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Glinton KE, Gijavanekar C, Rajagopal A, Mackay LP, Martin KA, Pearl PL, Gibson KM, Wilson TA, Sutton VR, Elsea SH. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: a metabolic and genomic approach to diagnosis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1405468. [PMID: 39011401 PMCID: PMC11247174 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1405468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic sequencing offers an untargeted, data-driven approach to genetic diagnosis; however, variants of uncertain significance often hinder the diagnostic process. The discovery of rare genomic variants without previously known functional evidence of pathogenicity often results in variants being overlooked as potentially causative, particularly in individuals with undifferentiated phenotypes. Consequently, many neurometabolic conditions, including those in the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) catabolism pathway, are underdiagnosed. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD, OMIM #271980) is a neurometabolic disorder in the GABA catabolism pathway. The disorder is due to bi-allelic pathogenic variants in ALDH5A1 and is usually characterized by moderate-to-severe developmental delays, hypotonia, intellectual disability, ataxia, seizures, hyperkinetic behavior, aggression, psychiatric disorders, and sleep disturbances. In this study, we utilized an integrated approach to diagnosis of SSADHD by examining molecular, clinical, and metabolomic data from a single large commercial laboratory. Our analysis led to the identification of 16 patients with likely SSADHD along with three novel variants. We also showed that patients with this disorder have a clear metabolomic signature that, along with molecular and clinical findings, may allow for more rapid and efficient diagnosis. We further surveyed all available pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants and used this information to estimate the global prevalence of this disease. Taken together, our comprehensive analysis allows for a global approach to the diagnosis of SSADHD and provides a pathway to improved diagnosis and potential incorporation into newborn screening programs. Furthermore, early diagnosis facilitates referral to genetic counseling, family support, and access to targeted treatments-taken together, these provide the best outcomes for individuals living with either GABA-TD or SSADHD, as well as other rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Glinton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charul Gijavanekar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abbhirami Rajagopal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura P. Mackay
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kirt A. Martin
- NeoGenomics Laboratories, Aliso Viejo, CA, United States
| | - Phillip L. Pearl
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Theresa A. Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - V. Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sarah H. Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, United States
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Tokatly Latzer I, Bertoldi M, Blau N, DiBacco ML, Elsea SH, García-Cazorla À, Gibson KM, Gropman AL, Hanson E, Hoffman C, Jeltsch K, Juliá-Palacios N, Knerr I, Lee HHC, Malaspina P, McConnell A, Opladen T, Oppebøen M, Rotenberg A, Walterfang M, Wang-Tso L, Wevers RA, Roullet JB, Pearl PL. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108363. [PMID: 38452608 PMCID: PMC11073920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) (OMIM #271980) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by pathogenic variants of ALDH5A1. Deficiency of SSADH results in accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and other GABA-related metabolites. The clinical phenotype of SSADHD includes a broad spectrum of non-pathognomonic symptoms such as cognitive disabilities, communication and language deficits, movement disorders, epilepsy, sleep disturbances, attention problems, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive traits. Current treatment options for SSADHD remain supportive, but there are ongoing attempts to develop targeted genetic therapies. This study aimed to create consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of SSADHD. Thirty relevant statements were initially addressed by a systematic literature review, resulting in different evidence levels of strength according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. The highest level of evidence (level A), based on randomized controlled trials, was unavailable for any of the statements. Based on cohort studies, Level B evidence was available for 12 (40%) of the statements. Thereupon, through a process following the Delphi Method and directed by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) criteria, expert opinion was sought, and members of an SSADHD Consensus Group evaluated all the statements. The group consisted of neurologists, epileptologists, neuropsychologists, neurophysiologists, metabolic disease specialists, clinical and biochemical geneticists, and laboratory scientists affiliated with 19 institutions from 11 countries who have clinical experience with SSADHD patients and have studied the disorder. Representatives from parent groups were also included in the Consensus Group. An analysis of the survey's results yielded 25 (83%) strong and 5 (17%) weak agreement strengths. These first-of-their-kind consensus guidelines intend to consolidate and unify the optimal care that can be provided to individuals with SSADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Nenad Blau
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Melissa L DiBacco
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Neurometabolic Unit, Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - K Michael Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Andrea L Gropman
- Division of Neurogenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C, USA.
| | - Ellen Hanson
- Human Neurobehavioral Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | - Kathrin Jeltsch
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Natalia Juliá-Palacios
- Neurometabolic Unit, Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ina Knerr
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's Health Ireland, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Henry H C Lee
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Patrizia Malaspina
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica s.n.c., Rome 00133, Italy.
| | | | - Thomas Opladen
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Neuropsychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Lee Wang-Tso
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Afshar-Saber W, Teaney NA, Winden KD, Jumo H, Shi X, McGinty G, Hubbs J, Chen C, Tokatly Latzer I, Gasparoli F, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Buttermore ED, Roullet JB, Pearl PL, Sahin M. ALDH5A1-deficient iPSC-derived excitatory and inhibitory neurons display cell type specific alterations. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106386. [PMID: 38110041 PMCID: PMC10843729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a neurometabolic disorder caused by ALDH5A1 mutations presenting with autism and epilepsy. SSADHD leads to impaired GABA metabolism and results in accumulation of GABA and γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which alter neurotransmission and are thought to lead to neurobehavioral symptoms. However, why increased inhibitory neurotransmitters lead to seizures remains unclear. We used induced pluripotent stem cells from SSADHD patients (one female and two male) and differentiated them into GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. SSADHD iGABA neurons show altered GABA metabolism and concomitant changes in expression of genes associated with inhibitory neurotransmission. In contrast, glutamatergic neurons display increased spontaneous activity and upregulation of mitochondrial genes. CRISPR correction of the pathogenic variants or SSADHD mRNA expression rescue various metabolic and functional abnormalities in human neurons. Our findings uncover a previously unknown role for SSADHD in excitatory human neurons and provide unique insights into the cellular and molecular basis of SSADHD and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardiya Afshar-Saber
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole A Teaney
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kellen D Winden
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hellen Jumo
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xutong Shi
- Washington State University, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Gabrielle McGinty
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jed Hubbs
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cidi Chen
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Buttermore
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Phillip L Pearl
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Latzer IT, Bertoldi M, DiBacco ML, Arning E, Tsuboyama M, MacMullin P, Sachee D, Rotenberg A, Lee HHC, Aygun D, Opladen T, Jeltsch K, García-Cazorla À, Roullet JB, Gibson KM, Pearl PL. The presence and severity of epilepsy coincide with reduced γ-aminobutyrate and cortical excitatory markers in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Epilepsia 2023; 64:1516-1526. [PMID: 36961285 PMCID: PMC10471137 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a defect of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) catabolism. Despite the resultant hyper-GABAergic environment facilitated by the metabolic defect, individuals with this disorder have a paradoxically high prevalence of epilepsy. We aimed to study the characteristics of epilepsy in SSADHD and its concordance with GABA-related metabolites and neurophysiologic markers of cortical excitation. METHODS Subjects in an international natural history study of SSADHD underwent clinical assessments, electroencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetic resonance spectroscopy for GABA/N-acetyl aspartate quantification, and plasma GABA-related metabolite measurements. RESULTS A total of 61 subjects with SSADHD and 42 healthy controls were included in the study. Epilepsy was present in 49% of the SSADHD cohort. Over time, there was an increase in severity in 33% of the subjects with seizures. The presence of seizures was associated with increasing age (p = .001) and lower levels of GABA (p = .002), γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; p = .004), and γ-guanidinobutyrate (GBA; p = .003). Seizure severity was associated with increasing age and lower levels of GABA-related metabolites as well as lower TMS-derived resting motor thresholds (p = .04). The cutoff values with the highest discriminative ability to predict seizures were age > 9.2 years (p = .001), GABA < 2.57 μmol·L-1 (p = .002), GHB < 143.6 μmol·L-1 (p = .004), and GBA < .075 μmol·L-1 (p = .007). A prediction model for seizures in SSADHD was comprised of the additive effect of older age and lower plasma GABA, GHB, and GBA (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of .798, p = .008). SIGNIFICANCE Epilepsy is highly prevalent in SSADHD, and its onset and severity correlate with an age-related decline in GABA and GABA-related metabolite levels as well as TMS markers of reduced cortical inhibition. The reduction of GABAergic activity in this otherwise hyper-GABAergic disorder demonstrates a concordance between epileptogenesis and compensatory responses. These findings may furthermore inform the timing of molecular interventions for SSADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Melissa L. DiBacco
