1
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Naik P, García-Lacuna J, O’Neill P, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Oxidation of Alcohols Using TEMPO/NaOCl for the Selective and Scalable Synthesis of Aldehydes. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1587-1596. [PMID: 38783858 PMCID: PMC11110051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A simple and benign continuous flow oxidation protocol for the selective conversion of primary and secondary alcohols into their respective aldehyde and ketone products is reported. This approach makes use of catalytic amounts of TEMPO in combination with sodium bromide and sodium hypochlorite in a biphasic solvent system. A variety of substrates are tolerated including those containing heterocycles based on potentially sensitive nitrogen and sulfur moieties. The flow approach can be coupled with inline reactive extraction by formation of the carbonyl-bisulfite adduct which aids in separation of remaining substrate or other impurities. Process robustness is evaluated for the preparation of phenylpropanal at decagram scale, a trifluoromethylated oxazole building block as well as a late-stage intermediate for the anti-HIV drug maraviroc which demonstrates the potential value of this continuous oxidation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Naik
- School
of Chemistry, University College Dublin,
Science Centre South, Belfield D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Jorge García-Lacuna
- School
of Chemistry, University College Dublin,
Science Centre South, Belfield D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | | | - Marcus Baumann
- School
of Chemistry, University College Dublin,
Science Centre South, Belfield D04 N2E5, Ireland
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2
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Ouyang J, Yang W, Guo Z, Li F, Liu W, Guo P, Zhou Y, Gao D, Zhang L, Tao S. Modular Cascade of Flow Reactors: Continuous Flow Synthesis of Water-Insoluble Diazo Dyes in Aqueous System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400413. [PMID: 38702956 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis is pivotal in dye production to address batch-to-batch variations. However, synthesizing water-insoluble dyes in an aqueous system poses a challenge that can lead to clogging. This study successfully achieved the safe and efficient synthesis of azo dyes by selecting and optimizing flow reactor modules for different reaction types in the two-step reaction and implementing cascade cooperation. Integrating continuous flow microreactor with continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) enabled the continuous flow synthesis of Sudan Yellow 3G without introducing water-soluble functional groups or using organic solvents to enhance solubility. Optimizing conditions (acidity/alkalinity, temperature, residence time) within the initial modular continuous flow reactor resulted in a remarkable 99.5% isolated yield, 98.6 % purity, and a production rate of 2.90 g h-1. Scaling-up based on different reactor module characteristics further increased the production rate to 74.4 g h-1 while maintaining high yield and purity. The construction of this small 3D-printing modular cascaded reactor and process scaling-up provide technical support for continuous flow synthesis of water-insoluble dyes, particularly high-market-share azo dyes. Moreover, this versatile methodology proves applicable to continuous flow processes involving various homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhaoyan Guo
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Fujun Li
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shengyang Tao
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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3
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Doering M, Trinkies LL, Kieninger J, Kraut M, Rupitsch SJ, Dittmeyer R, Urban GA, Weltin A. In Situ Performance Monitoring of Electrochemical Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors in an Additively Manufactured Modular Microreactor. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19700-19711. [PMID: 38708269 PMCID: PMC11064172 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Miniaturized and microstructured reactors in process engineering are essential for a more decentralized, flexible, sustainable, and resilient chemical production. Modern, additive manufacturing methods for metals enable complex reactor-geometries, increased functionality, and faster design iterations, a clear advantage over classical subtractive machining and polymer-based approaches. Integrated microsensors allow online, in situ process monitoring to optimize processes like the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. We developed a modular tube-in-tube membrane reactor fabricated from stainless steel via 3D printing by laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M). The reactor concept enables the spatially separated dosage and resaturation of two gaseous reactants across a membrane into a liquid process medium. Uniquely, we integrated platinum-based electrochemical sensors for the online detection of analytes to reveal the dynamics inside the reactor. An advanced chronoamperometric protocol combined the simultaneous concentration measurement of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen with monitoring of the sensor performance and self-calibration in long-term use. We demonstrated the highly linear and sensitive monitoring of hydrogen peroxide and dissolved oxygen entering the liquid phase through the membrane. Our measurements delivered important real-time insights into the dynamics of the concentrations in the reactor, highlighting the power of electrochemical sensors applied in process engineering. We demonstrated the stable continuous measurement over 1 week and estimated the sensor lifetime for months in the acidic process medium. Our approach combines electrochemical sensors for process monitoring with advanced, additively manufactured stainless steel membrane microreactors, supporting the power of sensor-equipped microreactors as contributors to the paradigm change in process engineering and toward a greener chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Doering
- Laboratory
for Sensors, IMTEK − Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK −
Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura L. Trinkies
- Institute
of Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory
for Sensors, IMTEK − Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK −
Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Kraut
- Institute
of Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan J. Rupitsch
- Laboratory
for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK −
Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute
of Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory
for Sensors, IMTEK − Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory
for Sensors, IMTEK − Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK −
Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Ma L, Zhao X, Hou J, Huang L, Yao Y, Ding Z, Wei J, Hao N. Droplet Microfluidic Devices: Working Principles, Fabrication Methods, and Scale-Up Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301406. [PMID: 38594964 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Compared with the conventional emulsification method, droplets generated within microfluidic devices exhibit distinct advantages such as precise control of fluids, exceptional monodispersity, uniform morphology, flexible manipulation, and narrow size distribution. These inherent benefits, including intrinsic safety, excellent heat and mass transfer capabilities, and large surface-to-volume ratio, have led to the widespread applications of droplet-based microfluidics across diverse fields, encompassing chemical engineering, particle synthesis, biological detection, diagnostics, emulsion preparation, and pharmaceuticals. However, despite its promising potential for versatile applications, the practical utilization of this technology in commercial and industrial is extremely limited to the inherently low production rates achievable within a single microchannel. Over the past two decades, droplet-based microfluidics has evolved significantly, considerably transitioning from a proof-of-concept stage to industrialization. And now there is a growing trend towards translating academic research into commercial and industrial applications, primarily driven by the burgeoning demands of various fields. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advancements in droplet-based microfluidics, covering the fundamental working principles and the critical aspect of scale-up integration from working principles to scale-up integration. Based on the existing scale-up strategies, the paper also outlines the future research directions, identifies the potential opportunities, and addresses the typical unsolved challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jinjia Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Nanjing Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
