1
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Yan W, Carter S, Hsieh CT, Krause JA, Cheng MJ, Zhang S, Liu W. Copper-Carbon Homolysis Competes with Reductive Elimination in Well-Defined Copper(III) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26152-26159. [PMID: 37992224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent advancements of Cu catalysis for the cross-coupling of alkyl electrophiles and the frequently proposed involvement of alkyl-Cu(III) complexes in such reactions, little is known about the reactivity of these high-valent complexes. Specifically, although the reversible interconversion between an alkyl-CuIII complex and an alkyl radical/CuII pair has been frequently proposed in Cu catalysis, direct observation of such steps in well-defined CuIII complexes remains elusive. In this study, we report the synthesis and investigation of alkyl-CuIII complexes, which exclusively undergo a Cu-C homolysis pathway to generate alkyl radicals and CuII species. Kinetic studies suggest a bond dissociation energy of 28.6 kcal/mol for the CuIII-C bonds. Moreover, these four-coordinate complexes could be converted to a solvated alkyl-CuIII-(CF3)2, which undergoes highly efficient C-CF3 bond-forming reductive elimination even at low temperatures (-4 °C). These results provide strong support for the reversible recombination of alkyl radicals with CuII to form alkyl-CuIII species, an elusive step that has been proposed in Cu-catalyzed mechanisms. Furthermore, our work has demonstrated that the reactivity of CuIII complexes could be significantly influenced by subtle changes in the coordination environment. Lastly, the observation of the highly reactive neutral alkyl-CuIII-(CF3)2 species (or with weakly bound solvent molecules) suggests they might be the true intermediates in many Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Samantha Carter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chi-Tien Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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2
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Jiang X, Song Y, Peng J, Zhong Z, Chen L, Zeng X. Oxidant- and Base-Free, Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Haloalkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:8127-8132. [PMID: 37922337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a highly efficient copper-catalyzed protocol for the transformation of haloalkynes to the corresponding difluoromethylated alkynes. This scalable protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, enabling the late-stage difluoromethylation of bioactive molecules. Additionally, the strategy of utilizing the difluoromethylalkynes in gram-scale reactions and multiple transformations has proven to be highly valuable in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujuan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanshan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Zhiying Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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3
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Gao Q, Luo L, Chen C, Wen K, Zhu Z, Tang X. Transition-Metal-Free Base-Promoted Deaminative Coupling of Gramines with Aminomaleimides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13303-13314. [PMID: 37668535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The direct utilization of amines for C-C bond formation without prefunctionalization remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report the base-promoted deaminative coupling of gramines with aminomalaimides under redox-neutral conditions. In this operationally simple reaction, a series of indolmethyl-substituted aminomaleimides that emitted fluorescence were synthesized in good-to-excellent yields. Biological evaluation revealed that some products exhibited antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liuting Luo
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 13# Shiliugang Road, Haizhu district, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kangmei Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 13# Shiliugang Road, Haizhu district, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
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4
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Zhao H, Gu Y, Shen Q. [(SIPr)Ag(CF 2 H)]: A Shelf-Stable, Versatile Difluoromethylation Reagent. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300124. [PMID: 37194962 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique physical and electrophilic properties, the difluoromethyl group (-CF2 H) has been playing an irreplaceable role in the field of pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. Methods that could efficiently incorporate the difluoromethyl group into the target molecules are increasing in the recent years. Developing a stable and efficient difluoromethylating reagent is thus highly attractive. In this review, we describe the development of a nucleophilic difluoromethylation reagent [(SIPr)Ag(CF2 H)], including its elemental reaction, difluoromethylation reaction with different types of electrophiles, and its application in the synthesis of a nucleophilic and an electrophilic difluoromethylthiolating reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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5
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Huang Y, Liu Z, Liu WH. Deaminative Addition of Alkylpyridinium Salt to Aldehyde. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37364276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that a primary amine can engage in the nucleophilic addition to an aldehyde to synthesize an alcohol following preactivation of the amine. The enabling reagent for this radical-polar crossover process is CrCl2. This reaction is selective for aldehydes and compatible with numerous functional groups, which are not tolerated under classical Grignard-type conditions. Complementary to the well-established imine synthesis, this deaminative alcohol synthesis can broadly expand the chemical space constructed by aldehydes and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengqiang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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6
