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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Morais PLAG, Santos JR, Cavalcanti JRLP. The neurobiological effects of senescence on dopaminergic system: A comprehensive review. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102415. [PMID: 38521203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Over time, the body undergoes a natural, multifactorial, and ongoing process named senescence, which induces changes at the molecular, cellular, and micro-anatomical levels in many body systems. The brain, being a highly complex organ, is particularly affected by this process, potentially impairing its numerous functions. The brain relies on chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters to function properly, with dopamine being one of the most crucial. This catecholamine is responsible for a broad range of critical roles in the central nervous system, including movement, learning, cognition, motivation, emotion, reward, hormonal release, memory consolidation, visual performance, sexual drive, modulation of circadian rhythms, and brain development. In the present review, we thoroughly examine the impact of senescence on the dopaminergic system, with a primary focus on the classic delimitations of the dopaminergic nuclei from A8 to A17. We provide in-depth information about their anatomy and function, particularly addressing how senescence affects each of these nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Rocha
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
| | - Karina M Paiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leonardo A G Morais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - José Ronaldo Santos
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
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2
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Elmers J, Colzato LS, Ziemssen F, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Optical coherence tomography as a potential surrogate marker of dopaminergic modulation across the life span. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102280. [PMID: 38518921 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The retina has been considered a "window to the brain" and shares similar innervation by the dopaminergic system with the cortex in terms of an unequal distribution of D1 and D2 receptors. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview that Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), a non-invasive imaging technique, which provides an "in vivo" representation of the retina, shows promise to be used as a surrogate marker of dopaminergic neuromodulation in cognition. Overall, most evidence supports reduced retinal thickness in individuals with dopaminergic dysregulation (e.g., patients with Parkinson's Disease, non-demented older adults) and with poor cognitive functioning. By using the theoretical framework of metacontrol, we derive hypotheses that retinal thinning associated to decreased dopamine (DA) levels affecting D1 families, might lead to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) affecting cognitive persistence (depending on D1-modulated DA activity) but not cognitive flexibility (depending on D2-modulated DA activity). We argue that the use of OCT parameters might not only be an insightful for cognitive neuroscience research, but also a potentially effective tool for individualized medicine with a focus on cognition. As our society progressively ages in the forthcoming years and decades, the preservation of cognitive abilities and promoting healthy aging will hold of crucial significance. OCT has the potential to function as a swift, non-invasive, and economical method for promptly recognizing individuals with a heightened vulnerability to cognitive deterioration throughout all stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elmers
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Ophthalmological Clinic, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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3
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Taha A, Alassi A, Gjedde A, Wong DF. Transforming Neurology and Psychiatry: Organ-specific PET Instrumentation and Clinical Applications. PET Clin 2024; 19:95-103. [PMID: 37813719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PET technology has immense potential for furthering understanding of the brain and associated disorders, including advancements in high-resolution tomographs and hybrid imaging modalities. Novel radiotracers targeting specific neurotransmitter systems and molecular markers provide opportunities to unveil intricate mechanisms underlying neurologic and psychiatric conditions. As PET imaging techniques and analysis methods continue to be refined, the field is poised to make significant contributions to personalized medicine for more targeted and effective interventions. PET instrumentation has advanced the fields of neurology and psychiatry, providing insights into pathophysiology and development of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Taha
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amer Alassi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean F Wong
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Departments of Radiology, Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Avendaño-Estrada A, Olarte-Casas MÁ, Ávila-Rodríguez MÁ. Vectorial-based analysis of dual-tracer PET imaging: A proof of concept. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107705. [PMID: 37979207 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of neurological diseases is complicated since they often share similar symptoms and occur in different severity levels. Imaging techniques such as PET molecular imaging are helpful for an early and accurate diagnosis and, staging allowing a noninvasive evaluation of the disease. The combination of two radioligands in the same patient could be valuable to achieve these diagnostic goals; nevertheless, the imaging data obtained with two radioligands is commonly interpreted independently. This novel approach to combine the PET data of two radiopharmaceuticals, separately acquired in the same subject, is to obtain new quantitative metrics. PET images of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls (HC) were analyzed. Voxel-by-voxel uptake is compared by combining the imaging data. Dual-tracer PET imaging analysis was tested with [11C]DTBZ-[11C]Raclopride as proof of concept. RESULTS The new proposed metric based on a resultant vector is capable of efficiently discriminating healthy controls from PD patients (p < 0.0001) allowing the detection of slight changes in patients undergoing therapeutic approaches. Significant differences were found between HC and PD patients for the evaluated radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS The resultant vector appears to deliver useful information that could be helpful to evaluate PD patients under treatment and to improve differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Avendaño-Estrada
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón, Facultad de Medicina, División de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Sede Sur, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Olarte-Casas
- Unidad PET/CT, Facultad de Medicina, División de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ávila-Rodríguez
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón, Facultad de Medicina, División de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Sede Sur, Mexico.
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Haider A, Elghazawy NH, Dawood A, Gebhard C, Wichmann T, Sippl W, Hoener M, Arenas E, Liang SH. Translational molecular imaging and drug development in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:11. [PMID: 36759912 PMCID: PMC9912681 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects elderly people and constitutes a major source of disability worldwide. Notably, the neuropathological hallmarks of PD include nigrostriatal loss and the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein protein aggregates. Cardinal motor symptoms, which include tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, can effectively be managed with dopaminergic therapy for years following symptom onset. Nonetheless, patients ultimately develop symptoms that no longer fully respond to dopaminergic treatment. Attempts to discover disease-modifying agents have increasingly been supported by translational molecular imaging concepts, targeting the most prominent pathological hallmark of PD, α-synuclein accumulation, as well as other molecular pathways that contribute to the pathophysiology of PD. Indeed, molecular imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be leveraged to study parkinsonism not only in animal models but also in living patients. For instance, mitochondrial dysfunction can be assessed with probes that target the mitochondrial complex I (MC-I), while nigrostriatal degeneration is typically evaluated with probes designed to non-invasively quantify dopaminergic nerve loss. In addition to dopaminergic imaging, serotonin transporter and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor probes are increasingly used as research tools to better understand the complexity of neurotransmitter dysregulation in PD. Non-invasive quantification of neuroinflammatory processes is mainly conducted by targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) on activated microglia using established imaging agents. Despite the overwhelming involvement of the brain and brainstem, the pathophysiology of PD is not restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, PD also affects various peripheral organs such as the heart and gastrointestinal tract - primarily via autonomic dysfunction. As such, research into peripheral biomarkers has taken advantage of cardiac autonomic denervation in PD, allowing the differential diagnosis between PD and multiple system atrophy with probes that visualize sympathetic nerve terminals in the myocardium. Further, α-synuclein has recently gained attention as a potential peripheral biomarker in PD. This review discusses breakthrough discoveries that have led to the contemporary molecular concepts of PD pathophysiology and how they can be harnessed to develop effective imaging probes and therapeutic agents. Further, we will shed light on potential future trends, thereby focusing on potential novel diagnostic tracers and disease-modifying therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nehal H. Elghazawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawood
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Catherine Gebhard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology/School of Medicine, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marius Hoener
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Karolinska Institutet, MBB, Molecular Neurobiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Liu C, Fang Y, Tang J, Chen Z. Derivatization of dihydrotetrabenazine for technetium-99m labelling towards a radiotracer targeting vesicular monoamine transporter 2. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Fidalgo S, Yeoman MS. Age-Related Changes in Central Nervous System 5-Hydroxytryptamine Signalling and Its Potential Effects on the Regulation of Lifespan. Subcell Biochem 2023; 102:379-413. [PMID: 36600141 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21410-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and the periphery. Most 5-HT (~99%) is found in the periphery where it regulates the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is an important regulator of platelet aggregation. However, the remaining 1% that is found in the central nervous system (CNS) can regulate a range of physiological processes such as learning and memory formation, mood, food intake, sleep, temperature and pain perception. More recent work on the CNS of invertebrate model systems has shown that 5-HT can directly regulate lifespan.This chapter will focus on detailing how CNS 5-HT signalling is altered with increasing age and the potential consequences this has on its ability to regulate lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S Yeoman