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5
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Bensberg K, Savvidis A, Ballaschk F, Gómez-Suárez A, Kirsch SF. Oxidation of Alcohols in Continuous Flow with a Solid Phase Hypervalent Iodine Catalyst. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304011. [PMID: 38334293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
One of the most useful transformations in the synthetic chemist arsenal is the oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl congeners. Despite its seemingly straightforward nature, this transformative reaction predominantly relies on the use of metals or hazardous reagents, making these processes highly unsustainable. To address this challenge, we have developed a sustainable metal-free method for the oxidation of alcohols in continuous flow. Using a solid phase hypervalent iodine catalyst and nBu4HSO5 as a phase transfer catalyst and co-oxidant, primary and secondary alcohols were selectively oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl motifs. This operationally simple continuous-flow set-up is highly robust (15 cycles run without significant catalyst leaching or loss of reaction efficiency), uses green solvents, such as acetonitrile or acetic acid, and is readily scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bensberg
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal
| | - Athanasios Savvidis
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal
| | - Frederic Ballaschk
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal
| | - Stefan F Kirsch
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal
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6
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Meyer M, Kerketta S, Hartman R, Kushner MJ. CH 3 Radical Generation in Microplasmas for Up-Conversion of Methane. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2656-2671. [PMID: 38571444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of methane, CH4, into higher value chemicals using low temperature plasmas is challenged by both improving efficiency and selectivity. One path toward selectivity is capturing plasma-produced methyl radicals, CH3, in a solvent for aqueous processing. Due to the rapid reactions of methyl radicals in the gas phase, the transport distance from the production of the CH3 to its solvation should be short, which then motivates the use of microplasmas. The generation of CH3 in Ar/CH4/H2O plasmas produced in nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge microplasmas is discussed using results from a computational investigation. The microplasma is sustained in the channel of a microfluidic chip in which the solvent flows along one wall or in droplets. CH3 is primarily produced by electron-impact of and dissociative excitation transfer to CH4, as well as CH2 reacting with CH4. CH3 is rapidly consumed to form C2H6 which, in spite of being subject to these same dissociative processes, accumulates over time, as do other stable products including C3H8 and CH3OH. The gas mixture and electrical properties were varied to assess their effects on CH3 production. CH3 production is largest with 5% CH4 in the Ar/CH4/H2O mixture due to an optimal balance of electron-impact dissociation, which increases with CH4 percentage, and dissociative excitation transfer and CH2 reacting with CH4, which decreases with CH4 percentage. Design parameters of the microchannels were also investigated. Increasing the permittivity of the dielectrics in contact with the plasma increased the ionization wave intensity, which increased CH3 production. Increased energy deposition per pulse generally increases CH3 production as does lengthening pulse length up to a certain point. The arrangement of the solvent flow in the microchannel can also affect the CH3 density and fluence to the solvent. The fluence of CH3 to the liquid solvent is increased if the liquid is immersed in the plasma as a droplet or is a layer on the wall where the ionization wave terminates. The solvation dynamics of CH3 with varying numbers of droplets was also examined. The maximum density of solvated methyl radicals CH3aq occurs with a large number of droplets in the plasma. However, the solvated CH3aq density can rapidly decrease due to desolvation, emphasizing the need to quickly react with the solvated species in the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Meyer
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122 ,United States
| | - Sanjana Kerketta
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122 ,United States
| | - Ryan Hartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, New York 11201, United States
| | - Mark J Kushner
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122 ,United States
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7
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Yu J, Liu J, Li C, Huang J, Zhu Y, You H. Recent advances and applications in high-throughput continuous flow. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3217-3225. [PMID: 38436212 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput continuous flow technology has emerged as a revolutionary approach in chemical synthesis, offering accelerated experimentation and improved efficiency. With the aid of process analytical technology and automation, this system not only enables rapid optimisation of reaction conditions at the millimole to the picomole scale, but also facilitates automated scale-up synthesis. It can even achieve the self-planning and self-synthesis of small drug molecules with artificial intelligence incorporated in the system. The versatility of the system is highlighted by its compatibility with both electrochemistry and photochemistry, and its significant applications in organic synthesis and drug discovery. This highlight summarises its recent developments and applications, emphasising its significant impact on advancing research across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Yu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Institute of Advanced Technology of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Chaoyi Li
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Junrong Huang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Hengzhi You
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Tanaka Y, Kitamura H, Fuse S. Microflow Synthesis of Unsymmetrical H-Phosphonates via Sequential and Direct Substitution of Chlorine Atoms in Phosphorus Trichloride with Alkoxy Groups. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1777-1783. [PMID: 38163754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical H-phosphonates were synthesized by a rapid (<15 s) and mild (20 °C) process in a microflow reactor as the first example of the sequential direct substitution of the chlorine atoms in PCl3 with alkoxyl/aryloxy groups using equivalent amounts of PCl3 and alcohols. The optimal base concentration differed in each step, presumably attributed to differences in the Brønsted basicity of the electrophilic intermediates. Phosphite hydrolysis was observed, and the structure-hydrolysis relationship was quantitatively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tanaka
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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9
