1
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Wang F, Zhang C, Wu F, He Z, Huang Y. Investigation of the Single-Particle Scale Structure-Activity Relationship Providing New Insights for the Development of High-Performance Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400683. [PMID: 38747891 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
As electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and tools have increasingly high requirements for battery energy density and power density, constantly improving battery performance is a research focus. Accurate measurement of the structure-activity relationship of active materials is key to advancing the research of high-performance batteries. However, conventional performance tests of active materials are based on the electrochemical measurement of porous composite electrodes containing active materials, polymer binders, and conductive carbon additives, which cannot establish an accurate structure-activity relationship with the physical characterization of microregions. In this review, in order to promote the accurate measurement and understanding of the structure-activity relationship of materials, the electrochemical measurement and physical characterization of energy storage materials at single-particle scale are reviewed. The potential problems and possible improvement schemes of the single particle electrochemical measurement and physical characterization are proposed. Their potential applications in single particle electrochemical simulation and machine learning are prospected. This review aims to promote the further application of single particle electrochemical measurement and physical characterization in energy storage materials, hoping to achieve 3D unified evaluation of physical characterization, electrochemical measurement, and theoretical simulation at the single particle scale to provide new inspiration for the development of high-performance batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zhichao He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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2
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Feng Z, Ye J, Li X, Li L, Fang C, Wang R, Hu W. Optical Approach for Mapping the Intercalation Capacity of Porous Electrodes. Anal Chem 2024; 96:394-400. [PMID: 38149960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The intercalation capacity of a porous electrode in real batteries is not uniform spatially due to the inevitable structural and compositional inhomogeneity and site-dependent ion and electron transport features. Reliable methods to quantify the capacity distribution are highly desirable but absent so far in battery research. In this paper, a novel optical technique, oblique incident reflection difference (OIRD), was employed to monitor in situ the electrochemical ion (de)intercalation behavior of Prussian blue analogue (PBA) porous films. The OIRD signal responded synchronously to the ion (de)intercalation, and the change in the OIRD signal (ΔI) was positively correlated with the local electrochemical capacity, thereby enabling mapping of the spatially resolved ion storage capacity of the films. Optical analysis further showed that the OIRD response originated from the ion (de)intercalation-induced dielectric constant change of PBA films. This work therefore offers an intriguing in situ and spatially resolved tool for the study of rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Changxiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Rongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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3
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Kang M, Bentley CL, Mefford JT, Chueh WC, Unwin PR. Multiscale Analysis of Electrocatalytic Particle Activities: Linking Nanoscale Measurements and Ensemble Behavior. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21493-21505. [PMID: 37883688 PMCID: PMC10655184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured electrocatalysts exhibit variations in electrochemical properties across different length scales, and the intrinsic catalytic characteristics measured at the nanoscale often differ from those at the macro-level due to complexity in electrode structure and/or composition. This aspect of electrocatalysis is addressed herein, where the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of β-Co(OH)2 platelet particles of well-defined structure is investigated in alkaline media using multiscale scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Microscale SECCM probes of ∼50 μm diameter provide voltammograms from small particle ensembles (ca. 40-250 particles) and reveal increasing dispersion in the OER rates for samples of the same size as the particle population within the sample decreases. This suggests the underlying significance of heterogeneous activity at the single-particle level that is confirmed through single-particle measurements with SECCM probes of ∼5 μm diameter. These measurements of multiple individual particles directly reveal significant variability in the OER activity at the single-particle level that do not simply correlate with the particle size, basal plane roughness, or exposed edge plane area. In combination, these measurements demarcate a transition from an "individual particle" to an "ensemble average" response at a population size of ca. 130 particles, above which the OER current density closely reflects that measured in bulk at conventional macroscopic particle-modified electrodes. Nanoscale SECCM probes (ca. 120 and 440 nm in diameter) enable measurements at the subparticle level, revealing that there is selective OER activity at the edges of particles and highlighting the importance of the three-phase boundary where the catalyst, electrolyte, and supporting carbon electrode meet, for efficient electrocatalysis. Furthermore, subparticle measurements unveil heterogeneity in the OER activity among particles that appear superficially similar, attributable to differences in defect density within the individual particles, as well as to variations in electrical and physical contact with the support material. Overall this study provides a roadmap for the multiscale analysis of nanostructured electrocatalysts, directly demonstrating the importance of multilength scale factors, including particle structure, particle-support interaction, presence of defects, etc., in governing the electrochemical activities of β-Co(OH)2 platelet particles and ultimately guiding the rational design and optimization of these materials for alkaline water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006 NSW, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - J. Tyler Mefford
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William C. Chueh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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4
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Xu X, Martín-Yerga D, Grant NE, West G, Pain SL, Kang M, Walker M, Murphy JD, Unwin PR. Interfacial Chemistry Effects in the Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Electrodes under Lithium-Ion Battery Conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303442. [PMID: 37269212 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and (de)lithiation phenomena at silicon (Si) electrodes is key to improving the performance and lifetime of Si-based lithium-ion batteries. However, these processes remain somewhat elusive, and, in particular, the role of Si surface termination merits further consideration. Here, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is used in a glovebox, followed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) at identical locations to study the local electrochemical behavior and associated SEI formation, comparing Si (100) with a native oxide layer (SiOx /Si) and etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF-Si). HF-Si shows greater spatial electrochemical heterogeneity and inferior lithiation reversibility than SiOx /Si. This is attributed to a weakly passivating SEI and irreversible lithium trapping at the Si surface. Combinatorial screening of charge/discharge cycling by SECCM with co-located SIMS reveals SEI chemistry as a function of depth. While the SEI thickness is relatively independent of the cycle number, the chemistry - particularly in the intermediate layers - depends on the number of cycles, revealing the SEI to be dynamic during cycling. This work serves as a foundation for the use of correlative SECCM/SIMS as a powerful approach to gain fundamental insights on complex battery processes at the nano- and microscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Nicholas E Grant
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Geoff West
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sophie L Pain
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - John D Murphy
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
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5