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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Pan Y, Liu S, Zeng Y, Ye C, Qiao H, Song T, Lv H, Chan P, Lu J, Ma T. A Multi-Atlas-Based [18F]9-Fluoropropyl-(+)-Dihydrotetrabenazine Positron Emission Tomography Image Segmentation Method for Parkinson's Disease Quantification. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:902169. [PMID: 35769601 PMCID: PMC9234266 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.902169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives [18F]9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]-FP-DTBZ) positron emission tomography (PET) provides reliable information for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we proposed a multi-atlas-based [18F]-FP-DTBZ PET image segmentation method for PD quantification assessment. Methods A total of 99 subjects from Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University were included in this study, and both brain PET and magnetic resonance (MR) scans were conducted. Data from 20 subjects were used to generate atlases, based on which a multi-atlas-based [18F]-FP-DTBZ PET segmentation method was developed especially for striatum and its subregions. The proposed method was compared with the template-based method through striatal subregion parcellation performance and the standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) quantification accuracy. Discriminant analysis between healthy controls (HCs) and PD patients was further performed. Results Segmentation results of the multi-atlas-based method showed better consistency than the template-based method with the ground truth, yielding a dice coefficient of 0.81 over 0.73 on the full striatum. The SUVRs calculated by the multi-atlas-based method had an average interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.953 with the standardized result, whereas the template-based method only reached 0.815. The SUVRs of HCs were generally higher than that of patients with PD and showed significant differences in all of the striatal subregions (all p < 0.001). The median and posterior putamen performed best in discriminating patients with PD from HCs. Conclusion The proposed multi-atlas-based [18F]-FP-DTBZ PET image segmentation method achieved better performance than the template-based method, indicating great potential in improving accuracy and efficiency for PD diagnosis in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Pan
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zeng
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenfei Ye
- International Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwen Qiao
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianbing Song
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Lv
- Mindsgo Life Science Shenzhen Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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A Review of Diagnostic Imaging Approaches to Assessing Parkinson's Disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Yeh SHH, Tsai CJ, Yu TH, Chiang YH, Lin SZ, Peng NJ, Huang WS. 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT Revealed That Striatal Dopamine Transport Availability Significantly Decreases in Late Mid-Aged Healthy Taiwanese and Then Remains Stable. Clin Nucl Med 2022; 47:201-208. [PMID: 35081059 PMCID: PMC8820763 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuroimaging studies in the past 20 years have documented an age-related decline in striatal dopamine transporters (DATs), which is a marker of dopaminergic neurodegeneration; however, concerns about ethnic variations in the decline in DAT with age have not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of striatal DAT loss in healthy Taiwanese adults using kit-based 99mTc-TRODAT-1, a radioligand for DAT SPECT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty healthy subjects (mean age ± SD, 63 ± 12 years; range, 30-80 years) were studied. 99mTc-TRODAT-1 was prepared from a lyophilized kit. Brain DAT SPECT imaging was acquired between 165 and 195 minutes postinjection (~740 MBq or 20 mCi) using a dual-head camera equipped with fan-beam collimators (Helix SPX; GE). Specific uptake in the striatum (ST), caudate nucleus (CA), and putamen (PU) were calculated from reconstructed transaxial slices at the level of maximal striatal activity. Occipital cortices were used as reference areas. Data were presented as specific binding ratios. RESULTS Age had a significant moderate to large negative effect on striatal DAT, which declined by -25.7% ± 6.10% between the ages of 30 and 80 years, equivalent to 6.4% loss per decade. The rates of decline in the CA and PU were 6.9% and 7.3% per decade, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests ethnic variations may not significantly affect the age-related decline in DAT. The data generated in this study could also be used as a reference to estimate DAT loss/occupancy in patients with DAT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Hsin-Hsien Yeh
- From the Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chaio Tung University
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Chi-Jung Tsai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital
| | - Tsung-Hsun Yu
- From the Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chaio Tung University
| | | | | | - Nan-Jing Peng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital
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Ren Y, Jiang H, Pu J, Li L, Wu J, Yan Y, Zhao G, Guttuso TJ, Zhang B, Feng J. Molecular Features of Parkinson's Disease in Patient-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Mov Disord 2022; 37:70-79. [PMID: 34564901 PMCID: PMC8901260 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intense efforts to develop an objective diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease, there is still no consensus on biomarkers that can accurately diagnose the disease. OBJECTIVE Identification of biomarkers for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) may enable accurate diagnosis of the disease. We tried to find molecular and cellular differences in dopaminergic (DA) neurons derived from healthy subjects and idiopathic PD patients with or without rest tremor at onset. METHODS We measured the expression of genes controlling dopamine synthesis, sequestration, and catabolism as well as the levels of corresponding metabolites and reactive oxygen species in midbrain DA neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of healthy subjects and PD patients with or without rest tremor. RESULTS Significant differences in DA-related gene expression, metabolites, and oxidative stress were found between midbrain DA neurons derived from healthy subjects and patients with PD. DA neurons derived from PD patients with or without rest tremor at onset exhibited significant differences in the levels of some of these transcripts, metabolites, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The unique combination of these quantifiable molecular and cellular traits in iPSC-derived midbrain DA neurons can distinguish healthy subjects from idiopathic PD patients and segregate PD patients with or without rest tremor at onset. The strategy may be used to develop an objective diagnostic test for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas J. Guttuso
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Correspondence to: Prof. Jian Feng, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA, ; or Prof. Baorong Zhang, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China;
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA,Correspondence to: Prof. Jian Feng, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA, ; or Prof. Baorong Zhang, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China;
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12
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Pignalosa FC, Desiderio A, Mirra P, Nigro C, Perruolo G, Ulianich L, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Miele C, Napoli R, Fiory F. Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment: A Role for Glucotoxicity and Dopaminergic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212366. [PMID: 34830246 PMCID: PMC8619146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, responsible for the onset of several long-term complications. Recent evidence suggests that cognitive dysfunction represents an emerging complication of DM, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still obscure. Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter essentially known for its relevance in the regulation of behavior and movement, modulates cognitive function, too. Interestingly, alterations of the dopaminergic system have been observed in DM. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the most relevant experimental results assessing DA’s role in cognitive function, highlighting the presence of dopaminergic dysfunction in DM and supporting a role for glucotoxicity in DM-associated dopaminergic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Several studies confirm a role for DA in cognition both in animal models and in humans. Similarly, significant alterations of the dopaminergic system have been observed in animal models of experimental diabetes and in diabetic patients, too. Evidence is accumulating that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their precursor methylglyoxal (MGO) are associated with cognitive impairment and alterations of the dopaminergic system. Further research is needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms linking DM-associated dopaminergic dysfunction and cognitive impairment and to assess the deleterious impact of glucotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiara Pignalosa
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Desiderio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Mirra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ulianich
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-746-3248
| | - Raffaele Napoli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Fiory
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.C.P.); (A.D.); (P.M.); (C.N.); (G.P.); (L.U.); (P.F.); (F.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
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13
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VMAT2 availability in Parkinson's disease with probable REM sleep behaviour disorder. Mol Brain 2021; 14:165. [PMID: 34758845 PMCID: PMC8579554 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) can be an early non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with pathology involving mainly the pontine nuclei. Beyond the brainstem, it is unclear if RBD patients comorbid with PD have more affected striatal dopamine denervation compared to PD patients unaffected by RBD (PD-RBD−). To elucidate this, we evaluated the availability of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), an index of nigrostriatal dopamine innervation, in 15 PD patients with probable RBD (PD-RBD+), 15 PD-RBD−, and 15 age-matched healthy controls (HC) using [11C]DTBZ PET imaging. This technique measured VMAT2 availability within striatal regions of interest (ROI). A mixed effect model was used to compare the radioligand binding of VMAT2 between the three groups for each striatal ROI, while co-varying for sex, cognitive function and depression scores. Multiple regressions were also computed to predict clinical measures from group condition and VMAT2 binding within all ROIs explored. We observed a significant main effect of group condition on VMAT2 availability within the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus. Specifically, our results revealed that PD-RBD+ had lower VMAT2 availability compared to HC in all these regions except for the subthalamus and substantia nigra, while PD-RBD− was significantly lower than HC in all these regions. PD-RBD− showed a negative relationship between motor severity and VMAT2 availability within the left caudate. Our findings reflect that both PD patient subgroups had similar denervation within the nigrostriatal pathway. There were no significant interactions detected between radioligand binding and clinical scores in PD-RBD+. Taken together, VMAT2 and striatal dopamine denervation in general may not be a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of RBD in PD patients. Future studies are encouraged to explore other underlying neural chemistry mechanisms contributing to RBD in PD patients.
