, and Coherence in the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus across Development and Schizophrenia. Neuron 2019; 103:203-216.e8. [PMID: 31174959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus formation, although prominently implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis, has been overlooked in large-scale genomics efforts in the schizophrenic brain. We performed RNA-seq in hippocampi and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFCs) from 551 individuals (286 with schizophrenia). We identified substantial regional differences in gene expression and found widespread developmental differences that were independent of cellular composition. We identified 48 and 245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with schizophrenia within the hippocampus and DLPFC, with little overlap between the brain regions. 124 of 163 (76.6%) of schizophrenia GWAS risk loci contained eQTLs in any region. Transcriptome-wide association studies in each region identified many novel schizophrenia risk features that were brain region-specific. Last, we identified potential molecular correlates of in vivo evidence of altered prefrontal-hippocampal functional coherence in schizophrenia. These results underscore the complexity and regional heterogeneity of the transcriptional correlates of schizophrenia and offer new insights into potentially causative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily E Burke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amy Peterson
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - JooHeon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anandita Rajpurohit
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen A Semick
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - William S Ulrich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cristian Valencia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Davies G, Lam M, Harris SE, Trampush JW, Luciano M, Hill WD, Hagenaars SP, Ritchie SJ, Marioni RE, Fawns-Ritchie C, Liewald DCM, Okely JA, Ahola-Olli AV, Barnes CLK, Bertram L, Bis JC, Burdick KE, Christoforou A, DeRosse P, Djurovic S, Espeseth T, Giakoumaki S, Giddaluru S, Gustavson DE, Hayward C, Hofer E, Ikram MA, Karlsson R, Knowles E, Lahti J, Leber M, Li S, Mather KA, Melle I, Morris D, Oldmeadow C, Palviainen T, Payton A, Pazoki R, Petrovic K, Reynolds CA, Sargurupremraj M, Scholz M, Smith JA, Smith AV, Terzikhan N, Thalamuthu A, Trompet S, van der Lee SJ, Ware EB, Windham BG, Wright MJ, Yang J, Yu J, Ames D, Amin N, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Armstrong NJ, Assareh AA, Attia JR, Attix D, Avramopoulos D, Bennett DA, Böhmer AC, Boyle PA, Brodaty H, Campbell H, Cannon TD, Cirulli ET, Congdon E, Conley ED, Corley J, Cox SR, Dale AM, Dehghan A, Dick D, Dickinson D, Eriksson JG, Evangelou E, Faul JD, Ford I, Freimer NA, Gao H, Giegling I, Gillespie NA, Gordon SD, Gottesman RF, Griswold ME, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Hartmann AM, Hatzimanolis A, Heiss G, Holliday EG, Joshi PK, Kähönen M, Kardia SLR, Karlsson I, Kleineidam L, Knopman DS, Kochan NA, Konte B, Kwok JB, Le Hellard S, Lee T, Lehtimäki T, Li SC, Lill CM, Liu T, Koini M, London E, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Loukola A, Luck T, Lundervold AJ, Lundquist A, Lyytikäinen LP, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Murray AD, Need AC, Noordam R, Nyberg L, Ollier W, Papenberg G, Pattie A, Polasek O, Poldrack RA, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Riedel-Heller SG, Rose RJ, Rotter JI, Roussos P, Rovio SP, Saba Y, Sabb FW, Sachdev PS, Satizabal CL, Schmid M, Scott RJ, Scult MA, Simino J, Slagboom PE, Smyrnis N, Soumaré A, Stefanis NC, Stott DJ, Straub RE, Sundet K, Taylor AM, Taylor KD, Tzoulaki I, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden A, Vitart V, Voineskos AN, Kaprio J, Wagner M, Wagner H, Weinhold L, Wen KH, Widen E, Yang Q, Zhao W, Adams HHH, Arking DE, Bilder RM, Bitsios P, Boerwinkle E, Chiba-Falek O, Corvin A, De Jager PL, Debette S, Donohoe G, Elliott P, Fitzpatrick AL, Gill M, Glahn DC, Hägg S, Hansell NK, Hariri AR, Ikram MK, Jukema JW, Vuoksimaa E, Keller MC, Kremen WS, Launer L, Lindenberger U, Palotie A, Pedersen NL, Pendleton N, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Raitakari OT, Ramirez A, Reinvang I, Rudan I, Dan Rujescu, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Schofield PW, Schofield PR, Starr JM, Steen VM, Trollor JN, Turner ST, Van Duijn CM, Villringer A, Weinberger DR, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Malhotra A, McIntosh AM, Gale CR, Seshadri S, Mosley TH, Bressler J, Lencz T, Deary IJ. Author Correction: Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2068. [PMID: 31043617 PMCID: PMC6494826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Christina M. Lill, who contributed to analysis of data, was inadvertently omitted from the author list in the originally published version of this article. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Davies
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Max Lam
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, 539747 Singapore
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Joey W. Trampush
- BrainWorkup, LLC, Los Angeles, 90033 CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033 CA USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - W. David Hill
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Saskia P. Hagenaars
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Stuart J. Ritchie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Chloe Fawns-Ritchie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - David C. M. Liewald
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Judith A. Okely
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Ari V. Ahola-Olli
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520 Finland ,grid.415303.0Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, 28100 Finland
| | - Catriona L. K. Barnes
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland
| | - Lars Bertram
- 0000 0000 9071 0620grid.419538.2Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101 Washington USA
| | - Katherine E. Burdick
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fMental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, 10468 NY USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA USA
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020 Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- 0000 0004 0469 9592grid.414752.1Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, 539747 Singapore ,0000 0000 9566 0634grid.250903.dCenter for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030 NY USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, 0424 Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373 Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0315 Norway
| | - Stella Giakoumaki
- 0000 0004 0576 3437grid.8127.cDepartment of Psychology, University of Crete, Crete, GR-74100 Greece
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020 Norway
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria ,0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Medical Informatics Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, xxxxxx The Netherlands
| | - Robert Karlsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77 Sweden
| | - Emma Knowles
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06511 CT USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland ,0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Markus Leber
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50937 Germany
| | - Shuo Li
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118 MA USA
| | - Karen A. Mather
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia
| | - Ingrid Melle
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373 Norway
| | - Derek Morris
- 0000 0004 0488 0789grid.6142.1Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33 Ireland
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cMedical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wa0les, 2308 Australia
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Antony Payton
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8Centre for EpidemiologyDivision of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Raha Pazoki
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Katja Petrovic
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- 0000 0001 2222 1582grid.266097.cDepartment of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521 CA USA
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- 0000 0001 2106 639Xgrid.412041.2University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Markus Scholz
- 0000 0001 2230 9752grid.9647.cInstitute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107 Germany ,0000 0001 2230 9752grid.9647.cLIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107 Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,0000000086837370grid.214458.eSurvey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA
| | - Albert V. Smith
- 0000 0000 9458 5898grid.420802.cIcelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, IS-201 Iceland ,0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101 Iceland
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia
| | - Stella Trompet
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dSection of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 The Netherlands
| | - Sven J. van der Lee
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands
| | - Erin B. Ware
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eSurvey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA
| | - B. Gwen Windham
- 0000 0004 1937 0407grid.410721.1Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216 MS USA
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia ,0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Jingyun Yang
- 0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cRush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612 IL USA ,0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cDepartment of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612 IL USA
| | - Jin Yu
- 0000 0000 9566 0634grid.250903.dCenter for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030 NY USA
| | - David Ames
- 0000 0004 0624 1200grid.416153.4National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia ,0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, St George’s Hospital, Kew, 3010 Australia
| | - Najaf Amin
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- 0000 0001 2159 9858grid.8970.6Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-LabEx DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372 Norway
| | - Nicola J. Armstrong
- 0000 0004 0436 6763grid.1025.6Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
| | - Amelia A. Assareh
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia
| | - John R. Attia
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cHunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305 Australia
| | - Deborah Attix
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of NeurologyBryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708 NC USA ,0000000100241216grid.189509.cPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, and Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708 NC USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD Baltimore, 21287 USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD Baltimore, 21287 USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- 0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cRush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612 IL USA ,0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cDepartment of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612 IL USA
| | - Anne C. Böhmer
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113 Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113 Germany
| | - Patricia A. Boyle
- 0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cRush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612 IL USA ,0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cDepartments of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612 IL USA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 NSW Australia
| | - Harry Campbell
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520 CT USA
| | | | - Eliza Congdon
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024 CA USA
| | | | - Janie Corley
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Simon R. Cox
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Anders M. Dale
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093 CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093 CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093 CA USA
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Danielle Dick
- 0000 0004 0458 8737grid.224260.0Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284 VA USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- 0000 0001 1013 0499grid.14758.3fNational Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland ,0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290 Finland ,0000 0000 9950 5666grid.15485.3dHelsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, FI-00029 Finland ,0000 0004 0409 6302grid.428673.cFolkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, 2018 Finland
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK ,0000 0001 1013 0499grid.14758.3fNational Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eSurvey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA
| | - Ian Ford
- 0000 0001 2193 314Xgrid.8756.cRobertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ United Kingdom
| | - Nelson A. Freimer
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024 CA USA
| | - He Gao
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Ina Giegling
- 0000 0001 0679 2801grid.9018.0Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108 Germany
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- 0000 0004 0458 8737grid.224260.0Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23298 VA USA
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 MD USA
| | - Michael E. Griswold
- 0000 0004 1937 0407grid.410721.1Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216 MS USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 0000 0000 9458 5898grid.420802.cIcelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, IS-201 Iceland ,0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101 Iceland
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dIntramural Research Program National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Annette M. Hartmann
- 0000 0001 0679 2801grid.9018.0Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108 Germany
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- 0000 0001 2155 0800grid.5216.0Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, 11528 Greece ,grid.1088.1University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GR-156 01 Greece ,Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, 11521 Greece
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- 0000000122483208grid.10698.36Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cHunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305 Australia
| | - Peter K. Joshi
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- 0000 0004 0628 2985grid.412330.7Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, FI-33014 Finland ,0000 0001 2314 6254grid.502801.eFaculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33521 Finland ,0000 0001 2314 6254grid.502801.eDepartment of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014 Finland
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ida Karlsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77 Sweden
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychiatry Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923 Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany ,0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, 53127 Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - David S. Knopman
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN USA
| | - Nicole A. Kochan
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,grid.415193.bNeuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031 Australia
| | - Bettina Konte
- 0000 0001 0679 2801grid.9018.0Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108 Germany
| | - John B. Kwok
- 0000 0004 1936 834Xgrid.1013.3Brain and Mind Centre—The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020 Norway
| | - Teresa Lee
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,grid.415193.bNeuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031 Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- 0000 0001 2314 6254grid.502801.eDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014 Finland ,0000 0001 2314 6254grid.502801.eDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014 Finland
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- 0000 0000 9859 7917grid.419526.dMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195 Germany ,0000 0001 2111 7257grid.4488.0Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187 Germany
| | - Christina M. Lill
- 0000 0001 0057 2672grid.4562.5Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tian Liu
- 0000 0000 9071 0620grid.419538.2Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195 Germany ,0000 0000 9859 7917grid.419526.dMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Marisa Koini
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
| | - Edythe London
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024 CA USA
| | - Will T. Longstreth
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-6465 WA USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 WA USA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Tobias Luck
- 0000 0001 2230 9752grid.9647.cLIFE—Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107 Germany ,0000 0001 2230 9752grid.9647.cInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103 Germany
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bDepartment of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK. G. Jebsen Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5009 Norway
| | - Anders Lundquist