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Dinh TD, Park K, Hwang S. Variable Nanoelectrode at the Air/Water Interface by Hydrogel-Integrated Atomic Force Microscopy Electrochemical Platform. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37468162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A nanoelectrode with a controllable area was developed using commercial atomic force microscopy and a hydrogel. Although tremendous advantages of small electrodes from micrometer scale down to nanometer scale have been previously reported for a wide range of applications, precise and high-throughput fabrication remains an obstacle. In this work, the set-point feedback current in a modified scanning ionic conductance microscopy system controlled the formation of electrodes with a nanometer-sized area by contact between the boron-doped diamond (BDD) tip and the agarose hydrogel. The modulation of the electroactive area of the BDD-coated nanoelectrode in the hydrogel was successively investigated by the finite element method and cyclic voltammetry with the use of a redox-contained hydrogel. Moreover, this nanoelectrode enables the simultaneous imaging of both the topography and electrochemical activity of a polymeric microparticle embedded in a hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Duc Dinh
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Kyungsoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Seongpil Hwang
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
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6
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Gao C, Li Y, Zhao J, Sun W, Guang S, Chen Q. Measuring the Pseudocapacitive Behavior of Individual V 2O 5 Particles by Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37392190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
V2O5 is a promising pseudocapacitive material for electrochemical energy storage with balanced power and energy density. Understanding the charge-storage mechanism is of significance to further improve the rate performance. Here, we report an electrochemical study of individual V2O5 particles using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy with colocalized electron microscopy. A carbon sputtering procedure is proposed for the pristine V2O5 particles to improve their structure stability and electronic conductivity. The achieved high-quality electrochemical cyclic voltammetry results, structural integrity, and high oxidation to reduction charge ratio (as high as 97.74%) assured further quantitative analysis of the pseudocapacitive behavior of single particles and correlation with local particle structures. A broad range of capacitive contribution is revealed, with an average ratio of 76% at 1.0 V/s. This study provides new opportunities for quantitative analysis of the electrochemical charge-storage process at single particles, especially for electrode materials with electrolyte-induced instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yingjian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shanyi Guang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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7
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Jin R, Zhou W, Xu Y, Jiang D, Fang D. Electrochemical Visualization of Membrane Proteins in Single Cells at a Nanoscale Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37358933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical visualization of proteins in the plasma membrane of single fixed cells was achieved with a spatial resolution of 160 nm using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. The model protein, the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), is linked with a ruthenium complex (Ru(bpy)32+)-tagged antibody, which exhibits redox peaks in its cyclic voltammetry curves after a nanopipette tip contacts the cellular membrane. Based on the potential-resolved oxidation or reduction currents, an uneven distribution of membrane CEAs on the cells is electrochemically visualized, which could only be achieved previously using super-resolution optical microscopy. Compared with current electrochemical microscopy, the single-cell scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) strategy not only improves the spatial resolution but also utilizes the potential-resolved current from the antibody-antigen complex to increase electrochemical imaging accuracy. Eventually, the electrochemical visualization of cellular proteins at the nanoscale enables the super-resolution study of cells to provide more biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
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8
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Godeffroy L, Makogon A, Gam Derouich S, Kanoufi F, Shkirskiy V. Imaging and Quantifying the Chemical Communication between Single Particles in Metal Alloys. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37327768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The communication within particle agglomerates in industrial alloys can have a significant impact on the macroscopic reactivity, putting a high demand on the adaptation of wide-field methodologies to clarify this phenomenon. In this work, we report the application of correlated optical microscopies probing operando both local pH and local surface chemical transformation correlated with identical location scanning electron microscopy to quantify in situ the structure reactivity of particle agglomerates of foreign elements in the Al alloy. The optical operando analyses allow us (i) to reveal and quantify the local production of OH- from proton and oxygen reduction at individual Si- or Fe-rich microparticles and (ii) to quantify (and model) the chemical communication between these active sites, within a few micrometer range, on the local chemical transformation of the material. Wide-field image analysis highlights the statistical importance of chemical communication that may introduce a new conceptual framework for the understanding of the mechanisms in related fields of charge transfer, electrocatalysis, and corrosion.
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9
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Mishra A, Sarbapalli D, Rodríguez O, Rodríguez-López J. Electrochemical Imaging of Interfaces in Energy Storage via Scanning Probe Methods: Techniques, Applications, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:93-115. [PMID: 37068746 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091422-110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing a deeper understanding of dynamic chemical, electronic, and morphological changes at interfaces is key to solving practical issues in electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs). To unravel this complexity, an assortment of tools with distinct capabilities and spatiotemporal resolutions have been used to creatively visualize interfacial processes as they occur. This review highlights how electrochemical scanning probe techniques (ESPTs) such as electrochemical atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy are uniquely positioned to address these challenges in EESSs. We describe the operating principles of ESPTs, focusing on the inspection of interfacial structure and chemical processes involved in Li-ion batteries and beyond. We discuss current examples, performance limitations, and complementary ESPTs. Finally, we discuss prospects for imaging improvements and deep learning for automation. We foresee that ESPTs will play an enabling role in advancing EESSs as we transition to renewable energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiroop Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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10
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Takahashi Y, Takamatsu D, Korchev Y, Fukuma T. Correlative Analysis of Ion-Concentration Profile and Surface Nanoscale Topography Changes Using Operando Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. JACS AU 2023; 3:1089-1099. [PMID: 37124299 PMCID: PMC10131198 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although various spectroscopic methods have been developed to capture ion-concentration profile changes, it is still difficult to visualize the ion-concentration profile and surface topographical changes simultaneously during the charging/discharging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To tackle this issue, we have developed an operando scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) method that can directly visualize an ion-concentration profile and surface topography using a SICM nanopipette while controlling the sample potential or current with a potentiostat for characterizing the polarization state during charging/discharging. Using operando SICM on the negative electrode (anode) of LIBs, we have characterized ion-concentration profile changes and the reversible volume changes related to the phase transition during cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge/discharge of the graphite anode. Operando SICM is a versatile technique that is likely to be of major value for evaluating the correlation between the electrolyte concentration profile and nanoscale surface topography changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Department
of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daiko Takamatsu
- Center
for Exploratory Research, Research &
Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama-machi, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Yuri Korchev
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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11
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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12