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14
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Hsiao IT, Chang YT, Weng YH, Hsu SW, Lin KJ, Lu CS, Chang CC. Comparisons of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 signals in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:178-186. [PMID: 34774656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning demonstrate parkinsonian features related to presynaptic dopaminergic deficits. However, their clinical features and treatment responses are different, indicating other roles of neurotransmitters in symptomatic modulation. In this study, we used 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET to explore vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) distributions in 31 patients with PD, 39 patients with CO poisoning and parkinsonian features (n = 39), and 24 age-matched controls. In addition to the disease-specific VMAT2 topographies in PD and CO poisoning, we also constructed feature-specific functional networks. The cardinal features included tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and rapid alternating movements (RAM), and the overall motor severity was scored using Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and modified Hoehn-Yahr (mH-Y) Scale scores. Our results suggested that a reduction in VMAT2 signals in the caudate, amygdala, and hippocampus were more specific to CO poisoning, while low uptake in the putamen and substantia nigra was more specific to PD. UPDRS and mH-Y scores were related to striatum signals in both groups and hippocampus and raphe in the CO poisoning group. With regards to the cardinal features, the putamen was related to akinesia in both groups. The substantia nigra was related to rigidity in PD, and the caudate and nucleus accumbens were related to akinesia, RAM and rigidity in CO poisoning. Our study enhances the current understanding of different patterns of monoaminergic terminal deficits in patients with CO poisoning and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Tsung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chih Chang
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Dai Y, Sa R, Guan F, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhao H. A Purification Method of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ via Solid-Phase Extraction With Combined Cartridges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:693632. [PMID: 34307421 PMCID: PMC8298858 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.693632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To optimize [18F] 9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ) purification via solid-phase extraction (SPE) with combined cartridges to facilitate its widespread clinical application. Methods: A modified SPE purification method, employing Sep-Pak PS-2 and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges, was used for the preparation of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ. This method was compared to the purification method of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and SPE with one cartridge, following quality control test and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in healthy volunteers and patients with parkinsn's disease (PD). Results: A SPE purification method integrating Sep-Pak PS-2 and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges was implemented successfully. The retention time of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ purified by HPLC, SPE with Sep-Pak PS-2, SPE with Sep-Pak C18, and SPE with combined use of Sep-Pak PS-2 and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges was 8.7, 8.8, 8.7, and 8.9 min, respectively. Fewest impurity peak was detected in 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ purified by the SPE with combined use of Sep-Pak PS-2 and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. This modified SPE purification method provided a satisfactory radiochemical yield of 29 ± 1.8% with radiochemical purity >99% and shortened synthesis time to 27 min. The brain uptake of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ purified by the modified SPE was comparable to that purified by HPLC in both healthy volunteers and PD patients. Conclusions: A SPE method integrating Sep-Pak PS-2 and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges for purification of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ may be highly suited to automatic synthesis for routine clinical applications, as it provides excellent radiochemical purity, high yield as well as operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Dai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ri Sa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongguang Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Mannheim JG, Cheng JCK, Vafai N, Shahinfard E, English C, McKenzie J, Zhang J, Barlow L, Sossi V. Cross-validation study between the HRRT and the PET component of the SIGNA PET/MRI system with focus on neuroimaging. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:20. [PMID: 33635449 PMCID: PMC7910400 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-020-00349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Siemens high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT - a dedicated brain PET scanner) is to this day one of the highest resolution PET scanners; thus, it can serve as useful benchmark when evaluating performance of newer scanners. Here, we report results from a cross-validation study between the HRRT and the whole-body GE SIGNA PET/MR focusing on brain imaging. Phantom data were acquired to determine recovery coefficients (RCs), % background variability (%BG), and image voxel noise (%). Cross-validation studies were performed with six healthy volunteers using [11C]DTBZ, [11C]raclopride, and [18F]FDG. Line profiles, regional time-activity curves, regional non-displaceable binding potentials (BPND) for [11C]DTBZ and [11C]raclopride scans, and radioactivity ratios for [18F]FDG scans were calculated and compared between the HRRT and the SIGNA PET/MR. Results Phantom data showed that the PET/MR images reconstructed with an ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm with time-of-flight (TOF) and TOF + point spread function (PSF) + filter revealed similar RCs for the hot spheres compared to those obtained on the HRRT reconstructed with an ordinary Poisson-OSEM algorithm with PSF and PSF + filter. The PET/MR TOF + PSF reconstruction revealed the highest RCs for all hot spheres. Image voxel noise of the PET/MR system was significantly lower. Line profiles revealed excellent spatial agreement between the two systems. BPND values revealed variability of less than 10% for the [11C]DTBZ scans and 19% for [11C]raclopride (based on one subject only). Mean [18F]FDG ratios to pons showed less than 12% differences. Conclusions These results demonstrated comparable performances of the two systems in terms of RCs with lower voxel-level noise (%) present in the PET/MR system. Comparison of in vivo human data confirmed the comparability of the two systems. The whole-body GE SIGNA PET/MR system is well suited for high-resolution brain imaging as no significant performance degradation was found compared to that of the reference standard HRRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Mannheim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Ju-Chieh Kevin Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nasim Vafai
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elham Shahinfard
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carolyn English
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessamyn McKenzie
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jing Zhang
- Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Barlow
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Goud NS, Bhattacharya A, Joshi RK, Nagaraj C, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Carbon-11: Radiochemistry and Target-Based PET Molecular Imaging Applications in Oncology, Cardiology, and Neurology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1223-1259. [PMID: 33499603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging technique has gained its universal value as a remarkable tool for medical diagnosis and biomedical research. Carbon-11 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target-specific information related to its pharmacology and physiology to understand the disease status. Currently, many of the available carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) PET radiotracers are heterocyclic derivatives that have been synthesized using carbon-11 inserted different functional groups obtained from primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors. A spectrum of carbon-11 PET radiotracers has been developed against many of the upregulated and emerging targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and therapy in the fields of oncology, cardiology, and neurology. This review focuses on the carbon-11 radiochemistry and various target-specific PET molecular imaging agents used in tumor, heart, brain, and neuroinflammatory disease imaging along with its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Raman Kumar Joshi
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
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18
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Frey KA. Molecular Imaging of Extrapyramidal Movement Disorders With Dementia: The 4R Tauopathies. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 51:275-285. [PMID: 33431202 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two pathologically distinct neurodegenerative conditions, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, share in common deposits of tau proteins that differ both molecularly and ultrastructurally from the common tau deposits diagnostic of Alzheimer disease. The proteinopathy in these disorders is characterized by fibrillary aggregates of 4R tau proteins. The clinical presentations of progressive supranuclear palsy and of corticobasal degeneration are often confused with more common disorders such as Parkinson disease or subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neither of these 4R tau disorders has effective therapy, and while there are emerging molecular imaging approaches to identify patients earlier in the course of disease, there are as yet no reliably sensitive and specific approaches to diagnoses in life. In this review, aspects of the clinical syndromes, neuropathology, and molecular biomarker imaging studies applicable to progressive supranuclear palsy and to corticobasal degeneration will be presented. Future development of more accurate molecular imaging approaches is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk A Frey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI.