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Hammer S, Nanto F, Canu P, Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Application of an Oscillatory Plug Flow Reactor to Enable Scalable and Fast Reactions in Water Using a Biomass-Based Polymeric Additive. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301149. [PMID: 37737522 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of water as a sustainable reaction medium has important advantages over traditional organic solvents. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose has emerged as a biomass-based polymeric additive that enables organic reactions in water through hydrophobic effects. However, such conditions imply slurries as reaction mixtures, where the efficacy of mass transfer and mixing decreases with increasing vessel size. In order to circumvent this limitation and establish an effectively scalable platform for performing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-mediated aqueous transformations, we utilized oscillatory plug flow reactors that feature a smart dimensioning design principle across different scales. Using nucleophilic aromatic substitutions as valuable model reactions, rapid parameter optimization was performed first in a small-scale instrument having an internal channel volume of 5 mL. The optimal conditions were then directly transferred to a 15 mL reactor, achieving a three-fold scale-up without re-optimizing any reaction parameters. By precisely fine-tuning the oscillation parameters, the system achieved optimal homogeneous suspension of solids, preventing settling of particles and clogging of process channels. Ultimately, this resulted in a robust and scalable platform for performing multiphasic reactions under aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hammer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Filippo Nanto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Canu
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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10
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Shan C, Li R, Wang X. Efficient construction of a β-naphthol library under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2673-2677. [PMID: 38226147 PMCID: PMC10789443 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A β-naphthol library has been efficiently constructed utilizing a mild continuous flow procedure, relying on a tandem Friedel-Crafts reaction and starting from readily available arylacetyl chloride and alkynes. Multiple functionalized β-naphthols can be acquired within 160 s in generally high yields (up to 83%). Using an electron-rich phenylacetyl chloride derivative (4-OH- or 4-MeO-) provides spirofused triene dione as the primary product. A scale-up preparation affords a throughput of 4.70 g h-1, indicating potential large-scale application. Herein, we present a rapid, reliable, and scalable method to obtain various β-naphthols in the compound library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Heze University Heze Shandong Province 274015 China
| | - Ranran Li
- Heze University Heze Shandong Province 274015 China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Heze University Heze Shandong Province 274015 China
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11
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Sheng ZK, Liu Y, Du LH, Zhang SY, Zhang AY, Xie HJ, Lin H, Yan BL, Xue MM, Ruan ZX, Fu GN, Pan BL, Zhou TY, Luo XP. Development of a green, concise synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives catalysed by Novozym® 435 from Candida antarctica in sustainable continuous-flow microreactors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:131-138. [PMID: 38173597 PMCID: PMC10758761 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that many nicotinamide derivatives exhibited extensive biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. In this paper, a green, concise synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives in sustainable continuous-flow microreactors catalysed by Novozym® 435 from Candida antarctica has been developed. Application of an easily obtainable and reusable lipase in the synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives from methyl nicotinate and amines/benzylamines reacted for 35 min at 50 °C led to high product yields (81.6-88.5%). Environmentally friendly tert-amyl alcohol was applied as a reaction medium. Substantially shorter reaction times as well as a significant increase in the product yield were obtained as compared to the batch process. This innovative approach provides a promising green, efficient and rapid synthesis strategy for pharmaceutical synthesis and further activity research of novel nicotinamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kai Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Li-Hua Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Shi-Yi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Ao-Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Han-Jia Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Hang Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Bing-Lin Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Miao-Miao Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Zhi-Xuan Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Guo-Neng Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Bing-Le Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Tong-Yao Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Zhejiang Hangzhou 310014 China +86 571 88320903 +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Xi-Ping Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A&F University Zhejiang Hangzhou 311300 China
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12
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Mittal AK, Pathak P, Prakash G, Maiti D. Highly Scalable and Inherently Safer Preparation of Di, Tri and Tetra Nitrate Esters Using Continuous Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301662. [PMID: 37505482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate esters are important organic compounds having wide application in energetic materials, medicines and fuel additives. They are synthesized through nitration of aliphatic polyols. But the process safety challenges associated with nitration reaction makes the production process complicated and economically unviable. Herein, we have developed a continuous flow process wherein polyol and nitric acid are reacted in a microreactor to produce nitrate ester continuously. Our developed process is inherently safer and efficient. The process was optimized for industrially important nitrate esters containing two, three and four nitro groups. Substrates include glycol dinitrates: 1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN), ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN); trinitrates: trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN), 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN); and tetranitrates: erythritol tetranitrate (ETN). The optimized process for each molecule provided yield >90 % in a short residence time of 1 min corresponding to a space time yield of >18 g/h/mL of reactor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Pramod Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Gaurav Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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13
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Chai K, Yang X, Shen R, Chen J, Su W, Su A. A high activity mesoporous Pt@KIT-6 nanocomposite for selective hydrogenation of halogenated nitroarenes in a continuous-flow microreactor. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5649-5660. [PMID: 37822898 PMCID: PMC10563833 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed a Pt@KIT-6 nanocomposite prepared by impregnating platinum nanoparticles on the nanopores of the KIT-6 mesoporous material. This Pt@KIT-6 nanocomposite was used as a catalyst in a micro fixed bed reactor (MFBR) for the continuous-flow hydrogenation of halogenated nitroarenes, which demonstrates three advantages. First, the Pt@KIT-6 nanocomposite has a stable mesoporous nanostructure, which effectively enhances the active site and hydrogen adsorption capacity. The uniformly distributed pore structure and large specific surface area were confirmed by electron microscopy and N2 physisorption, respectively. In addition, the aggregation of the loaded metal was avoided, which facilitated the maintenance of high activity and selectivity. The conversion and selectivity reached 99% within 5.0 minutes at room temperature (20 °C). Furthermore, the continuous-flow microreactor allows precise control and timely transfer of the reaction system, reducing the impact of haloid acids. The activity and selectivity of the Pt@KIT-6 nanocomposite showed virtually no degradation after 24 hours of continuous operation of the entire continuous-flow system. Overall, the Pt@KIT-6 nanocomposite showed good catalysis for the hydrogenation of halogenated nitroarenes in the continuous-flow microreactor. This work provides insights into the rational design of a highly active and selective catalyst for selective hydrogenation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejie Chai