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Gavilán-Arriazu EM, Barraco DE, Ein-Eli Y, Leiva EPM. Galvanostatic Fast Charging of Alkali-Ion Battery Materials at the Single-Particle Level: A Map-Driven Diagnosis. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200665. [PMID: 36377795 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a new tool to provide a diagnostic map for alkali-ion intercalation materials under galvanostatic conditions. These representations, stated in the form of capacity level diagrams, are built from hundreds of numerical simulations representing different experimental conditions, summarized in two dimensionless parameters: a kinetic parameter denominated Ξ and a finite diffusion parameter l. To lay the theoretical and methodological foundations, a general model is used here. This model can be adapted to the thermodynamic and kinetic framework of specific systems. We provide two representative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maximiliano Gavilán-Arriazu
- Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, IFEG-CONICET Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Barraco
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, IFEG-CONICET Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yair Ein-Eli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ezequiel P M Leiva
- Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
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13
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Dufil Y, Dietrich M, Zigah D, Favier F, Sadki S, Gentile P, Fontaine O. Local Degradation of PEDOT:PSS on Silicon Nanostructures Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206789. [PMID: 36543382 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers show attractive characteristics as electrode materials for micro-electrochemical energy storage (MEES). However, there is a lack of characterization techniques to study conjugated/conducting polymer-based nanostructured electrodes. Here, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is introduced as a new technique for in situ characterization and acceleration of degradation processes of conducting polymers. Electrodes of PEDOT:PSS on flat silicon, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and silicon nanotrees (SiNTrs) are analyzed by SECM in feedback mode with approach curves and chronoamperometry. The innovative degradation method using SECM reduces the time required to locally degrade polymer samples to a few thousand seconds, which is significantly shorter than the time usually required for such studies. The degradation rate is modeled using Comsol Multiphysics. The model provides an understanding of the phenomena that occur during degradation of the polymer electrode and describes them using a mathematical constant A0 and a time constant τ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Dufil
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Marc Dietrich
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-SyMMES, UMR 5819, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), CNRS UMR 7285, Equipe SamCat, B27, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, poitier, cedex 9, 86073, France
| | - Frederic Favier
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34000, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'énergie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Amien, 80039, France
| | - Saïd Sadki
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-SyMMES, UMR 5819, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Pascal Gentile
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- Molecular Electrochemistry for Energy Laboratory, VISTEC, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, 75005, France
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14
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Tetteh EB, Valavanis D, Daviddi E, Xu X, Santana Santos C, Ventosa E, Martín-Yerga D, Schuhmann W, Unwin PR. Fast Li-ion Storage and Dynamics in TiO 2 Nanoparticle Clusters Probed by Smart Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214493. [PMID: 36469735 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 is a promising material for Li-ion (Li+ ) batteries with fast charging capability. However, Li+ (de)intercalation dynamics in TiO2 remain elusive and reported diffusivities span many orders of magnitude. Here, we develop a smart protocol for scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) with in situ optical microscopy (OM) to enable the high-throughput charge/discharge analysis of single TiO2 nanoparticle clusters. Directly probing active nanoparticles revealed that TiO2 with a size of ≈50 nm can store over 30 % of the theoretical capacity at an extremely fast charge/discharge rate of ≈100 C. This finding of fast Li+ storage in TiO2 particles strengthens its potential for fast-charging batteries. More generally, smart SECCM-OM should find wide applications for high-throughput electrochemical screening of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.,Analytical Chemistry-, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry-, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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15
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Tao B, McPherson IJ, Daviddi E, Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Multiscale Electrochemistry of Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn 2O 4): From Single Particles to Ensembles and Degrees of Electrolyte Wetting. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:1459-1471. [PMID: 36743391 PMCID: PMC9890564 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) facilitates single particle measurements of battery materials using voltammetry at fast scan rates (1 V s-1), providing detailed insight into intrinsic particle kinetics, otherwise obscured by matrix effects. Here, we elucidate the electrochemistry of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) particles, using a series of SECCM probes of graded size to determine the evolution of electrochemical characteristics from the single particle to ensemble level. Nanometer scale control over the SECCM meniscus cell position and height further allows the study of variable particle/substrate electrolyte wetting, including comparison of fully wetted particles (where contact is also made with the underlying glassy carbon substrate electrode) vs partly wetted particles. We find ensembles of LiMn2O4 particles show voltammograms with much larger peak separations than those of single particles. In addition, if the SECCM meniscus is brought into contact with the substrate electrode, such that the particle-support contact changes from dry to wet, a further dramatic increase in peak separation is observed. Finite element method modeling of the system reveals the importance of finite electronic conductivity of the particles, contact resistance, surface kinetics, particle size, and contact area with the electrode surface in determining the voltammetric waveshape at fast scan rates, while the responses are relatively insensitive to Li+ diffusion coefficients over a range of typical values. The simulation results explain the variability in voltammetric responses seen at the single particle level and reveal some of the key factors responsible for the evolution of the response, from ensemble, contact, and wetting perspectives. The variables and considerations explored herein are applicable to any single entity (nanoscale) electrochemical study involving low conductivity materials and should serve as a useful guide for further investigations of this type. Overall, this study highlights the potential of multiscale measurements, where wetting, electronic contact, and ionic contact can be varied independently, to inform the design of practical composite electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Tao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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16
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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17
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Daviddi E, Shkirskiy V, Kirkman PM, Robin MP, Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Screening the Surface Structure-Dependent Action of a Benzotriazole Derivative on Copper Electrochemistry in a Triple-Phase Nanoscale Environment. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:14897-14907. [PMID: 36110498 PMCID: PMC9465680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) corrosion is a compelling problem in the automotive sector and in oil refinery and transport, where it is mainly caused by the action of acidic aqueous droplets dispersed in an oil phase. Corrosion inhibitors, such as benzotriazole (BTAH) and its derivatives, are widely used to limit such corrosion processes. The efficacy of corrosion inhibitors is expected to be dependent on the surface crystallography of metals exposed to the corrosion environment. Yet, studies of the effect of additives at the local level of the surface crystallographic structure of polycrystalline metals are challenging, particularly lacking for the triple-phase corrosion problem (metal/aqueous/oil). To address this issue, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), is used in an acidic nanodroplet meniscus|oil layer|polycrystalline Cu configuration to explore the grain-dependent influence of an oil soluble BTAH derivative (BTA-R) on Cu electrochemistry within the confines of a local aqueous nanoprobe. Electrochemical maps, collected in the voltammetric mode at an array of >1000 points across the Cu surface, reveal both cathodic (mainly the oxygen reduction reaction) and anodic (Cu electrooxidation) processes, of relevance to corrosion, as a function of the local crystallographic structure, deduced with co-located electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). BTA-R is active on the whole spectrum of crystallographic orientations analyzed, but there is a complex grain-dependent action, distinct for oxygen reduction and Cu oxidation. The methodology pinpoints the surface structural motifs that facilitate corrosion-related processes and where BTA-R works most efficiently. Combined SECCM-EBSD provides a detailed screen of a spectrum of surface sites, and the results should inform future modeling studies, ultimately contributing to a better inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Daviddi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Cameron L. Bentley
