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Lee RJ, Adappa ND, Palmer JN. Akt activator SC79 stimulates antibacterial nitric oxide generation in human nasal epithelial cells in vitro. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024. [PMID: 38197521 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Akt in nasal immunity is unstudied. Akt phosphorylates and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressed in epithelial ciliated cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production by ciliated cells can have antibacterial and antiviral effects. Increasing nasal NO may be a useful antipathogen strategy in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We previously showed that small-molecule Akt activator SC79 induces nasal cell NO production and suppresses IL-8 via the transcription factor Nrf-2. We hypothesized that SC79 NO production may additionally have antibacterial effects. METHODS NO production was measured using fluorescent dye DAF-FM. We tested effects of SC79 during co-culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with primary nasal epithelial cells, using CFU counting and live-dead staining to quantify bacterial killing. Pharmacology determined the mechanism of SC79-induced NO production and tested dependence on Akt. RESULTS SC79 induced dose-dependent, Akt-dependent NO production in nasal epithelial cells. The NO production required eNOS and Akt. The NO released into the airway surface liquid killed P. aeruginosa. No toxicity (LDH release) or inflammatory effects (IL8 transcription) were observed over 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest multiple immune pathways are stimulated by SC79, with antipathogen effects. This in vitro pilot study suggests that a small-molecule Akt activator may have clinical utility in CRS or respiratory other infection settings, warranting future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Takemoto K, Lomude LS, Takeno S, Kawasumi T, Okamoto Y, Hamamoto T, Ishino T, Ando Y, Ishikawa C, Ueda T. Functional Alteration and Differential Expression of the Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 in Human Paranasal Sinus in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4499. [PMID: 36901926 PMCID: PMC10002785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) expressed in human sinonasal mucosae are known to elicit innate immune responses involving the release of nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the expression and distribution of two T2Rs, T2R14 and T2R38, in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and correlated the results with fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) levels and genotype of the T2R38 gene (TAS2R38). Using the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) phenotypic criteria, we identified CRS patients as either eosinophilic (ECRS, n = 36) or non-eosinophilic (non-ECRS, n = 56) patients and compared these groups with 51 non-CRS subjects. Mucosal specimens from the ethmoid sinus, nasal polyps, and inferior turbinate were collected from all subjects, together with blood samples, for RT-PCR analysis, immunostaining, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing. We observed significant downregulation of T2R38 mRNA levels in the ethmoid mucosa of non-ECRS patients and in the nasal polyps of ECRS patients. No significant differences in T2R14 or T2R38 mRNA levels were found among the inferior turbinate mucosae of the three groups. Positive T2R38 immunoreactivity was localized mainly in epithelial ciliated cells, whereas secretary goblet cells generally showed lack of staining. The patients in the non-ECRS group showed significantly lower oral and nasal FeNO levels compared with the control group. There was a trend towards higher CRS prevalence in the PAV/AVI and AVI/AVI genotype groups as compared to the PAV/PAV group. Our findings reveal complex but important roles of T2R38 function in ciliated cells associated with specific CRS phenotypes, suggesting the T2R38 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for promotion of endogenous defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachio Takeno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Yilmaz G, Eyigor H, Gur OE, Kalkan T, Gur N, Selcuk OT, Ozturk Yilmaz G, Cetinkaya EA. The role of TAS2R38 genotype in surgical outcomes and culturable bacteria in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps. Rhinology 2023; 61:54-60. [PMID: 36278985 DOI: 10.4193/rhin22.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies reported the relationship between genetic variations and TAS2R38, which is a bitter taste receptor expressed in the cilia of human sinonasal epithelial cells, among the predisposing factors playing role in immune response to upper respiratory tract bacterial infection. The present study aims to examine the relationship of TAS2R38 genotype with the active microorganism and the effect of genotype on the surgical outcomes among chronic rhinosinusitis patients. METHODOLOGY 34 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps (23 CRSwNP, 11 CRSsNP) and 30 patients undergoing septoplasty surgery for isolated nasal septum deviation were included. All the patients were genotyped for TAS2R38. Scoring was made using endoscopic Modified Lund-Kennedy and radiological Lund-Mackay systems preoperatively. Sino-Nasal Outcome Test with 22 items (SNOT-22) was implemented preoperatively and postoperatively. Nasal swab culture samples were taken intraoperatively from CRS patients and the active microorganism were isolated. RESULTS In the TAS2R38 genotyping of the study group, PAV/PAV was found in 32.4% of patients, PAV/AVI in 47.1%, and AVI/AVI in 20.6%. In the control group, PAV/PAV was found in 26.7%, PAV/AVI in 36.7%, and AVI/AVI in 36.7%. In the study group, there was no statistically significant