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87 Sweden ,0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Statistics, USBE Umeå University, S-907 97 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- 0000 0001 2314 6254grid.502801.eDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014 Finland ,0000 0001 2314 6254grid.502801.eDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center—Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014 Finland
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029 Australia ,0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Alison D. Murray
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7291grid.7107.1The Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Anna C. Need
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Raymond Noordam
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dSection of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 The Netherlands
| | - Lars Nyberg
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87 Sweden ,0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87 Sweden ,0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - William Ollier
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Goran Papenberg
- 0000 0000 9859 7917grid.419526.dMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195 Germany ,0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Karolinska Institutet, Aging Research Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-113 30 Sweden
| | - Alison Pattie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Gen-Info LLC, Zagreb, 10000 Croatia ,0000 0004 0644 1675grid.38603.3eFaculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000 Croatia
| | - Russell A. Poldrack
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 94305-2130 CA USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101 Washington USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Deparment of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-7660 WA USA ,0000 0004 0615 7519grid.488833.cKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, 98101 WA USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- 0000 0001 2230 9752grid.9647.cInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103 Germany
| | - Richard J. Rose
- 0000 0001 0790 959Xgrid.411377.7Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007 USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- 0000 0001 0157 6501grid.239844.0Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502 USA ,0000 0001 0157 6501grid.239844.0Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90509 CA USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fMental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, 10468 NY USA
| | - Suvi P. Rovio
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520 Finland
| | - Yasaman Saba
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
| | - Fred W. Sabb
- 0000 0004 1936 8008grid.170202.6Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403 OR USA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,grid.415193.bNeuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031 Australia
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- 0000 0004 0367 5222grid.475010.7Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118 MA USA ,0000 0001 2293 4638grid.279885.9The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, 01702-5827 MA USA
| | - Matthias Schmid
- 0000 0000 8852 305Xgrid.411097.aDepartment of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital, Bonn, D-53012 Germany
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cHunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305 Australia
| | - Matthew A. Scult
- 0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dLaboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, 27708-0086 NC USA
| | - Jeannette Simino
- 0000 0004 1937 0407grid.410721.1Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216 MS USA
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 0000 0001 2155 0800grid.5216.0Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, 11528 Greece ,grid.1088.1University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GR-156 01 Greece
| | - Aïcha Soumaré
- 0000 0001 2106 639Xgrid.412041.2University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nikos C. Stefanis
- 0000 0001 2155 0800grid.5216.0Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, 11528 Greece ,grid.1088.1University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GR-156 01 Greece ,Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, 11521 Greece
| | - David J. Stott
- 0000 0001 2193 314Xgrid.8756.cInstitute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ United Kingdom
| | - Richard E. Straub
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, 21205 MD USA
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373 Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0315 Norway
| | - Adele M. Taylor
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- 0000 0001 0157 6501grid.239844.0Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502 USA ,0000 0001 0157 6501grid.239844.0Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90509 CA USA
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK ,0000 0001 2108 7481grid.9594.1Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- 0000 0001 2106 639Xgrid.412041.2University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France ,0000 0004 0593 7118grid.42399.35Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076 France
| | - André Uitterlinden
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Aristotle N. Voineskos
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 1L8 Canada
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland ,0000 0001 1013 0499grid.14758.3fNational Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland ,0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Michael Wagner
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, 53127 Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - Holger Wagner
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - Leonie Weinhold
- 0000 0000 8852 305Xgrid.411097.aDepartment of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital, Bonn, D-53012 Germany
| | - K. Hoyan Wen
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Qiong Yang
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118 MA USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hieab H. H. Adams
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands
| | - Dan E. Arking
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD Baltimore, 21287 USA
| | - Robert M. Bilder
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024 CA USA
| | - Panos Bitsios
- 0000 0004 0576 3437grid.8127.cDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003 Greece
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- 0000 0000 9206 2401grid.267308.8Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030 TX USA ,0000 0001 2160 926Xgrid.39382.33Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030-3411 TX USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of NeurologyBryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708 NC USA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cNeuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, DO2 AY89 Ireland
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- 0000 0001 2285 2675grid.239585.0Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032 NY USA ,grid.66859.34Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142 MA USA
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- 0000 0001 2106 639Xgrid.412041.2University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France ,0000 0004 0593 7118grid.42399.35Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33000 France
| | - Gary Donohoe
- 0000 0004 0488 0789grid.6142.1Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33 Ireland
| | - Paul Elliott
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Annette L. Fitzpatrick
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 WA USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, 98104 WA USA
| | - Michael Gill
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cNeuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, DO2 AY89 Ireland
| | - David C. Glahn
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06511 CT USA
| | - Sara Hägg
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77 Sweden
| | - Narelle K. Hansell
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- 0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dLaboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, 27708-0086 NC USA
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, xxxxxx The Netherlands
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland ,0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- 0000000096214564grid.266190.aInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309 CO USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA USA
| | - Lenore Launer
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dIntramural Research Program National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- 0000 0000 9859 7917grid.419526.dMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Aarno Palotie
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland ,0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK ,0000 0000 9950 5666grid.15485.3dDepartment of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77 Sweden
| | - Neil Pendleton
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester Medical School, Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Porteous
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520 Finland ,0000 0004 0628 215Xgrid.410552.7Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520 Finland
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50937 Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113 Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0315 Norway
| | - Igor Rudan
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- 0000 0001 0679 2801grid.9018.0Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108 Germany
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
| | - Peter W. Schofield
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308 Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - John M. Starr
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020 Norway
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Steven T. Turner
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Cornelia M. Van Duijn
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 The Netherlands
| | - Arno Villringer
- 0000 0001 0041 5028grid.419524.fMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103 Germany ,0000 0000 8517 9062grid.411339.dDay Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103 Germany
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, 21205 MD USA
| | - David R. Weir
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eSurvey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA
| | - James F. Wilson
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Anil Malhotra
- 0000 0000 9566 0634grid.250903.dCenter for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030 NY USA ,grid.440243.5Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, 11004 NY USA ,0000 0001 2284 9943grid.257060.6Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, 11549 NY USA
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Catharine R. Gale
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK ,0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- 0000 0004 1936 8008grid.170202.6Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403 OR USA ,0000 0004 0367 5222grid.475010.7Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118 MA USA ,0000 0001 0629 5880grid.267309.9Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, 78229 TX USA
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- 0000 0004 1937 0407grid.410721.1Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216 MS USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- 0000 0000 9206 2401grid.267308.8Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- 0000 0000 9566 0634grid.250903.dCenter for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030 NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
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Jaffe AE, Straub RE, Shin JH, Tao R, Gao Y, Collado-Torres L, Kam-Thong T, Xi HS, Quan J, Chen Q, Colantuoni C, Ulrich WS, Maher BJ, Deep-Soboslay A, Cross AJ, Brandon NJ, Leek JT, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Developmental and genetic regulation of the human cortex transcriptome illuminate schizophrenia pathogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1117-1125. [PMID: 30050107 PMCID: PMC6438700 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified 108 schizophrenia risk loci, but biological mechanisms for individual loci are largely unknown. Using developmental, genetic and illness-based RNA sequencing expression analysis in human brain, we characterized the human brain transcriptome around these loci and found enrichment for developmentally regulated genes with novel examples of shifting isoform usage across pre- and postnatal life. We found widespread expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), including many with transcript specificity and previously unannotated sequence that were independently replicated. We leveraged this general eQTL database to show that 48.1% of risk variants for schizophrenia associate with nearby expression. We lastly found 237 genes significantly differentially expressed between patients and controls, which replicated in an independent dataset, implicated synaptic processes, and were strongly regulated in early development. These findings together offer genetics- and diagnosis-related targets for better modeling of schizophrenia risk. This resource is publicly available at http://eqtl.brainseq.org/phase1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hualin S Xi
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jie Quan
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William S Ulrich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T Leek
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Lam M, Trampush JW, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2597-2613. [PMID: 29186694 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a large (n = 107,207) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of general cognitive ability ("g"), further enhanced by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with general cognitive ability. Results showed significant enrichment for genes causing Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis implicated the biological processes of neurogenesis and synaptic regulation, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker, and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide and epigenome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated loci were enriched for genes expressed across all brain regions (most strongly in the cerebellum). Enrichment was exclusive to genes expressed in neurons but not oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Finally, we report genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes including psychiatric disorders, several autoimmune disorders, longevity, and maternal age at first birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jin Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deborah K Attix
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nelson A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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17
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Savage JE, Jansen PR, Stringer S, Watanabe K, Bryois J, de Leeuw CA, Nagel M, Awasthi S, Barr PB, Coleman JRI, Grasby KL, Hammerschlag AR, Kaminski JA, Karlsson R, Krapohl E, Lam M, Nygaard M, Reynolds CA, Trampush JW, Young H, Zabaneh D, Hägg S, Hansell NK, Karlsson IK, Linnarsson S, Montgomery GW, Muñoz-Manchado AB, Quinlan EB, Schumann G, Skene NG, Webb BT, White T, Arking DE, Avramopoulos D, Bilder RM, Bitsios P, Burdick KE, Cannon TD, Chiba-Falek O, Christoforou A, Cirulli ET, Congdon E, Corvin A, Davies G, Deary IJ, DeRosse P, Dickinson D, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Conley ED, Eriksson JG, Espeseth T, Freimer NA, Giakoumaki S, Giegling I, Gill M, Glahn DC, Hariri AR, Hatzimanolis A, Keller MC, Knowles E, Koltai D, Konte B, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Lencz T, Liewald DC, London E, Lundervold AJ, Malhotra AK, Melle I, Morris D, Need AC, Ollier W, Palotie A, Payton A, Pendleton N, Poldrack RA, Räikkönen K, Reinvang I, Roussos P, Rujescu D, Sabb FW, Scult MA, Smeland OB, Smyrnis N, Starr JM, Steen VM, Stefanis NC, Straub RE, Sundet K, Tiemeier H, Voineskos AN, Weinberger DR, Widen E, Yu J, Abecasis G, Andreassen OA, Breen G, Christiansen L, Debrabant B, Dick DM, Heinz A, Hjerling-Leffler J, Ikram MA, Kendler KS, Martin NG, Medland SE, Pedersen NL, Plomin R, Polderman TJC, Ripke S, van der Sluis S, Sullivan PF, Vrieze SI, Wright MJ, Posthuma D. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence. Nat Genet 2018; 50:912-919. [PMID: 29942086 PMCID: PMC6411041 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intelligence is highly heritable1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being2. Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to variation in intelligence3-7, but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present a large-scale genetic association study of intelligence (n = 269,867), identifying 205 associated genomic loci (190 new) and 1,016 genes (939 new) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and associations with 146 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain, specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene set analyses implicate pathways related to nervous system development and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with multiple health-related outcomes, and Mendelian randomization analysis results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimer's disease and ADHD and bidirectional causation with pleiotropic effects for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of cognitive function as well as genetically related neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E Savage
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip R Jansen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mats Nagel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Complex Trait Genetics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter B Barr
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Katrina L Grasby