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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18
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Martín‐Yerga D, Milan DC, Xu X, Fernández‐Vidal J, Whalley L, Cowan AJ, Hardwick LJ, Unwin PR. Dynamics of Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Silicon Electrodes Revealed by Combinatorial Electrochemical Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207184. [PMID: 35699678 PMCID: PMC9543478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Revealing how formation protocols influence the properties of the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Si electrodes is key to developing the next generation of Li‐ion batteries. SEI understanding is, however, limited by the low‐throughput nature of conventional characterisation techniques. Herein, correlative scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and shell‐isolated nanoparticles for enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) are used for combinatorial screening of the SEI formation under a broad experimental space (20 sets of different conditions with several repeats). This novel approach reveals the heterogeneous nature and dynamics of the SEI electrochemical properties and chemical composition on Si electrodes, which evolve in a characteristic manner as a function of cycle number. Correlative SECCM/SHINERS has the potential to screen thousands of candidate experiments on a variety of battery materials to accelerate the optimization of SEI formation methods, a key bottleneck in battery manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín‐Yerga
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - David C. Milan
- Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Julia Fernández‐Vidal
- Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
| | - Laura Whalley
- Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
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19
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Wang Y, Li M, Ren H. Voltammetric Mapping of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Pt Locally via Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:304-308. [PMID: 36785572 PMCID: PMC9836041 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in nanoscale electrochemical tools has offered the opportunity to better understand heterogeneity at electrochemical interfaces. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) has been increasingly used for revealing local kinetics and the distribution of active sites in electrocatalysis. Constant-contact scanning and hopping scanning are the two commonly used modes. The former is intrinsically faster, whereas the latter enables full voltammetry at individual locations. Herein, we revisit a less used mode that combines the advantages of hopping and constant-contact scan, resulting in a faster voltammetric mapping. In this mode, the nanodroplet cell in SECCM maintains contact with the surface during the scanning and makes intermittent pauses for local voltammetry. The elimination of frequent retraction and approach greatly increases the speed of mapping. In addition, iR correction can be readily applied to the voltammetry, resulting in more accurate measurements of the electrode kinetics. This scanning mode is demonstrated in the oxidation of a ferrocene derivative on HOPG and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on polycrystalline Pt, serving as model systems for outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfer reactions, respectively. While the kinetics of the inner-sphere reaction is consistent spatially, heterogeneity is observed for the kinetics of HER, which is correlated with the crystal orientation of Pt.
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20
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Li M, Wang Y, Blount B, Gordon E, Muñoz-Castañeda JA, Ye Z, Ren H. Stochastic Local Breakdown of Oxide Film on Ni from Identical-Location Imaging: One Single Site at a Time. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6313-6319. [PMID: 35877081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical breakdown of a metal oxide film can directly affect the performance of functional electrochemical devices. However, revealing the structural insight into the breakdown sites is challenging because of heterogeneity: different breakdown sites are spatially distributed over the surface. Herein, we combine scanning electrochemical cell microscopy with identical-location microscopies to reveal the heterogeneity in the breakdown of NiO film on Ni in a site-by-site manner. Local critical breakdown potential varies by ∼500 mV, corresponding to an excess energy of 0.02-0.12 J/m2. Correlative composition imaging using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry shows Ni crystal grains with thinner NiO films are more resistant to breakdown. This high resistance is explained using classical nucleation theory, where the electrical energy is affected by the film thickness through the local interfacial capacitance. The correlative imaging approach overcomes the issue of heterogeneity, providing conclusive insight into the stability of the electrochemical interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brandon Blount
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Emma Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | | | - Zhijiang Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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21
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Fang C, Li J, Feng Z, Li X, Cheng M, Qiao Y, Hu W. Spatiotemporal Mapping of Extracellular Electron Transfer Flux in a Microbial Fuel Cell Using an Oblique Incident Reflectivity Difference Technique. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10841-10849. [PMID: 35863931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a critical process involved in microbial fuel cells. Spatially resolved mapping of EET flux is of essential significance due to the inevitable spatial inhomogeneity over the bacteria/electrode interface. In this work, EET flux of a typical bioanode constructed by inhabiting Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 on a porous polyaniline (PANI) film was successfully mapped using a newly established oblique incident reflectivity difference (OIRD) technique. In the open-circuit state, the PANI film was reduced by the electrons released from the bacteria via the EET process, and the resultant redox state change of PANI was sensitively imaged by OIRD in a real-time and noninvasive manner. Due to the strong correlation between the EET flux and OIRD signal, the OIRD differential image represents spatially resolved EET flux, and the in situ OIRD signal reveals the dynamic behavior during the EET process, thus providing important spatiotemporal information complementary to the bulky electrochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Junying Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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22
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Meng X, Bi Z, Wang X, Shang G. A novel design for the combination of electrochemical atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode for in situ study of battery materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073707. [PMID: 35922332 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of functional materials, especially energy materials made up of various structures with different properties, requires the development of complementary or integrated characterization technologies. The combination of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy (AFM-Raman) offers a powerful technique for the in situ characterization of physical properties (AFM) and chemical composition (Raman) of materials simultaneously. To further extend the potential application in the battery's field, we here present an electrochemical AFM-Raman (EC-AFM-Raman) in the reflection mode, developed by designing a novel structure including water-immersion objective lens-based optics for high-sensitivity Raman excitation/collection, optical level detection for AFM imaging in the solution, and a dual-cell for electrochemical reaction. EC-AFM imaging and Raman measurement can be realized simultaneously. Dynamic morphologic evolution and phase transition of the LiMn2O4 particles during cyclic voltammetry measurement were successfully observed. This technique will provide the possibility of probing physicochemical phenomena of the battery materials and other surface/interface processes such as the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Meng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanfang Bi
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyi Shang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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23