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Xilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Runqiu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Jianli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
- College of New Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University Jiaxing 314000 P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - An Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
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14
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Silva TG, de Souza ROMA, Garrido BC, do Rego ECP, Wollinger W, Finelli FG. Developing Amphetamine Certified Reference Materials: From Batch and Continuous-Flow Synthesis to Certification Protocol. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300384. [PMID: 37721529 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Certified reference materials (CRM) of amphetamine derivatives were produced through a simple, rapid and efficient synthesis in both batch and continuous-flow conditions, accompanied by the development of a comprehensive certification protocol for this class of substances. Our chemistry enabled the synthesis of MDA, MDMA, PMA and PMMA in two steps from safrole and estragole with overall yields of 38-61 % in 48 hours under batch conditions and 61-65 % in 65 minutes under continuous-flow conditions, followed by the development of a certification protocol for these materials through identity checking, homogeneity, stability, and characterization studies. Furthermore, as result of this work, a very pure CRM of MDA.HCl with 99.1±1.4 g/100 g of certified characterization value was produced. Considering the importance of supplying amphetamine calibrants for public security efforts in Forensic Chemistry, the potential therapeutical applications, and responding to the rising demand for the synthesis of CRM, this work presents a pioneering approach for the production of amphetamine and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais G Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo O M A de Souza
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Bruno C Garrido
- Divisão de Metrologia Química e Térmica, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, 25250-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Eliane C P do Rego
- Divisão de Metrologia Química e Térmica, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, 25250-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Wagner Wollinger
- Divisão de Metrologia Química e Térmica, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, 25250-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Fernanda G Finelli
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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15
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Hai X, Zheng Y, Yu Q, Guo N, Xi S, Zhao X, Mitchell S, Luo X, Tulus V, Wang M, Sheng X, Ren L, Long X, Li J, He P, Lin H, Cui Y, Peng X, Shi J, Wu J, Zhang C, Zou R, Guillén-Gosálbez G, Pérez-Ramírez J, Koh MJ, Zhu Y, Li J, Lu J. Geminal-atom catalysis for cross-coupling. Nature 2023; 622:754-760. [PMID: 37730999 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have well-defined active sites, making them of potential interest for organic synthesis1-4. However, the architecture of these mononuclear metal species stabilized on solid supports may not be optimal for catalysing complex molecular transformations owing to restricted spatial environment and electronic quantum states5,6. Here we report a class of heterogeneous geminal-atom catalysts (GACs), which pair single-atom sites in specific coordination and spatial proximity. Regularly separated nitrogen anchoring groups with delocalized π-bonding nature in a polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) host7 permit the coordination of Cu geminal sites with a ground-state separation of about 4 Å at high metal density8. The adaptable coordination of individual Cu sites in GACs enables a cooperative bridge-coupling pathway through dynamic Cu-Cu bonding for diverse C-X (X = C, N, O, S) cross-couplings with a low activation barrier. In situ characterization and quantum-theoretical studies show that such a dynamic process for cross-coupling is triggered by the adsorption of two different reactants at geminal metal sites, rendering homo-coupling unfeasible. These intrinsic advantages of GACs enable the assembly of heterocycles with several coordination sites, sterically congested scaffolds and pharmaceuticals with highly specific and stable activity. Scale-up experiments and translation to continuous flow suggest broad applicability for the manufacturing of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Na Guo
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Tulus
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyu Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Longbin Ren
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiangdong Long
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huihui Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yige Cui
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinnan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiwei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruqiang Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Bracken C, Baumann M. Synthesis of Highly Reactive Ketenimines via Photochemical Rearrangement of Isoxazoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:6593-6597. [PMID: 37616597 PMCID: PMC10496124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Ketenimines are highly electrophilic species with multiple applications as building blocks in organic synthesis; however, the effective preparation of these versatile entities remains a synthetic challenge. Here we report a continuous photochemical process that generates ketenimines via skeletal rearrangement of trisubstituted isoxazoles. The resulting flow process is noteworthy, as it provides for the first time a straightforward entry into these ketenimines that were previously only observed spectroscopically. The value of this methodology toward heterocyclic transposition reactions is demonstrated by converting isoxazoles via isolable ketenimines into pharmaceutically relevant pyrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Bracken
- School of Chemistry, University
College Dublin, Science Centre South, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University
College Dublin, Science Centre South, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Raymenants F, Masson TM, Sanjosé-Orduna J, Noël T. Efficient C(sp 3 )-H Carbonylation of Light and Heavy Hydrocarbons with Carbon Monoxide via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalysis in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308563. [PMID: 37459232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite their abundance in organic molecules, considerable limitations still exist in synthetic methods that target the direct C-H functionalization at sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms. This is even more the case for light alkanes, which bear some of the strongest C-H bonds known in Nature, requiring extreme activation conditions that are not tolerant to most organic molecules. To bypass these issues, synthetic chemists rely on prefunctionalized alkyl halides or organometallic coupling partners. However, new synthetic methods that target regioselectively C-H bonds in a variety of different organic scaffolds would be of great added value, not only for the late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules but also for the catalytic upgrading of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. Here, we describe a general, mild and scalable protocol which enables the direct C(sp3 )-H carbonylation of saturated hydrocarbons, including natural products and light alkanes, using photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). Flow technology was deemed crucial to enable high gas-liquid mass transfer rates and fast reaction kinetics, needed to outpace deleterious reaction pathways, but also to leverage a scalable and safe process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Wu M, Li X, Yin DF, Chen W, Qi J, Hu M, Xu J, Cheng Y. Real-time spectroscopic monitoring of continuous-flow synthesis of zinc oxide nano-structures in femtosecond laser fabricated 3D microfluidic microchannels with integrated on-chip fiber probe array. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3785-3793. [PMID: 37492963 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Materials synthesis in a microfluidic environment enables the flexible and controllable production of various types of nanostructures which are of great potential in the fields of chemistry, environmental science, bioengineering, and medicine. Here, we demonstrate on-chip simultaneous continuous-flow synthesis and in situ spectrum diagnosis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials using a femtosecond-fabricated three-dimensional (3D) microchannel reactor integrated with an array of optical fiber probes. The microchannel reactor including 3D concentration gradient generators followed by 3D micromixing units provides high-efficiency manipulation of reactants with different concentrations as well as parallel reaction dynamics in an autonomous manner. The integrated optical fiber probe array allows precise and parallel spectroscopic detection in different microchannels with high spatial and temporal resolutions for screening the synthetic conditions. The synthesized ZnO nanostructures can be tailored in size, shape, and morphology by tuning the flow rates and reactant concentrations based on the spectroscopic signals detected with the fiber probe array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- XXL - The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Di-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- XXL - The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- XXL - The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- XXL - The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics &Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- XXL - The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201800, China
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19
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Nqeketo S, Watts P. Synthesis of Dolutegravir Exploiting Continuous Flow Chemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12024-12040. [PMID: 37552841 PMCID: PMC10442919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient continuous flow process for the synthesis of dolutegravir, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for HIV treatment, was investigated. The synthetic procedure starts from a readily available benzyl-protected pyran via six chemical transformations using continuous flow reactors. The significant advantage of this flow process includes the reduction of the overall reaction time from 34.5 h in batch to 14.5 min. The overall yield of each reaction step improved dramatically upon flow optimization. Another key feature of this synthesis is telescoping multiple steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way,Port Elizabeth6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way,Port Elizabeth6031, South Africa
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20
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Usman M, Rehman A, Saleem F, Abbas A, Eze VC, Harvey A. Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO 2 cycloaddition to bio-based epoxides and glycerol: an overview of recent development. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22717-22743. [PMID: 37502825 PMCID: PMC10370462 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions contribute significantly to global warming and deplete fossil carbon resources, prompting a shift to bio-based raw materials. The two main technologies for reducing CO2 emissions are capturing and either storing or utilizing it. However, while capture and storage have high reduction potential, they lack economic feasibility. Conversely, by utilizing the CO2 captured from streams and air to produce valuable products, it can become an asset and curb greenhouse gas effects. CO2 is a challenging C1-building block due to its high kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability, requiring high temperature and pressure conditions and a reactive catalytic system. Nonetheless, cyclic carbonate production by reacting epoxides and CO2 is a promising green and sustainable chemistry reaction, with enormous potential applications as an electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries, a green solvent, and a monomer in polycarbonate production. This review focuses on the most recent developments in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from glycerol and bio-based epoxides, as well as efficient methods for chemically transforming CO2 using flow chemistry and novel reactor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Faisal Saleem
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Aumber Abbas
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, University Innovation Park Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Valentine C Eze
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Adam Harvey
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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21
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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22
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Maspero A, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. From Batch to the Semi-Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of pNB, pNZ-Protected Meropenem. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051322. [PMID: 37242564 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meropenem is currently the most common carbapenem in clinical applications. Industrially, the final synthetic step is characterized by a heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation in batch mode with hydrogen and Pd/C. The required high-quality standard is very difficult to meet and specific conditions are required to remove both protecting groups [i.e., p-nitrobenzyl (pNB) and p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ)] simultaneously. The three-phase gas-liquid-solid system makes this step difficult and unsafe. The introduction of new technologies for small-molecule synthesis in recent years has opened up new landscapes in process chemistry. In this context, we have investigated meropenem hydrogenolysis using microwave (MW)-assisted flow chemistry for use as a new technology with industrial prospects. The reaction parameters (catalyst amount, T, P, residence time, flow rate) in the move from the batch process to semi-continuous flow were investigated under mild conditions to determine their influence on the reaction rate. The optimization of the residence time (840 s) and the number of cycles (4) allowed us to develop a novel protocol that halves the reaction time compared to batch production (14 min vs. 30 min) while maintaining the same product quality. The increase in productivity using this semi-continuous flow technique compensates for the slightly lower yield (70% vs. 74%) obtained in batch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Maspero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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23
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Chai K, Shen R, Qi T, Chen J, Su W, Su A. Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics in Microreactor with Mesoporous Pd@SBA-15. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrogenation of nitroaromatics to prepare aromatic amines plays a crucial role in the chemical industry. Traditional hydrogenation has the risk of hydrogen leakage from the equipment, and its catalyst has the disadvantage of being easily deactivated and difficult to recover. In this study, we designed an efficient and stable mesoporous catalyst, Pd@SBA-15, which was constructed by impregnating the nanopores of the mesoporous material SBA-15 with palladium nanoparticles. The catalyst was then filled in a micro-packed-bed reactor (MPBR) for continuous flow hydrogenation. The designed continuous flow hydrogenation system has two distinctive features. First, we used mesoporous Pd@SBA-15 instead of the traditional bulk Pd/C as the hydrogenation catalyst, which is more suitable for exposing the active sites of metal Pd and reducing the agglomeration of nanometals. The highly ordered porous structure enhances hydrogen adsorption and thus hydrogenation efficiency. Secondly, the continuous flow system allows for precise detection and control of the reaction process. The highly efficient catalysts do not require complex post-treatment recovery, which continues to operate for 24 h with barely any reduction in activity. Due to the high catalytic activity, the designed mesoporous Pd@SBA-15 showed excellent catalytic performance as a hydrogenation catalyst in a continuous flow system with 99% conversion of nitroaromatics in 1 min. This work provides insights into the rational design of hydrogenation systems in the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejie Chai