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19
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Thomsen MB, Ferreira SA, Schacht AC, Jacobsen J, Simonsen M, Betzer C, Jensen PH, Brooks DJ, Landau AM, Romero-Ramos M. PET imaging reveals early and progressive dopaminergic deficits after intra-striatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 149:105229. [PMID: 33352233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can aggregate and form toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils which are the main component of Lewy bodies. Intra-neuronal Lewy bodies are a major pathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). These fibrillar structures can act as seeds and accelerate the aggregation of monomeric a-syn. Indeed, recent studies show that injection of preformed a-syn fibrils (PFF) into the rodent brain can induce aggregation of the endogenous monomeric a-syn resulting in neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death. We injected 8 μg of murine a-syn PFF, or soluble monomeric a-syn into the right striatum of rats. The animals were monitored behaviourally using the cylinder test, which measures paw asymmetry, and the corridor task that measures lateralized sensorimotor response to sugar treats. In vivo PET imaging was performed after 6, 13 and 22 weeks using [11C]DTBZ, a marker of the vesicular monoamine 2 transporter (VMAT2), and after 15 and 22 weeks using [11C]UCB-J, a marker of synaptic SV2A protein in nerve terminals. Histology was performed at the three time points using antibodies against dopaminergic markers, aggregated a-syn, and MHCII to evaluate the immune response. While the a-syn PFF injection caused only mild behavioural changes, [11C]DTBZ PET showed a significant and progressive decrease of VMAT2 binding in the ipsilateral striatum. This was accompanied by a small progressive decrease in [11C]UCB-J binding in the same area. In addition, our histological analysis revealed a gradual spread of misfolded a-syn pathology in areas anatomically connected to striatum that became bilateral with time. The striatal a-syn PFF injection resulted in a progressive unilateral degeneration of dopamine terminals, and an early and sustained presence of MHCII positive ramified microglia in the ipsilateral striatum and substantia nigra. Our study shows that striatal injections of a-syn fibrils induce progressive pathological synaptic dysfunction prior to cell death that can be detected in vivo with PET. We confirm that intrastriatal injection of a-syn PFFs provides a model of progressive a-syn pathology with loss of dopaminergic and synaptic function accompanied by neuroinflammation, as found in human PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majken B Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sara A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna C Schacht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Simonsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristine Betzer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul H Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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20
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Tang J, Xu Y, Liu C, Fang Y, Cao S, Zhao C, Huang H, Zou M, Chen Z. PET imaging with [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ in 6-OHDA-induced partial and full unilaterally-lesioned model rats of Parkinson's disease and the correlations to the biological data. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 90-91:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Sanchez-Catasus CA, Bohnen NI, Yeh FC, D'Cruz N, Kanel P, Müller MLTM. Dopaminergic Nigrostriatal Connectivity in Early Parkinson Disease: In Vivo Neuroimaging Study of 11C-DTBZ PET Combined with Correlational Tractography. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:545-552. [PMID: 32859707 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.248500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous histopathologic and animal studies have shown axonal impairment and loss of connectivity of the nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson disease (PD). However, there are conflicting reports from in vivo human studies. 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine (11C-DTBZ) is a vesicular monoamine type 2 transporter PET ligand that allows assessment of nigrostriatal presynaptic dopaminergic terminal integrity. Correlational tractography based on diffusion MRI can incorporate ligand-specific information provided by 11C-DTBZ PET into the fiber-tracking process. The purpose of this study was to assess the in vivo association between the integrity of the nigrostriatal tract (defined by correlational tractography) and the degree of striatal dopaminergic denervation based on 11C-DTBZ PET. Methods: The study involved 30 subjects with mild to moderate PD (23 men and 7 women; mean age, 66 ± 6.2 y; disease duration, 6.4 ± 4.0 y; Hoehn and Yahr stage, 2.1 ± 0.6; Movement Disorder Society [MDS]-revised Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] [I-III] total score, 43.4 ± 17.8) and 30 control subjects (18 men and 12 women; mean age, 62 ± 10.3 y). 11C-DTBZ PET was performed using standard synthesis and acquisition protocols. Correlational tractography was performed to assess quantitative anisotropy (QA; a measure of tract integrity) of white matter fibers correlating with information derived from striatal 11C-DTBZ data using the DSI Studio toolbox. Scans were realigned according to least and most clinically affected cerebral hemispheres. Results: Nigrostriatal tracts were identified in both hemispheres of PD patients. Higher mean QA values along the identified tracts were significantly associated with higher striatal 11C-DTBZ distribution volume ratios (least affected: r = 0.57, P = 0.001; most affected: r = 0.44, P = 0.02). Lower mean QA values of the identified tract in the LA hemisphere associated with increased severity of bradykinesia sub-score derived from MDS-UPDRS part III (r = -0.42; P = 0.02). Cross-validation revealed the generalizability of these results. Conclusion: These findings suggest that impaired integrity of dopaminergic nigrostriatal nerve terminals is associated with nigrostriatal axonal dysfunction in mild to moderate PD. Assessment of nigrostriatal tract integrity may be suitable as a biomarker of early- or even prodromal-stage PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sanchez-Catasus
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Nicholas D'Cruz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martijn L T M Müller
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan .,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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EANM practice guideline/SNMMI procedure standard for dopaminergic imaging in Parkinsonian syndromes 1.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:1885-1912. [PMID: 32388612 PMCID: PMC7300075 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This joint practice guideline or procedure standard was developed collaboratively by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI). The goal of this guideline is to assist nuclear medicine practitioners in recommending, performing, interpreting, and reporting the results of dopaminergic imaging in parkinsonian syndromes. Methods Currently nuclear medicine investigations can assess both presynaptic and postsynaptic function of dopaminergic synapses. To date both EANM and SNMMI have published procedural guidelines for dopamine transporter imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (in 2009 and 2011, respectively). An EANM guideline for D2 SPECT imaging is also available (2009). Since the publication of these previous guidelines, new lines of evidence have been made available on semiquantification, harmonization, comparison with normal datasets, and longitudinal analyses of dopamine transporter imaging with SPECT. Similarly, details on acquisition protocols and simplified quantification methods are now available for dopamine transporter imaging with PET, including recently developed fluorinated tracers. Finally, [18F]fluorodopa PET is now used in some centers for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism, although procedural guidelines aiming to define standard procedures for [18F]fluorodopa imaging in this setting are still lacking. Conclusion All these emerging issues are addressed in the present procedural guidelines for dopaminergic imaging in parkinsonian syndromes.