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Wang Y, Li M, Gordon E, Ye Z, Ren H. Nanoscale Colocalized Electrochemical and Structural Mapping of Metal Dissolution Reaction. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9058-9064. [PMID: 35700400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-activity relationship in electrochemical metal dissolution reactions is fundamentally important, from designing higher density batteries to mitigating corrosions. The kinetics of metal dissolution reaction is highly dependent on surface structures, including grain boundaries and local defects. However, directly probing the electrochemical activity at these sites is difficult because the conventional bulk electrochemistry measures an averaged kinetics, obscuring the structure-activity correlation. Herein, we report the colocalized mapping of an electrochemical metal dissolution reaction using Ag as a model system. The local dissolution kinetics is voltammetrically mapped via scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), which is correlated with local structures obtained via colocalized electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). Individual pits of ∼200 nm are formed, and their geometries suggest dissolution is fastest in the direction parallel to the {111} planes. Enhanced dissolution kinetics is observed at the high-angle grain boundaries but not at twin boundaries, which are attributed to the different binding energy of Ag atoms. Furthermore, the faster local dissolution correlates with the geometrically necessary dislocation density. The work demonstrates the importance of nanoscale local electrochemical mapping and colocalized microscopic measurement in obtaining the structure-activity relationship for electrochemical reactions at complex interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Emma Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Zhijiang Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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24
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Martín-Yerga D, C. Milan D, Xu X, Fernández-Vidal J, Whalley L, Cowan AJ, Hardwick LJ, Unwin P. Dynamics of Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Silicon Electrodes Revealed by Combinatorial Electrochemical Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Yerga
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Rd CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David C. Milan
- University of Liverpool Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry L69 7ZF Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Julia Fernández-Vidal
- University of Liverpool Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry L69 7ZF Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Laura Whalley
- University of Liverpool Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry L69 7ZF Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- University of Liverpool Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry L69 7ZF UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- University of Liverpool Stephenson Institute of Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry L69 7ZF Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Patrick Unwin
- University of Warwick Chemistry University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
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25
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Wahab OJ, Kang M, Daviddi E, Walker M, Unwin PR. Screening Surface Structure-Electrochemical Activity Relationships of Copper Electrodes under CO 2 Electroreduction Conditions. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6578-6588. [PMID: 35692254 PMCID: PMC9171721 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how crystallographic orientation influences the electrocatalytic performance of metal catalysts can potentially advance the design of catalysts with improved efficiency. Although single crystal electrodes are typically used for such studies, the one-at-a-time preparation procedure limits the range of secondary crystallographic orientations that can be profiled. This work employs scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) together with co-located electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) as a screening technique to investigate how surface crystallographic orientations on polycrystalline copper (Cu) correlate to activity under CO2 electroreduction conditions. SECCM measures spatially resolved voltammetry on polycrystalline copper covering low overpotentials of CO2 conversion to intermediates, thereby screening the different activity from low-index facets where H2 evolution is dominant to high-index facets where more reaction intermediates are expected. This approach allows the acquisition of 2500 voltammograms on approximately 60 different Cu surface facets identified with EBSD. The results show that the order of activity is (111) < (100) < (110) among the Cu primary orientations. The collection of data over a wide range of secondary orientations leads to the construction of an "electrochemical-crystallographic stereographic triangle" that provides a broad comprehension of the trends among Cu secondary surface facets rarely studied in the literature, [particularly (941) and (741)], and clearly shows that the electroreduction activity scales with the step and kink density of these surfaces. This work also reveals that the electrochemical stripping of the passive layer that is naturally formed on Cu in air is strongly grain-dependent, and the relative ease of stripping on low-index facets follows the order of (100) > (111) > (110). This allows a procedure to be implemented, whereby the oxide is removed (to an electrochemically undetectable level) prior to the kinetic analyses of electroreduction activity. SECCM screening allows for the most active surfaces to be ranked and prompts in-depth follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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26
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Gavilán-Arriazu EM, Barraco DE, Ein-Eli Y, Leiva EPM. Fast charging of alkali-ion batteries at the single-particle level: the impact of particle geometry on diffusional and kinetic bottlenecks in voltammetry. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Kawabe Y, Miyakoshi Y, Tang R, Fukuma T, Nishihara H, Takahashi Y. Nanoscale characterization of the site‐specific degradation of electric double‐layer capacitor using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawabe
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Kakuma‐machi Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyakoshi
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Kakuma‐machi Japan
| | - Rui Tang
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research / Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Tohoku University Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Kakuma‐machi Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nishihara
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research / Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Tohoku University Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Kakuma‐machi Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Saitama Japan
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28
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Blount B, Juarez G, Wang Y, Ren H. iR drop in scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:149-162. [PMID: 34877955 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electrochemical mapping techniques, e.g., scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), have been increasingly used to study the local electrochemistry in electrocatalysis. Its capability for local electrochemistry mapping helps to reveal the heterogeneity in the electrode kinetics and mechanisms, which are otherwise averaged out in ensemble measurements. Accurate determination of the electrode kinetics requires the careful assessment of the ohmic potential drop in the solution, i.e., the iR drop. Herein, the iR drop in SECCM experiments is assessed. We showed that the iR drop in single-barrel SECCM can be estimated using the solution conductivity and pipette geometry, or the mass transfer limiting current without the assumption of pipette geometry. For dual-barrel SECCM, we developed a method of measuring the solution resistance directly, which can be used to compensate for the iR drop and the potential shift in the experiments. These methods offer a convenient way to estimate and compensate for the iR drop in SECCM, allowing the more accurate measurement of local electrode kinetics for the determination of local mechanisms in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Blount
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Gabriel Juarez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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29
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Martín‐Yerga D, Kang M, Unwin PR. Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy in a Glovebox: Structure‐Activity Correlations in the Early Stages of Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín‐Yerga
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV47AL United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV47AL United Kingdom
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV47AL United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0RA United Kingdom
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30
