1
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Watanabe E, Nakajima T, Shinohara A, Kasamatsu Y. Hydration Structure of 102No 2+: A Density Functional Theory-Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2717-2726. [PMID: 38563068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The hydration structure of No2+, the divalent cation of nobelium in water, was investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. First, a series of benchmark calculations were performed to validate the density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods for a molecule containing a No atom. The DFT-MD simulation of the hydration structure of No2+ was conducted after the MD method was validated by simulating the hydration structures of Ca2+ and Sr2+, whose behavior was previously reported to be similar to that of No2+. The model cluster containing M2+ (M = Ca, Sr, or No) and 32 water molecules was used for DFT-MD simulation. The results showed that the hydration distance of No2+ was intermediate between those of Ca2+ and Sr2+. This trend in the hydration distance is in good agreement with the elution position trend obtained in a previous radiochemical experiment. The calculated No-O bond lengths in the optimized structure of [No(H2O)8]2+ was 2.59 Å, while the average No-O bond length of [No(H2O)8]2+ in water by DFT-MD was 2.55 Å. This difference implies the importance of dynamic solvent effects, considering the second (and further) coordination sphere in the theoretical calculation of solution chemistry for superheavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyamacho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Nishina Accelerator-based Science Center, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, Minatojimaminamimachi 7-1-26, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-4, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Osaka Aoyama University, Niina 2-11-1, Minoh, Osaka 562-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyamacho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Nishina Accelerator-based Science Center, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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2
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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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3
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Bran AM, Stadler PF, Jost J, Restrepo G. The six stages of the convergence of the periodic system to its final structure. Commun Chem 2023; 6:87. [PMID: 37130929 PMCID: PMC10154405 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodic system encodes order and similarity among chemical elements arising from known substances at a given time that constitute the chemical space. Although the system has incorporated new elements, the connection with the remaining space is still to be analysed, which leads to the question of how the exponentially growing space has affected the periodic system. Here we show, by analysing the space between 1800 and 2021, that the system has converged towards its current stable structure through six stages, respectively characterised by the finding of elements (1800-1826), the emergence of the core structure of the system (1826-1860), its organic chemistry bias (1860-1900) and its further stabilisation (1900-1948), World War 2 new chemistry (1948-1980) and the system final stabilisation (1980-). Given the self-reinforced low diversity of the space and the limited chemical possibilities of the elements to be synthesised, we hypothesise that the periodic system will remain largely untouched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Bran
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
- Grupo de Química de Recursos Energéticos y Medio Ambiente QUIREMA, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, State, Austria
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jürgen Jost
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Guillermo Restrepo
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany.
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4
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Kotov AA, Kozhedub YS, Glazov DA, Iliaš M, Pershina V, Shabaev VM. Relativistic Coupled-Cluster Calculations of Spectroscopic Properties of Copernicium and Flerovium Monoxides. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200680. [PMID: 36383485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calculations of spectroscopic properties of the CnO and FlO molecules are performed using ab initio all-electron 4c- and 2c-relativistic coupled-cluster approaches with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations. The corresponding calculation for HgO is also accomplished for comparison with the published data. The dependence of the results on the parameters of the basis set and approximations used is investigated in detail. The overall relative uncertainties of the recommended values on the level of 1-2 % are reached. The calculated spectroscopic constants are indicative of the following trend in the reactivity of the oxides HgO>FlO>CnO. This is confirmed by the trend in the adsorption energies, Eads , of these molecules on the surfaces of gold, quartz, and Teflon. The predicted rather low Eads values for the latter case should guarantee their delivery from the recoil chamber to the chemistry set up in gas-phase experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Kotov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury S Kozhedub
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Glazov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.,Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Shabaev
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Neve F. Chemistry of superheavy transition metals. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2084394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Neve
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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6