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Hentrich T, Wassouf Z, Riess O, Schulze-Hentrich JM. SNCA overexpression disturbs hippocampal gene expression trajectories in midlife. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:4024-4041. [PMID: 30543522 PMCID: PMC6326667 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies originate from a complex and still largely enigmatic interplay of genetic predisposition, age, and environmental factors. While progressively declining motor functions hallmark late-life symptoms, first signs of the disease often surface already decades earlier during midlife. To better understand early disease stages with respect to the genetic, temporal, and environmental dimension, we interrogated hippocampal transcriptome data obtained during midlife for a mouse model overexpressing human SNCA, a pivotal gene in synucleinopathies, under different environments. To relate differentially expressed genes to human, we integrated expression signatures for aging and Parkinson's disease. We identified two distinctive modes of age-dependent disturbances: First, cellular processes seemingly activated too early that reflected advanced stages of age and, second, typical longitudinal adaptations of the system that no longer occurred during midlife. Environmental enrichment prevented both disturbances modes despite persistent SNCA overload. Together, our results caution the view that expression changes characterising early stages of SNCA-related pathology reflect accelerated aging alone. Instead, we provide evidence that failure to undergo healthy adaptions during midlife represents a second origin of disturbances. This bimodal disturbance principle could inform therapeutic efforts to distinguish between preventive and restorative attempts to target the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zinah Wassouf
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Wu C, Li H, Sun F, Bao C, Bao X, Chen G. The synthesis of precursor of FP- (+) DTBZ. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1663539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caijiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. of China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. of China
| | - Feiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. of China
| | - Changshun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. of China
| | - Xuefei Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. of China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. of China
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26
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Zhao R, Zha Z, Yao X, Ploessl K, Choi SR, Liu F, Zhu L, Kung HF. VMAT2 imaging agent, D6-[ 18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ: Improved radiosynthesis, purification by solid-phase extraction and characterization. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 72-73:26-35. [PMID: 31330409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, a deuterated tracer, D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ, 9-O-hexadeutero-3-[18F]fluoropropoxyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]9), targeting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in the central nervous system, was reported as a useful imaging agent for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The production of [18F]9 was optimized and simplified by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification. METHODS Three major nonradioactive impurities were synthesized and characterized. The preparation of [18F]9 was optimized by using different labeling conditions, and an SPE purification method was evaluated. The influence of chemical impurities in the final dose of [18F]9 was assessed by an in vitro binding assay, an assay of the in vivo biodistribution in mice, and ex vivo and in vitro autoradiography of brain sections. RESULTS Optimized fluorination conditions for [18F]9 were found - heating at 130 °C for 10 min in DMSO, and a high radiochemical yield and three major chemical impurities were observed. An SPE method involving a Sep-Pak® tC18 Plus Light cartridge with a two-step elution process was successfully implemented. This process gave a good radiochemical yield (38.7 ± 10.5%, decay corrected; radiochemical purity >99%) and low chemical impurities. An in vivo biodistribution study and autoradiography of brain sections showed that there was no significant difference between HPLC-purified and SPE-purified [18F]9. CONCLUSION A VMAT2 targeting imaging agent, D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ, [18F]9, was prepared by optimized labeling conditions and an easy SPE purification. This method offers a short preparation time and operational simplicity. In conjunction with PET imaging, this new VMAT2 agent might be a useful clinical tool for diagnosing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyue Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhihao Zha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xinyue Yao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seok Rye Choi
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Futao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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27
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Kang NY, Soetedjo AAP, Amirruddin NS, Chang YT, Eriksson O, Teo AKK. Tools for Bioimaging Pancreatic β Cells in Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:708-722. [PMID: 31178230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When diabetes is diagnosed, the majority of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells are already dysfunctional or destroyed. This β cell dysfunction/destruction usually takes place over many years, making timely detection and clinical intervention difficult. For this reason, there is immense interest in developing tools to bioimage β cell mass and/or function noninvasively to facilitate early diagnosis of diabetes as well as to assist the development of novel antidiabetic therapies. Recent years have brought significant progress in β cell imaging that is now inching towards clinical applicability. We explore here the need to bioimage human β cells noninvasively in various types of diabetes, and we discuss current and emerging tools for bioimaging β cells. Further developments in this field are expected to facilitate β cell imaging in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Young Kang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, 138667, Singapore; New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Chembok-ro (1115-1 Dongnae-dong), Dong-gu, Daegu City 41061, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Nur Shabrina Amirruddin
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, 138667, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Hyogok-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
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28
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Smith GS, Mills KA, Pontone GM, Anderson WS, Perepezko KM, Brasic J, Zhou Y, Brandt J, Butson CR, Holt DP, Mathews WB, Dannals RF, Wong DF, Mari Z. Effect of STN DBS on vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 64:235-241. [PMID: 31053531 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Despite the improvement of motor symptoms in most patients by sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and its widespread use, the neurobiological mechanisms are not completely understood. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in PD on the dopamine system and neural circuitry, employing high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The hypotheses tested were that STN DBS would decrease the striatal vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), secondary to an increase in dopamine concentrations, and would decrease striatal cerebral metabolism and increase cortical cerebral metabolism. METHODS PET imaging of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) and cerebral glucose metabolism was performed prior to DBS surgery and after 4-6 months of STN stimulation in seven PD patients (mean age 67 ± 7). RESULTS The patients demonstrated significant improvement in motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms after STN DBS. Decreased VMAT2 was observed in the caudate, putamen and associative striatum and in extra-striatal, cortical and limbic regions. Cerebral glucose metabolism was decreased in striatal sub-regions and increased in temporal and parietal cortices and the cerebellum. Decreased striatal VMAT2 was correlated with decreased striatal and increased cortical and limbic metabolism. Improvement of depressive symptoms was correlated with decreased VMAT2 in striatal and extra-striatal regions and with striatal decreases and cortical increases in metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The present results support further investigation of the role of VMAT2, and associated changes in neural circuitry in the improvement of motor and non-motor symptoms with STN DBS in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn S Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kelly A Mills
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Greg M Pontone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Stanley Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kate M Perepezko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Brasic
- Section of High Resolution Brain PET, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Section of High Resolution Brain PET, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Butson
- Scientific Computing & Imaging (SCI) Institute, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, University of Utah, USA
| | - Daniel P Holt
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B Mathews
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Section of High Resolution Brain PET, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Mari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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29
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Cho SS, Christopher L, Koshimori Y, Li C, Lang AE, Houle S, Strafella AP. Decreased pallidal vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 availability in Parkinson's disease: The contribution of the nigropallidal pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Uhl GR. Dopamine compartmentalization, selective dopaminergic vulnerabilities in Parkinson's disease and therapeutic opportunities. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:406-415. [PMID: 30847375 PMCID: PMC6389739 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive depletion of selected dopamine neurons is central to much Parkinson's disease (PD) disability. Although symptomatic treatments can ameliorate the disabilities that this neuronal depletion causes, no current strategy is documented to slow these losses. There is substantial evidence that dopamine in intracytoplasmic/extravesicular neuronal compartments can be toxic. Here, I review evidence that supports roles for dopamine compartmentalization, mediated largely by serial actions of plasma membrane SLC6A3/DAT and vesicular SLC18A2/VMAT2 transporters, in the selective patterns of dopamine neuronal loss found in PD brains. This compartmentalization hypothesis for the dopamine cell type specificity of PD lesions nominates available drugs for amelioration of damage arising from miscompartmentalized dopamine and raises cautions in using other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Neurology and Research Services New Mexico VA HealthCare System Albuquerque New Mexico 87108.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87108.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87108.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore Maryland 21287