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob A Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Krapohl
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Twin Registry and the Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joey W Trampush
- BrainWorkup, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Delilah Zabaneh
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ida K Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ana B Muñoz-Manchado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erin B Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, MRC-SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, MRC-SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan G Skene
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition, and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nelson A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deborah Koltai
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology and Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition, and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research, and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology/School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Matthew A Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jin Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lene Christiansen
- The Danish Twin Registry and the Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgit Debrabant
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tinca J C Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sophie van der Sluis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Complex Trait Genetics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott I Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Complex Trait Genetics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ni G, Moser G, Wray NR, Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier DA, Huang H, Pers TH, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu SA, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Bergen SE, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli TB, Black DW, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Buckner RL, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor RM, Carr VJ, Carrera N, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RC, Chen RY, Chen EY, Cheng W, Cheung EF, Chong SA, Cloninger CR, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley JJ, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis KL, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous AH, Farrell MS, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Friedman JI, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere ML, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hirschhorn JN, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Ikeda M, Joa I, Juliá A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles JA, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene ZA, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler AK, Laurent C, Keong JLC, Legge SE, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Lönnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson PK, Maher BS, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsda M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Meier S, Meijer CJ, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris DW, Mors O, Murphy KC, Murray RM, Myin-Germeys I, Müller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Nicodemus KK, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill FA, Oh SY, Olinc A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Papio S, Parkhomenko E, Pato MT, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins DO, Pietiläinenl O, Pimm J, Pocklington AJ, Powell J, Price A, Pulver AE, Purcell SM, Quested D, Rasmussen HB, Reichenberg A, Reimers MA, Richards AL, Roffman JL, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Schall U, Schubert CR, Schulze TG, Schwab SG, Scolnick EM, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman JM, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller JW, So HC, Spencer CC, Stah EA, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub RE, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Szatkiewicz JP, Söderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb BT, Weiser M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Williams S, Witt SH, Wolen AR, Wong EH, Wormley BK, Xi HS, Zai CC, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Stefansson K, Visscher PM, Adolfsson R, Andreassen OA, Blackwood DH, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Børglum AD, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman PV, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman CM, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jönsson EG, Kendler KS, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, McCarrol SA, McQuillin A, Moran JL, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Pato CN, Petryshen TL, Posthuma D, Rietsche M, Riley BP, Rujescu D, Sham PC, Sklar P, St Clair D, Weinberger DR, Wendland JR, Werge T, Daly MJ, Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1185-1194. [PMID: 29754766 PMCID: PMC5993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlation is a key population parameter that describes the shared genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. It can be estimated by current state-of-art methods, i.e., linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood (GREML). The massively reduced computing burden of LDSC compared to GREML makes it an attractive tool, although the accuracy (i.e., magnitude of standard errors) of LDSC estimates has not been thoroughly studied. In simulation, we show that the accuracy of GREML is generally higher than that of LDSC. When there is genetic heterogeneity between the actual sample and reference data from which LD scores are estimated, the accuracy of LDSC decreases further. In real data analyses estimating the genetic correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and body mass index, we show that GREML estimates based on ∼150,000 individuals give a higher accuracy than LDSC estimates based on ∼400,000 individuals (from combined meta-data). A GREML genomic partitioning analysis reveals that the genetic correlation between SCZ and height is significantly negative for regulatory regions, which whole genome or LDSC approach has less power to detect. We conclude that LDSC estimates should be carefully interpreted as there can be uncertainty about homogeneity among combined meta-datasets. We suggest that any interesting findings from massive LDSC analysis for a large number of complex traits should be followed up, where possible, with more detailed analyses with GREML methods, even if sample sizes are lesser.
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19
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Davies G, Lam M, Harris SE, Trampush JW, Luciano M, Hill WD, Hagenaars SP, Ritchie SJ, Marioni RE, Fawns-Ritchie C, Liewald DCM, Okely JA, Ahola-Olli AV, Barnes CLK, Bertram L, Bis JC, Burdick KE, Christoforou A, DeRosse P, Djurovic S, Espeseth T, Giakoumaki S, Giddaluru S, Gustavson DE, Hayward C, Hofer E, Ikram MA, Karlsson R, Knowles E, Lahti J, Leber M, Li S, Mather KA, Melle I, Morris D, Oldmeadow C, Palviainen T, Payton A, Pazoki R, Petrovic K, Reynolds CA, Sargurupremraj M, Scholz M, Smith JA, Smith AV, Terzikhan N, Thalamuthu A, Trompet S, van der Lee SJ, Ware EB, Windham BG, Wright MJ, Yang J, Yu J, Ames D, Amin N, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Armstrong NJ, Assareh AA, Attia JR, Attix D, Avramopoulos D, Bennett DA, Böhmer AC, Boyle PA, Brodaty H, Campbell H, Cannon TD, Cirulli ET, Congdon E, Conley ED, Corley J, Cox SR, Dale AM, Dehghan A, Dick D, Dickinson D, Eriksson JG, Evangelou E, Faul JD, Ford I, Freimer NA, Gao H, Giegling I, Gillespie NA, Gordon SD, Gottesman RF, Griswold ME, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Hartmann AM, Hatzimanolis A, Heiss G, Holliday EG, Joshi PK, Kähönen M, Kardia SLR, Karlsson I, Kleineidam L, Knopman DS, Kochan NA, Konte B, Kwok JB, Le Hellard S, Lee T, Lehtimäki T, Li SC, Lill CM, Liu T, Koini M, London E, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Loukola A, Luck T, Lundervold AJ, Lundquist A, Lyytikäinen LP, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Murray AD, Need AC, Noordam R, Nyberg L, Ollier W, Papenberg G, Pattie A, Polasek O, Poldrack RA, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Riedel-Heller SG, Rose RJ, Rotter JI, Roussos P, Rovio SP, Saba Y, Sabb FW, Sachdev PS, Satizabal CL, Schmid M, Scott RJ, Scult MA, Simino J, Slagboom PE, Smyrnis N, Soumaré A, Stefanis NC, Stott DJ, Straub RE, Sundet K, Taylor AM, Taylor KD, Tzoulaki I, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden A, Vitart V, Voineskos AN, Kaprio J, Wagner M, Wagner H, Weinhold L, Wen KH, Widen E, Yang Q, Zhao W, Adams HHH, Arking DE, Bilder RM, Bitsios P, Boerwinkle E, Chiba-Falek O, Corvin A, De Jager PL, Debette S, Donohoe G, Elliott P, Fitzpatrick AL, Gill M, Glahn DC, Hägg S, Hansell NK, Hariri AR, Ikram MK, Jukema JW, Vuoksimaa E, Keller MC, Kremen WS, Launer L, Lindenberger U, Palotie A, Pedersen NL, Pendleton N, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Raitakari OT, Ramirez A, Reinvang I, Rudan I, Dan Rujescu, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Schofield PW, Schofield PR, Starr JM, Steen VM, Trollor JN, Turner ST, Van Duijn CM, Villringer A, Weinberger DR, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Malhotra A, McIntosh AM, Gale CR, Seshadri S, Mosley TH, Bressler J, Lencz T, Deary IJ. Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2098. [PMID: 29844566 PMCID: PMC5974083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
General cognitive function is a prominent and relatively stable human trait that is associated with many important life outcomes. We combine cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N = 300,486; age 16-102) and find 148 genome-wide significant independent loci (P < 5 × 10-8) associated with general cognitive function. Within the novel genetic loci are variants associated with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, and brain structure. Gene-based analyses find 709 genes associated with general cognitive function. Expression levels across the cortex are associated with general cognitive function. Using polygenic scores, up to 4.3% of variance in general cognitive function is predicted in independent samples. We detect significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function, reaction time, and many health variables including eyesight, hypertension, and longevity. In conclusion we identify novel genetic loci and pathways contributing to the heritability of general cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Joey W Trampush
- BrainWorkup, LLC, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - W David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Stuart J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Chloe Fawns-Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Judith A Okely
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ari V Ahola-Olli
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, 28100, Finland
| | - Catriona L K Barnes
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Lars Bertram
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, 10468, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030, NY, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, 0424, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | - Stella Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Crete, GR-74100, Greece
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
- Institute of Medical Informatics Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, xxxxxx, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wa0les, 2308, Australia
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for EpidemiologyDivision of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Raha Pazoki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Katja Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, IS-201, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
| | - Stella Trompet
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Erin B Ware
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - B Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030, NY, USA
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, St George's Hospital, Kew, 3010, Australia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-LabEx DISTALZ, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | | | - Amelia A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Deborah Attix
- Department of NeurologyBryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, and Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, 21287, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA
| | - Anne C Böhmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA
- Departments of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, NSW, Australia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA
| | | | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024, CA, USA
| | | | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, VA, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, 2018, Finland
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024, CA, USA
| | - He Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23298, VA, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Michael E Griswold
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, IS-201, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, 11528, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GR-156 01, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ida Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- Department of Psychiatry Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, 53127, Germany
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031, Australia
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - John B Kwok
- Brain and Mind Centre-The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Teresa Lee
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tian Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Marisa Koini
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024, CA, USA
| | - Will T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-6465, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tobias Luck
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Neuropsychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5009, Norway
| | - Anders Lundquist
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
- Department of Statistics, USBE Umeå University, S-907 97, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alison D Murray
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Karolinska Institutet, Aging Research Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Gen-Info LLC, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia
| | - Russell A Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 94305-2130, CA, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA
- Deparment of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-7660, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7007, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90509, CA, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, 10468, NY, USA
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403, OR, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031, Australia
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, 01702-5827, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital, Bonn, D-53012, Germany
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Matthew A Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, 27708-0086, NC, USA
| | - Jeannette Simino
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, 11528, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GR-156 01, Greece
| | - Aïcha Soumaré
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, 11528, Greece
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GR-156 01, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | - Adele M Taylor
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90509, CA, USA
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - André Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 1L8, Canada
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Michael Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, 53127, Germany
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Holger Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Leonie Weinhold
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital, Bonn, D-53012, Germany
| | - K Hoyan Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, Baltimore, 21287, USA
| | - Robert M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, 90024, CA, USA
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030-3411, TX, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of NeurologyBryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, DO2 AY89, Ireland
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, 98104, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, DO2 AY89, Ireland
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, 27708-0086, NC, USA
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, xxxxxx, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Lenore Launer
- Intramural Research Program National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester Medical School, Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50937, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Peter W Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Steven T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Cornelia M Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Anil Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, 11004, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, 11549, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, 78229, TX, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, 11030, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Trampush JW, Yang MLZ, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Horan M, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. GWAS meta-analysis reveals novel loci and genetic correlates for general cognitive function: a report from the COGENT consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1651-1652. [PMID: 29068436 PMCID: PMC5659072 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.244.