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Düllmann CE, Block M, Heßberger FP, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Kratz JV, Lommel B, Münzenberg G, Pershina V, Renisch D, Schädel M, Yakushev A. Five decades of GSI superheavy element discoveries and chemical investigation. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Superheavy element research has been a strong pillar of the research program at GSI Darmstadt since its foundation. Six new elements were discovered along with many new isotopes. Initial results on chemical properties of the heaviest elements were obtained that allowed for comparing their behavior with that of their lighter homologs and with theoretical predictions. Main achievements of the past five decades of superheavy element research at GSI are described along with an outlook into the future of superheavy element research in Darmstadt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph E. Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Michael Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Fritz P. Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jens V. Kratz
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Gottfried Münzenberg
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dennis Renisch
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
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7
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Sato TK, Nagame Y. Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies of the chemical properties of the elements at the uppermost end of the Periodic Table are extremely challenging both experimentally and theoretically. One of the most important and interesting subjects is to clarify the basic chemical properties of these elements as well as to elucidate the influence of relativistic effects on their electronic configuration. Isotopes of these elements produced at accelerators, however, are short-lived, and the number of produced atoms is so small; any chemistry to be performed must be done on an atom-at-a-time basis that imposes stringent limits on experimental procedures. Here we describe our recent achievements in the effective production of low-energy ion-beams of the elements at the end of the actinide series, fermium (Fm, atomic number Z = 100), mendelevium (Md, Z = 101), nobelium (No, Z = 102), and lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), using a surface ionization ion-source installed in the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) at the Tandem accelerator facility of JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). Then the successful measurements of the first ionization potentials (IP1) of these elements with the ISOL setup are reviewed. The measured IP1 values increased up to No via Fm and Md, while that of Lr was the lowest among the actinides. Based on the variation of the IP1 values of the heavy actinides with the atomic number in comparison with those of the heavy lanthanides, the results clearly demonstrated that the 5f orbitals are fully filled at No, and the actinide series ends with Lr. Furthermore, the IP1 value of Lr provoked controversy over its position in the Periodic Table, so a short introduction to this issue is presented. The feasibility of the extension of chemical studies to still heavier elements with their ion-beams generated by ISOL is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K. Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ibaraki University , Mito , Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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8
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Kasamatsu Y, Nagase M, Ninomiya H, Watanabe E, Shigekawa Y, Kondo N, Takamiya K, Ohtsuki T, Shiohara N, Shinohara A. Coprecipitation with samarium hydroxide using multitracer produced through neutron-induced fission of 235U toward chemical study of heavy elements. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 179:110006. [PMID: 34768147 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For new chemical studies on heavy elements, we previously investigated the coprecipitation behaviors with samarium hydroxide for various elements. Herein, we report the coprecipitation experiment using multitracer produced by neutron-induced fission of 235U. The coprecipitation behaviors of 10 elements were investigated: new data were obtained for Sr, Ru, I, Pm, and Np. The present results support the previously obtained conclusion that the hydroxide precipitation properties of various elements can be qualitatively investigated through their coprecipitation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nagase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Narumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Takamiya
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohtsuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Naoya Shiohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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9
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Pinheiro AS, Gargano R, Santos PHGD, de Macedo LGM. Fully relativistic study of polyatomic closed shell E121X 3 (X = F, Cl, Br) molecules: effects of Gaunt interaction, relativistic effects and advantages of an exact-two component (X2C) hamiltonian. J Mol Model 2021; 27:262. [PMID: 34435260 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, all electron relativistic calculations with 4-component Dirac-Coulomb-Breit (DCB), 4-component Dirac-Coulomb (DC), Dyall's spin-free Dirac-Coulomb (SFDC), exact two-component (X2C) and Levy-Leblond non-relativistic hamiltonians calculations were performed in polyatomic closed shell E121X3 (X = F, Cl, Br) within density functional theory (DFT) with hybrid functional B3LYP, where E121 is the superheavy element (SHE) with Z = 121. The aims of this study were to investigate relativistic effects in polyatomic E121X3 (X = F, Cl, Br) and verify the importance of Gaunt effects. The results demonstrate that although the effect of Gaunt interaction is small on change equilibrium bond lengths and bonding, it is important to obtain reliable vibrational frequencies. Moreover, it is possible to use the X2C spin-free hamiltonian to lower computational costs in a fully relativistic investigation of polyatomics including the SHE of the 8th period. Finally, a comparison between electron localization function (ELF) analysis and Mulliken population analysis suggests bonding similarity between LaBr3 and E121Br3. Graphical Abstract Relativistic 4-Component calculations suggest bond similarity between LaBr3 and E121Br3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sena Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química/PPGQ, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais (ICEN), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gargano
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), P.O. Box 04455, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Gomes Dos Santos
- Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu (CCO/UFSJ) Divinópolis, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Machado de Macedo
- Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu (CCO/UFSJ) Divinópolis, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
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10
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Kwarsick JT, Pore JL, Gates JM, Gregorich KE, Gibson JK, Jian J, Pang GK, Shuh DK. Assessment of the Second-Ionization Potential of Lawrencium: Investigating the End of the Actinide Series with a One-Atom-at-a-Time Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry Technique. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6818-6828. [PMID: 34242037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 88-Inch Cyclotron facility to investigate the electron-transfer reduction reaction of dipositive Lr (Z = 103) with O2 gas. Ions of 255Lr were produced in the fusion-evaporation reaction 209Bi(48Ca,2n) 255Lr and were studied with a novel gas-phase ion chemistry technique. The produced 255Lr2+ ions were trapped and O2 gas was introduced, such that the charge-exchange reaction to reduce 255Lr2+ to 255Lr1+ was observed and the reaction rate constant was determined to be k = 1.5(7) × 10-10 cm3/mol/s. The observation that this reaction proceeds establishes the lower limit on the second ionization potential of Lr to be 13.3(3) eV. This gives further support that the actinide series terminates with Lr. Additionally, this result can be used to better interpret the situation concerning the placement of Lu and Lr on the periodic table within the current framework of the actinide hypothesis. The success of this experimental approach now identifies unique opportunities for future gas-phase reaction studies on actinide and super heavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kwarsick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer L Pore
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacklyn M Gates
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth E Gregorich
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John K Gibson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory K Pang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David K Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of physical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) was used to investigate the influence of various reaction parameters onto the formation and transport of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions. FORA is based on a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes. Those are recoiling from the spontaneous fission source into a reaction chamber flushed with a gas-mixture containing CO. Upon contact with CO, fission products form volatile MCCs which are further transported by the gas stream to the detection setup, consisting of a charcoal trap mounted in front of a HPGe γ-detector. Depending on the reaction conditions, MCCs are formed and transported with different efficiencies. Using this setup, the impact of varying physical parameters like gas flow, gas pressure, kinetic energy of fission products upon entering the reaction chamber and temperature of the reaction chamber on the formation and transport yields of MCCs was investigated. Using a setup similar to FORA called Miss Piggy, various gas mixtures of CO with a selection of noble gases, as well as N2 and H2, were investigated with respect to their effect onto MCC formation and transport. Based on this measurements, optimized reaction conditions to maximize the synthesis and transport of MCCs are suggested. Explanations for the observed results supported by simulations are suggested as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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12
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Götz M, Götz S, Kratz JV, Ballof J, Düllmann CE, Eberhardt K, Mokry C, Renisch D, Runke J, Sato TK, Thörle-Pospiech P, Trautmann N, Yakushev A. Gas phase synthesis of 4d transition metal carbonyl complexes with thermalized fission fragments in single-atom reactions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The formation of carbonyl complexes using atom-at-a-time quantities of short-lived transition metals from fusion and fission reactions was reported in 2012. Numerous studies focussing on this chemical system, which is also applicable for the superheavy elements followed. We report on a novel two-chamber approach for the synthesis of such complexes that allows spatial decoupling of thermalization and gas-phase carbonyl complex synthesis. Neutron induced fission on 235U and spontaneous fission of 248Cm were employed for the production of the fission products. These were stopped inside a gas volume behind the target and flushed with an inert-gas flow into a second chamber. This was flushed with carbon monoxide to allow the gas-phase synthesis of carbonyl complexes. Parameter studies of the transfer from the first into the second chamber as well as on the carbonyl complex formation and transport processes have been performed. High overall efficiencies of more than 50% were reached rendering this approach interesting for studies of superheavy elements. Our results show that carbonyl complex formation of thermalized fission products is a single-atom reaction, and not a hot-atom reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Stefan Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Jens-Volker Kratz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Jochen Ballof
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- CERN , 1217 Meyrin , CH , Switzerland
| | - Christoph E. Düllmann
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Klaus Eberhardt
- Research Reactor TRIGA Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Christoph Mokry
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Dennis Renisch
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Jörg Runke
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
| | | | - Petra Thörle-Pospiech
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Norbert Trautmann
- Research Reactor TRIGA Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
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13