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Li Y, Handunneththige S, Xiong J, Guo Y, Talipov MR, Wang D. Direct Activation of the C(sp 3)-NH 2 Bond of Primary Aliphatic Alkylamines by a High-Valent Co III,IV2(μ-O) 2 Diamond Core Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2690-2697. [PMID: 36689463 PMCID: PMC9976198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic alkylamines are abundant feedstock and versatile building blocks for many organic transformations. While remarkable progress has been made to construct C-N bonds on aliphatic and aromatic carbon centers, the activation and functionalization of C(sp3)-NH2 bonds in primary alkylamines remain a challenging process. In the present work, we discovered an unprecedented method to directly activate the C(sp3)-NH2 bond of primary alkylamines by a high-valent dinuclear CoIII,IV2(μ-O)2 diamond core complex. This reaction results in the installation of other functional groups such as halides and alkenes onto the α-carbon center concomitant with the 2-e- oxidation of the nitrogen atom on the amino group to form NH2OH. These results shed light on future development enabling versatile functionalization of primary alkylamines based on the dinuclear cobalt system. Moreover, our work suggests that a related high-valent copper-oxo intermediate is likely generated in the ammonia monooxygenase catalytic cycle to affect the oxidation of NH3 to NH2OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana; Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Suhashini Handunneththige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University; Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Jin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States,Corresponding Author:; ;
| | - Marat R. Talipov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University; Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States,Corresponding Author:; ;
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana; Missoula, MT 59812, United States,Corresponding Author:; ;
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7
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Su J, Li C, Hu X, Guo Y, Song Q. Deaminative Arylation and Alkenyaltion of Aliphatic Tertiary Amines with Aryl and Alkenylboronic Acids via Nitrogen Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212740. [PMID: 36314477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling has significantly advanced C-C bond formation and has been well recognized in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields. In this rapid development, cross coupling without transition metal catalyst is a big challenge in this field, and using widely existing tertiary amines as electrophiles to directly couple with boronic acids has great hurdles yet significant application prospects. Herein, we report an efficient and general deaminative arylation and alkenylation of tertiary amines (propargyl amines, allyl amines and 1H-indol-3-yl methane amines) with ary and alkenylboronic acids enabled by difluorocarbene under transition-metal-free conditions. Preliminary mechanism experiments suggest that in situ formed difluoromethyl quaternary amine salt, nitrogen ylide and tetracoordinate boron species are the key intermediates, the subsequent 1,2-metallate shift and protodeboronation complete the new coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Su
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Chengbo Li
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Xinyuan Hu
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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8
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Li Q, Shi Y. Iron-mediated ligand-to-metal charge transfer enables 1,2-diazidation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7880. [PMID: 36564406 PMCID: PMC9789131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the widespread significance of vicinal diamine units in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals and functional materials, as well as in privileged molecular catalysts, an efficient and practical strategy that avoids the use of stoichiometric strong oxidants is highly desirable. We herein report the application of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation to 1,2-diazidation reactions from alkenes and TMSN3 via a coordination-LMCT-homolysis process with more abundant and greener iron salt as the catalyst. Such a LMCT-homolysis mode allows the generation of electrophilic azidyl radical intermediate from Fe-N3 complexes poised for subsequent radical addition into carbon-carbon double bond. The generated carbon radical intermediate is further captured by iron-mediated azidyl radical transfer, enabling dual carbon-nitrogen bond formation. This protocol provides a versatile platform to access structurally diverse diazides with high functional group compatibility from readily available alkenes without the need of chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Zhang
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China ,grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China ,grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyao Li
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yumeng Shi
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Zhang FX, Lin JH, Xiao JC. Difluoromethylsulfonyl Imidazolium Salt for Difluoromethylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:7611-7616. [PMID: 36201292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a difluoromethylsulfonyl imidazolium salt, which can act as a radical difluoromethylation reagent to achieve the challenging amino- and oxy-difluoromethylation of alkenes. Notably, the three steps for the synthesis of the imidazolium salt do not require any tedious distillation or column chromatography purification process, and the amino- and oxy-difluoromethylation paths are simply determined by the selection of reaction solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
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10
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Zhao H, Leng XB, Zhang W, Shen Q. [Ph
4
P]
+
[Cu(CF
2
H)
2
]
−
: A Powerful Difluoromethylating Reagent Inspired by Mechanistic Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210151. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xuebing B. Leng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Boulevard Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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11