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Xu SS, Alexander PK, Lie Y, Dore V, Bozinovski S, Mulligan RS, Young K, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging brain vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) in clinically uncertain parkinsonian syndrome (CUPS): a 3-year follow-up study in community patients. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e025533. [PMID: 30446576 PMCID: PMC6252699 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To further validate the diagnostic utility of 18F-AV-133 vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with clinically uncertain parkinsonian syndromes (CUPS) by comparison to clinical diagnosis at 3 years follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS In a previous study, we reported that 18F-AV-133 PET in community patients with CUPS changed diagnosis and management and increased diagnostic confidence. The current diagnosis of this cohort was obtained from the patient and treating specialist and compared with the diagnosis suggested 3 years earlier by the 18F-AV-133 PET. A second 18F-AV-133 PET was available in those with a discordant or inconclusive final diagnosis. STUDY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was the proportion of patients who had a follow-up clinical diagnosis, which was concordant with their initial 18F-AV-133 PET scan. Secondary end points were the proportion of patients who had the same diagnosis at follow-up as that reached after the initial scan and the stability of diagnostic changes made after the first scan. RESULTS 81 of the 85 patients previously recruited to the CUPS study had follow-up of which 79 had a clinical diagnosis and 2 remained CUPS. The diagnosis was in agreement with the initial 18F-AV-133 PET scan result in 74 cases. Five patients had a discordant diagnosis; one patient with rubral tremor had a severely abnormal scan that had worsened when rescanned; four cases with normal initial and repeat scans had a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Two patients with suspected genetic disorders remained classified as CUPS and both had normal scans. In the 24 CUPS cohort patients where 18F-AV-133 PET initially changed diagnosis, this change was supported by follow-up diagnosis in all but the one rubral tremor case. CONCLUSION 18F-AV-133 PET is a useful tool in improving diagnostic accuracy in CUPS providing results and diagnostic changes that remain robust after 3 years follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- San San Xu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paschal K Alexander
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yenni Lie
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Dore
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health & Biosecurity Flagship, The Australian eHealth Research Centre, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Svetlana Bozinovski
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel S Mulligan
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rektor I, Bohnen NI, Korczyn AD, Gryb V, Kumar H, Kramberger MG, de Leeuw FE, Pirtošek Z, Rektorová I, Schlesinger I, Slawek J, Valkovič P, Veselý B. An updated diagnostic approach to subtype definition of vascular parkinsonism - Recommendations from an expert working group. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 49:9-16. [PMID: 29310988 PMCID: PMC5857227 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This expert working group report proposes an updated approach to subtype definition of vascular parkinsonism (VaP) based on a review of the existing literature. The persistent lack of consensus on clear terminology and inconsistent conceptual definition of VaP formed the impetus for the current expert recommendation report. The updated diagnostic approach intends to provide a comprehensive tool for clinical practice. The preamble for this initiative is that VaP can be diagnosed in individual patients with possible prognostic and therapeutic consequences and therefore should be recognized as a clinical entity. The diagnosis of VaP is based on the presence of clinical parkinsonism, with variable motor and non-motor signs that are corroborated by clinical, anatomic or imaging findings of cerebrovascular disease. Three VaP subtypes are presented: (1) The acute or subacute post-stroke VaP subtype presents with acute or subacute onset of parkinsonism, which is typically asymmetric and responds to dopaminergic drugs; (2) The more frequent insidious onset VaP subtype presents with progressive parkinsonism with prominent postural instability, gait impairment, corticospinal, cerebellar, pseudobulbar, cognitive and urinary symptoms and poor responsiveness to dopaminergic drugs. A higher-level gait disorder occurs frequently as a dominant manifestation in the clinical spectrum of insidious onset VaP, and (3) With the emergence of molecular imaging biomarkers in clinical practice, our diagnostic approach also allows for the recognition of mixed or overlapping syndromes of VaP with Parkinson's disease or other neurodegenerative parkinsonisms. Directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rektor
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Neuroscience Centre and Movement Disorders Centre, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Michigan, and Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Viktoria Gryb
- Ivano-Frankivsk Medical University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Hospital, Vascular Neurology Department, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Hrishikesh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute Brain Cognition & Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zvezdan Pirtošek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Rektorová
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Neuroscience Centre and Movement Disorders Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilana Schlesinger
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jaroslaw Slawek
- Neurology Department, St. Adalbert Hospital, Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Peter Valkovič
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Rektor I, Bohnen NI, Korczyn AD. Subtype definition of vascular parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 52:107-108. [PMID: 29544882 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rektor
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Neuroscience Centre and Movement Disorders Centre, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, Department ofNeurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Molecular Imaging of the Serotonergic System in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:173-210. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Butcher NJ, Marras C, Pondal M, Rusjan P, Boot E, Christopher L, Repetto GM, Fritsch R, Chow EWC, Masellis M, Strafella AP, Lang AE, Bassett AS. Neuroimaging and clinical features in adults with a 22q11.2 deletion at risk of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2017; 140:1371-1383. [PMID: 28369257 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent 22q11.2 deletion is a genetic risk factor for early-onset Parkinson's disease. Adults with the associated 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) may exhibit phenotypes that could help identify those at highest risk and reveal disease trajectories. We investigated clinical and neuroimaging features relevant to Parkinson's disease in 26 adults: 13 with 22q11.2DS at genetic risk of Parkinson's disease (mean age = 41.5 years, standard deviation = 9.7), 12 healthy age and sex-matched controls, and a 22q11.2DS patient with l-DOPA-responsive early-onset Parkinson's disease. Neuroimaging included transcranial sonography and positron emission tomography using 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine (11C-DTBZ), a radioligand that binds to the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter. The 22q11.2DS group without Parkinson's disease demonstrated significant motor and olfactory deficits relative to controls. Eight (61.5%) were clinically classified with parkinsonism. Transcranial sonography showed a significantly larger mean area of substantia nigra echogenicity in the 22q11.2DS risk group compared with controls (P = 0.03). The 22q11.2DS patient with Parkinson's disease showed the expected pattern of severely reduced striatal 11C-DTBZ binding. The 22q11.2DS group without Parkinson's disease however showed significantly elevated striatal 11C-DTBZ binding relative to controls (∼33%; P < 0.01). Results were similar within the 22q11.2DS group for those with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) psychotic illness. These findings suggest that manifestations of parkinsonism and/or evolution to Parkinson's disease in this genetic at-risk population may include a hyperdopaminergic mechanism. Adequately powered longitudinal studies and animal models are needed to evaluate the relevance of the observed clinical and imaging phenotypes to Parkinson's disease and other disorders that are more prevalent in 22q11.2DS, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margarita Pondal
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh Christopher
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosemarie Fritsch
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Clínica Psiquiátrica Recoleta, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Phan JA, Stokholm K, Zareba-Paslawska J, Jakobsen S, Vang K, Gjedde A, Landau AM, Romero-Ramos M. Early synaptic dysfunction induced by α-synuclein in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6363. [PMID: 28743955 PMCID: PMC5526979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that synapses are affected first in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we tested the claim that pathological accumulation of α-synuclein, and subsequent synaptic disruption, occur in absence of dopaminergic neuron loss in PD. We determined early synaptic changes in rats that overexpress human α-synuclein by local injection of viral-vectors in midbrain. We aimed to achieve α-synuclein levels sufficient to induce terminal pathology without significant loss of nigral neurons. We tested synaptic disruption in vivo by analyzing motor defects and binding of a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand to the vesicular monoamine transporter 2, (VMAT2), [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ). Animals overexpressing α-synuclein had progressive motor impairment and, 12 weeks post-surgery, showed asymmetric in vivo striatal DTBZ binding. The PET images matched ligand binding in post-mortem tissue, and histological markers of dopaminergic integrity. Histology confirmed the absence of nigral cell death with concomitant significant loss of striatal terminals. Progressive aggregation of proteinase-K resistant and Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein was observed in dopaminergic terminals, in dystrophic swellings that resembled axonal spheroids and contained mitochondria and vesicular proteins. In conclusion, pathological α-synuclein in nigro-striatal axonal terminals leads to early axonal pathology, synaptic disruption, dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission, motor impairment, and measurable change of VMAT2 in the absence of cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Ann Phan
- Department of Biomedicine, NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, bldg. 1242, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, bldg. 10G, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Stokholm
- Department of Biomedicine, NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, bldg. 1242, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, bldg. 10G, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Justyna Zareba-Paslawska
- Department of Biomedicine, NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, bldg. 1242, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, bldg. 10G, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Kim Vang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, bldg. 10G, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.,Center of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Dept of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, bldg. 10G, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark. .,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, 8240, Denmark.
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, bldg. 1242, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.