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: A Noble Gas Element That Is Neither Noble Nor a Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23636-23640. [PMID: 32959952 PMCID: PMC7814676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oganesson (Og) is the last entry into the Periodic Table completing the seventh period of elements and group 18 of the noble gases. Only five atoms of Og have been successfully produced in nuclear collision experiments, with an estimate half-life for294 118 Og of 0. 69 + 0 . 64 - 0 . 22 ms.[1] With such a short lifetime, chemical and physical properties inevitably have to come from accurate relativistic quantum theory. Here, we employ two complementary computational approaches, namely parallel tempering Monte-Carlo (PTMC) simulations and first-principles thermodynamic integration (TI), both calibrated against a highly accurate coupled-cluster reference to pin-down the melting and boiling points of this super-heavy element. In excellent agreement, these approaches show Og to be a solid at ambient conditions with a melting point of ≈325 K. In contrast, calculations in the nonrelativistic limit reveal a melting point for Og of 220 K, suggesting a gaseous state as expected for a typical noble gas element. Accordingly, relativistic effects shift the solid-to-liquid phase transition by about 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology DepartmentHelmholtz-Zentrum GeesthachtMax-Planck-Straße 121502GeesthachtGermany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
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14
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: Ein Edelgas, das weder edel noch ein Gas ist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology Department Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
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15
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Belpassi L, De Santis M, Quiney HM, Tarantelli F, Storchi L. BERTHA: Implementation of a four-component Dirac–Kohn–Sham relativistic framework. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164118. [PMID: 32357778 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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16
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Restrepo G. Challenges for the Periodic Systems of Elements: Chemical, Historical and Mathematical Perspectives. Chemistry 2019; 25:15430-15440. [PMID: 31663666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We celebrate 150 years of periodic systems that reached their maturity in the 1860s. They began as pedagogical efforts to project corpuses of substances on the similarity and order relationships of the chemical elements. However, these elements are not the canned substances wrongly displayed in many periodic tables, but rather the abstract preserved entities in compound transformations. We celebrate the systems, rather than their tables or ultimate table. The periodic law, we argue, is not an all-encompassing achievement, as it does not apply to every property of all elements and compounds. Periodic systems have been generalised as ordered hypergraphs, which solves the long-lasting question on the mathematical structure of the systems. In this essay, it is shown that these hypergraphs may solve current issues such as order reversals in super-heavy elements and lack of system predictive power. We discuss research in extending the limits of the systems in the super-heavy-atom region and draw attention to other limits: the antimatter region and the limit arising from compounds under extreme conditions. As systems depend on the known chemical substances (chemical space) and such a space grows exponentially, we wonder whether systems still aim at projecting knowledge of compounds on the relationships among the elements. We claim that systems are not based on compounds anymore, rather on 20th century projections of the 1860s systems of elements on systems of atoms. These projections bring about oversimplifications based on entities far from being related to compounds. A linked oversimplification is the myth of vertical group similarity, which raises questions on the approaches to locate new elements in the system. Finally, we propose bringing back chemistry to the systems by exploring similarity and order relationships of elements using the current information of the chemical space. We ponder whether 19th century periodic systems are still there or whether they have faded away, leaving us with an empty 150th celebration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Restrepo
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Zhao L, Pan S, Holzmann N, Schwerdtfeger P, Frenking G. Chemical Bonding and Bonding Models of Main-Group Compounds. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8781-8845. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Albany), 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
The precise determination of atomic and nuclear properties such as masses, differential charge radii, nuclear spins, electromagnetic moments and the ionization potential of the actinides has been extended to the late actinides in recent years. In particular, laser spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have reached the region of heavy actinides that can only be produced only at accelerator facilities. The new results provide deeper insight into the impact of relativistic effects on the atomic structure and the evolution of nuclear shell effects around the deformed neutron shell closure at N = 152. All these experimental activities have also opened the door to extend such measurements to the transactinide elements in the near future. This contribution summarizes recent achievements in Penning trap mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy of the late actinides and addresses future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Block
- Institut für Kernchemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
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19
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Ito Y, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Nagame Y. Optimization of an isothermal gas-chromatographic setup for the chemical exploration of dubnium (Db, Z = 105) oxychlorides. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Some highlight examples on the study of production and chemical properties of heaviest elements carried out mostly at GSI Darmstadt are presented. They focus on the production of some of the heaviest known elements (114Fl, 115Mc, and 117Mc), studies of non-fusion reactions, and on chemical studies of 114Fl. This is the heaviest element, for which chemical studies have been performed to date.