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Runqiu Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of New Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - An Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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24
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Sagmeister P, Prieschl M, Kaldre D, Gadiyar C, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 1: Azidation and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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25
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Prieschl M, Sagmeister P, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 2: Cyclization, Chlorination, and Amination. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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26
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Usutani H, Yamamoto K, Hashimoto K. Process Intensification of a Napabucasin Manufacturing Method Utilizing Microflow Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10373-10382. [PMID: 36969467 PMCID: PMC10034843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microflow chemistry is one of the newest and most efficient technologies used today for the safe and effective production of medicines. In this paper, we show the use of this technology in the development of a manufacturing method for napabucasin, which has potential in the treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. In conventional "batch-type" reactor systems, the generation of side products can be controlled with traditional techniques such as reagent reverse-addition and temperature control. However, there is a limitation to which the yield and purity can be improved by these methods, as both are constrained by the efficiency of heat/mass transfer. Applying microflow chemistry technology alters the parameters of the constraint through the use of precise mixing in a microchannel, which offers increased possibility for improving yields and process intensification of the napabucasin process. Reported herein is a proof-of-concept study for the scale-up production of napabucasin using microflow chemistry techniques for manufacturing at the kilogram scale.
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27
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Medici F, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Raimondi L, Benaglia M. Stereoselective [2 + 2] photodimerization: a viable strategy for the synthesis of enantiopure cyclobutane derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2899-2904. [PMID: 36939196 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photodimerization of cinnamic acid derivatives to afford enantiopure cyclobutanes has been investigated. The use of a chiral auxiliary represents a convenient and straightforward method to exert enantiocontrol on the reaction. By exploiting Evans oxazolidinones, the stereoselective light-driven cyclisation affords a functionalised cyclobutane ring with up to 99% enantiocontrol after removing the chiral auxiliary. In-flow experiments allowed us to improve further the efficiency of the methodology, leading to high conversion and excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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28
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Peng X, Zeng L, Wang D, Liu Z, Li Y, Li Z, Yang B, Lei L, Dai L, Hou Y. Electrochemical C-N coupling of CO 2 and nitrogenous small molecules for the electrosynthesis of organonitrogen compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2193-2237. [PMID: 36806286 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00381c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-N coupling reactions based on abundant small molecules (such as CO2 and N2) have attracted increasing attention as a new "green synthetic strategy" for the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds, which have been widely used in organic synthesis, materials chemistry, and biochemistry. The traditional technology employed for the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds containing C-N bonds often requires the addition of metal reagents or oxidants under harsh conditions with high energy consumption and environmental concerns. By contrast, electrosynthesis avoids the use of other reducing agents or oxidants by utilizing "electrons", which are the cleanest "reagent" and can reduce the generation of by-products, consistent with the atomic economy and green chemistry. In this study, we present a comprehensive review on the electrosynthesis of high value-added organonitrogens from the abundant CO2 and nitrogenous small molecules (N2, NO, NO2-, NO3-, NH3, etc.) via the C-N coupling reaction. The associated fundamental concepts, theoretical models, emerging electrocatalysts, and value-added target products, together with the current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. This critical review will greatly increase the understanding of electrochemical C-N coupling reactions, and thus attract research interest in the fixation of carbon and nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Peng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Libin Zeng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Dashuai Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Zhongjian Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Lecheng Lei
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Liming Dai
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
- Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, China
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29
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Gaware S, Kori S, Serrano JL, Dandela R, Hilton S, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Rapid plugged flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and heck Alkenylation of 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (or cytidine). J Flow Chem 2023; 13:1-18. [PMID: 37359287 PMCID: PMC10019434 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides modification via conventional cross-coupling has been performed using different catalytic systems and found to take place via long reaction times. However, since the pandemic, nucleoside-based antivirals and vaccines have received widespread attention and the requirement for rapid modification and synthesis of these moieties has become a major objective for researchers. To address this challenge, we describe the development of a rapid flow-based cross-coupling synthesis protocol for a variety of C5-pyrimidine substituted nucleosides. The protocol allows for facile access to multiple nucleoside analogues in very good yields in a few minutes compared to conventional batch chemistry. To highlight the utility of our approach, the synthesis of an anti-HSV drug, BVDU was also achieved in an efficient manner using our new protocol. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Gaware
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Kori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
| | - Jose Luis Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental. Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena member of European University of Technology, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Stephen Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge, California, Encinitas CA92024-6615 USA
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
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30
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Leveraging first-principles and empirical models for disturbance detection in continuous pharmaceutical syntheses. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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31