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21
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McConnell MJ, Moran JV, Abyzov A, Akbarian S, Bae T, Cortes-Ciriano I, Erwin JA, Fasching L, Flasch DA, Freed D, Ganz J, Jaffe AE, Kwan KY, Kwon M, Lodato MA, Mills RE, Paquola ACM, Rodin RE, Rosenbluh C, Sestan N, Sherman MA, Shin JH, Song S, Straub RE, Thorpe J, Weinberger DR, Urban AE, Zhou B, Gage FH, Lehner T, Senthil G, Walsh CA, Chess A, Courchesne E, Gleeson JG, Kidd JM, Park PJ, Pevsner J, Vaccarino FM. Intersection of diverse neuronal genomes and neuropsychiatric disease: The Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network. Science 2017; 356:356/6336/eaal1641. [PMID: 28450582 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders have a complex genetic architecture. Human genetic population-based studies have identified numerous heritable sequence and structural genomic variants associated with susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disease. However, these germline variants do not fully account for disease risk. During brain development, progenitor cells undergo billions of cell divisions to generate the ~80 billion neurons in the brain. The failure to accurately repair DNA damage arising during replication, transcription, and cellular metabolism amid this dramatic cellular expansion can lead to somatic mutations. Somatic mutations that alter subsets of neuronal transcriptomes and proteomes can, in turn, affect cell proliferation and survival and lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. The long life span of individual neurons and the direct relationship between neural circuits and behavior suggest that somatic mutations in small populations of neurons can significantly affect individual neurodevelopment. The Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network has been founded to study somatic mosaicism both in neurotypical human brains and in the context of complex neuropsychiatric disorders.
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22
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Trampush JW, Yang MLZ, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Horan M, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. GWAS meta-analysis reveals novel loci and genetic correlates for general cognitive function: a report from the COGENT consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:336-345. [PMID: 28093568 PMCID: PMC5322272 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complex nature of human cognition has resulted in cognitive genomics lagging behind many other fields in terms of gene discovery using genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods. In an attempt to overcome these barriers, the current study utilized GWAS meta-analysis to examine the association of common genetic variation (~8M single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with minor allele frequency ⩾1%) to general cognitive function in a sample of 35 298 healthy individuals of European ancestry across 24 cohorts in the Cognitive Genomics Consortium (COGENT). In addition, we utilized individual SNP lookups and polygenic score analyses to identify genetic overlap with other relevant neurobehavioral phenotypes. Our primary GWAS meta-analysis identified two novel SNP loci (top SNPs: rs76114856 in the CENPO gene on chromosome 2 and rs6669072 near LOC105378853 on chromosome 1) associated with cognitive performance at the genome-wide significance level (P<5 × 10-8). Gene-based analysis identified an additional three Bonferroni-corrected significant loci at chromosomes 17q21.31, 17p13.1 and 1p13.3. Altogether, common variation across the genome resulted in a conservatively estimated SNP heritability of 21.5% (s.e.=0.01%) for general cognitive function. Integration with prior GWAS of cognitive performance and educational attainment yielded several additional significant loci. Finally, we found robust polygenic correlations between cognitive performance and educational attainment, several psychiatric disorders, birth length/weight and smoking behavior, as well as a novel genetic association to the personality trait of openness. These data provide new insight into the genetics of neurocognitive function with relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Trampush
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - M L Z Yang
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - E Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - I Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Christoforou
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - I Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - A J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - V M Steen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - B Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - P Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - K E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - A Payton
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - W Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Horan
- Manchester Medical School, Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - O Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D K Attix
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - E T Cirulli
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece,Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - D Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece,Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - D E Arking
- Department of Psychiatry and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - R M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R A Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - F W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - E Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - M A Scult
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Donohoe
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Pendleton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Manchester Medical School, Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - D Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Le Hellard
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - T Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. E-mail:
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23
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Li M, Jaffe AE, Straub RE, Tao R, Shin JH, Wang Y, Chen Q, Li C, Jia Y, Ohi K, Maher BJ, Brandon NJ, Cross A, Chenoweth JG, Hoeppner DJ, Wei H, Hyde TM, McKay R, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. A human-specific AS3MT isoform and BORCS7 are molecular risk factors in the 10q24.32 schizophrenia-associated locus. Nat Med 2016; 22:649-56. [PMID: 27158905 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with psychiatric disorders, but knowledge is lacking regarding molecular mechanisms. Here we show that risk alleles spanning multiple genes across the 10q24.32 schizophrenia-related locus are associated in the human brain selectively with an increase in the expression of both BLOC-1 related complex subunit 7 (BORCS7) and a previously uncharacterized, human-specific arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) isoform (AS3MT(d2d3)), which lacks arsenite methyltransferase activity and is more abundant in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls. Conditional-expression analysis suggests that BORCS7 and AS3MT(d2d3) signals are largely independent. GWAS risk SNPs across this region are linked with a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the first exon of AS3MT that is associated with the expression of AS3MT(d2d3) in samples from both Caucasians and African Americans. The VNTR genotype predicts promoter activity in luciferase assays, as well as DNA methylation within the AS3MT gene. Both AS3MT(d2d3) and BORCS7 are expressed in adult human neurons and astrocytes, and they are upregulated during human stem cell differentiation toward neuronal fates. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the prominent 10q24.32 locus association, including a novel and evolutionarily recent protein that is involved in early brain development and confers risk for psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yankai Jia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua G Chenoweth
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Hoeppner
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huijun Wei
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Ruble CL, Smith RM, Calley J, Munsie L, Airey DC, Gao Y, Shin JH, Hyde TM, Straub RE, Weinberger DR, Nisenbaum LK. Genomic structure and expression of the human serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) locus: identification of novel HTR2A and antisense (HTR2A-AS1) exons. BMC Genet 2016; 17:16. [PMID: 26738766 PMCID: PMC4702415 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serotonin 2A receptor is widely implicated in genetic association studies and remains an important drug target for psychiatric, neurological, and cardiovascular conditions. RNA sequencing redefined the architecture of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A), revealing novel mRNA transcript isoforms utilizing unannotated untranslated regions of the gene. Expression of these untranslated regions is modulated by common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely rs6311. Previous studies did not fully capture the complexity of the sense- and antisense-encoded transcripts with respect to novel exons in the HTR2A gene locus. Here, we comprehensively catalogued exons and RNA isoforms for both HTR2A and HTR2A-AS1 using RNA-Seq from human prefrontal cortex and multiple mouse tissues. We subsequently tested associations between expression of newfound gene features and common SNPs in humans. Results We find that the human HTR2A gene spans ~66 kilobases and consists of 7, rather than 4 exons. Furthermore, the revised human HTR2A-AS1 gene spans ~474 kilobases and consists of 18, rather than 3 exons. Three HTR2A exons directly overlap with HTR2A-AS1 exons, suggesting potential for complementary nucleotide interactions. The repertoire of possible mouse Htr2a splice isoforms is remarkably similar to humans and we also find evidence for overlapping sense-antisense transcripts in the same relative positions as the human transcripts. rs6311 and SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium are associated with HTR2A-AS1 expression, in addition to previously described associations with expression of the extended 5’ untranslated region of HTR2A. Conclusions Our proposed HTR2A and HTR2A-AS1 gene structures dramatically differ from current annotations, now including overlapping exons on the sense and anti-sense strands. We also find orthologous transcript isoforms expressed in mice, providing opportunities to elucidate the biological roles of the human isoforms using a model system. Associations between rs6311 and expression of HTR2A and HTR2A-AS1 suggest this polymorphism is capable of modulating the expression of the sense or antisense transcripts. Still unclear is whether these SNPs act directly on the expression of the sense or antisense transcripts and whether overlapping exons are capable of interacting through complimentary base-pairing. Additional studies are necessary to determine the extent and nature of interactions between the SNPs and the transcripts prior to interpreting these findings in the context of phenotypes associated with HTR2A. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0325-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Ruble
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, ᅟ.
| | - Ryan M Smith
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, ᅟ.
| | - John Calley
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, ᅟ.
| | - Leanne Munsie
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, ᅟ.
| | - David C Airey
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, ᅟ.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, ᅟ.