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21
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Block M. Precise ground state properties of the heaviest elements for studies of their atomic and nuclear structure. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The precise determination of atomic and nuclear properties such as masses, differential charge radii, nuclear spins and electromagnetic moments of exotic nuclides has recently been extended to the region of the heaviest elements. To this end, ion trap-based techniques and laser spectroscopy methods have been employed to provide information complementary to that obtained by nuclear spectroscopy. This enables more detailed studies of the atomic and nuclear structure of these exotic nuclides far from stability. This contribution summarizes some of the recent achievements and addresses future perspectives for measurements on even heavier elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Block
- Institut für Kernchemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
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22
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Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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23
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24
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Chemey AT, Albrecht-Schmitt TE. Evolution of the periodic table through the synthesis of new elements. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This brief introduction to the synthesis and chemistry of elements discovered since 1940 is focused primarily on Z=93–118. The goal of this work is not to simply catalogue the nuclear fusion reactions needed to prepare new elements, but rather to focus on the chemical and physical properties that these elements possess. These elements share a single common feature in that they all have large Z values, and thus have electronic structures that are significantly altered by both scalar relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling. These effects scale nonlinearly with increasing Z and create unexpected deviations both across series and down groups of elements. The magnitude of these effects is large enough that orbital energies rearrange and mix in ways that complicate incomplete depictions of electronic structure that are based solely on electron repulsion. Thus, the primary aim of this review is to document the impact of relativistic effects on electronic structure and how this has altered not just our understanding of the chemistry of heavy elements, but has even created in the need to rearrange the Periodic Table itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Chemey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL 32306 , USA
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25
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Trombach L, Ehlert S, Grimme S, Schwerdtfeger P, Mewes JM. Exploring the chemical nature of super-heavy main-group elements by means of efficient plane-wave density-functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18048-18058. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Presenting an accurate yet efficient plane-wave DFT approach for the computational exploration of the bulk properties of the super-heavy main-group elements including copernicium (Cn–Og, Z = 112–118).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Trombach
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
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26
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Lens L, Yakushev A, Düllmann CE, Asai M, Ballof J, Block M, David HM, Despotopulos J, Di Nitto A, Eberhardt K, Even J, Götz M, Götz S, Haba H, Harkness-Brennan L, Heßberger FP, Herzberg RD, Hoffmann J, Hübner A, Jäger E, Judson D, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Komori Y, Konki J, Kratz JV, Krier J, Kurz N, Laatiaoui M, Lahiri S, Lommel B, Maiti M, Mistry AK, Mokry C, Moody K, Nagame Y, Omtvedt JP, Papadakis P, Pershina V, Runke J, Schädel M, Scharrer P, Sato T, Shaughnessy D, Schausten B, Thörle-Pospiech P, Trautmann N, Tsukada K, Uusitalo J, Ward A, Wegrzecki M, Wiehl N, Yakusheva V. Online chemical adsorption studies of Hg, Tl, and Pb on SiO2 and Au surfaces in preparation for chemical investigations on Cn, Nh, and Fl at TASCA. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2017-2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Online gas-solid adsorption studies with single-atom quantities of Hg, Tl, and Pb, the lighter homologs of the superheavy elements (SHE) copernicium (Cn, Z=112), nihonium (Nh, Z=113), and flerovium (Fl, Z=114), were carried out using short-lived radioisotopes. The interaction with Au and SiO2 surfaces was studied and the overall chemical yield was determined. Suitable radioisotopes were produced in fusion-evaporation reactions, isolated in the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA, and flushed rapidly to an adjacent setup of two gas chromatography detector arrays covered with SiO2 (first array) and Au (second array). While Tl and Pb adsorbed on the SiO2 surface, Hg interacts only weakly and reached the Au-covered array. Our results contribute to elucidating the influence of relativistic effects on chemical properties of the heaviest elements by providing experimental data on these lighter homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lens
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christoph Emanuel Düllmann
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Masato Asai
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Jochen Ballof
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Section Isolde, Cern , 1211 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Michael Block
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Helena May David
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | | | - Antonio Di Nitto
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Klaus Eberhardt
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Julia Even