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa Tsuboyama
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul MacMullin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniyal Sachee
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Henry H C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deniz Aygun
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics & Metabolic Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jeltsch
- Division of Neuropediatrics & Metabolic Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Neurometabolic Unit, Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Phillip L. Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Lee HHC, McGinty GE, Pearl PL, Rotenberg A. Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD): Towards the Development of SSADH-Targeted Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2606. [PMID: 35269750 PMCID: PMC8910003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by inefficient metabolic breakdown of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Pathologic brain accumulation of GABA and γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a neuroactive by-product of GABA catabolism, leads to a multitude of molecular abnormalities beginning in early life, culminating in multifaceted clinical presentations including delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and ataxia. Paradoxically, over half of patients with SSADHD also develop epilepsy and face a significant risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Here, we review some of the relevant molecular mechanisms through which impaired synaptic inhibition, astrocytic malfunctions and myelin defects might contribute to the complex SSADHD phenotype. We also discuss the gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed for the implementation of successful gene and enzyme replacement SSADHD therapies. We conclude with a description of a novel SSADHD mouse model that enables 'on-demand' SSADH restoration, allowing proof-of-concept studies to fine-tune SSADH restoration in preparation for eventual human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H. C. Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.E.M.); (A.R.)
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabrielle E. McGinty
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.E.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Phillip L. Pearl
- Division of Epilepsy & Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.E.M.); (A.R.)
- Division of Epilepsy & Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Yoganathan S, Arunachal G, Kratz L, Varman M, Thomas M, Sudhakar SV, Oommen SP, Danda S. Metabolic Or Ischemic Stroke in Succinic Semi-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency Due to the Homozygous Variant c. 1343 + 1_1343 + 3delGTAinsTT in ALDH5A1. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:259-261. [PMID: 34220078 PMCID: PMC8232515 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_360_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gautham Arunachal
- Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lisa Kratz
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Mugil Varman
- Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sniya V Sudhakar
- Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel P Oommen
- Developmental Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Lee HHC, Pearl PL, Rotenberg A. Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Relevance in γ-Aminobutyric Acid Plasticity. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:1200-1209. [PMID: 33624531 PMCID: PMC8382780 DOI: 10.1177/0883073821993000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a rare inborn metabolic disorder caused by the functional impairment of SSADH (encoded by the ALDH5A1 gene), an enzyme essential for metabolism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In SSADHD, pathologic accumulation of GABA and its metabolite γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) results in broad spectrum encephalopathy including developmental delay, ataxia, seizures, and a heightened risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Proof-of-concept systemic SSADH restoration via enzyme replacement therapy increased survival of SSADH knockout mice, suggesting that SSADH restoration might be a viable intervention for SSADHD. However, before testing enzyme replacement therapy or gene therapy in patients, we must consider its safety and feasibility in the context of early brain development and unique SSADHD pathophysiology. Specifically, a profound use-dependent downregulation of GABAA receptors in SSADHD indicates a risk that any sudden SSADH restoration might diminish GABAergic tone and provoke seizures. In addition, the tight developmental regulation of GABA circuit plasticity might limit the age window when SSADH restoration is accomplished safely. Moreover, given SSADH expressions are cell type-specific, targeted instead of global restoration might be necessary. We therefore describe 3 key parameters for the clinical readiness of SSADH restoration: (1) rate, (2) timing, and (3) cell type specificity. Our work focuses on the construction of a novel SSADHD mouse model that allows "on-demand" SSADH restoration for the systematic investigation of these key parameters. We aim to understand the impacts of specific SSADH restoration protocols on brain physiology, accelerating bench-to-bedside development of enzyme replacement therapy or gene therapy for SSADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Hing Cheong Lee
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital,Correspondence: Henry Lee () and Alexander Rotenberg ()
| | | | - Alexander Rotenberg
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital,Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital,Correspondence: Henry Lee () and Alexander Rotenberg ()
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8
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Fattahi M, Bushehri A, Alavi A, Asghariazar V, Nozari A, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Motamedian Dehkordi P, Javid M, Farajzadeh Valiliou S, Karimian J, Behjati F. Bi-allelic Mutations in ALDH5A1 is associated with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and severe intellectual disability. Gene 2020:144918. [PMID: 32621952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous mutations of ALDH5A1 have been reportedly associated with Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) that affects gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism and evinces a wide range of clinical phenotype from mild intellectual disability to severe neurodegenerative disorders. We report clinical and molecular data of a Lor family with 2 affected members presenting with severe intellectual disability, developmental delay, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. A comprehensive genetic study that included whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense substitution (NM_001080:c.G1321A:p.G441R) in ALDH5A1 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 5 Family Member A1) gene, consistent with clinical phenotype in the patients and co-segregating with the disease in the family. The non-synonymous mutation, p.G441R, affects a highly conserved amino acid residue, which is expected to cause a severe destabilization of the enzyme. Protein modeling demonstrated an impairment of the succinic semialdehyde (SSA) binding tunnel accessibility, and the anticipation of the protein folding stability and dynamics was a decrease in the free energy by 4.02 kcal/mol. Consistent with these in silico findings, excessive γ -hydroxybutyrate (GHB) could be detected in patients' urine as the byproduct of the GABA pathway. SSADHD, Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; ALDH5A1, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 5 Family Member A1; GHB, γ -hydroxybutyrate; SSA, succinic semi aldehyde; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; CNS, central nervous system ; EEG, electroencephalography; EEEF, empirical effective energy functions; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; IQ, intelligence quotient; EMG, electromyography; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; CP, cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Fattahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ata Bushehri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Pajuhesh street, Ilam, Iran
| | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahoura Nozari
- Medical Genetics Lab, Infertility Clinic, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | | | - Marzieh Javid
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran IAUPS
| | | | - Javad Karimian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Finsterer J, Scorza CA, Scorza FA, Ghosh R. Metabolic or Ischemic Stroke in Succinic Semi-aldehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency Due to the Homozygous Variant c. 1343 + 1_1343 + 3delGTAinsTT in ALDH5A1. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 24:303-304. [PMID: 34220101 PMCID: PMC8232476 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_246_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fulvio A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ritwik Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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10