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Gavilán-Arriazu EM, Barraco DE, Leiva EPM. On how interactions influence kinetic limitations in alkali-ion batteries. Application to Li-ion intercalation into graphite through voltammetric experiments. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Gavilán-Arriazu EM, Mercer MP, Barraco DE, Hoster HE, Leiva EPM. Voltammetric Behaviour of LMO at the Nanoscale: A Map of Reversibility and Diffusional Limitations. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100700. [PMID: 34750942 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and optimizing single particle rate behaviour is normally challenging in composite commercial lithium-ion electrode materials. In this regard, recent experimental research has addressed the electrochemical Li-ion intercalation in individual nanosized particles. Here, we present a thorough theoretical analysis of the Li+ intercalation voltammetric behaviour in single nano/micro-scale LiMn2 O4 (LMO) particles, incorporating realistic interactions between inserted ions. A transparent 2-dimensional zone diagram representation of kinetic-diffusional behaviour is provided that allows rapid diagnosis of the reversibility and diffusion length of the system depending on the particle geometry. We provide an Excel file where the boundary lines of the zone diagram can be rapidly recalculated by setting input values of the rate constant, k 0 and diffusion coefficient, D . The model framework elucidates the heterogeneous behaviour of nanosized particles with similar sizes but different shapes. Hence, we present here an outlook for realistic multiscale modelling of real materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo M Gavilán-Arriazu
- Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, IFEG-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Michael P Mercer
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,ALISTORE European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Daniel E Barraco
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, IFEG-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Harry E Hoster
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,ALISTORE European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 80039, Amiens, France.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ezequiel P M Leiva
- Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
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32
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Yamamoto T, Ando T, Kawabe Y, Fukuma T, Enomoto H, Nishijima Y, Matsui Y, Kanamura K, Takahashi Y. Characterization of the Depth of Discharge-Dependent Charge Transfer Resistance of a Single LiFePO 4 Particle. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14448-14453. [PMID: 34668693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discharged state affects the charge transfer resistance of lithium-ion secondary batteries (LIBs), which is referred to as the depth of discharge (DOD). To understand the intrinsic charge/discharge property of LIBs, the DOD-dependent charge transfer resistance at the solid-liquid interface is required. However, in a general composite electrode, the conductive additive and organic polymeric binder are unevenly distributed, resulting in a complicated electron conduction/ion conduction path. As a result, estimating the DOD-dependent rate-determining factor of LIBs is difficult. In contrast, in micro/nanoscale electrochemical measurements, the primary or secondary particle is evaluated without using a conductive additive and providing an ideal mass transport condition. To control the DOD state of a single LiFePO4 active material and evaluate the DOD-dependent charge transfer kinetic parameters, we use scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), which uses a micropipette to form an electrochemical cell on a sample surface. The difference in charge transfer resistance at the solid-liquid interface depending on the DOD state and electrolyte solution could be confirmed using SECCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomohiro Ando
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawabe
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Enomoto
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishijima
- Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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33
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Urso M, Iffelsberger C, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Pumera M. Nickel Sulfide Microrockets as Self-Propelled Energy Storage Devices to Power Electronic Circuits "On-Demand". SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100511. [PMID: 34927946 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized energy storage devices are essential to power the growing number and variety of microelectronic technologies. Here, a concept of self-propelled microscale energy storage elements that can move, reach, and power electronic circuits is reported. Microrockets consisting of a nickel sulfide (NiS) outer layer and a Pt inner layer are prepared by template-assisted electrodeposition, and designed to store energy through NiS-mediated redox reactions and propel via the Pt-catalyzed decomposition of H2 O2 fuel. Scanning electrochemical microscopy allows visualizing and studying the energy storage ability of a single microrocket, revealing its pseudocapacitive nature. This proves the great potential of such technique in the field of micro/nanomotors. On-demand delivery of energy storage units to electronic circuits has been demonstrated by releasing microrockets on an interdigitated array electrode as an example of electronic circuit. Owing to their self-propulsion ability, they reach the active area of the electrode and, in principle, power its functions. These autonomously moving energy storage devices will be employed for next-generation electronics to store and deliver energy in previously inaccessible locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Urso
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanorobotics and Machine Intelligence, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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34
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Bentley CL. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy for the study of (nano)particle electrochemistry: From the sub‐particle to ensemble level. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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35
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Sarkar S, Wang X, Hesari M, Chen P, Mirkin MV. Scanning Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Microscopy on Finder Grids: Toward Correlative Multitechnique Imaging of Surfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5377-5382. [PMID: 33769032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful technique for mapping surface reactivity and investigating heterogeneous processes on the nanoscale. Despite significant advances in high-resolution SECM and photo-SECM imaging, they cannot provide atomic scale structural information about surfaces. By correlating the SECM images with atomic scale structural and bonding information obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques with one-to-one correspondence, one can elucidate the nature of the active sites and understand the origins of heterogeneous surface reactivity. To enable multitechnique imaging of the same nanoscale portion of the electrode surface, we develop a methodology for using a TEM finder grid as a conductive support in SECM and photo-SECM experiments. In this paper, we present the results of our first nanoscale SECM and photo-SECM experiments on carbon TEM grids, including imaging of semiconductor nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 6530 Kissena Boulevard Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 6530 Kissena Boulevard Flushing, New York 11367, United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 6530 Kissena Boulevard Flushing, New York 11367, United States
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36
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Cashen C, Evans RC, Nilsson ZN, Sambur JB. Local Substrate Heterogeneity Influences Electrochemical Activity of TEM Grid-Supported Battery Particles. Front Chem 2021; 9:651248. [PMID: 33816440 PMCID: PMC8017160 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.651248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how particle size and morphology influence ion insertion dynamics is critical for a wide range of electrochemical applications including energy storage and electrochromic smart windows. One strategy to reveal such structure–property relationships is to perform ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of nanoparticles that have been cycled on TEM grid electrodes. One drawback of this approach is that images of some particles are correlated with the electrochemical response of the entire TEM grid electrode. The lack of one-to-one electrochemical-to-structural information complicates interpretation of genuine structure/property relationships. Developing high-throughput ex situ single particle-level analytical techniques that effectively link electrochemical behavior with structural properties could accelerate the discovery of critical structure-property relationships. Here, using Li-ion insertion in WO3 nanorods as a model system, we demonstrate a correlated optically-detected electrochemistry and TEM technique that measures electrochemical behavior of via many particles simultaneously without having to make electrical contacts to single particles on the TEM grid. This correlated optical-TEM approach can link particle structure with electrochemical behavior at the single particle-level. Our measurements revealed significant electrochemical activity heterogeneity among particles. Single particle activity correlated with distinct local mechanical or electrical properties of the amorphous carbon film of the TEM grid, leading to active and inactive particles. The results are significant for correlated electrochemical/TEM imaging studies that aim to reveal structure-property relationships using single particle-level imaging and ensemble-level electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cashen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - R Colby Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zach N Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Justin B Sambur