difference between the CRS and CRS subgroups in terms of TAS2R38 genotype distributions. The changes in patients' preoperative and postoperative SNOT-22 scores were similar between the genotypes. Proliferation was detected in culture in the whole AVI-AVI group, 81.8% of PAV-PAV group, and 56.3% of PAV-AVI group but the difference was not found to be statistically significant. The proliferation level of Staphylococcus epidermidis by TAS2R38 genotype was found to be statistically significantly higher among patients, who had AVI-AVI genotype, in CRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS We did not find a statistically significant relationship between the TAS2R38 genotype and CRS subtype, sinonasal bacterial infection risk increase and surgical success rate in CRS patients. Long-term and large-scale studies are needed, which are to be carried out by individual genotyping and sequencing to provide more information on the effects of these genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yilmaz
- Otorhinolaryngology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - H Eyigor
- Otorhinolaryngology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - O E Gur
- Otorhinolaryngology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - T Kalkan
- Medical Genetics, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - N Gur
- Microbiology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - O T Selcuk
- Otorhinolaryngology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - G Ozturk Yilmaz
- Otorhinolaryngology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - E A Cetinkaya
- Otorhinolaryngology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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Lee J, Kim SJ, Choi GE, Yi E, Park HJ, Choi WS, Jang YJ, Kim HS. Sweet taste receptor agonists attenuate macrophage IL-1β expression and eosinophilic inflammation linked to autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1021. [PMID: 35988262 PMCID: PMC9393075 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic inflammation is a hallmark of refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and considered a major therapeutic target. Autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells plays a causal role in eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) via macrophage IL-1β overproduction, thereby suggesting autophagy regulation as a potential therapeutic modality. Trehalose is a disaccharide sugar with known pro-autophagy activity and effective in alleviating diverse inflammatory diseases. We sought to investigate the therapeutic potential of autophagy-enhancing agent, trehalose, or related sugar compounds, and the underlying mechanism focusing on macrophage IL-1β production in ECRS pathogenesis. METHODS We investigated the therapeutic effects of trehalose and saccharin on macrophage IL-1β production and eosinophilia in the mouse model of ECRS with myeloid cell-specific autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) deletion. The mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using specific inhibitor, genetic knockdown or knockout, and overexpression of cognate receptors. RESULTS Unexpectedly, trehalose significantly attenuated eosinophilia and disease pathogenesis in ECRS mice caused by autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells. This autophagy-independent effect was associated with reduced macrophage IL-1β expression. Various sugars recapitulated the anti-inflammatory effect of trehalose, and saccharin was particularly effective amongst other sugars. The mechanistic study revealed an involvement of sweet taste receptor (STR), especially T1R3, in alleviating macrophage IL-1β production and eosinophilia in CRS, which was supported by genetic depletion of T1R3 or overexpression of T1R2/T1R3 in macrophages and treatment with the T1R3 antagonist gurmarin. CONCLUSION Our results revealed a previously unappreciated anti-inflammatory effect of STR agonists, particularly trehalose and saccharin, and may provide an alternative strategy to autophagy modulation in the ECRS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Go Eun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
| | - Eunbi Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Seon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska E, Łaszczych M, Nowicka Z, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137345. [PMID: 35806350 PMCID: PMC9266535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-785470
| | - Edyta Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Łaszczych
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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Rowan NR, Beswick DM. Year in review: 2021 IFAR article summary. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:979-985. [PMID: 35687752 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel M Beswick
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Carey RM, Hariri BM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. HSP90 Modulates T2R Bitter Taste Receptor Nitric Oxide Production and Innate Immune Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Macrophages. Cells 2022; 11:1478. [PMID: 35563784 PMCID: PMC9101439 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in various cell types including ciliated airway epithelial cells and macrophages. T2Rs in these two innate immune cell types are activated by bitter products, including those secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, leading to Ca2+-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS). NO enhances mucociliary clearance and has direct antibacterial effects in ciliated epithelial cells. NO also increases phagocytosis by macrophages. Using biochemistry and live-cell imaging, we explored the role of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in