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Didiasova M, Banning A, Brennenstuhl H, Jung-Klawitter S, Cinquemani C, Opladen T, Tikkanen R. Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: An Update. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020477. [PMID: 32093054 PMCID: PMC7072817 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH-D) is a genetic disorder that results from the aberrant metabolism of the neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). The disease is caused by impaired activity of the mitochondrial enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. SSADH-D manifests as varying degrees of mental retardation, autism, ataxia, and epileptic seizures, but the clinical picture is highly heterogeneous. So far, there is no approved curative therapy for this disease. In this review, we briefly summarize the molecular genetics of SSADH-D, the past and ongoing clinical trials, and the emerging features of the molecular pathogenesis, including redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction. The main aim of this review is to discuss the potential of further therapy approaches that have so far not been tested in SSADH-D, such as pharmacological chaperones, read-through drugs, and gene therapy. Special attention will also be paid to elucidating the role of patient advocacy organizations in facilitating research and in the communication between researchers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Didiasova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Antje Banning
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Heiko Brennenstuhl
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | | | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9947-420
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11
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Yoganathan S, Arunachal G, Kratz L, Varman M, Thomas M, Sudhakar SV, Oommen SP, Danda S. Metabolic Stroke: A Novel Presentation in a Child with Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:113-117. [PMID: 32055132 PMCID: PMC7001443 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_213_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. Children with SSADH deficiency usually manifest with developmental delay, behavioral symptoms, language dysfunction, seizures, hypotonia, extrapyramidal symptoms, and ataxia. Diagnosis of SSADH deficiency is established by an abnormal urine organic acid pattern, including increased excretion of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and the identification of biallelic pathogenic variants in aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A 1 (ALDH5A1) gene. Here, we describe a 15-month-old girl with SSADH deficiency presenting with developmental delay, language deficits, and acute-onset right hemiparesis, following recovery from a diarrheal illness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperintense signal changes involving the left globus pallidus in T2-weighted images with restriction of diffusion in the diffusion-weighted images. Increased excretion of 4-hydroxybutyric acid, threo-4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid lactone and erythro-4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid lactone was detected by urine organic acid analysis and a diagnosis of SSADH deficiency was confirmed by the identification of homozygous pathogenic variant in ALDH5A1. Stroke mimic is a novel presentation in our patient with SSADH deficiency. She was initiated on treatment with vigabatrin and has shown developmental gains with the recovery of right hemiparesis. Follow-up neuroimaging shows near complete resolution of signal changes in the left globus pallidus, while there was subtle hyperintensity in the right globus pallidus. The phenotypic spectrum of SSADH deficiency is widely expanding, and this disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with metabolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gautham Arunachal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lisa Kratz
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mugil Varman
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sniya Valsa Sudhakar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel Philip Oommen
- Developmental Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Silverman RB. Design and Mechanism of GABA Aminotransferase Inactivators. Treatments for Epilepsies and Addictions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4037-4070. [PMID: 29569907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
When the brain concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) diminishes below a threshold level, the excess neuronal excitation can lead to convulsions. This imbalance in neurotransmission can be corrected by inhibition of the enzyme γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which catalyzes the conversion of GABA to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. It also has been found that raising GABA levels can antagonize the rapid elevation and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which is responsible for the reward response in addiction. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors of GABA-AT, which increases brain GABA levels, is an important approach to new treatments for epilepsy and addiction. This review summarizes findings over the last 40 or so years of mechanism-based inactivators (unreactive compounds that require the target enzyme to catalyze their conversion to the inactivating species, which inactivate the enzyme prior to their release) of GABA-AT with emphasis on their catalytic mechanisms of inactivation, presented according to organic chemical mechanism, with minimal pharmacology, except where important for activity in epilepsy and addiction. Patents, abstracts, and conference proceedings are not covered in this review. The inactivation mechanisms described here can be applied to the inactivations of a wide variety of unrelated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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13
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Malaspina P, Roullet JB, Pearl PL, Ainslie GR, Vogel KR, Gibson KM. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD): Pathophysiological complexity and multifactorial trait associations in a rare monogenic disorder of GABA metabolism. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:72-84. [PMID: 27311541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discovered some 35 years ago, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) represents a rare, autosomal recessively-inherited defect in the second step of the GABA degradative pathway. Some 200 patients have been reported, with broad phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. SSADHD represents an unusual neurometabolic disorder in which two neuromodulatory agents, GABA (and the GABA analogue, 4-hydroxybutyrate), accumulate to supraphysiological levels. The unexpected occurrence of epilepsy in several patients is counterintuitive in view of the hyperGABAergic state, in which sedation might be expected. However, the epileptic status of some patients is most likely represented by broader imbalances of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Cumulative research encompassing decades of basic and clinical study of SSADHD reveal a monogenic disease with broad pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes. Numerous metabolic perturbations unmasked in SSADHD include alterations in oxidative stress parameters, dysregulation of autophagy and mitophagy, dysregulation of both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters and gene expression, and unique subsets of SNP alterations of the SSADH gene (so-called ALDH5A1, or aldehyde dehydrogenase 5A1 gene) on the 6p22 chromosomal arm. While seemingly difficult to collate and interpret, these anomalies have continued to open novel pathways for pharmacotherapeutic considerations. Here, we present an update on selected aspects of SSADHD, the ALDH5A1 gene, and future avenues for research on this rare disorder of GABA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malaspina
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - J-B Roullet
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - P L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G R Ainslie
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K R Vogel
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K M Gibson
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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14
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Parviz M, Vogel K, Gibson KM, Pearl PL. Disorders of GABA metabolism: SSADH and GABA-transaminase deficiencies. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2015; 3:217-227. [PMID: 25485164 DOI: 10.3233/pep-14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical disorders known to affect inherited gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) metabolism are autosomal recessively inherited succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and GABA-transaminase deficiency. The clinical presentation of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency includes intellectual disability, ataxia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and epilepsy with a nonprogressive course in typical cases, although a progressive form in early childhood as well as deterioration in adulthood with worsening epilepsy are reported. GABA-transaminase deficiency is associated with a severe neonatal-infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Parviz
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kara Vogel
- Biological Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - K Michael Gibson