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation , Technology University of Groningen , 9747 AA Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Michael Götz
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Stefan Götz
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Peter Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Rodi D. Herzberg
- Department of Physics , University of Liverpool , L69 7ZE Liverpool , UK
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Annett Hübner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Egon Jäger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Daniel Judson
- Department of Physics , University of Liverpool , L69 7ZE Liverpool , UK
| | - Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | | | - Joonas Konki
- Section Isolde, Cern , 1211 Geneva , Switzerland
- Department of Physics , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jens Volker Kratz
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Jörg Krier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Mustapha Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Chemical Sciences Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 700064 Kolkata , India
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Moumita Maiti
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , 247667 Uttarakhand , India
| | - Andrew K. Mistry
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christoph Mokry
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ken Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, CA 94551 , USA
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | | | | | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jörg Runke
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Paul Scharrer
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Dawn Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, CA 94551 , USA
| | - Brigitta Schausten
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Petra Thörle-Pospiech
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Trautmann
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Juha Uusitalo
- Department of Physics , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Physics , University of Liverpool , L69 7ZE Liverpool , UK
| | | | - Norbert Wiehl
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Vera Yakusheva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
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27
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Haba H. Synthesis of Superheavy Elements—Synthesis and Discovery of the Superheavy Elements with Atomic Number Z≥113—. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3769/radioisotopes.67.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Li WL, Lu JB, Wang ZL, Hu HS, Li J. Relativity-Induced Bonding Pattern Change in Coinage Metal Dimers M 2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au, Rg). Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5499-5506. [PMID: 29687722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The periodic table provides a fundamental protocol for qualitatively classifying and predicting chemical properties based on periodicity. While the periodic law of chemical elements had already been rationalized within the framework of the nonrelativistic description of chemistry with quantum mechanics, this law was later known to be affected significantly by relativity. We here report a systematic theoretical study on the chemical bonding pattern change in the coinage metal dimers (Cu2, Ag2, Au2, Rg2) due to the relativistic effect on the superheavy elements. Unlike the lighter congeners basically demonstrating ns- ns bonding character and a 0g+ ground state, Rg2 shows unique 6d-6d bonding induced by strong relativity. Because of relativistic spin-orbit (SO) coupling effect in Rg2, two nearly degenerate SO states, 0g+ and 2u, exist as candidate of the ground state. This relativity-induced change of bonding mechanism gives rise to various unique alteration of chemical properties compared with the lighter dimers, including higher intrinsic bond energy, force constant, and nuclear shielding. Our work thus provides a rather simple but clear-cut example, where the chemical bonding picture is significantly changed by relativistic effect, demonstrating the modified periodic law in heavy-element chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jun-Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhen-Ling Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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29
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Steenbergen KG, Mewes JM, Pašteka LF, Gäggeler HW, Kresse G, Pahl E, Schwerdtfeger P. The cohesive energy of superheavy element copernicium determined from accurate relativistic coupled-cluster theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:32286-32295. [PMID: 29199301 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cohesive energy of bulk copernicium is accurately determined using the incremental method within a relativistic coupled-cluster approach. For the lowest energy structure of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) symmetry, we obtain a cohesive energy of -36.3 kJ mol-1 (inclusion of uncertainties leads to a lower bound of -39.6 kJ mol-1), in excellent agreement with the experimentally estimated sublimation enthalpy of -38 kJ mol-1 [R. Eichler et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 3262]. At the coupled-cluster singles, doubles and perturbative triples level of theory, we find that the hcp structure is energetically quasi-degenerate with both face-centred and body-centred cubic structures. These results provide a basis for testing various density-functionals, of which the PBEsol functional yields a cohesive energy of -34.1 kJ mol-1 in good agreement with our coupled-cluster value.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Steenbergen
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Albany), Bob Tindall Bldg., 0745 Auckland, New Zealand.