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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37
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Liu H, Yang F, Guo J, Xiang M, Bai H, Wang R, Su C. Facile combustion synthesis of amorphous Al 2O 3-coated LiMn 2O 4 cathode materials for high-performance Li-ion batteries. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The unique Al2O3-coating layer can suppress the Mn dissolution and resist HF corrosion, hence stabilizing the crystal structure of spinel LiMn2O4 cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
| | - Fangli Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
| | - Junming Guo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
| | - Mingwu Xiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
| | - Hongli Bai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
| | - Rui Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
| | - Changwei Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province
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38
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Daviddi E, Shkirskiy V, Kirkman PM, Robin MP, Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Nanoscale electrochemistry in a copper/aqueous/oil three-phase system: surface structure-activity-corrosion potential relationships. Chem Sci 2020; 12:3055-3069. [PMID: 34164075 PMCID: PMC8179364 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Practically important metal electrodes are usually polycrystalline, comprising surface grains of many different crystallographic orientations, as well as grain boundaries. In this study, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is applied in tandem with co-located electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to give a holistic view of the relationship between the surface structure and the electrochemical activity and corrosion susceptibility of polycrystalline Cu. An unusual aqueous nanodroplet/oil (dodecane)/metal three-phase configuration is employed, which opens up new prospects for fundamental studies of multiphase electrochemical systems, and mimics the environment of corrosion in certain industrial and automotive applications. In this configuration, the nanodroplet formed at the end of the SECCM probe (nanopipette) is surrounded by dodecane, which acts as a reservoir for oil-soluble species (e.g., O2) and can give rise to enhanced flux(es) across the immiscible liquid–liquid interface, as shown by finite element method (FEM) simulations. This unique three-phase configuration is used to fingerprint nanoscale corrosion in a nanodroplet cell, and to analyse the interrelationship between the Cu oxidation, Cu2+ deposition and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) processes, together with nanoscale open circuit (corrosion) potential, in a grain-by-grain manner. Complex patterns of surface reactivity highlight the important role of grains of high-index orientation and microscopic surface defects (e.g., microscratches) in modulating the corrosion-properties of polycrystalline Cu. This work provides a roadmap for in-depth surface structure–function studies in (electro)materials science and highlights how small variations in surface structure (e.g., crystallographic orientation) can give rise to large differences in nanoscale reactivity. Probing Cu corrosion in an aqueous nanodroplet/oil/metal three-phase environment revealed unique patterns of surface reactivity. The electrochemistry of high-index facets cannot be predicted simply from the low-index {001}, {011} and {111} responses.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | | | | | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK .,School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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39
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Liu H, Li M, Xiang M, Guo J, Bai H, Bai W, Liu X. Effects of crystal structure and plane orientation on lithium and nickel co-doped spinel lithium manganese oxide for long cycle life lithium-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 585:729-739. [PMID: 33121760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various Li-rich spinel Li1+xNi0.05Mn1.95-xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) cathode materials with a truncated octahedron were synthesized by a solution combustion method. The relationship of crystalline structure, particles morphology and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared samples was investigated via a series of physicochemical characterizations. The Li-Ni co-doping changes the lattice parameters and atomic configuration, whilst resulting in a contraction of unit cell dimension and giving rise to a variation of bond length. In this regard, the shrinkage of octahedral MnO6 provides a robust structure and the expansion of tetrahedral LiO4 facilitates a fast electrochemical process. Additionally, the resulted polyhedral Li1+xNi0.05Mn1.95-xO4 samples present the exposed (110), (100), and (111) crystal planes, which provide the favorable Li+ ions diffusion/transmission channel and alleviate Mn dissolution. Owing to these merits of polyhedral structure and Li-Ni co-doping, the optimized Li1.02Ni0.05Mn1.93O4 exhibits good electrochemical performance with high initial discharge capacity of 119.8, 107.1 and 97.9 mAh·g-1 at 1, 5 and 10 C, respectively. Even at a high current rate of 15 C, an excellent capacity retention of 91.7% is obtained after 1000 cycles, whilst the high temperature performance was also improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Meng Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Mingwu Xiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Junming Guo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Hongli Bai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Bai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Green-chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
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40
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Xu C, Li J, Feng X, Zhao J, Tang C, Ji B, Hu J, Cao C, Zhu Y, Butt FK. The improved performance of spinel LiMn2O4 cathode with micro-nanostructured sphere-interconnected-tube morphology and surface orientation at extreme conditions for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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41
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Bentley CL, Agoston R, Tao B, Walker M, Xu X, O'Mullane AP, Unwin PR. Correlating the Local Electrocatalytic Activity of Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Thin Films with Microscopic Composition, Structure, and Porosity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44307-44316. [PMID: 32880446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film electrodes, produced by coating a conductive support with a thin layer (nanometer to micrometer) of active material, retain the unique properties of nanomaterials (e.g., activity, surface area, conductivity, etc.) while being economically scalable, making them highly desirable as electrocatalysts. Despite the ever-increasing methods of thin-film deposition (e.g., wet chemical synthesis, electrodeposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc.), there is insufficient understanding on the nanoscale electrochemical activity of these materials in relation to structure/composition, particularly for those that lack long-range order (i.e., amorphous thin-film materials). In this work, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is deployed in tandem with complementary, colocated compositional/structural analysis to understand the microscopic factors governing the electrochemical activity of amorphous molybdenum sulfide (a-MoSx) thin films, a promising class of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. The a-MoSx thin films, produced under ambient conditions by electrodeposition, possess spatially heterogeneous electrocatalytic activity on the tens-of-micrometer scale, which is not attributable to microscopic variations in elemental composition or chemical structure (i.e., Mo and/or S bonding environments), shown through colocated, local energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. A new SECCM protocol is implemented to directly correlate electrochemical activity to the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) in a single measurement, revealing that the spatially heterogeneous HER response of a-MoSx is predominantly attributable to variations in the nanoscale porosity of the thin film, with surface roughness ruled out as a major contributing factor by complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM). As microscopic composition, structure, and porosity (ECSA) are all critical factors dictating the functional properties of nanostructured materials in electrocatalysis and beyond (e.g., battery materials, electrochemical sensors, etc.), this work further cements SECCM as a premier tool for structure-function studies in (electro)materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Roland Agoston