- Biological Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Pearl PL, Parviz M, Vogel K, Schreiber J, Theodore WH, Gibson KM. Inherited disorders of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and advances in ALDH5A1 mutation identification. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:611-617. [PMID: 25558043 PMCID: PMC4485983 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism include succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) deficiencies. The clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of both, and an updated list of mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene, which cause SSADH deficiency, are discussed. A database of 112 individuals (71 children and adolescents, and 41 adults) indicates that developmental delay and hypotonia are the most common symptoms arising from SSADH deficiency. Furthermore, epilepsy is present in two-thirds of SSADH-deficient individuals by adulthood. Research with murine genetic models and human participants, using [11 C] flumazenil positron emission tomography (FMZ-PET) and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have led to therapeutic trials, and the identification of additional disruptions to GABA metabolism. Suggestions for new therapies have arisen from findings of GABAergic effects on autophagy, with enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Details of known pathogenic mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene, three of which have not previously been reported, are summarized here. Investigations into disorders of GABA metabolism provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms underlying epilepsy, and support the importance of developing biomarkers and clinical trials. Comprehensive definition of phenotypes arising as a result of deficiencies in both SSADH and GABA-T may increase our understanding of the neurophysiological consequences of a hyper-GABAergic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L. Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Mahsa Parviz
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Kara Vogel
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA
| | - John Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA
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16
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Püttmann L, Stehr H, Garshasbi M, Hu H, Kahrizi K, Lipkowitz B, Jamali P, Tzschach A, Najmabadi H, Ropers HH, Musante L, Kuss AW. A novelALDH5A1mutation is associated with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and severe intellectual disability in an Iranian family. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1915-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henning Stehr
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Bettina Lipkowitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - Andreas Tzschach
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
| | - Luciana Musante
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin; Germany
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17
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Cao J, Barbosa JM, Singh N, Locy RD. GABA transaminases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana complement function in cytosol and mitochondria. Yeast 2013; 30:279-89. [PMID: 23740823 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA transaminase (GABA-T) catalyses the conversion of GABA to succinate semialdehyde (SSA) in the GABA shunt pathway. The GABA-T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGABA-TKG) is an α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme encoded by the UGA1 gene, while higher plant GABA-T is a pyruvate/glyoxylate-dependent enzyme encoded by POP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGABA-T). The GABA-T from A. thaliana is localized in mitochondria and mediated by an 18-amino acid N-terminal mitochondrial targeting peptide predicated by both web-based utilities TargetP 1.1 and PSORT. Yeast UGA1 appears to lack a mitochondrial targeting peptide and is localized in the cytosol. To verify this bioinformatic analysis and examine the significance of ScGABA-TKG and AtGABA-T compartmentation and substrate specificity on physiological function, expression vectors were constructed to modify both ScGABA-TKG and AtGABA-T, so that they express in yeast mitochondria and cytosol. Physiological function was evaluated by complementing yeast ScGABA-TKG deletion mutant Δuga1 with AtGABA-T or ScGABA-TKG targeted to the cytosol or mitochondria for the phenotypes of GABA growth defect, thermosensitivity and heat-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study demonstrates that AtGABA-T is functionally interchangeable with ScGABA-TKG for GABA growth, thermotolerance and limiting production of ROS, regardless of location in mitochondria or cytosol of yeast cells, but AtGABA-T is about half as efficient in doing so as ScGABA-TKG. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that pyruvate/glyoxylate-limited production of NADPH mediates the effect of the GABA shunt in moderating heat stress in Saccharomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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18
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Vogel KR, Pearl PL, Theodore WH, McCarter RC, Jakobs C, Gibson KM. Thirty years beyond discovery--clinical trials in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, a disorder of GABA metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:401-10. [PMID: 22739941 PMCID: PMC4349389 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes a presentation made at the retirement Symposium of Prof. Dr. Cornelis Jakobs in November of 2011, highlighting the progress toward clinical trials in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency, a disorder first recognized in 1981. Active and potential clinical interventions, including vigabatrin, L-cycloserine, the GHB receptor antagonist NCS-382, and the ketogenic diet, are discussed. Several biomarkers to gauge clinical efficacy have been identified, including cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, neuropsychiatric testing, MRI, EEG, and measures of GABAergic function including (11 C)flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Thirty years after its discovery, encompassing extensive studies in both patients and the corresponding murine model, we are now running an open-label trial of taurine intervention, and are poised to undertake a phase II trial of the GABAB receptor antagonist SGS742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R Vogel
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA.
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19
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Deleu C, Faes P, Niogret MF, Bouchereau A. Effects of the inhibitor of the γ-aminobutyrate-transaminase, vinyl-γ-aminobutyrate, on development and nitrogen metabolism in Brassica napus seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 64:60-9. [PMID: 23370302 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
γ-aminobutyrate-transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) catalyzes the first step of the catabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid well-known to accumulate in plant in response to environmental stimuli. Recent studies reinforce more and more the role of its metabolism in carbon and/or nitrogen metabolisms and as a signalling molecule in developmental processes. Here we investigated the effects of inhibition of γ-aminobutyrate-transaminase (GABA-T) in seedlings of Brassica napus, using vinyl-GABA (VGB) as a specific inhibitor of GABA-T to prevent enzyme activity. Root growth was reduced by 44% in VGB-treated seedlings but was less inhibited when VGB was associated with exogenous GABA and was not reduced with exogenous GABA alone. Measurements of GABA content in seedlings grown on VGB, GABA or VGB + GABA demonstrated that GABA level in root was not linked with the root length reduction, suggesting that GABA was not the sole component acting in root growth inhibition. Besides, metabolic profiling revealed that in root, VGB-treatment caused a twofold increase in content of almost all amino acids, except for alanine whose content was 19-fold higher than in control. In order to test the involvement of alanine accumulation on growth we studied the effects of exogenous alanine. High alanine content slightly reduced root growth suggesting that VGB-induced alanine accumulation was not responsible for root length reduction. We conclude that root growth inhibition in plants whose GABA catabolism was impaired could result at least partly from the disruption of the primary metabolism as a whole rather than direct effect of GABA on cellular growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Deleu
- Université Rennes 1, UMR1349 IGEPP, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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20
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Vanadia E, Gibson KM, Pearl PL, Trapolino E, Mangano S, Vanadia F. Therapeutic efficacy of magnesium valproate in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. JIMD Rep 2012; 8:133-7. [PMID: 23430529 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2012_170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), a disorder of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism, manifests typically as a nonprogressive neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive deficiency, neuropsychiatric morbidity and epilepsy. Therapy targets symptomatic seizures and neurobehavioral disturbances. We report an adolescent female with SSADHD whose unresponsiveness to a broad spectrum of antiepileptics was circumvented with magnesium valproate (MgVPA). Epilepsy remains well controlled in our patient, with concomitant improvements in behavioral symptoms and an absence of adverse symptoms. MgVPA intervention may have utility in SSADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vanadia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,
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21
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Vigabatrin-induced forced normalization and psychosis--prolongated termination of behavioral symptoms but persistent antiepileptic effect after withdrawal. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 24:138-40. [PMID: 22503470 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of an adolescent girl who suffered from symptomatic refractory focal epilepsy after an arteria cerebri media insult 15 years prior to this report. Five weeks after initiation of an add-on therapy with vigabatrin, she was seizure free. However, 2 weeks later, she suffered from psychosis. The phenomenon is well known as forced normalization. However, although the medication was stopped immediately, 3 years later, she shows not only persistent mild increased anxiousness, but also a marked reduction of seizure frequency as well as seizure intensity.