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30
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Nagame Y, Kratz JV, Schädel M. Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Huang W, Xu WH, Schwarz WHE, Li J. On the Highest Oxidation States of Metal Elements in MO4 Molecules (M = Fe, Ru, Os, Hs, Sm, and Pu). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4616-25. [PMID: 27074099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal tetraoxygen molecules (MO4, M = Fe, Ru, Os, Hs, Sm, Pu) of all metal atoms M with eight valence electrons are theoretically studied using density functional and correlated wave function approaches. The heavier d-block elements Ru, Os, Hs are confirmed to form stable tetraoxides of Td symmetry in (1)A1 electronic states with empty metal d(0) valence shell and closed-shell O(2-) ligands, while the 3d-, 4f-, and 5f-elements Fe, Sm, and Pu prefer partial occupation of their valence shells and peroxide or superoxide ligands at lower symmetry structures with various spin couplings. The different geometric and electronic structures and chemical bonding types of the six iso-stoichiometric species are explained in terms of atomic orbital energies and orbital radii. The variations found here contribute to our general understanding of the periodic trends of oxidation states across the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - W H E Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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32
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Sakama M. Recent great impact by an Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) in nuclear and radiochemistry. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2016; 63:19-26. [PMID: 27040048 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.63.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
On April 9 2015, the Letter article titled "Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium, element 103" is now published at News and Views on Nature (2015) which has been performed by our remarkably Japanese colleagues of nuclear and radiochemistry at JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). In this review, the author will state that the isotope separator on-line (ISOL) our regularly used, one of mass separation techniques, with a thermal surface ionization makes possible for determining the ionization potential of lawrencium based on the fruitful fundations of developing the ISOL system until now and also ever studying searches for unknown nuclei and these nuclear decay properties around actinide region in the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Sakama
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
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33
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Li Y, Yang M, Sun R, Zhong T, Chen H. Detection of uranium in industrial and mines samples by microwave plasma torch mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:159-164. [PMID: 26889932 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microwave plasma torch (MPT), traditionally used as the light source for atomic emission spectrophotometry, has been employed as the ambient ionization source for sensitive detection of uranium in various ground water samples with widely available ion trap mass spectrometer. In the full-scan mass spectra obtained in the negative ion detection mode, uranium signal was featured by the uranyl nitrate complexes (e.g. [UO2 (NO3 )3 ](-) ), which yielded characteristic fragments in the tandem mass spectrometry experiments, allowing confident detection of trace uranium in water samples without sample pretreatment. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the calibration curves were linearly responded within the concentration levels ranged in 10-1000 µg·l(-1) , with the limit of detection (LOD) of 31.03 ng·l(-1) . The relative standard deviations (RSD) values were 2.1-5.8% for the given samples at 100 µg·l(-1) . The newly established method has been applied to direct detection of uranium in practical mine water samples, providing reasonable recoveries 90.94-112.36% for all the samples tested. The analysis of a single sample was completed within 30 s, showing a promising potential of the method for sensitive detection of trace uranium with improved throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Meiling Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Rong Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
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34
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Rampino S, Storchi L, Belpassi L. Gold–superheavy-element interaction in diatomics and cluster adducts: A combined four-component Dirac-Kohn-Sham/charge-displacement study. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:024307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4926533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rampino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio,” Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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35
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Production of 88Nb and 170Ta for chemical studies of element 105, Db, using the GARIS gas-jet system. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Solid–liquid extraction of Mo and W by Aliquat 336 from HCl solutions toward extraction chromatography experiments of Sg. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Solvent extraction of Mo(V) and Mo(VI) from hydrochloric acid into Aliquat 336 chloroform solution. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Yokokita T, Ooe K, Kasamatsu Y, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Shiohara N, Takamiya K, Komori Y, Kikutani Y, Kino A, Shinohara A. Solvent extraction using carrier-free radiotracers of Mo and W from HCl and HCl/LiCl solutions into Aliquat 336. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Development of a new continuous dissolution apparatus with a hydrophobic membrane for superheavy element chemistry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Murakami M, Haba H, Goto S, Kanaya J, Kudo H. Production cross sections of niobium and tantalum isotopes in proton-induced reactions on natZr and natHf up to 14MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 90:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Matito E, Salvador P, Styszyński J. Benchmark calculations of metal carbonyl cations: relativistic vs. electron correlation effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:20080-90. [PMID: 24154704 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present benchmark results for isoelectronic metal carbonyl complexes of the groups 11 and 12 of the periodic table. The focus is on the geometry, vibrational frequencies, bond dissociation energy and chemical bonding. The description of these complexes requires a good balance between electron correlation and relativistic effects. Our results demonstrate that the combination of the effective core potential and the MP2 method gives quantitative results for the first- and the second-row transition metal complexes and only qualitative agreement for the third-row complexes. In order to obtain quantitative results for the whole series the use of four-component or X2C methods is mandatory. The fourth-row transition metal carbonyl complexes from groups 11 and 12 have been studied for the first time. The metal-carbon bond strength pattern along the group is shown to be highly dependent on the correct description of the relativistic effects. Finally, the relativistic effects on the bonding are studied by means of electron density difference maps, the analysis of the bond critical points of the electron density and the mechanism for σ-donation and π-backdonation. Our analysis indicates that the fourth-row complexes exhibit a strong covalent character induced by relativistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Matito