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, ᅟ.
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, ᅟ. .,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, ᅟ.
| | | | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, ᅟ. .,Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, ᅟ.
| | - Laura K Nisenbaum
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, ᅟ.
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Trampush JW, Lencz T, Knowles E, Davies G, Guha S, Pe’er I, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, Mukherjee S, DeRosse P, Lundervold A, Steen VM, John M, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Ikeda M, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Horan M, Scult M, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri A, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Iwata N, Darvasi A, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK. Independent evidence for an association between general cognitive ability and a genetic locus for educational attainment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:363-73. [PMID: 25951819 PMCID: PMC4500051 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits and reduced educational achievement are common in psychiatric illness; understanding the genetic basis of cognitive and educational deficits may be informative about the etiology of psychiatric disorders. A recent, large genome-wide association study (GWAS) reported a genome-wide significant locus for years of education, which subsequently demonstrated association to general cognitive ability ("g") in overlapping cohorts. The current study was designed to test whether GWAS hits for educational attainment are involved in general cognitive ability in an independent, large-scale collection of cohorts. Using cohorts in the Cognitive Genomics Consortium (COGENT; up to 20,495 healthy individuals), we examined the relationship between g and variants associated with educational attainment. We next conducted meta-analyses with 24,189 individuals with neurocognitive data from the educational attainment studies, and then with 53,188 largely independent individuals from a recent GWAS of cognition. A SNP (rs1906252) located at chromosome 6q16.1, previously associated with years of schooling, was significantly associated with g (P = 1.47 × 10(-4) ) in COGENT. The first joint analysis of 43,381 non-overlapping individuals for this a priori-designated locus was strongly significant (P = 4.94 × 10(-7) ), and the second joint analysis of 68,159 non-overlapping individuals was even more robust (P = 1.65 × 10(-9) ). These results provide independent replication, in a large-scale dataset, of a genetic locus associated with cognitive function and education. As sample sizes grow, cognitive GWAS will identify increasing numbers of associated loci, as has been accomplished in other polygenic quantitative traits, which may be relevant to psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey W. Trampush
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York,Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, New York,Correspondence: Joey W. Trampush, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263 Street, Glen Oaks, NY, 11004, USA,
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York,Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, New York
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Saurav Guha
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Itsik Pe’er
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, New York,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NorMent, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo, Norway,Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NorMent, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo, Norway,Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- NorMent, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo, Norway,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Semanti Mukherjee
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Astri Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway,Kavli Research Centre for Aging and Dementia, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Majnu John
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland,Folkh€alsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Stella Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Katherine E. Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Horan
- School of Community-Based Medicine, Neurodegeneration Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical Brain Disorders Brain and Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Clinical Brain Disorders Brain and Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Brain and Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ariel Darvasi
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NorMent, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo, Norway,Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York,Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, New York
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26
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Dickinson D, Straub RE, Trampush JW, Gao Y, Feng N, Xie B, Shin JH, Lim HK, Ursini G, Bigos KL, Kolachana B, Hashimoto R, Takeda M, Baum GL, Rujescu D, Callicott JH, Hyde TM, Berman KF, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Differential effects of common variants in SCN2A on general cognitive ability, brain physiology, and messenger RNA expression in schizophrenia cases and control individuals. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:647-56. [PMID: 24718902 PMCID: PMC4160812 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE One approach to understanding the genetic complexity of schizophrenia is to study associated behavioral and biological phenotypes that may be more directly linked to genetic variation. OBJECTIVE To identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with general cognitive ability (g) in people with schizophrenia and control individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genomewide association study, followed by analyses in unaffected siblings and independent schizophrenia samples, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain physiology in vivo, and RNA sequencing in postmortem brain samples. The discovery cohort and unaffected siblings were participants in the National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Brain Disorders Branch schizophrenia genetics studies. Additional schizophrenia cohorts were from psychiatric treatment settings in the United States, Japan, and Germany. The discovery cohort comprised 339 with schizophrenia and 363 community control participants. Follow-up analyses studied 147 unaffected siblings of the schizophrenia cases and independent schizophrenia samples including a total of an additional 668 participants. Imaging analyses included 87 schizophrenia cases and 397 control individuals. Brain tissue samples were available for 64 cases and 61 control individuals. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We studied genomewide association with g, by group, in the discovery cohort. We used selected genotypes to test specific associations in unaffected siblings and independent schizophrenia samples. Imaging analyses focused on activation in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Brain tissue studies yielded messenger RNA expression levels for RefSeq transcripts. RESULTS The schizophrenia discovery cohort showed genomewide-significant association of g with polymorphisms in sodium channel gene SCN2A, accounting for 10.4% of g variance (rs10174400, P = 9.27 × 10(-10)). Control individuals showed a trend for g/genotype association with reversed allelic directionality. The genotype-by-group interaction was also genomewide significant (P = 1.75 × 10(-9)). Siblings showed a genotype association with g parallel to the schizophrenia group and the same interaction pattern. Parallel, but weaker, associations with cognition were found in independent schizophrenia samples. Imaging analyses showed a similar pattern of genotype associations by group and genotype-by-group interaction. Sequencing of RNA in brain revealed reduced expression in 2 of 3 SCN2A alternative transcripts in the patient group, with genotype-by-group interaction, that again paralleled the cognition effects. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings implicate SCN2A and sodium channel biology in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia cases and unaffected relatives and may facilitate development of cognition-enhancing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joey W. Trampush
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ningping Feng
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Xie
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hun Ki Lim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Kristin L. Bigos
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Graham L. Baum
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen F. Berman
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Todarello G, Feng N, Kolachana BS, Li C, Vakkalanka R, Bertolino A, Weinberger DR, Straub RE. Incomplete penetrance of NRXN1 deletions in families with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 155:1-7. [PMID: 24680031 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) is a presynaptic neuronal adhesion molecule that interacts with postsynaptic neuroligins in both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses and is important in synaptic formation and function. NRXN1 deletions increase the risk of schizophrenia, so our aims were to explore this in our family sample, to distinguish de novo from inherited mutations, to examine transmission to affected and unaffected siblings and to estimate penetrance. We performed copy number analyses in NRXN1 using data from Illumina BeadArrays from 635 subjects with schizophrenia (276 in genotyped families), 487 of their unaffected parents and 309 unaffected siblings as well as 635 normal controls, all from the CBDB/NIMH Genetic Study of Schizophrenia. Deletions called by software were confirmed by quantitative PCR and comparative genome hybridization. There were deletions in 15 individuals in 11 families, including de novo exonic deletions in one case and one unaffected sibling. We observed no deletions in controls, 7 deletions in cases (1.10%), and an unexpectedly high deletion frequency in parents (n=5, 1.02%) and siblings (n=3, 0.97%). Three families showed inheritance from an unaffected parent, and in two families an unaffected parent did not transmit to the affected offspring. Thus we have added to the evidence that NRXN1 deletions are more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy individuals. However, the presence of de novo deletions in unaffected relatives and transmission from and to unaffected family members demonstrated that while the deletions may well have been necessary for some carriers to develop schizophrenia, they were not always sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Todarello
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Ningping Feng
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Bhaskar S Kolachana
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe St, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Radhakrishna Vakkalanka
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience DTA, Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe St, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, United States; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, United States
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe St, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- AE Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - WW Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - RE Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Marenco
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - DR Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA,Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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29
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Stefanis NC, Hatzimanolis A, Avramopoulos D, Smyrnis N, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis CN, Weinberger DR, Straub RE. Variation in psychosis gene ZNF804A is associated with a refined schizotypy phenotype but not neurocognitive performance in a large young male population. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:1252-60. [PMID: 23155182 PMCID: PMC3796069 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability within the ZNF804A gene has been recently found to be associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, although the pathways by which this gene may confer risk remain largely unknown. We set out to investigate whether common ZNF804A variants affect psychosis-related intermediate phenotypes such as cognitive performance dependent on prefrontal and frontotemporal brain function, schizotypal traits, and attenuated psychotic experiences in a large young male population. Association analyses were performed using all 4 available self-rated schizotypy questionnaires and cognitive data retrospectively drawn from the Athens Study of Psychosis Proneness and Incidence of Schizophrenia (ASPIS). DNA samples from 1507 healthy young men undergoing induction to military training were genotyped for 4 previously studied polymorphic markers in the ZNF804A gene locus. Single-marker analysis revealed significant associations between 2 recently identified candidate schizophrenia susceptibility variants (rs1344706 and rs7597593) and a refined positive schizotypy phenotype characterized primarily by self-rated paranoia/ideas of reference. Nominal associations were noted with all positive, but not negative, schizotypy related factors. ZNF804A genotype effect on paranoia was confirmed at the haplotype level. No significant associations were noted with central indexes of sustained attention or working memory performance. In this study, ZNF804A variation was associated with a population-based self-rated schizotypy phenotype previously suggested to preferentially reflect genetic liability to psychosis and defined by a tendency to misinterpret otherwise neutral social cues and perceptual experiences in one's immediate environment, as personally relevant and significant information. This suggests a novel route by which schizophrenia-implicated ZNF804A genetic variation may confer risk to clinical psychosis at the general population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Stefanis