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22
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Van Hove JLK, Lohr NJ. Metabolic and monogenic causes of seizures in neonates and young infants. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:214-30. [PMID: 21839663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seizures in neonates or young infants present a frequent diagnostic challenge. After exclusion of acquired causes, disturbances of the internal homeostasis and brain malformations, the physician must evaluate for inborn errors of metabolism and for other non-malformative genetic disorders as the cause of seizures. The metabolic causes can be categorized into disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism, disorders of energy production, and synthetic or catabolic disorders associated with brain malformation, dysfunction and degeneration. Other genetic conditions involve channelopathies, and disorders resulting in abnormal growth, differentiation and formation of neuronal populations. These conditions are important given their potential for treatment and the risk for recurrence in the family. In this paper, we will succinctly review the metabolic and genetic non-malformative causes of seizures in neonates and infants less than 6 months of age. We will then provide differential diagnostic clues and a practical paradigm for their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Clinical Genetics, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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23
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Casarano M, Alessandrì MG, Salomons GS, Moretti E, Jakobs C, Gibson KM, Cioni G, Battini R. Efficacy of vigabatrin intervention in a mild phenotypic expression of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. JIMD Rep 2011; 2:119-23. [PMID: 23430864 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2011_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a patient with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency who presented a mild phenotype including developmental language delay, in association with the typical elevations of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in biological fluids and MRI alterations. Two pathogenic mutations were identified one transversion (c.278 G>T) in exon 1 and another (c.1557 T>G) in exon 10. Both parents are carriers of one of the mutations, confirming compound-heterozygosity in their affected child. To reduce the GHB levels in body fluids, a treatment with vigabatrin at low dose (25 mg/kg per day) was started, monitoring its efficacy by clinical and neurochemical follow-up. After 9 months of therapy with vigabatrin, a significant reduction of GHB concentrations in urine and CSF was observed; after 36 months, a significant improvement of communicative skills, not previously reported, was referred. These results support the hypothesis that the clinical improvement is correlated to the reduction in the GHB levels and the importance of considering the SSADH deficiency in the differential diagnosis of patients with mental retardation and language delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casarano
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56118, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
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Kim KJ, Pearl PL, Jensen K, Snead OC, Malaspina P, Jakobs C, Gibson KM. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase: biochemical-molecular-clinical disease mechanisms, redox regulation, and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:691-718. [PMID: 20973619 PMCID: PMC3125545 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH; aldehyde dehydrogenase 5a1, ALDH5A1; E.C. 1.2.1.24; OMIM 610045, 271980) deficiency is a rare heritable disorder that disrupts the metabolism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Identified in conjunction with increased urinary excretion of the GABA analog gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), numerous patients have been identified worldwide and the autosomal-recessive disorder has been modeled in mice. The phenotype is one of nonprogressive neurological dysfunction in which seizures may be prominently displayed. The murine model is a reasonable phenocopy of the human disorder, yet the severity of the seizure disorder in the mouse exceeds that observed in SSADH-deficient patients. Abnormalities in GABAergic and GHBergic neurotransmission, documented in patients and mice, form a component of disease pathophysiology, although numerous other disturbances (metabolite accumulations, myelin abnormalities, oxidant stress, neurosteroid depletion, altered bioenergetics, etc.) are also likely to be involved in developing the disease phenotype. Most recently, the demonstration of a redox control system in the SSADH protein active site has provided new insights into the regulation of SSADH by the cellular oxidation/reduction potential. The current review summarizes some 30 years of research on this protein and disease, addressing pathological mechanisms in human and mouse at the protein, metabolic, molecular, and whole-animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Phillip L. Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kimmo Jensen
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - O. Carter Snead
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Cornelis Jakobs
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
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Escalera GI, Ferrer I, Marina LC, Sala PR, Salomons GS, Jakobs C, Pérez-Cerdá C. [Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: decrease in 4-OH-butyric acid levels with low doses of vigabatrin]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 72:128-32. [PMID: 20018576 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria) is a rare neurometabolic disease caused by a deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric degradation, resulting in an increase in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in biological fluids. The clinical spectrum is heterogeneous, including a variety of neurological manifestations and psychiatric symptoms. The treatment usually used is vigabatrin, but its clinical efficacy is under discussion. We present two affected siblings. The older brother was examined when he was 2.5 years old due to psychomotor and developmental delay, disturbances in motor coordination, axial hypotonia and language disability. His younger brother had mild axial hypotonia when 5 months old. Metabolic studies demonstrated a high plasma and urine concentration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Mutation analysis of the gene ALDH5A1 confirmed the disease. After 1 year of treatment with low-doses of vigabatrin of the older patient, a decrease in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid plasma levels and a slow clinical improvement were observed.
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Pearl PL, Gibson KM, Cortez MA, Wu Y, Carter Snead O, Knerr I, Forester K, Pettiford JM, Jakobs C, Theodore WH. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: lessons from mice and men. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:343-52. [PMID: 19172412 PMCID: PMC2693236 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency, a disorder of GABA degradation with subsequent elevations in brain GABA and GHB, is a neurometabolic disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy, hypotonia, ataxia, sleep disorders, and psychiatric disturbances. Neuroimaging reveals increased T2-weighted MRI signal usually affecting the globus pallidus, cerebellar dentate nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus, and often cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. EEG abnormalities are usually generalized spike-wave, consistent with a predilection for generalized epilepsy. The murine phenotype is characterized by failure-to-thrive, progressive ataxia, and a transition from generalized absence to tonic-clonic to ultimately fatal convulsive status epilepticus. Binding and electrophysiological studies demonstrate use-dependent downregulation of GABA(A) and (B) receptors in the mutant mouse. Translational human studies similarly reveal downregulation of GABAergic activity in patients, utilizing flumazenil-PET and transcranial magnetic stimulation for GABA(A) and (B) activity, respectively. Sleep studies reveal decreased stage REM with prolonged REM latencies and diminished percentage of stage REM. An ad libitum ketogenic diet was reported as effective in the mouse model, with unclear applicability to the human condition. Acute application of SGS-742, a GABA(B) antagonist, leads to improvement in epileptiform activity on electrocorticography. Promising mouse data using compounds available for clinical use, including taurine and SGS-742, form the framework for human trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/diagnosis
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/etiology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA.
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Comparative genomics of aldehyde dehydrogenase 5a1 (succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase) and accumulation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate associated with its deficiency. Hum Genomics 2009; 3:106-20. [PMID: 19164088 PMCID: PMC2657722 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-3-2-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH; aldehyde dehydrogenase 5A1 [ALDH5A1]; locus 6p22) occupies a central position in central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitter metabolism as one of two enzymes necessary for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) recycling from the synaptic cleft. Its importance is highlighted by the neurometabolic disease associated with its inherited deficiency in humans, as well as the severe epileptic phenotype observed in Aldh5a1-/- knockout mice. Expanding evidence now suggests, however, that even subtle decreases in human SSADH activity, associated with rare and common single nucleotide polymorphisms, may produce subclinical pathological effects. SSADH, in conjunction with aldo-keto reductase 7A2 (AKR7A2), represent two neural enzymes responsible for further catabolism of succinic semialdehyde, producing either succinate (SSADH) or γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; AKR7A2). A GABA analogue, GHB is a short-chain fatty alcohol with unusual properties in the CNS and a long pharmacological history. Moreover, SSADH occupies a further role in the CNS as the enzyme responsible for further metabolism of the lipid peroxidation aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), an intermediate known to induce oxidant stress. Accordingly, subtle decreases in SSADH activity may have the capacity to lead to regional accumulation of neurotoxic intermediates (GHB, 4-HNE). Polymorphisms in SSADH gene structure may also associate with quantitative traits, including intelligence quotient and life expectancy. Further population-based studies of human SSADH activity promise to reveal additional properties of its function and additional roles in CNS tissue.