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Heurling K, Leuzy A, Jonasson M, Frick A, Zimmer ER, Nordberg A, Lubberink M. Quantitative positron emission tomography in brain research. Brain Res 2017; 1670:220-234. [PMID: 28652218 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of positron emission tomography (PET) in brain research has increased substantially during the past 20years, and is still growing. PET provides a unique insight into physiological and pathological processes in vivo. In this article we introduce the fundamentals of PET, and the methods available for acquiring quantitative estimates of the parameters of interest. A short introduction to different areas of application is also given, including basic research of brain function and in neurology, psychiatry, drug receptor occupancy studies, and its application in diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Our aim is to inform the unfamiliar reader of the underlying basics and potential applications of PET, hoping to inspire the reader into considering how the technique could be of benefit for his or her own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Heurling
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Department Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - My Jonasson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frick
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Department Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Lubberink
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Karrer TM, Josef AK, Mata R, Morris ED, Samanez-Larkin GR. Reduced dopamine receptors and transporters but not synthesis capacity in normal aging adults: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:36-46. [PMID: 28599217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many theories of cognitive aging are based on evidence that dopamine (DA) declines with age. Here, we performed a systematic meta-analysis of cross-sectional positron emission tomography and single-photon emission-computed tomography studies on the average effects of age on distinct DA targets (receptors, transporters, or relevant enzymes) in healthy adults (N = 95 studies including 2611 participants). Results revealed significant moderate to large, negative effects of age on DA transporters and receptors. Age had a significantly larger effect on D1- than D2-like receptors. In contrast, there was no significant effect of age on DA synthesis capacity. The average age reductions across the DA system were 3.7%-14.0% per decade. A meta-regression found only DA target as a significant moderator of the age effect. This study precisely quantifies prior claims of reduced DA functionality with age. It also identifies presynaptic mechanisms (spared synthesis capacity and reduced DA transporters) that may partially account for previously unexplained phenomena whereby older adults appear to use dopaminergic resources effectively. Recommendations for future studies including minimum required samples sizes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Karrer
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Anika K Josef
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evan D Morris
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory R Samanez-Larkin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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39
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Alexander PK, Lie Y, Jones G, Sivaratnam C, Bozinvski S, Mulligan RS, Young K, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC. Management Impact of Imaging Brain Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2 in Clinically Uncertain Parkinsonian Syndrome with 18F-AV133 and PET. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1815-1820. [PMID: 28490469 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.189019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder for which misdiagnosis occurs in up to 30% of patients after initial assessment and in 10%-15% even after long-term follow-up. Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) imaging with PET allows assessment of the integrity of the presynaptic dopaminergic pathway. We investigated the management impact of VMAT2 imaging in patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. Methods: Forty-seven patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes (mean age ± SD, 56.9 ± 14.9 y; age range, 21-80 y) were referred from movement disorder specialists. All participants underwent a 20-min PET acquisition 2 h after injection of 250 MBq of 18F-AV-133, and the resulting images were quantitatively assessed. Clinical impact was recorded as high, moderate, or low based on diagnosis and management questionnaires completed by the referring specialists before and after release of the PET results. Management impact was high if there was a change in diagnostic category, moderate if there was a change in medication, and low if there was no change. Results: VMAT2 PET changed the diagnosis in 11 (23%) and medication in 25 (53%) participants. Management impact was high in 23%, moderate in 38%, and low in 39% of the participants. High diagnostic confidence increased from 11% of patients to 80% after the release of the scan results. Conclusion:18F-AV-133 had substantial management impact in patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. VMAT2 imaging with 18F-AV133 might improve diagnosis, prognosis, and appropriate use of medication, translating into better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschal K Alexander
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yenni Lie
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gareth Jones
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chomalaven Sivaratnam
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Svetlana Bozinvski
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel S Mulligan
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Quantitative analysis of the therapeutic effect of magnolol on MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease using in vivo 18F-9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine PET imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173503. [PMID: 28257461 PMCID: PMC5336287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
18F-9-Fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine [18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ] positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to detect dopaminergic neuron loss associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in human and neurotoxin-induced animal models. A polyphenol compound, magnolol, was recently proposed as having a potentially restorative effect in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)- or 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animal models. In this study, 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET was used to determine the therapeutic efficacy of magnolol in an MPTP–PD mouse model that was prepared by giving an intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily dose of 25 mg/kg MPTP to male C57BL/6 mice for 5 consecutive days. Twenty-minute static 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET scans were performed before MPTP treatment and 5 days after the termination of MPTP treatment to set up the baseline control. Half of the MPTP-treated mice then received a daily dose of magnolol (10 mg/kg dissolved in corn oil, i.p.) for 6 days. 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET imaging was performed the day after the final treatment. All 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET images were analysed and the specific uptake ratio (SUr) was calculated. Ex vivo autoradiography (ARG) and corresponding immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies were conducted to confirm the distribution of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum. The striatal SUr ratios of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET images for the Sham, the MPTP, and the MPTP + Magnolol-treated groups were 1.25 ± 0.05, 0.75 ± 0.06, and 1.00 ± 0.11, respectively (n = 4 for each group). The ex vivo 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ ARG and IHC results correlated favourably with the PET imaging results. 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET imaging suggested that magnolol post-treatment may reverse the neuronal damage in the MPTP-lesioned PD mice. In vivo imaging of the striatal vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) distribution using 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ animal PET is a useful method to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic drugs i.e., magnolol, for the management of PD.
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Kish SJ, Boileau I, Callaghan RC, Tong J. Brain dopamine neurone 'damage': methamphetamine users vs. Parkinson's disease - a critical assessment of the evidence. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:58-66. [PMID: 27519465 PMCID: PMC5209286 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence that recreational methamphetamine exposure might damage dopamine neurones in human brain, as predicted by experimental animal findings. Brain dopamine marker data in methamphetamine users can now be compared with those in Parkinson's disease, for which the Oleh Hornykiewicz discovery in Vienna of a brain dopamine deficiency is established. Whereas all examined striatal (caudate and putamen) dopamine neuronal markers are decreased in Parkinson's disease, levels of only some (dopamine, dopamine transporter) but not others (dopamine metabolites, synthetic enzymes, vesicular monoamine transporter 2) are below normal in methamphetamine users. This suggests that loss of dopamine neurones might not be characteristic of methamphetamine exposure in at least some human drug users. In methamphetamine users, dopamine loss was more marked in caudate than in putamen, whereas in Parkinson's disease, the putamen is distinctly more affected. Substantia nigra loss of dopamine-containing cell bodies is characteristic of Parkinson's disease, but similar neuropathological studies have yet to be conducted in methamphetamine users. Similarly, it is uncertain whether brain gliosis, a common feature of brain damage, occurs after methamphetamine exposure in humans. Preliminary epidemiological findings suggest that methamphetamine use might increase risk of subsequent development of Parkinson's disease. We conclude that the available literature is insufficient to indicate that recreational methamphetamine exposure likely causes loss of dopamine neurones in humans but does suggest presence of a striatal dopamine deficiency that, in principle, could be corrected by dopamine substitution medication if safety and subject selection considerations can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Kish
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell C. Callaghan
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Aging Affects Dopaminergic Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Flexibility. J Neurosci 2016; 36:12559-12569. [PMID: 27807030 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0626-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by profound changes in the brain's dopamine system that affect cognitive function. Evidence of powerful individual differences in cognitive aging has sharpened focus on identifying biological factors underlying relative preservation versus vulnerability to decline. Dopamine represents a key target in these efforts. Alterations of dopamine receptors and dopamine synthesis are seen in aging, with receptors generally showing reduction and synthesis demonstrating increases. Using the PET tracer 6-[18F]fluoro-l-m-tyrosine, we found strong support for upregulated striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy older adult humans free of amyloid pathology, relative to young people. We next used fMRI to define the functional impact of elevated synthesis capacity on cognitive flexibility, a core component of executive function. We found clear evidence in young adults that low levels of synthesis capacity were suboptimal, associated with diminished cognitive flexibility and altered frontoparietal activation relative to young adults with highest synthesis values. Critically, these relationships between dopamine, performance, and activation were transformed in older adults with higher synthesis capacity. Variability in synthesis capacity was related to intrinsic frontoparietal functional connectivity across groups, suggesting that striatal dopamine synthesis influences the tuning of networks underlying cognitive flexibility. Together, these findings define striatal dopamine's association with cognitive flexibility and its neural underpinnings in young adults, and reveal the alteration in dopamine-related neural processes in aging. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Few studies have combined measurement of brain dopamine with examination of the neural basis of cognition in youth and aging to delineate the underlying mechanisms of these associations. Combining in vivo PET imaging of dopamine synthesis capacity, fMRI, and a sensitive measure of cognitive flexibility, we reveal three core findings. First, we find evidence supporting older adults' capacity to upregulate dopamine synthesis. Second, we define relationships between dopamine, cognition, and frontoparietal activity in young adults indicating high levels of synthesis capacity are optimal. Third, we demonstrate alteration of these relationships in older adults, suggesting neurochemical modulation of cognitive flexibility changes with age.