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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42
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43
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Heavy element chemistry facilities at Texas A&M University. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Chaudhuri RK, Chattopadhyay S, Mahapatra US. Taming the Electronic Structure of Lead and Eka-lead (Flerovium) by the Relativistic Coupled Cluster Method. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8555-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402376b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah
711103, India
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45
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Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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46
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Greenlees PT, Rubert J, Piot J, Gall BJP, Andersson LL, Asai M, Asfari Z, Cox DM, Dechery F, Dorvaux O, Grahn T, Hauschild K, Henning G, Herzan A, Herzberg RD, Heßberger FP, Jakobsson U, Jones P, Julin R, Juutinen S, Ketelhut S, Khoo TL, Leino M, Ljungvall J, Lopez-Martens A, Lozeva R, Nieminen P, Pakarinen J, Papadakis P, Parr E, Peura P, Rahkila P, Rinta-Antila S, Ruotsalainen P, Sandzelius M, Sarén J, Scholey C, Seweryniak D, Sorri J, Sulignano B, Theisen C, Uusitalo J, Venhart M. Shell-structure and pairing interaction in superheavy nuclei: rotational properties of the z=104 nucleus (256)rf. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:012501. [PMID: 23031099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rotational band structure of the Z=104 nucleus (256)Rf has been observed up to a tentative spin of 20ℏ using state-of-the-art γ-ray spectroscopic techniques. This represents the first such measurement in a superheavy nucleus whose stability is entirely derived from the shell-correction energy. The observed rotational properties are compared to those of neighboring nuclei and it is shown that the kinematic and dynamic moments of inertia are sensitive to the underlying single-particle shell structure and the specific location of high-j orbitals. The moments of inertia therefore provide a sensitive test of shell structure and pairing in superheavy nuclei which is essential to ensure the validity of contemporary nuclear models in this mass region. The data obtained show that there is no deformed shell gap at Z=104, which is predicted in a number of current self-consistent mean-field models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Greenlees
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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47
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Hangele T, Dolg M, Hanrath M, Cao X, Schwerdtfeger P. Accurate relativistic energy-consistent pseudopotentials for the superheavy elements 111 to 118 including quantum electrodynamic effects. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:214105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4723805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Even J, Yakushev A, Düllmann CE, Dvorak J, Eichler R, Gothe O, Hild D, Jäger E, Khuyagbaatar J, Kratz JV, Krier J, Niewisch L, Nitsche H, Pysmenetska I, Schädel M, Schausten B, Türler A, Wiehl N, Wittwer D. Rapid Synthesis of Radioactive Transition-Metal Carbonyl Complexes at Ambient Conditions. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6431-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300305m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Even
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
- SHE Chemistry Research Section, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Christoph E. Düllmann
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
- SHE Chemistry Research Section, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Jan Dvorak
- SHE Chemistry Research Section, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Eichler
- Laboratory for
Radio- and Environmental
Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232
Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gothe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United
States
| | - Daniel Hild
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Egon Jäger
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
- SHE Chemistry Research Section, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Jens V. Kratz
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Krier
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Lorenz Niewisch
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heino Nitsche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United
States
| | - Inna Pysmenetska
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Matthias Schädel
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
- Advanced Science
Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195,
Japan
| | - Brigitta Schausten
- SHE Chemistry Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Andreas Türler
- Laboratory for
Radio- and Environmental
Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232
Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Wiehl
- Institute for Nuclear
Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Wittwer
- Laboratory for
Radio- and Environmental
Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232
Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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49
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Theoretical modelling of the adsorption of thallium and element 113 atoms on gold using two-component density functional methods with effective core potentials. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Melzig L, Dennenwaldt T, Gavryushin A, Knochel P. Direct Aminoalkylation of Arenes, Heteroarenes, and Alkenes via Ni-Catalyzed Negishi Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8891-906. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Melzig
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Dennenwaldt
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey Gavryushin
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich, Germany
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