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Neurotransmitter alterations in embryonic succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency suggest a heightened excitatory state during development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:112. [PMID: 19040727 PMCID: PMC2642797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SSADH (aldehyde dehydrogenase 5a1 (Aldh5a1); gamma-hydroxybutyric (GHB) aciduria) deficiency is a defect of GABA degradation in which the neuromodulators GABA and GHB accumulate. The human phenotype is that of nonprogressive encephalopathy with prominent bilateral discoloration of the globi pallidi and variable seizures, the latter displayed prominently in Aldh5a1-/- mice with lethal convulsions. Metabolic studies in murine neural tissue have revealed elevated GABA [and its derivatives succinate semialdehyde (SSA), homocarnosine (HC), 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid (DHHA) and guanidinobutyrate (GB)] and GHB [and its analogue D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG)] at birth. Because of early onset seizures and the neurostructural anomalies observed in patients, we examined metabolite features during Aldh5a1-/- embryo development. METHODS Embryos were obtained from pregnant dams sacrificed at E (embryo day of life) 10-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-19 and newborn mice. Intact embryos were extracted and metabolites quantified by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (n = 5-15 subjects, Aldh5a1+/+ and Aldh5a1-/-) for each gestational age group. Data was evaluated using the t test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis. Significance was set at the 95th centile. RESULTS GABA and DHHA were significantly elevated at all gestational ages in Aldh5a1-/- mice, while GB was increased only late in gestation; SSA was not elevated at any time point. GHB and D-2-HG increased in an approximately linear fashion with gestational age. Correlative studies in human amniotic fluid from SSADH-deficient pregnancies (n = 5) also revealed significantly increased GABA. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate early GABAergic alterations in Aldh5a1-/- mice, possibly exacerbated by other metabolites, which likely induce a heightened excitatory state that may predispose neural networks to epilepsy in these animals.
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Neuropsychiatric morbidity in adolescent and adult succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency patients. CNS Spectr 2008; 13:598-605. [PMID: 18622364 PMCID: PMC2562649 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900016874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria) is a rare neurometabolic disorder of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation. While neurological manifestations, such as developmental delay, are typical during infancy, limited data are available on adolescent and adult symptomatology. METHODS We overview the phenotype of 33 adolescents and adults (10.1-39.5 years of age, mean: 17.1 years, 48% females) with SSADH deficiency. For this purpose, we applied a database with systematic questionnaire-based follow-up data. RESULTS Sixty-six percent of patients (n=21) presented by 6 months of age, 14% from 6-12 months of age, 5% from 1-2 years of age, and 14% from 2-4 years of age, mean age at first symptoms was 11+/-12 months. However, mean age at diagnosis was 6.6+/-6.4 years of age. Presenting symptoms encompassed motor delay, hypotonia, speech delay, autistic features, seizures, and ataxia. Eighty-two percent demonstrated behavioral problems, such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, anxiety, or aggression, and 33% had >or=3 behavior problems. Electroencephalograms showed background slowing or epileptiform discharges in 40% of patients. Treatment approaches are then summarized. CONCLUSION The variable phenotype in SSADH deficiency suggests the likelihood that this disease may be under-diagnosed. Families of patients with SSADH deficiency should be counseled and supported regarding the anticipated persistence of various neuropsychiatric symptoms into adulthood.
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Abstract
Autism is an etiologic heterogeneous entity caused by many different diseases occurring in the central nervous system at an early stage in life. Several metabolic defects have been associated with autistic symptoms with a rate higher than that found in the general population. Inborn errors of metabolism can probably account for less than 5% of individuals. Selective metabolic testing should be done in the presence of suggestive clinical findings, including lethargy, cyclic vomiting, early seizures, dysmorphic features, and mental retardation. In some patients, early diagnosis of the metabolic disorders and proper therapeutic interventions may significantly improve the long-term cognitive and behavioral outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Manzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via di Tor Vergata 135, Rome, Italy
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31
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Lee YM. Epilepsy in various metabolic disorders. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.12.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mock Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Collegy of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nylen K, Velazquez JLP, Likhodii SS, Cortez MA, Shen L, Leshchenko Y, Adeli K, Gibson KM, Burnham WM, Snead OC. A ketogenic diet rescues the murine succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficient phenotype. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:449-57. [PMID: 18199435 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is a heritable disorder of GABA degradation characterized by ataxia, psychomotor retardation and seizures. To date, there is no effective treatment for SSADH deficiency. We tested the hypothesis that a ketogenic diet (KD) would improve outcome in an animal model of SSADH deficiency, the SSADH knockout mouse (Aldh5a1-/-). Using a 4:1 ratio of fat to combined carbohydrate and protein KD we set out to compare the general phenotype, in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology and [35S]TBPS binding in both Aldh5a1-/- mice and control (Aldh5a1+/+) mice. We found that the KD prolonged the lifespan of mutant mice by >300% with normalization of ataxia, weight gain and EEG compared to mutants fed a control diet. Aldh5a1-/- mice showed significantly reduced mIPSC frequency in CA1 hippocampal neurons as well as significantly decreased [35S]TBPS binding in all brain areas examined. In KD fed mutants, mIPSC activity normalized and [35S]TBPS binding was restored in the cortex and hippocampus. The KD appears to reverse toward normal the perturbations seen in Aldh5a1-/- mice. Our data suggest that the KD may work in this model by restoring GABAergic inhibition. These data demonstrate a successful experimental treatment for murine SSADH deficiency using a KD, giving promise to the idea that the KD may be successful in the clinical treatment of SSADH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Nylen
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Parisi P, Bombardieri R, Curatolo P. Current role of vigabatrin in infantile spasms. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007; 11:331-6. [PMID: 17625936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vigabatrin (VGB), a selective irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase, has proved to be effective against cryptogenic and symptomatic infantile spasms (IS). Unfortunately, reports of serious visual field defects have led to a drastic reduction in the use of the drug. This review is based on a systematic search in the literature for evidence regarding efficacy and safety of VGB in IS. Based on a specific mechanism of action, there is a solid evidence of clinical efficacy of VGB in children with Tuberous Sclerosis. Similarly, VGB could represent a potential effective therapy also for spasms due to focal cortical dysplasia. In infants with spasms due to other causes, the risk of ophthalmologic toxicity should be carefully weighted against the benefit of controlling spasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Parisi
- Child Neurology & Paediatric Sleep Centre, La Sapienza II University c/o Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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34
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Knerr I, Gibson KM, Ganesh J, Bennett MJ, Salomons GS, Jakobs C, Myers SM. Diagnostic challenges in a severely delayed infant with hypersomnolence, failure to thrive and arteriopathy: a unique case of gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria and Williams syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:946-8. [PMID: 17471494 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic work-up, pursued in a 5-month-old female infant with hypersomnolence, failure to thrive, and global developmental delay, led to the identification of gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria (GHB). Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH deficiency) was confirmed enzymatically and molecularly. Characteristic dysmorphic facies, cardiovascular anomalies, and hypercalcemia led to clinical suspicion of Williams-Beuren syndrome (WS), confirmed by cytogenetic studies. This rare occurrence of two unrelated genetic conditions highlights the importance of instituting comprehensive metabolic studies despite the presence of syndromic findings, even in the absence of other metabolic abnormalities that may be indicative of metabolic disease such as hyperammonemia, hypoglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Knerr
- Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Knerr I, Pearl PL, Bottiglieri T, Snead OC, Jakobs C, Gibson KM. Therapeutic concepts in succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH; ALDH5a1) deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria). Hypotheses evolved from 25 years of patient evaluation, studies in Aldh5a1-/- mice and characterization of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid pharmacology. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:279-94. [PMID: 17457693 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We overview the pathophysiological bases, clinical approaches and potential therapeutic options for succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH; EC1.2.1.24) deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, OMIM 271980, 610045) in relation to studies on SSADH gene-deleted mice, outcome data developed from 25 years of patient evaluation, and characterization of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) pharmacology in different species. The clinical picture of this disorder encompasses a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric dysfunction, such as psychomotor retardation, delayed speech development, epileptic seizures and behavioural disturbances, emphasizing the multifactorial pathophysiology of SSADH deficiency. The murine SSADH-/- (e.g. Aldh5a1-/-) mouse model suffers from epileptic seizures and succumbs to early lethality. Aldh5a1-/- mice accumulate GHB and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system, exhibit alterations of amino acids such as glutamine (Gln), alanine (Ala) and arginine (Arg), and manifest disturbances in other systems including dopamine, neurosteroids and antioxidant status. Therapeutic concepts in patients with SSADH deficiency and preclinical therapeutic experiments are discussed in light of data collected from research in Aldh5a1-/- mice and animal studies of GHB pharmacology; these studies are the foundation for novel working approaches, including pharmacological and dietary trials, which are presented for future evaluation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Knerr
- Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Sgaravatti AM, Sgarbi MB, Testa CG, Durigon K, Pederzolli CD, Prestes CC, Wyse ATS, Wannmacher CMD, Wajner M, Dutra-Filho CS. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats. Neurochem Int 2006; 50:564-70. [PMID: 17197055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GHB is a naturally occurring compound in the central nervous system (CNS) whose tissue concentration are highly increased during drug abuse and in the inherited deficiency of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) activity. SSADH deficiency is a neurometabolic-inherited disorder of the degradation pathway of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is biochemically characterized by increased concentrations of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in tissues, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and urine of affected patients. Clinical manifestations are variable, ranging from mild retardation of mental, motor, and language development to more severe neurological symptoms, such as hypotonia, ataxia and seizures, whose underlying mechanisms are practically unknown. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo effects of GHB was investigated on some parameters of oxidative stress, such as chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), total antioxidant reactivity (TAR), as well as the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in homogenates from cerebral cortex of 15-day-old Wistar rats. In vitro, GHB significantly increased chemiluminescence and TBA-RS levels, while TRAP and TAR measurements were markedly diminished. In contrast, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPX were not altered by GHB in vitro. Acute administration of GHB provoked a significant enhance of TBA-RS levels and a decrease of TRAP and TAR measurements. These results indicate that GHB induces oxidative stress by stimulating lipid peroxidation and decreasing the non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in cerebral cortex of young rats. If these effects also occur in humans, it is possible that they might contribute to the brain damage found in SSADH-deficient patients and possibly in individuals who consume GHB or its prodrug gamma-butyrolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Sgaravatti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Pearl PL, Hartka TR, Taylor J. Diagnosis and treatment of neurotransmitter disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2006; 8:441-50. [PMID: 17032564 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-006-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter disorders represent an enigmatic and enlarging group of neurometabolic conditions caused by abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism or transport. A high index of clinical suspicion is important, given the availability of therapeutic strategies. This article covers disorders of monoamine (catecholamine and serotonin) synthesis, glycine catabolism, pyridoxine dependency, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism. The technological aspects of appropriate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection, shipment, study, and interpretation merit special consideration. Diagnosis of disorders of monoamines requires analysis of CSF homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, ortho-methyldopa, BH4, and neopterin. The delineation of new disorders with important therapeutic implications, such as cerebral folate deficiency and PNPO deficiency, serves to highlight the value of measuring CSF neurotransmitter precursors and metabolites. The impressive responsiveness of Segawa fluctuating dystonia to levodopa is a hallmark feature of previously unrecognized neurologic morbidity becoming treatable at any age. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency have more severe phenotypes and show variable responsiveness to levodopa. Glycine encephalopathy usually has a poor outcome; benzoate therapy may be helpful in less affected cases. Pyridoxine-dependent seizures are a refractory but treatable group of neonatal and infantile seizures; rare cases require pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is relatively common in comparison to the remainder of this group of disorders. Treatment directed at the metabolic defect with vigabatrin has been disappointing, and multiple therapies are targeted toward specific but protean symptoms. Other disorders of GABA metabolism, as is true of the wide spectrum of neurotransmitter disorders, will require increasing use of CSF analysis for diagnosis, and ultimately, treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Abstract
The investigation of rare neurogenetic diseases is an example of how a translational science approach may lead to the delineation of complex genetic and biochemical pathways. Thisprocess comprises several intellectual stages. The first step involves the astute identification and clinical description of the unique phenotype, which may lead to obvious pathways or may reveal novel or unexpected mechanisms. As similar patients are identified, the establishment of databases detailing the clinical phenotype may serve to provide clues as to the genetic and biochemical characterization, and identification of the genetic mutation based on patient samples and animal or cellular models. Lastly, attempts to develop and apply therapies based on what has been learned about the biochemical and molecular bases of the disease enables intervention on the individual patient level. Several stages of discovery may overlap or be investigated simultaneously. As examples, this review discusses how this process of investigation has enabled progress in the delineation of several genetic and neurogenetic disorders, including Progeria syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophy, Rett syndrome and neurotransmitter disorders. This review attempts to summarize the transition from the bedside-to-bench-to-bedside as a model of bringing such discoveries into the clinical arena, and in doing so addresses the issues that may enhance, or complicate, such a path of discovery, as well as the impact such advances in genetics and genomics may have on the practice of clinical medicine and the role of the physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gropman
- Georgetown University, Department of Pediatrics, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Current address: Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Pearl PL, Hartka TR, Cabalza JL, Taylor J, Gibson MK. Inherited disorders of GABA metabolism. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2006; 1:631-636. [PMID: 23842532 DOI: 10.2217/14796708.1.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inherited disorders of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) metabolism require an increased index of clinical suspicion. The known genetic disorders are GABA-transaminase deficiency, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency and homocarnosinosis. A recent link has also been made between impaired GABA synthesis and nonsyndromic cleft lip, with or without cleft palate. SSADH deficiency is the most commonly occurring of the inherited disorders of neurotransmitters. The disorder has a nonspecific phenotype with myriad neurological and psychiatric manifestations, and usually has a nonprogressive temporal course. Diagnosis is made by the detection of γ-hydroxybutyrate excretion on urine organic acid testing. The most consistent magnetic resonance imaging abnormality is an increased signal in the globus pallidus. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has demonstrated the first example of increased endogenous GABA in human brain parenchyma in this disorder. GABA-transaminase deficiency and homocarnosinosis appear to be very rare, but require cerebrospinal fluid for detection, thus allowing for the possibility that these entities, as in the other inherited neurotransmitter disorders, are under-recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Pearl
- Children's National Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA, Tel.: +1 202 884 2120;
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Bahi-Buisson N, Mention K, Léger PL, Valayanopoulos V, Nabbout R, Kaminska A, Plouin P, Dulac O, de Lonlay P, Desguerre I. Épilepsies néonatales et erreurs innées du métabolisme. Arch Pediatr 2006; 13:284-92. [PMID: 16343871 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders constitute an important cause of neurologic disease, including neonatal epilepsy. Epilepsy rarely dominates the clinical presentation, which is more frequently associated with other neurologic symptoms, such as hypotonia and/or vigilance disturbances. In most cases, epilepsy secondary to inherited metabolic disorders presents with polymorphic clinical and electrographic features that are difficult to classify into precise epileptic syndromes. However, specific types of seizures, such as myoclonic seizures or distinctive electroencephalographic patterns, such as suppression burst patterns, epileptic syndrome or early myoclonic encephalopathy, may suggest a specific metabolic disease. The aim of this article is to help clinicians in reviewing potential metabolic diagnoses and approaching metabolic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bahi-Buisson
- Service de Neuropédiatrie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 149, rue de Sèvres 75015 Paris, France.