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Burke A, Di Filippo M, Spiccio S, Schito AM, Caviglia D, Brullo C, Baumann M. Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Pyrazoles, Indazoles and Pyrazolines Prepared in Continuous Flow Mode. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065319. [PMID: 36982392 PMCID: PMC10048858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant bacterial strains (MDR) have become an increasing challenge to our health system, resulting in multiple classical antibiotics being clinically inactive today. As the de-novo development of effective antibiotics is a very costly and time-consuming process, alternative strategies such as the screening of natural and synthetic compound libraries is a simple approach towards finding new lead compounds. We thus report on the antimicrobial evaluation of a small collection of fourteen drug-like compounds featuring indazoles, pyrazoles and pyrazolines as key heterocyclic moieties whose synthesis was achieved in continuous flow mode. It was found that several compounds possessed significant antibacterial potency against clinical and MDR strains of the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus genera, with the lead compound (9) reaching MIC values of 4 µg/mL on those species. In addition, time killing experiments performed on compound 9 on Staphylococcus aureus MDR strains highlight its activity as bacteriostatic. Additional evaluations regarding the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the most active compounds are reported and showcased, promising drug-likeness, which warrants further explorations of the newly identified antimicrobial lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Burke
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mara Di Filippo
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Silvia Spiccio
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Debora Caviglia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Section of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Section of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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32
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Zhou Y, Yao Z, Zhang X, Yang R, Jin Y, Huang J. Continuous-Flow Diazotization of Weakly Basic Aromatic Amines in a Microreaction System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhou
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zong Yao
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Rujing Yang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqiang Jin
- Apeloa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongyang, 322118 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinpei Huang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang, China
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33
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Huang J, Lu X, Zhang X, Jin Y, Zhou Y. Continuous, Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1-Oxa-2-azaspiro [2.5] octane in a Microreaction System. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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34
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An eco-friendly and very low catalyst loading continuous condensation of primary amines and 1,3 Di carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of enaminones and enaminoesters by microreactor technology. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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35
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Monbaliu JCM, Legros J. Will the next generation of chemical plants be in miniaturized flow reactors? LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1349-1357. [PMID: 36278262 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, a production paradigm based on centralized, stepwise, large scale processes has dominated the chemical industry horizon. While effective to meet an ever increasing demand for high value-added chemicals, the so-called macroscopic batch reactors are also associated with inherent weaknesses and threats; some of the most obvious ones were tragically illustrated over the past decades with major industrial disasters and impactful disruptions of advanced chemical supplies. The COVID pandemic has further emphasized that a change in paradigm was necessary to sustain chemical production with an increased safety, reliable supply chains and adaptable productivities. More than a decade of research and technology development has led to alternative and effective chemical processes relying on miniaturised flow reactors (a.k.a. micro and mesofluidic reactors). Such miniaturised reactors bear the potential to solve safety concerns and to improve the reliability of chemical supply chains. Will they initiate a new paradigm for a more localized, safe and reliable chemical production?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.
| | - Julien Legros
- COBRA Laboratory, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France.
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36
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Hornink MM, Rodrigues BG, Santos CS, Andrade LH. Continuous one-pot synthesis of new spiro-fused indoles from biobased building blocks using carbamoylation and imidation reactions under ultrasonic irradiation. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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37
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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
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38
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. Towards Antibiotic Synthesis in Continuous-Flow Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031421. [PMID: 36771086 PMCID: PMC9919330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry has become a mainstream process and a notable trend among emerging technologies for drug synthesis. It is routinely used in academic and industrial laboratories to generate a wide variety of molecules and building blocks. The advantages it provides, in terms of safety, speed, cost efficiency and small-equipment footprint compared to analog batch processes, have been known for some time. What has become even more important in recent years is its compliance with the quality objectives that are required by drug-development protocols that integrate inline analysis and purification tools. There can be no doubt that worldwide government agencies have strongly encouraged the study and implementation of this innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly technology. In this brief review, we list and evaluate the development and applications of continuous-flow processes for antibiotic synthesis. This work spans the period of 2012-2022 and highlights the main cases in which either active ingredients or their intermediates were produced under continuous flow. We hope that this manuscript will provide an overview of the field and a starting point for a deeper understanding of the impact of flow chemistry on the broad panorama of antibiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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39
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Zhang J, Yin J, Duan X, Zhang C, Zhang J. Continuous reductive amination to synthesize primary amines with high selectivity in flow. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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40
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Nagy BS, Fu G, Hone CA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Harnessing a Continuous-Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201868. [PMID: 36377674 PMCID: PMC10107610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persulfuric acid is a well-known oxidant in various industrial-scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous-flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Gang Fu
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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41
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Multivariate curve resolution for kinetic modeling and scale-up prediction. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An imine synthesis was investigated in a nearly isothermal oscillating segmented flow microreactor at different temperatures using non-invasive Raman spectroscopy. Multivariate curve resolution provided a calibration-free approach for obtaining kinetic parameters. The two different multivariate curve resolution approaches, soft and hard modeling, were applied and contrasted, leading to similar results. Taking heat and mass balance into account, the proposed kinetic model was applied for a model-based scale-up prediction. Finally, the reaction was performed in a 0.5 L semi-batch reactor, followed by in-line Raman spectroscopy and off-line gas chromatography analysis. The successful scale-up was demonstrated with a good agreement between measured and predicted concentration profiles.
Highlights
• Oscillation segmented flow reactor with inline Raman spectroscopy.
• Multivariate Curve Resolution with hard and soft constraints.
• High quality kinetic model for scale-up predictions.