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia and North Metropolitan Health Service—Mental Health, Gascoyne House, John XXIII Avenue, Mt Claremont, WA 6010, Perth, Australia; tel: (08)9347-6439, fax: (08)9384-5128, e-mail:
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,Athens, Greece;,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece;,Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Stefanis NC, Hatzimanolis A, Smyrnis N, Avramopoulos D, Evdokimidis I, van Os J, Stefanis CN, Straub RE, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia candidate gene ERBB4: covert routes of vulnerability to psychosis detected at the population level. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:349-57. [PMID: 22115776 PMCID: PMC3576167 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prior genetic and functional evidence established ERBB4 as a probable schizophrenia susceptibility gene that may confer risk via modulating brain information processing dependent on the integrity of frontotemporal brain circuitry. Utilizing retrospective data drawn from the cross-sectional population-based Athens Study of Psychosis Proneness and Incidence of Schizophrenia (ASPIS) (n = 1127), we attempted to independently replicate and further extend previous findings by examining the effects of ERBB4 gene variants on 3 broad population-based psychosis-related phenotypes: verbal working memory (VWM), trait schizotypy, and stress-induced subclinical psychotic experiences (PE). Three common ERBB4 single nucleotide polymorphisms that were previously associated with schizophrenia and impaired frontotemporal-related information processing (rs7598440, rs839523, and rs707284), their haplotypes, and corresponding diplotypes were tested. VWM performance was significantly associated with rs839523 and rs707284 markers even after correction for multiple testing, thus validating reported findings that have implicated ERBB4 gene variation on working memory. No associations were detected between these ERBB4 variants and trait schizotypy. However, we were able to detect a significant effect of rs7598440 marker on PE expressed under stressful environmental conditions. Combined haplotype analysis of the above 3 markers, identified a "yin-yang" pattern of association, confirmed at the diplotype level. While GGG haplotype homozygotes were associated with "protective" effects on VWM performance and PE, AAA "risk" haplotype carriers were associated with worse VWM performance and simultaneously exhibited significantly elevated PE. This dual, possibly pleiotropic, impact on frontotemporal circuitry and increased sensitivity to psychosocial stress may represent subtle manifestations of ERBB4-related vulnerability to psychosis, expressed at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Stefanis
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia and North Metropolitan Area Health Services - Mental Health (NMAHS-MH), John XXIII Avenue, Mount Claremont, WA 6010, Perth, Australia; tel: (08) 9347-6439, fax: (08) 9384-5128, e-mail:
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard E. Straub
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Radulescu E, Sambataro F, Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Straub RE, Matsumoto M, Weinberger DR, Marenco S. Effect of schizophrenia risk-associated alleles in SREB2 (GPR85) on functional MRI phenotypes in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:341-9. [PMID: 22968816 PMCID: PMC3527120 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in GPR85 (SREB2: rs56080411 and rs56039557) have been associated with risk for schizophrenia. Here, we test the hypothesis that these variants impact on brain function in normal subjects, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms that target regions with greatest SREB2 expression (hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex). During a facial emotion recognition paradigm, a significant interaction of rs56080411 genotype by sex was found in the left amygdaloid complex (male risk allele carriers showed less activation than male homozygotes for the non-risk allele, while females showed the opposite pattern). During aversive encoding of an emotional memory paradigm, we found that risk allele carriers for rs56080411 had greater activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus. Trends in the same direction were present for rs56039557 in the right occipital cortex and right fusiform gyrus. During a working memory paradigm, a significant sex-by-genotype interaction was found with male risk allele carriers of rs56080411 having inefficient activation within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), compared with same sex non-risk carriers, while females revealed an opposite pattern, despite similar levels of performance. These data suggest that risk-associated variants in SREB2 are associated with phenotypes similar to those found in patients with schizophrenia in the DLPFC and the amygdala of males, while the pattern is opposite in females. The findings in females and during the emotional memory paradigm are consistent with modulation by SREB2 of brain circuitries implicated in mood regulation and may be relevant to neuropsychiatric conditions other than schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP,
NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP,
NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Richard E Straub
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP,
NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Stefano Marenco
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP,
NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hyde TM, Lipska BK, Ali T, Mathew SV, Law AJ, Metitiri OE, Straub RE, Ye T, Colantuoni C, Herman MM, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Expression of GABA signaling molecules KCC2, NKCC1, and GAD1 in cortical development and schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2011; 31:11088-95. [PMID: 21795557 PMCID: PMC3758549 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1234-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA signaling molecules are critical for both human brain development and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We examined the expression of transcripts derived from three genes related to GABA signaling [GAD1 (GAD67 and GAD25), SLC12A2 (NKCC1), and SLC12A5 (KCC2)] in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal formation of a large cohort of nonpsychiatric control human brains (n = 240) across the lifespan (from fetal week 14 to 80 years) and in patients with schizophrenia (n = 30-31), using quantitative RT-PCR. We also examined whether a schizophrenia risk-associated promoter SNP in GAD1 (rs3749034) is related to expression of these transcripts. Our studies revealed that development and maturation of both the PFC and hippocampal formation are characterized by progressive switches in expression from GAD25 to GAD67 and from NKCC1 to KCC2. Previous studies have demonstrated that the former leads to GABA synthesis, and the latter leads to switching from excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission. In the hippocampal formation, GAD25/GAD67 and NKCC1/KCC2 ratios are increased in patients with schizophrenia, reflecting a potentially immature GABA physiology. Remarkably, GAD25/GAD67 and NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratios are associated with rs3749034 genotype, with risk alleles again predicting a relatively less mature pattern. These findings suggest that abnormalities in GABA signaling critical to brain development contribute to genetic risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Hyde
- Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Zhang F, Chen Q, Ye T, Lipska BK, Straub RE, Vakkalanka R, Rujescu D, St Clair D, Hyde TM, Bigelow L, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Evidence of sex-modulated association of ZNF804A with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:914-7. [PMID: 21349497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1344706 in ZNF804A (2q32.1) has been associated with schizophrenia in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A recent candidate gene study, which replicated the positive association with rs1344706, identified another positive SNP (rs7597593) in ZNF804A associated with schizophrenia. METHODS We performed an association study of rs7597593 in four GWAS cohorts of European ancestry. Postmortem human brain expression data of normal Caucasian individuals (n = 89) was also analyzed for examining the effect of rs7597593 on ZNF804A messenger RNA expression, using logistic regression and linear regression. RESULTS We found that rs7597593 was significantly associated with schizophrenia in the combined GWAS datasets (n = 5023, odds ratio [OR](combined) = 1.15, p = .0011). Analysis of stratification by sex showed that the association was driven by the female subjects (OR = 1.29, p = .0002) and was not significant in male subjects (OR = 1.08, p = .148) in the combined sample of four cohorts. A sex by genotype interaction was near significant in both the Genetic Association Information Network sample (p = .0532) and the combined sample of four cohorts (p(combined) = .0531). Gene expression analysis showed no main effects but a significant female-specific association (p(female) = .047, p(male) = .335) and sex by genotype interaction (p = .0166) for rs7597593. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a clinical and molecular modulation by sex of the association of ZNF804A SNP rs7597593 and risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhang
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program and Clinical, Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Nicodemus KK, Law AJ, Radulescu E, Luna A, Kolachana B, Vakkalanka R, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Straub RE, McGee K, Gold B, Dean M, Muglia P, Callicott JH, Tan HY, Weinberger DR. Biological validation of increased schizophrenia risk with NRG1, ERBB4, and AKT1 epistasis via functional neuroimaging in healthy controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:991-1001. [PMID: 20921115 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT NRG1 is a schizophrenia candidate gene and plays an important role in brain development and neural function. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder, with etiology likely due to epistasis. OBJECTIVE To examine epistasis between NRG1 and selected N-methyl-d-aspartate-glutamate pathway partners implicated in its effects, including ERBB4, AKT1, DLG4, NOS1, and NOS1AP. DESIGN Schizophrenia case-control sample analyzed using machine learning algorithms and logistic regression with follow-up using neuroimaging on an independent sample of healthy controls. PARTICIPANTS A referred sample of schizophrenic patients (n = 296) meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorder and a volunteer sample of controls for case-control comparison (n = 365) and a separate volunteer sample of controls for neuroimaging (n = 172). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Epistatic association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and case-control status; epistatic association between SNPs and the blood oxygen level-dependent physiological response during working memory measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS We observed interaction between NRG1 5' and 3' SNPs rs4560751 and rs3802160 (likelihood ratio test P = .00020) and schizophrenia, which was validated using functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory in healthy controls; carriers of risk-associated genotypes showed inefficient processing in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P = .015, familywise error corrected). We observed epistasis between NRG1 (rs10503929; Thr286/289/294Met) and its receptor ERBB4 (rs1026882; likelihood ratio test P = .035); a 3-way interaction with these 2 SNPs and AKT1 (rs2494734) was also observed (odds ratio, 27.13; 95% confidence interval, 3.30-223.03; likelihood ratio test P = .042). These same 2- and 3-way interactions were further biologically validated via functional magnetic resonance imaging: healthy individuals carrying risk genotypes for NRG1 and ERBB4, or these 2 together with AKT1, were disproportionately less efficient in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex processing. Lower-level interactions were not observed between NRG1 /ERBB4 and AKT1 in association or neuroimaging, consistent with biological evidence that NRG1 × ERBB4 interaction modulates downstream AKT1 signaling. CONCLUSION Our data suggest complex epistatic effects implicating an NRG1 molecular pathway in cognitive brain function and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Nicodemus
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bigos KL, Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Straub RE, Vakkalanka R, Kolachana B, Hyde TM, Lipska BK, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Genetic variation in CACNA1C affects brain circuitries related to mental illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:939-45. [PMID: 20819988 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The CACNA1C gene (alpha-1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel) has been identified as a risk gene for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the mechanism of association has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To identify the neural system mechanism that explains the genetic association between the CACNA1C gene and psychiatric illness using neuroimaging and human brain expression. DESIGN We used blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activation in circuitries related to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia by comparing CACNA1C genotype groups among healthy subjects. We tested the effect of genotype on messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CACNA1C in postmortem human brain. A case-control analysis was used to determine the association of CACNA1C genotype with schizophrenia. SETTING National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. PATIENTS Healthy men and women of white race/ethnicity participated in the fMRI study. Postmortem samples from normal human brains were used for the brain expression study. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects were used in the case-control analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BOLD fMRI, mRNA levels in postmortem brain samples, and genetic association with schizophrenia. RESULTS The risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1006737) in CACNA1C predicted increased hippocampal activity during emotional processing (P = .001 uncorrected, P((false recovery rate [FDR])) = .05, z = 3.20) and increased prefrontal activity during executive cognition (P = 2.8e-05 uncorrected, P(FDR) = .01, z = 4.03). The risk-associated SNP also predicted increased expression of CACNA1C mRNA in human brain (P = .002). CACNA1C was associated with schizophrenia in our case-control sample (odds ratio, 1.77; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The risk-associated SNP in CACNA1C maps to circuitries implicated in genetic risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its effects in human brain expression implicate a molecular and neural system mechanism for the clinical genetic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Bigos
- Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Marenco S, Savostyanova AA, van der Veen JW, Geramita M, Stern A, Barnett AS, Kolachana B, Radulescu E, Zhang F, Callicott JH, Straub RE, Shen J, Weinberger DR. Genetic modulation of GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex by GAD1 and COMT. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1708-17. [PMID: 20357758 PMCID: PMC2891897 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic transmission is critical for normal cortical function and is likely abnormal in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. We tested the in vivo effects of variations in two genes implicated in GABA function on GABA concentrations in prefrontal cortex of living subjects: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), which encodes GAD67, and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), which regulates synaptic dopamine in the cortex. We studied six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GAD1 previously associated with risk for schizophrenia or cognitive dysfunction and the val158met polymorphism in COMT in 116 healthy volunteers using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two of the GAD1 SNPs (rs1978340 (p=0.005) and rs769390 (p=0.004)) showed effects on GABA levels as did COMT val158met (p=0.04). We then tested three SNPs in GAD1 (rs1978340, rs11542313, and rs769390) for interaction with COMT val158met based on previous clinical results. In this model, rs11542313 and COMT val158met showed significant main effects (p=0.001 and 0.003, respectively) and a trend toward a significant interaction (p=0.05). Interestingly, GAD1 risk alleles for schizophrenia were associated with higher GABA/Cre, and Val-Val homozygotes had high GABA/Cre levels when on a GAD1 risk genotype background (N=6). These results support the importance of genetic variation in GAD1 and COMT in regulating prefrontal cortical GABA function. The directionality of the effects, however, is inconsistent with earlier evidence of decreased GABA activity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marenco
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antonina A Savostyanova
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew Geramita
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexa Stern
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan S Barnett
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eugenia Radulescu
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Unit for Multimodal Imaging Genetics, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Richard E Straub
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Unit, MAP, IRP, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Momeni P, DeTucci K, Straub RE, Weinberger DR, Davies P, Grafman J, Hardy J, Huey ED. Progranulin (GRN) in two siblings of a Latino family and in other patients with schizophrenia. Neurocase 2010; 16:273-9. [PMID: 20087814 PMCID: PMC2895558 DOI: 10.1080/13554790903456209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been linked to a region on chromosome 17q21 in Latino populations (Escamilla et al., 2009). Mutations of a gene at this location (GRN) are associated with frontotemporal dementia. A recent study demonstrated that patients with frontotemporal dementia who presented with symptoms of schizophrenia show neuropathological findings consistent with GRN mutations, but were not tested for GRN mutations (Velakoulis, Walterfang, Mocellin, Pantelis, & McLean, 2009). The current study describes a Latino family in which two siblings have schizophrenia and one has frontotemporal dementia. We sequenced GRN in one of the siblings with frontotemporal dementia and one of the siblings with schizophrenia. The siblings both have a loss-of-function GRN mutation. This finding, in conjunction with other studies (Escamilla et al., 2009; Velakoulis et al., 2009), suggests that there may be an association between schizophrenia, frontotemporal dementia, and GRN mutations in Latino populations that should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Momeni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Nicodemus KK, Law AJ, Luna A, Vakkalanka R, Straub RE, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. A 5' promoter region SNP in NRG1 is associated with schizophrenia risk and type III isoform expression. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:741-3. [PMID: 19626024 PMCID: PMC3271936 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K. Nicodemus
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Road, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Off Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Law
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Augustin Luna
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Radhakrishna Vakkalanka
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Rm. 4S-235, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD. 20892, USA, Phone: 301 402 7564, Fax: 301 480 7795,
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Nicodemus KK, Marenco S, Batten AJ, Vakkalanka R, Egan MF, Straub RE, Weinberger DR. Serious obstetric complications interact with hypoxia-regulated/vascular-expression genes to influence schizophrenia risk. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:873-7. [PMID: 18195713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of schizophrenia is thought to include both epistasis and gene-environment interactions. We sought to test whether a set of schizophrenia candidate genes regulated by hypoxia or involved in vascular function in the brain (AKT1, BDNF, CAPON, CHRNA7, COMT, DTNBP1, GAD1, GRM3, NOTCH4, NRG1, PRODH, RGS4, TNF-alpha) interacted with serious obstetric complications to influence risk for schizophrenia. A family-based study of transmission disequilibrium was conducted in 116 trios. Twenty-nine probands had at least one serious obstetric complication (OC) using the McNeil-Sjostrom Scale, and many of the OCs reported were associated with the potential for fetal hypoxia. Analyses were conducted using conditional logistic regression and a likelihood ratio test (LRT) between nested models was performed to assess significance. Of the 13 genes examined, four (AKT1 (three SNPs), BDNF (two SNPs), DTNBP1 (one SNP) and GRM3 (one SNP)) showed significant evidence for gene-by-environment interaction (LRT P-values ranged from 0.011 to 0.037). Although our sample size was modest and the power to detect interactions was limited, we report significant evidence for genes involved in neurovascular function or regulated by hypoxia interacting with the presence of serious obstetric complications to increase risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Nicodemus
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fanous AH, Neale MC, Webb BT, Straub RE, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. Novel linkage to chromosome 20p using latent classes of psychotic illness in 270 Irish high-density families. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:121-7. [PMID: 18255048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest that the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia is due to genetic heterogeneity. Genetic heterogeneity may decrease the signal-to-noise ratio in linkage and association studies. Therefore, linkage studies of clinically homogeneous classes of psychotic illness may result in greater power to detect at least some loci. METHODS Latent class analysis was used to divide psychotic subjects from 270 Irish high-density families (N = 755) into six classes based on the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness. We heuristically call them Bipolar, Schizoaffective, Mania, Schizomania, Deficit Syndrome, and Core Schizophrenia. The latter four had prevalences of greater than .08 and were individually tested for linkage in a 10-cM nonparametric autosomal genomewide scan. Empirical significance was determined using 200 simulated genome scans. RESULTS Seven regions achieved empirical criteria for suggestive significance for at least one latent class: 5q23.2-q35.3, 8q13.1-q23.1, 10q23.33-q26.3, 12q21.2-q24.32, 19q13.32-q13.43, 20p13-q22.3, and 21q11.2-q22.3. Five of 200 simulated scans resulted in seven suggestively significant loci (experiment-wide p = .03). Furthermore, at 20p13-p12.2, the Mania and Schizomania classes individually achieved criteria, whereas Deficit Syndrome had a suggestive logarithm of the odds peak 28 cM centromeric to this locus. CONCLUSIONS Using empirically derived, clinically homogeneous phenotypes, four chromosomal regions were suggestively linked but provided little evidence of linkage using traditional operationalized criteria. This approach was particularly fruitful on chromosome 20, which had previously yielded little evidence of linkage. Future studies of psychiatric illness may increase their ability to detect linkage or association by using clinically homogeneous phenotypes.
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Tan HY, Nicodemus KK, Chen Q, Li Z, Brooke JK, Honea R, Kolachana BS, Straub RE, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Sei Y, Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Weinberger DR. Genetic variation in AKT1 is linked to dopamine-associated prefrontal cortical structure and function in humans. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2200-8. [PMID: 18497887 DOI: 10.1172/jci34725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT1-dependent molecular pathways control diverse aspects of cellular development and adaptation, including interactions with neuronal dopaminergic signaling. If AKT1 has an impact on dopaminergic signaling, then genetic variation in AKT1 would be associated with brain phenotypes related to cortical dopaminergic function. Here, we provide evidence that a coding variation in AKT1 that affects protein expression in human B lymphoblasts influenced several brain measures related to dopaminergic function. Cognitive performance linked to frontostriatal circuitry, prefrontal physiology during executive function, and frontostriatal gray-matter volume on MRI were altered in subjects with the AKT1 variation. Moreover, on neuroimaging measures with a main effect of the AKT1 genotype, there was significant epistasis with a functional polymorphism (Val158Met) in catechol-O-methyltransferase [COMT], a gene that indexes cortical synaptic dopamine. This genetic interaction was consistent with the putative role of AKT1 in dopaminergic signaling. Supportive of an earlier tentative association of AKT1 with schizophrenia, we also found that this AKT1 variant was associated with risk for schizophrenia. These data implicate AKT1 in modulating human prefrontal-striatal structure and function and suggest that the mechanism of this effect may be coupled to dopaminergic signaling and relevant to the expression of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Tan
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Weickert CS, Miranda-Angulo AL, Wong J, Perlman WR, Ward SE, Radhakrishna V, Straub RE, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Variants in the estrogen receptor alpha gene and its mRNA contribute to risk for schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2293-309. [PMID: 18424448 PMCID: PMC2465798 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen modifies human emotion and cognition and impacts symptoms of schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the variation in the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene and cortical ESR1 mRNA is associated with schizophrenia. In a small case–control genetic association analysis of postmortem brain tissue, genotype CC (rs2234693) and haplotypes containing the C allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron1 (PvuII) were more frequent in African American schizophrenics (P = 0.01–0.001). In a follow-up family-based association analysis, we found overtransmission of PvuII allele C and a PvuII C-containing haplotype (P = 0.01–0.03) to African American and Caucasian patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenics with the ‘at risk’ PvuII genotype had lower ESR1 mRNA levels in the frontal cortex. Eighteen ESR1 splice variants and decreased frequencies of the wild-type ESR1 mRNA were detected in schizophrenia. In one patient, a unique ESR1 transcript with a genomic insert encoding a premature stop codon and a truncated ESR1 protein lacking most of the estrogen binding domain was the only transcript detected. Using a luciferase assay, we found that mRNA encoding a truncated ESR1 significantly attenuates gene expression at estrogen-response elements demonstrating a dominant negative function. An intron 6 SNP [rs2273207(G)] was associated with an ESR1 splice variant missing exon seven. The T allele of another intron 6 SNP was part of a 3′ haplotype less common in schizophrenia [rs2273206(T), rs2273207(G), rs2228480(G)]. Thus, the variation in the ESR1 gene is associated with schizophrenia and the mechanism of this association may involve alternative gene regulation and transcript processing.