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Rapid Recovery of Vesicular Dopamine Levels in Methamphetamine Users in Early Abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1179-87. [PMID: 26321315 PMCID: PMC4748442 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported very low levels of dopamine in post-mortem striatum of chronic methamphetamine users, raising the possibility that restoration of normal dopamine levels could help in this addiction and perhaps prevent early relapse. To establish relevance of this finding to the living brain, we tested whether striatal [(11)C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine binding, a vesicular monoamine transporter probe sensitive to changes in (stored) vesicular dopamine, is elevated in methamphetamine users. Chronic methamphetamine users underwent [(11)C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine positron emission tomography scans during early (mean 2.6 days) and later (~10 days) abstinence. Striatal [(11)C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine binding was elevated (suggesting low stored dopamine) in methamphetamine users (n=28; 2.6 days after last use) relative to controls (n=22) (+28%, p<0.0001) and correlated with severity and recency of drug use and with cognitive impairment and withdrawal symptoms. Mean [(11)C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine binding levels in the subgroup of methamphetamine users who could remain abstinent ~10 days following last use (n=17) were normal at the follow-up scan. Our imaging data support post-mortem findings and suggest that chronic methamphetamine users have low brain levels of stored dopamine during very early abstinence from MA, which could contribute to behavioral and cognitive deficits. Findings also suggest a rapid recovery of stored dopamine in some methamphetamine users who become abstinent and who therefore might not benefit from dopamine replacement medication (eg, levodopa). Further study is necessary to establish whether those users who could not maintain abstinence for the second scan might have a more severe and persistent dopamine deficiency and who could benefit from this medication.
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Molinet-Dronda F, Gago B, Quiroga-Varela A, Juri C, Collantes M, Delgado M, Prieto E, Ecay M, Iglesias E, Marín C, Peñuelas I, Obeso JA. Monoaminergic PET imaging and histopathological correlation in unilateral and bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat models of Parkinson's disease: A longitudinal in-vivo study. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Bohnen NI, Albin RL, Müller MLTM, Petrou M, Kotagal V, Koeppe RA, Scott PJH, Frey KA. Frequency of cholinergic and caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits across the predemented cognitive spectrum of Parkinson disease and evidence of interaction effects. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:194-200. [PMID: 25506674 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Little is known about the relative contributions of multisystem degenerative processes across the spectrum of predemented cognitive decline in Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To investigate the relative frequency of caudate nucleus dopaminergic and forebrain cholinergic deficits across a spectrum of cognitively impaired patients with PD to explore their relative, individual, and combined contributions to cognitive impairment in PD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional study at an academic movement disorders clinic that included a predominantly nondemented cohort of 143 patients with PD. The mean (SD) age of patients was 65.5 (7.4) years and the mean (SD) Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2.4 (0.6). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Binary classification of carbon 11-labeled [11C]PMP acetylcholinesterase and caudate nucleus [11C]DTBZ monoaminergic positron-emission tomography imaging based on normative data. The frequency of significant degenerative processes based on normative values was determined for consecutive intervals of cognitive impairment, ranging from no or minimal (z > -0.5) to more severe (z ≤ -2) cognitive impairment. RESULTS Across the spectrum from minimal (z > -0.5) to more severe (z ≤ -2) global cognitive impairment scores, caudate nucleus dopaminergic denervation was relatively frequent in individuals with minimal or no cognitive changes (51.1%) and increased in patients with more severe cognitive impairments (χ2 = 12.8; P = .01). Cortical cholinergic denervation frequency increased monotonically with increasing cognitive impairment from 24.7% (z > -0.5) to 85.7% (z ≤ -2); χ2 = 23.2; P = .001). Eighty-seven percent of patients with neocortical cholinergic deficits had caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits. Multiple regression analysis (F = 7.51; P < .001) showed both independent cognitive predictions for caudate nucleus dopaminergic (F = 7.25; P = .008) and cortical cholinergic (F = 7.50; P = .007) degenerations as well as interaction effects (F = 5.40; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cortical cholinergic denervation is a major neurodegeneration associated with progressive declines across the spectrum of cognitive impairment in PD and typically occurs in the context of significant caudate nucleus dopaminergic denervation. Our findings imply that dopaminergic and cholinergic degenerations exhibit both independent and interactive contributions to cognitive impairment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor2Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor3Neurology Service and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor H
| | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor3Neurology Service and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan4Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Martijn L T M Müller
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Myria Petrou
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Vikas Kotagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor2Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Hirao K, Pontone GM, Smith GS. Molecular imaging of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:157-70. [PMID: 25446948 PMCID: PMC4806385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are very common in neurodegenerative diseases and are a major contributor to disability and caregiver burden. There is accumulating evidence that NPS may be a prodrome and/or a "risk factor" of neurodegenerative diseases. The medications used to treat these symptoms in younger patients are not very effective in patients with neurodegenerative disease and may have serious side effects. An understanding of the neurobiology of NPS is critical for the development of more effective intervention strategies. Targeting these symptoms may also have implications for prevention of cognitive or motor decline. Molecular brain imaging represents a bridge between basic and clinical observations and provides many opportunities for translation from animal models and human post-mortem studies to in vivo human studies. Molecular brain imaging studies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are reviewed with a primary focus on positron emission tomography studies of NPS. Future directions for the field of molecular imaging in AD and PD to understand the neurobiology of NPS will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hirao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gregory M Pontone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Gwenn S Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.
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Christopher L, Duff-Canning S, Koshimori Y, Segura B, Boileau I, Chen R, Lang AE, Houle S, Rusjan P, Strafella AP. Salience network and parahippocampal dopamine dysfunction in memory-impaired Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 77:269-80. [PMID: 25448687 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are vulnerable to dementia and frequently experience memory deficits. This could be the result of dopamine dysfunction in corticostriatal networks (salience, central executive networks, and striatum) and/or the medial temporal lobe. Our aim was to investigate whether dopamine dysfunction in these regions contributes to memory impairment in PD. METHODS We used positron emission tomography imaging to compare D2 receptor availability in the cortex and striatal (limbic and associative) dopamine neuron integrity in 4 groups: memory-impaired PD (amnestic MCI; n = 9), PD with nonamnestic MCI (n = 10), PD without MCI (n = 11), and healthy controls (n = 14). Subjects were administered a full neuropsychological test battery for cognitive performance. RESULTS Memory-impaired patients demonstrated more significant reductions in D2 receptor binding in the salience network (insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC] and the right parahippocampal gyrus [PHG]) compared to healthy controls and patients with no MCI. They also presented reductions in the right insula and right ACC compared to nonamnestic MCI patients. D2 levels were correlated with memory performance in the right PHG and left insula of amnestic patients and with executive performance in the bilateral insula and left ACC of all MCI patients. Associative striatal dopamine denervation was significant in all PD patients. INTERPRETATION Dopaminergic differences in the salience network and the medial temporal lobe contribute to memory impairment in PD. Furthermore, these findings indicate the vulnerability of the salience network in PD and its potential role in memory and executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Christopher
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Glaab E, Schneider R. Comparative pathway and network analysis of brain transcriptome changes during adult aging and in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:1-13. [PMID: 25447234 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered as one of the main factors promoting the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), and common mechanisms of dopamine neuron degeneration in aging and PD have been proposed in recent years. Here, we use a statistical meta-analysis of human brain transcriptomics data to investigate potential mechanistic relationships between adult brain aging and PD pathogenesis at the pathway and network level. The analyses identify statistically significant shared pathway and network alterations in aging and PD and an enrichment in PD-associated sequence variants from genome-wide association studies among the jointly deregulated genes. We find robust discriminative patterns for groups of functionally related genes with potential applications as combined risk biomarkers to detect aging- and PD-linked oxidative stress, e.g., a consistent over-expression of metallothioneins matching with findings in previous independent studies. Interestingly, analyzing the regulatory network and mouse knockout expression data for NR4A2, a transcription factor previously associated with rare mutations in PD and here found as the most significantly under-expressed gene in PD among the jointly altered genes, suggests that aging-related NR4A2 expression changes may increase PD risk via downstream effects similar to disease-linked mutations and to expression changes in sporadic PD. Overall, the analyses suggest mechanistic explanations for the age-dependence of PD risk and reveal significant and robust shared process alterations with potential applications in biomarker development for pre-symptomatic risk assessment or early stage diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission computed tomography (PET) imaging agents for neurodegenerative diseases have a significant impact on clinical diagnosis and patient care. The examples of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) imaging agents described in this paper provide a general view on how imaging agents, i.e. radioactive drugs, are selected, chemically prepared and applied in humans. Imaging the living human brain can provide unique information on the pathology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD. The imaging method will also facilitate preclinical and clinical trials of new drugs offering specific information related to drug binding sites in the brain. In the future, chemists will continue to play important roles in identifying specific targets, synthesizing target-specific probes for screening and ultimately testing them by in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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