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Binglin Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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42
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Bentley CL, Kang M, Unwin PR. Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (SECCM) in Aprotic Solvents: Practical Considerations and Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11673-11680. [PMID: 32521997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many applications in modern electrochemistry, notably electrosynthesis and energy storage/conversion take advantage of the "tunable" physicochemical properties (e.g., proton availability and/or electrochemical stability) of nonaqueous (e.g., aprotic) electrolyte media. This work develops general guidelines pertaining to the use of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) in aprotic solvent electrolyte media to address contemporary structure-electrochemical activity problems. Using the simple outer-sphere Fc0/+ process (Fc = ferrocene) as a model system, high boiling point (low vapor pressure) solvents give rise to highly robust and reproducible electrochemistry, whereas volatile (low boiling point) solvents need to be mixed with suitable low melting point supporting electrolytes (e.g., ionic liquids) or high boiling point solvents to avoid complications associated with salt precipitation/crystallization on the scanning (minutes to hours) time scale. When applied to perform microfabrication-specifically the electrosynthesis of the conductive polymer, polypyrrole-the optimized SECCM set up produces highly reproducible arrays of synthesized (electrodeposited) material on a commensurate scale to the employed pipet probe. Applying SECCM to map electrocatalytic activity-specifically the electro-oxidation of iodide at polycrystalline platinum-reveals unique (i.e., structure-dependent) patterns of surface activity, with grains of specific crystallographic orientation, grain boundaries and areas of high local surface misorientation identified as potential electrocatalytic "hot spots". The work herein further cements SECCM as a premier technique for structure-function-activity studies in (electro)materials science and will open up exciting new possibilities through the use of aprotic solvents for rational analysis/design in electrosynthesis, microfabrication, electrochemical energy storage/conversion, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Wei W, Yuan T, Jiang W, Gao J, Chen HY, Wang W. Accessing the Electrochemical Activity of Single Nanoparticles by Eliminating the Heterogeneous Electrical Contacts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14307-14313. [PMID: 32787250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While single nanoparticle electrochemistry holds great promise for establishing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of electroactive nanomaterials, as it removes the heterogeneity among individuals, successful SAR studies remain rare. When one nanoparticle is seen to exhibit better performance than the others, it is often simply attributed to better activity of the particular individual. By taking the ion insertion reaction of Prussian blue nanoparticles as an example, here we show that the electrical contact between nanoparticles and electrode, a previously overlooked factor, was greatly distinct from one nanoparticle to another and significantly contributed to the apparent heterogeneity in the reactivity and cyclability. An individual nanoparticle with intrinsically perfect structure (size, facet, crystallinity, and so on) could be completely inactive, simply due to poor electrical contacts, which blurred the SAR and likely caused failures. We further proposed a sputter-coating method to enhance the electrical contacts by depositing an ultrathin platinum layer onto the sample. Such an approach was routinely adopted in scanning electron microscopy to improve the electron mobility between nanoparticles and substrate. Elimination of heterogeneous contacts ensured that the electrochemical activity of single nanoparticles can be accessed and further correlated with their structural features, thus paving the way for single nanoparticle electrochemistry to deliver on its promises in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tinglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Takahashi Y, Yamashita T, Takamatsu D, Kumatani A, Fukuma T. Nanoscale kinetic imaging of lithium ion secondary battery materials using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9324-9327. [PMID: 32671368 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To visualize the electrochemical reactivity and obtain the diffusion coefficient of the anode of lithium-ion batteries, we used scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) in a glovebox. SECCM provided the facet-dependent diffusion coefficient on a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin-film electrode and detected the metastable crystal phase of LixFePO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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45
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Numerical simulations of cyclic voltammetry for lithium-ion intercalation in nanosized systems: finiteness of diffusion versus electrode kinetics. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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47
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Lemineur JF, Noël JM, Courty A, Ausserré D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. In Situ Optical Monitoring of the Electrochemical Conversion of Dielectric Nanoparticles: From Multistep Charge Injection to Nanoparticle Motion. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7937-7946. [PMID: 32223242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By shortening solid-state diffusion times, the nanoscale size reduction of dielectric materials-such as ionic crystals-has fueled synthetic efforts toward their use as nanoparticles, NPs, in electrochemical storage and conversion cells. Meanwhile, there is a lack of strategies able to image the dynamics of such conversion, operando and at the single NP level. It is achieved here by optical microscopy for a model dielectric ionic nanocrystal, a silver halide NP. Rather than the classical core-shrinking mechanism often used to rationalize the complete electrochemical conversion and charge storage in NPs, an alternative mechanism is proposed here. Owing to its poor conductivity, the NP conversion proceeds to completion through the formation of multiple inclusions. The superlocalization of NP during such heterogeneous multiple-step conversion suggests the local release of ions, which propels the NP toward reacting sites enabling its full conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemineur
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, MONARIS, CNRS-UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexa Courty
- Sorbonne Université, MONARIS, CNRS-UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Ausserré
- Université du Maine, Institut des Matériaux et Molécules du Mans, CNRS-UMR 6283, Avenue O. Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
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Ying YL, Wang J, Leach AR, Jiang Y, Gao R, Xu C, Edwards MA, Pendergast AD, Ren H, Weatherly CKT, Wang W, Actis P, Mao L, White HS, Long YT. Single-entity electrochemistry at confined sensing interfaces. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Tarnev T, Cychy S, Andronescu C, Muhler M, Schuhmann W, Chen Y. A Universal Nano-capillary Based Method of Catalyst Immobilization for Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5586-5590. [PMID: 31960548 PMCID: PMC7155139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A universal nano-capillary based method for sample deposition on the silicon nitride membrane of liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) chips is demonstrated. It is applicable to all substances which can be dispersed in a solvent and are suitable for drop casting, including catalysts, biological samples, and polymers. Most importantly, this method overcomes limitations concerning sample immobilization due to the fragility of the ultra-thin silicon nitride membrane required for electron transmission. Thus, a straightforward way is presented to widen the research area of LCTEM to encompass any sample which can be externally deposited beforehand. Using this method, Nix B nanoparticles are deposited on the μm-scale working electrode of the LCTEM chip and in situ observation of single catalyst particles during ethanol oxidation is for the first time successfully monitored by means of TEM movies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Faculty for Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Steffen Cychy
- Industrial ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology IIIFaculty of Chemistry and CENIDECenter for NanointegrationUniversity Duisburg EssenCarl-Benz-Strasse 19947057DuisburgGermany
| | - Martin Muhler
- Industrial ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Faculty for Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Yen‐Ting Chen
- Center for Solvation Science (ZEMOS)Ruhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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