regulating T2R-dependent NO pathways in primary sinonasal epithelial cells, primary monocyte-derived macrophages, and a human bronchiolar cell line (H441). Immunofluorescence showed that H441 cells express eNOS and T2Rs and that the bitter agonist denatonium benzoate activates NO production in a Ca2+- and HSP90-dependent manner in cells grown either as submerged cultures or at the air-liquid interface. In primary sinonasal epithelial cells, we determined that HSP90 inhibition reduces T2R-stimulated NO production and ciliary beating, which likely limits pathogen clearance. In primary monocyte-derived macrophages, we found that HSP-90 is integral to T2R-stimulated NO production and phagocytosis of FITC-labeled Escherichia coli and pHrodo-Staphylococcus aureus. Our study demonstrates that HSP90 serves as an innate immune modulator by regulating NO production downstream of T2R signaling by augmenting eNOS activation without impairing upstream Ca2+ signaling. These findings suggest that HSP90 plays an important role in airway antibacterial innate immunity and may be an important target in airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, or cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.M.H.); (N.D.A.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Benjamin M. Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.M.H.); (N.D.A.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.M.H.); (N.D.A.); (J.N.P.)
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.M.H.); (N.D.A.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.M.H.); (N.D.A.); (J.N.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chen JH, Song CI, Hura N, Saraswathula A, Seal SM, Lane AP, Rowan NR. Taste receptors in CRS, what is the evidence?: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:917-934. [PMID: 34913601 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter (T2Rs) and sweet (T1Rs) taste receptors are involved in the innate immune response of the sinonasal cavity and associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Growing evidence suggests extraoral taste receptors as relevant biomarkers, but current understanding is incomplete. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence of extraoral taste receptors in CRS. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus were reviewed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included studies of genotypic and phenotypic T2R/T1R receptor status in CRS patients. RESULTS Twenty-two studies with 3,845 patients were included. Seventeen studies evaluated genotype and 10 evaluated taste phenotypes. Four of six studies examining the haplotype distribution of the T2R, TAS2R38, demonstrated increased AVI/AVI haplotype ("non-taster") frequency in CRS. Meanwhile, two studies demonstrated decreased bitter sensitivity in CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) while three other studies reported decreased bitter sensitivity only in CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP). Findings regarding sweet sensitivity were mixed. Three studies with cystic fibrosis patients (n=1,393) were included. Studies investigating the association between clinical outcomes and TAS2R38 alleles were limited, but the nonfunctional combination of AVI/AVI was associated with increased utilization of sinus surgery and, in CRSsNP patients, with poorer improvement of symptoms postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Both genotypic and phenotypic assessments of T2Rs suggest a potential association with CRS, particularly CRSsNP. However, limited evidence and mixed conclusions cloud the role of T2Rs in CRS. Future investigations should aim to increase diverse populations, broaden institutional diversity, examine T1Rs, and utilize uniform assessments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nanki Hura
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anirudh Saraswathula
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stella M Seal
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Martens K, Steelant B, Bullens DMA. Taste Receptors: The Gatekeepers of the Airway Epithelium. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112889. [PMID: 34831117 PMCID: PMC8616034 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors are well known for their role in the sensation of taste. Surprisingly, the expression and involvement of taste receptors in chemosensory processes outside the tongue have been recently identified in many organs including the airways. Currently, a clear understanding of the airway-specific function of these receptors and the endogenous activating/inhibitory ligands is lagging. The focus of this review is on recent physiological and clinical data describing the taste receptors in the airways and their activation by secreted bacterial compounds. Taste receptors in the airways are potentially involved in three different immune pathways (i.e., the production of nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides secretion, modulation of ciliary beat frequency, and bronchial smooth muscle cell relaxation). Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in these receptors may alter the patients’ susceptibility to certain types of respiratory infections as well as to differential outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. A better understanding of the function of taste receptors in the airways may lead to the development of a novel class of therapeutic molecules that can stimulate airway mucosal immune responses and could treat patients with chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Martens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Dominique M. A. Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Clinical Division of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Majak P, Molińska K, Latek M, Rychlik B, Wachulec M, Błauż A, Budniok A, Gruchała M, Lach J, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Baranowska M, Królikowska K, Strapagiel D, Majak J, Czech D, Pałczyński C, Kuna P. Upper-airway dysbiosis related to frequent sweets consumption increases the risk of asthma in children with chronic rhinosinusitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:489-500. [PMID: 33222307 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity response to local dysbiosis seems to be one of the most important immunologic backgrounds of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and concomitant asthma. We aimed to assess clinical determinants of upper-airway dysbiosis and its effect on nasal inflammatory profile and asthma risk in young children with CRS. METHODS We recruited one hundred and thirty-three children, aged 4-8 years with doctor-diagnosed CRS with or without asthma. The following procedures were performed in all participants: face-to-face standardized Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life questionnaire, skin prick test, taste perception testing, nasopharynx swab, and sampling of the nasal mucosa. Upper-airway dysbiosis was defined separately by asthma-specific microbiome composition and reduced biodiversity. Multivariate methods were used to define the risk factors for asthma and upper-airway dysbiosis and their specific inflammatory profile of nasal mucosa. RESULTS The asthma-specific upper-airway microbiome composition reflected by the decreased ratio of Patescibacteria/Actinobacteria independently of atopy increased the risk of asthma (OR:8.32; 95%CI: 2.93-23.6). This asthma-specific microbiome composition was associated with ≥ 7/week sweet consumption (OR:2.64; 95%C:1.11-6.28), reduced biodiversity (OR:3.83; 95%CI:1.65-8.87), the presence of Staphylococcus strains in the nasopharynx (OR:4.25; 95%CI:1.12-16.1), and lower expression of beta-defensin 2, IL-5, and IL-13 in the nasal mucosa. The reduced biodiversity was associated with frequent antibiotic use and with a higher nasal expression of IL-17 and T1R3 (sweet taste receptor). In asthmatic children, reduced sweet taste perception was observed. CONCLUSIONS Specific upper-airway dysbiosis related to frequent sweet consumption, frequent antibiotic courses, and altered nasal immune function increases the risk of asthma in young children with CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Majak
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Molińska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Latek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Błażej Rychlik
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Wachulec
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Błauż
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Martyna Gruchała
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Lach
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Monika Baranowska
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Królikowska
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Majak
- Audiology and Phoniatrics Clinic, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Czech
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Audiology and Phoniatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Kempfle JS, Löwenheim H, Huebner MJ, Iro H, Mueller SK. [Management of tracheostomy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: review of the literature and demonstration]. HNO 2020; 68:828-837. [PMID: 32514605 PMCID: PMC7278214 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-020-00892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since emergence of the new coronavirus in China in December 2019, many countries have been struggling to control skyrocketing numbers of infections, including among healthcare personnel. It has now been clearly demonstrated that SARS-CoV‑2 resides in the upper airways and transmits easily via aerosols and droplets, which significantly increases the risk of infection when performing upper airway procedures. Ventilated COVID-19 patients in a critical condition in the intensive care unit may require tracheotomy for long-term ventilation and to improve weaning. However, the risk of secondary infection of medical personnel performing subsequent tracheostomy care remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the risk of droplet dispersion during tracheostomy tube change and overview tracheostomy tube change in COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current literature was reviewed, quantitative and qualitative analyses of droplet formation during tracheostomy tube change in n = 8 patients were performed, and an overview of and checklist for tracheostomy tube change were compiled. RESULTS This study demonstrates that tracheostomy tube change, in particular insertion of the new tube, may cause significant droplet formation. The aerosolization of particles smaller than 5 µm was not analyzed. CONCLUSION Our data, together with the current literature, clearly emphasize that tracheostomy care is associated with a high infection risk and should only be performed by a small group of well-trained, maximally protected healthcare personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kempfle
- Abteilung für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.,Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Löwenheim
- Abteilung für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - M J Huebner
- Abteilung für Kinderkardiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - H Iro
- Abteilung für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstraße 1, 1054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - S K Mueller
- Abteilung für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstraße 1, 1054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
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