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Hahn A, Neubauer BA. Autismus und Stoffwechselerkrankungen - was ist gesichert? ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2005; 33:259-71. [PMID: 16294704 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917.33.4.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Die Ursachen für Autismus sind heterogen und ganz überwiegend genetischer Natur. Eine exakte benennbare Ätiologie wird in weniger als 10% der Fälle gefunden. Die Enttäuschung über den geringen Erfolg bei der Ursachenfindung und zahlreiche Berichte über die Assoziation von Autismus mit Stoffwechselerkrankungen sowie über «Wunderheilungen» bei unterschiedlichsten medikamentösen oder diätetischen Therapien haben bei vielen Ärzten und Eltern zu einer zunehmenden Unsicherheit über die sinnvolle Diagnostik und Behandlung geführt. Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über seltene angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen («inborn errors of metabolism»), die nachweislich (z.B. Phenylketonurie, Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrom) oder wahrscheinlich (z.B. Succinat-Semialdehyd-Dehydrogenase-Mangel) mit Autismus-spezifischen Symptomen vergesellschaftet sind. In aller Regel weisen betroffene Patienten zusätzliche neurologische Symptome auf. Es werden die zur Diagnostik dieser angeborenen Stoffwechselerkrankungen notwendigen Untersuchungen und mögliche therapeutische Maßnahmen dargestellt. Neben diesen gut definierten Stoffwechselerkrankungen mit der Möglichkeit einer rationalen Therapie wird auch auf Hypothesen über die Entstehung von Autismus durch «Stoffwechselveränderungen» eingegangen, die entweder nicht bewiesen oder nachweislich falsch sind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hahn
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie und Sozialpädiatrie, Zentrum Kinderheilkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.
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Fait A, Yellin A, Fromm H. GABA shunt deficiencies and accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates: insight fromArabidopsismutants. FEBS Lett 2004; 579:415-20. [PMID: 15642352 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In plants, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH)-deficiency results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), necrotic lesions, dwarfism, and hypersensitivity to environmental stresses. We report that Arabidopsis ssadh knockout mutants contain five times the normal level of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which in SSADH-deficient mammals accounts for phenotypic abnormalities. Moreover, the level of GHB in Arabidopsis is light dependent. Treatment with gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyrate, a specific gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)-transaminase inhibitor, prevents the accumulation of ROI and GHB in ssadh mutants, inhibits cell death, and improves growth. These results provide novel evidence for the relationship between the GABA shunt and ROI, which may, in part, explain the phenotype of SSADH-deficient plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fait
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been increased recognition of the pediatric neurotransmitter disorders. This review focuses on the clinical disorders of GABA metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The known clinical disorders of GABA metabolism are pyridoxine dependent epilepsy, GABA-transaminase deficiency, SSADH deficiency, and homocarnosinosis. Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy is diagnosed clinically but potentially more common presentations, with later and atypical features, widen the spectrum. No gene locus has been confirmed; the pathophysiology may involve alterations in PLP transport, binding to GAD, or other PLP-dependent pathways. SSADH deficiency is associated with developmental delay, prominent language deficits, hypotonia, ataxia, hyporeflexia, and seizures. Increased detection is reported when specific ion monitoring is used for GHB on urine organic acids. The most consistent MRI abnormality is increased signal in the globus pallidus. MR spectroscopy has demonstrated the first example of increased endogenous GABA in human brain parenchyma in this disorder. GABA-transaminase deficiency and homocarnosinosis appear to be very rare but require CSF for detection, thus allowing for the possibility that these entities, as in the other pediatric neurotransmitter disorders, are underrecognized. SUMMARY The disorders of GABA metabolism require an increased index of clinical suspicion. Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy is a treatable condition with a potentially widening clinical spectrum, but with a prognosis dependent on early intervention. SSADH deficiency has a heterogeneous spectrum and requires careful urine organic acid testing for screening, followed by enzymatic confirmation allowing appropriate prognostic and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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Bekri S, Fossoud C, Plaza G, Guenne A, Salomons GS, Jakobs C, Van Obberghen E. The molecular basis of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency in one family. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 81:347-51. [PMID: 15059623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency has predominantly neurological consequences, affecting psychomotor, speech and language development. Recently, two clinical reviews summarized the features of this disease and their relative frequency [Neurology 60 (2003) 1413; Ann. Neurol. 54 (2003) S73]. The molecular genetics of SSADH deficiency is still being explored. We describe the molecular basis of this defect in a Tunisian female child presenting with a mild phenotype. A small scale deletion in exon 10 of the gene led to a frameshift that predicts premature termination of the resulting putative protein. The parents were shown to be heterozygotes for this deletion, supporting its causative role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bekri
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France.
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Pearl PL, Gropman A. Monitoring ?-hydroxybutyric acid levels in succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:599; author reply 599. [PMID: 15048909 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gordon N. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH) (4-hydroxybutyric aciduria, gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria). Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2004; 8:261-5. [PMID: 15341910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is one of the disorders of GABA metabolism, so it is not surprising that seizures occur as one of the symptoms in affected patients. Other features that are described include delayed development, hypotonia, myopathy with ragged red fibres, abnormal behaviour, and ocular abnormalities. Neonatal problems include prematurity, respiratory difficulties, and hypoglycaemia. The responsible gene has been identified on the short arm of chromosome 6. There are many mutations, and there is poor genotype-phenotype correlation resulting in difficulties in diagnosis. The pathogenesis of the condition is discussed, especially the results of the disturbed GABA catabolism, and the production of the gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. The many properties of this substance suggest it may act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain. The diagnosis may be difficult as the clinical picture is not really suggestive, but the MRI examination can help if it shows abnormalities in the globus pallidus. It will be confirmed by finding an excess of 4-hydroxybutyric acid in the body fluids; and the methods of estimation are discussed. Prenatal diagnosis is possible using a combination of methods. Treatment possibilities are limited. Vigabatrin should be of value as it is an inhibitor of GABA transaminase, but results have been disappointing. Symptomatic treatment may well be needed for control of seizures, abnormal behaviour and other disorders; and special educational needs must be served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Gordon
- Huntlywood, 3 Styal Road, Wilmslow SK9 4 AE, UK.
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