Graphical abstract
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42
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Kumar Mittal A, Prakash G, Pathak P, Maiti D. Synthesis of Picramide Using Nitration and Ammonolysis in Continuous Flow. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201028. [PMID: 36484628 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a safer, scalable and continuous process for synthesis of picramide. The process consists of two steps: step-1. nitration of p-nitroanisole (PNAN) to 2,4,6-trinitrianisole (TNAN); step-2. ammonolysis of TNAN to picramide. Both the steps were optimized in flow, with yield of 90% and 98% in step-1 and step-2 respectively. Picramide with HPLC purity greater than 99% was obtained. When compared with batch, in step-1, flow process provided significant advantage in selectivity and yield. The optimized flow process was scaled to 25 g/hr production rate in a laboratory flow reactor. The method can be considered fit for the safe production of picramide at commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Gaurav Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Pramod Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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43
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Ryan A, Dempsey SD, Smyth M, Fahey K, Moody TS, Wharry S, Dingwall P, Rooney DW, Thompson JM, Knipe PC, Muldoon MJ. Continuous Flow Epoxidation of Alkenes Using a Homogeneous Manganese Catalyst with Peracetic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:262-268. [PMID: 36844035 PMCID: PMC9942194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epoxidation of alkenes is a valuable transformation in the synthesis of fine chemicals. Described herein are the design and development of a continuous flow process for carrying out the epoxidation of alkenes with a homogeneous manganese catalyst at metal loadings as low as 0.05 mol%. In this process, peracetic acid is generated in situ and telescoped directly into the epoxidation reaction, thus reducing the risks associated with its handling and storage, which often limit its use at scale. This flow process lessens the safety hazards associated with both the exothermicity of this epoxidation reaction and the use of the highly reactive peracetic acid. Controlling the speciation of manganese/2-picolinic acid mixtures by varying the ligand:manganese ratio was key to the success of the reaction. This continuous flow process offers an inexpensive, sustainable, and scalable route to epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe
A. Ryan
- Almac
Group, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom,Arran
Chemical Company, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland,Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Seán D. Dempsey
- Almac
Group, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom,Arran
Chemical Company, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland,Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac
Group, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Fahey
- Arran
Chemical Company, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac
Group, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom,Arran
Chemical Company, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | | | - Paul Dingwall
- Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter C. Knipe
- Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom,
| | - Mark J. Muldoon
- Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom,
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44
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The applications of organozinc reagents in continuous flow chemistry: Negishi coupling. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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45
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Dubois MAJ, Carreras V, Adams MR, Kairouz V, Vincent-Rocan JF, Riley JG, Charette AB. Process Intensification and Increased Safety for the On-Demand Continuous Flow Synthesis of Dithiothreitol, a Crucial Component in Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing Kits. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryne A. J. Dubois
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, FRQNT Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Virginie Carreras
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, FRQNT Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Matt R. Adams
- Biovectra Inc., 11 Aviation Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1, Canada
| | - Vanessa Kairouz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, FRQNT Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | | | - John G. Riley
- Biovectra Inc., 11 Aviation Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1, Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, FRQNT Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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46
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Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang L. Microreactor Technology: Identifying Focus Fields and Emerging Trends by Using CiteSpace II. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200349. [PMID: 36482287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microreactors have gained widespread attention from academia and industrial researchers due to their exceptionally fast mass and heat transfer and flexible control. In this work, CiteSpace software was used to systematically analyze the relevant literature to gain a comprehensively understand on the research status of microreactors in various fields. The results show that the research depth and application scope of microreactors are continuing to expand. The top 10 most popular research fields are photochemistry, pharmaceutical intermediates, multistep flow synthesis, mass transfer, computational fluid dynamics, μ-TAS (micro total analysis system), nanoparticles, biocatalysis, hydrogen production, and solid-supported reagents. The evolution trends of current focus areas are examined, including photochemistry, mass transfer, biocatalysis and hydrogen production and their milestone literature is analyzed in detail. This article demonstrates the development of different fields of microreactors technology and highlights the unending opportunities and challenges offered by this fascinating technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sun
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
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Rodrigues AF, da Silva AF, da Silva FL, dos Santos KM, de Oliveira MP, Nobre MM, Catumba BD, Sales MB, Silva AR, Braz AKS, Cavalcante AL, Alexandre JY, Junior PG, Valério RB, de Castro Bizerra V, do Santos JC. A scientometric analysis of research progress and trends in the design of laccase biocatalysts for the decolorization of synthetic dyes. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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48
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Wang M, Yan S, Zhang Y, Gu S. Fischer indole synthesis in DMSO/AcOH/H 2O under continuous flow conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221150384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A new continuous flow synthetic method for preparing indole and its derivatives are successfully developed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional batch methods, such as low conversion rates, long reaction times, and amplification effects. The method represents a sustainable and efficient preparation of indole and its derivatives without the need for additional catalysts. By investigating the effects of the reaction temperature, the solvent, the equivalence ratio, and the residence time, high conversion rates and excellent yields were simultaneously achieved within 20 min under optimized conditions. For the template reaction, DMSO/H2O/AcOH = 2:1:1 is used as the solvent, the reaction temperature is 110 °C, and the ratio of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride to cyclopentanone is 1:1.05. Indole and a wide array of its derivatives are synthesized to verify the universality of the method, and most of the reactions exhibit satisfactory conversion rates and high yields are obtained. This new continuous flow method is more suitable for industrial scale-up relative to traditional batch methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shunlin Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
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49
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Frede TA, Hofe NV, Reuß RJ, Kemmerling N, Kock T, Herbstritt F, Kockmann N. Design and characterization of a flow reaction calorimeter based on FlowPlate® Lab and Peltier elements. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00565d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microscale flow reaction calorimeter based on commercially available hastelloy C-22 microreactor for isoperibolic and isothermal operation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Frede
- Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nils vom Hofe
- Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rafael Jasper Reuß
- Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Niklas Kemmerling
- Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Kock
- Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Herbstritt
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, 55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Laboratory of Equipment Design, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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50
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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