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Weickert CS, Rothmond DA, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Straub RE. Reduced DTNBP1 (dysbindin-1) mRNA in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:105-10. [PMID: 17961984 PMCID: PMC2246024 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and molecular studies indicate that dysbindin-1 plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We examined dysbindin-1 mRNA in the hippocampal formation of patients with schizophrenia and found reduced expression in dentate granule and polymorph cells and in hippocampal field CA3, but not in CA1. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between dysbindin-1 mRNA and expression of synaptic markers known to be reduced in schizophrenia. Our results indicate that previously reported dysbindin-1 protein reductions may be due in part to decreased dysbindin-1 mRNA and that reduced dysbindin-1 may contribute to hippocampal formation synaptic pathology in schizophrenia.
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Diaz-Asper CM, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Straub RE, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase: effects on working memory in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and healthy controls. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:72-9. [PMID: 17707347 PMCID: PMC3708610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val(108/158)met (rs4680) is thought to affect dopamine regulated prefrontal cortical activity during working memory (WM) tasks, and to weakly increase risk for developing schizophrenia. Recently, other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the gene have emerged as additional risk factors for schizophrenia: namely rs737865, rs165599, and rs2097603. In a large sample, we examined whether these SNPs affect WM. METHODS Schizophrenic probands (n = 325), their nonpsychotic siblings (n = 359), and normal control subjects (n = 330) completed tests of WM function. Data were analyzed with a series of mixed model analyses of variance (ANOVAs). RESULTS Val homozygotes performed most poorly on all conditions of the n-back, irrespective of diagnosis. Additionally, there was a trend towards a disease-only val(108/158)met effect on a test of attentional set-shifting; val homozygote probands performed most poorly. Significant or near-significant effects of rs737865 were found on all conditions of the n-back, with G homozygotes performing worst. There also was a disease-only COMT rs737865 effect on the 0-back. None of the other SNPs showed main effects by themselves. A haplotype constructed from promoter and val(108/158)met SNPs showed main effects on WM parameters, consistent with inverted U models of dopamine signaling. CONCLUSIONS We extended earlier findings of a val(108/158)met effect on WM function, and suggest that combinations of alleles within COMT may modulate the val(108/158)met effect in a nonlinear manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Diaz-Asper
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Huo L, Straub RE, Schmidt PJ, Shi K, Vakkalanka R, Weinberger DR, Rubinow DR. Risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with genetic variation in ESR1, the estrogen receptor alpha gene. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:925-33. [PMID: 17599809 PMCID: PMC2762203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a heritable mood disorder that is triggered by gonadal steroids during the luteal phase in susceptible women. METHODS We performed haplotype analyses of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR1 and ESR2) in 91 women with prospectively confirmed PMDD and 56 control subjects to investigate possible sources of the genetic susceptibility to affective dysregulation induced by normal levels of gonadal steroids. We also examined associations with the valine (Val)158methionine (Met) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme involved in estrogen metabolism and prefrontal cortical activation. RESULTS Four SNPs in intron 4 of ESR1 showed significantly different genotype and allele distributions between patients and control subjects. Significant case-control differences were seen in sliding-window analyses of two-, three-, and four-marker haplotypes but only in those haplotypes containing SNPs in intron 4 that were positive in the single-locus analysis. No significant associations were observed with ESR2 or with the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, although the significant associations with ESR1 were observed only in those with the Val/Val genotype. CONCLUSIONS These are the first positive (albeit preliminary) genetic findings in this reproductive endocrine-related mood disorder and involve the receptor for a hormone that is pathogenically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huo
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, NIH
| | | | | | - Kai Shi
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, NIH
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Fanous AH, Neale MC, Gardner CO, Webb BT, Straub RE, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. Significant correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:958-65. [PMID: 17440434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior family and adoption studies have suggested a genetic relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypy. However, this has never been verified using linkage methods. We therefore attempted to test for a correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. The Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families comprises 270 families with at least two members with schizophrenia or poor-outcome schizoaffective disorder (n=637). Non-psychotic relatives were assessed using the structured interview for schizotypy (n=746). A 10-cM multipoint, non-parametric, autosomal genome-wide scan of schizophrenia was performed in Merlin. A scan of a quantitative trait comprising ratings of DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder in non-psychotic relatives was also performed. Schizotypy logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores were regressed onto schizophrenia LOD scores at all loci, with adjustment for spatial autocorrelation. To assess empirical significance, this was also carried out using 1000 null scans of schizotypy. The number of jointly linked loci in the real data was compared to distribution of jointly linked loci in the null scans. No markers were suggestively linked to schizotypy based on strict Lander-Kruglyak criteria. Schizotypy LODs predicted schizophrenia LODs above chance expectation genome wide (empirical P=0.04). Two and four loci yielded nonparametric LOD (NPLs) >1.0 and >0.75, respectively, for both schizophrenia and schizotypy (genome-wide empirical P=0.04 and 0.02, respectively). These results suggest that at least a subset of schizophrenia susceptibility genes also affects schizotypy in non-psychotic relatives. Power may therefore be increased in molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia if they incorporate measures of schizotypy in non-psychotic relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fanous
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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Buckholtz JW, Sust S, Tan HY, Mattay VS, Straub RE, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR, Callicott JH. fMRI evidence for functional epistasis between COMT and RGS4. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:893-5, 885. [PMID: 17895922 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mathew SV, Law AJ, Lipska BK, Dávila-García MI, Zamora ED, Mitkus SN, Vakkalanka R, Straub RE, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA expression and binding in postmortem human brain are associated with genetic variation in neuregulin 1. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2921-32. [PMID: 17884806 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in cell culture and in animals suggest that neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a probable schizophrenia susceptibility gene, regulates the expression of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We hypothesized that schizophrenia-associated allelic variations within the NRG1 gene, via their effects on NRG1 isoform expression, would be associated with alterations in nAChR alpha7 receptor levels. We examined the effects of four disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' region of the NRG1 gene on nAChR alpha7 mRNA transcript expression in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of normal controls and patients with schizophrenia using quantitative real-time PCR. NRG1 risk alleles at SNPs SNP8NRG221132 and rs6994992 predicted significantly lower nAChR alpha7 mRNA expression in the DLPFC. Haplotypes containing the risk alleles at the above SNPs were also associated with lower expression of nAChR alpha7 in the DLPFC. The genotype effect for rs6994992 and the haplotype effect were more pronounced within the schizophrenic patient group. To determine whether receptor levels follow that of mRNA expression, we performed receptor binding and autoradiography using [(125)I] alpha-bungarotoxin in the DLPFC. Consistent with the mRNA findings, we found a decrease in binding in risk allele carriers of SNP8NRG221132 as compared with heterozygous individuals. Together, these results suggest that the molecular mechanism of the association between NRG1 risk alleles and schizophrenia may include down-regulation of nAChR alpha7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny V Mathew
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1385, USA
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Straub RE, Lipska BK, Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Callicott JH, Mayhew MB, Vakkalanka RK, Kolachana BS, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Allelic variation in GAD1 (GAD67) is associated with schizophrenia and influences cortical function and gene expression. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:854-69. [PMID: 17767149 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. We report evidence of distorted transmission of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles in two independent schizophrenia family-based samples. In both samples, allelic association was dependent on the gender of the affected offspring, and in the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch/National Institute of Mental Health (CBDB/NIMH) sample it was also dependent on catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype. Quantitative transmission disequilibrium test analyses revealed that variation in GAD1 influenced multiple domains of cognition, including declarative memory, attention and working memory. A 5' flanking SNP affecting cognition in the families was also associated in unrelated healthy individuals with inefficient BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging activation of dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) during a working memory task, a physiologic phenotype associated with schizophrenia and altered cortical inhibition. In addition, a SNP in the 5' untranslated (and predicted promoter) region that also influenced cognition was associated with decreased expression of GAD1 mRNA in the PFC of schizophrenic brain. Finally, we observed evidence of statistical epistasis between two SNPs in COMT and SNPs in GAD1, suggesting a potential biological synergism leading to increased risk. These coincident results implicate GAD1 in the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that the mechanism involves altered cortical GABA inhibitory activity, perhaps modulated by dopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Straub
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-1379, USA.
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Fanous AH, Neale MC, Webb BT, Straub RE, Amdur RL, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. A genome-wide scan for modifier loci in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:589-95. [PMID: 17262803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect genetic loci that influence clinical features of, but not necessarily susceptibility to, psychotic illness. In the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families (n = 270 families, n = 1,408 individuals), subjects with non-affective psychosis were rated using the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness. Factor analysis identified hallucinations, delusions, and negative, manic, and depressive symptom factors. We performed autosomal genome-wide multipoint non-parametric quantitative trait locus linkage analysis, in affected individuals only, using these five factors, as well as age at onset, and course of illness. Determination of empirical significance and correction for multiple testing was implemented using 200 simulated genome scans. We also tested for pleiotropic loci by examining the sums of -log(10)'s of the empirical P values of multiple traits in selected regions. LODs of 2.42 and 2.35 were obtained near D9S934 (9q33.1) and D14S587 (14q24.2), respectively, for course of illness, and of 2.26 between D6S1040-D6S2420 (6q23.1-25.1) and age at onset. No other regions met criteria for suggestive linkage to any one trait. No loci were significant after correction for multiple testing. On 6q, however, the joint linkage of age of onset, course, delusions, and depressive symptoms resulted in a genome-wide P = 0.06. We conclude that genes located near 9q33.1 and 14q24.2 may modify the clinical course and severity of schizophrenia. A gene in 6q may affect several clinical features of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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