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Zhao H, Leng X, Zhang W, Shen Q. [Ph4P]+[Cu(CF2H)2]‐: A Powerful Difluoromethylating Reagent Inspired by Mechanistic Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- SIOC: Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xuebing Leng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Massachusetts Boston Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Qilong Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemsitry 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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12
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Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site-Selective Pyridylic C-H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204217. [PMID: 35481719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient pyridylic C(sp3 )-H functionalization has been developed through photocatalytic radical-mediated fluoroalkylation or cascade reactions. This method is enabled by the reversible formation of alkylidene dihydropyridine intermediates via the facile enolate formation of C4-alkyl N-amidopyridinium salts in the absence of an external base, thereby establishing the conditions necessary for subsequent intermolecular radical trapping. Rapid structural diversification of the pyridylic site can be achieved through photocatalytic multicomponent cascade reactions involving alkene trifluoromethylation, SO2 -reincorporation, and sulfonyl radical addition. This operationally simple method features a broad substrate scope and high chemoselectivity and offers a unique approach for the rational modification of the heterobenzylic C-H bonds of pyridines and quinolines with uniform site-selective control. Furthermore, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna You
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Xiang J, Patureau FW. Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of Chloro‐ and Fluoroalkanes with Methylarenes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Xiang Xiang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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14
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Openy J, Amrahova G, Chang JY, Noisier A, Hart P'. Solid-Phase Peptide Modification via Deaminative Photochemical Csp 3 -Csp 3 Bond Formation Using Katritzky Salts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201121. [PMID: 35438838 PMCID: PMC9401037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of unnatural amino acids can significantly improve the binding affinity and stability of peptides. Commercial availability of such amino acids is limited, and their synthesis is a long and tedious process. We here describe a method that allows the functionalization of peptides directly on solid-support by converting lysine residues to Katritzky salts, and subjecting them to a photochemical Giese reaction under mild reaction conditions. The method avoids the need for amino acid synthesis and instead offers a late-stage modification route for rapid peptide diversification. While numerous modification approaches at the lysine amine have been described, this work provides the first example of deaminative functionalization of peptides at lysine. The two-step protocol is compatible with various substrates, lysine analogues, resins, and all proteinogenic amino acids. Finally, by leveraging solid-phase modification, this protocol facilitates the functionalization of longer peptides as was demonstrated using biologically relevant peptides of up to 15 amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Openy
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gulshan Amrahova
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jen-Yao Chang
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anaïs Noisier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter 't Hart
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Gao Y, Jiang S, Mao ND, Xiang H, Duan JL, Ye XY, Wang LW, Ye Y, Xie T. Recent Progress in Fragmentation of Katritzky Salts Enabling Formation of C-C, C-B, and C-S Bonds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:25. [PMID: 35585362 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1970s, Katritzky salts have emerged as one of the most important classes of building blocks for use in organic synthesis and drug discovery. These bulky pyridinium salts derived from alkylamine can readily generate alkyl radical and undergo a variety of organic transformation reactions such as alkylation, arylation, alkenylation, alkynylation, carbonylation, sulfonylation, and borylation. Through these transformations, complexed molecules bearing new C-C, C-B, or C-S bonds can be constructed in easy ways and in simple steps. This review aims to summarize recent advances in these versatile building blocks in well-classified categories. Representative examples and their reaction mechanisms are discussed. The hope is to provide the scientific community with convenient access to collective information and accelerate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Songwei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nian-Dong Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site‐Selective Pyridylic C–H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Euna You
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Jieun Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAIST Department of Chemistry Yusung Gu (KAIST) 34141 Daejeon KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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17
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Diao Z, Feng Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Li H, Ding C, Zhou Z, Li X. Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Halides with 2‐Chloro‐1,1‐difluoroethane: Facile Access to 2,2‐Difluoroethylated Aromatics. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhen Diao
- Shandong University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yu Feng
- Shandong University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jida Zhang
- Shandong University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xin Wang
- Dongyue Fluorosilicone Technology State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials CHINA
| | - Hansheng Li
- Dongyue Fluorosilicone Technology State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials CHINA
| | - Chen Ding
- Dongyue Fluorosilicone Technology State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials CHINA
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Shandong University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xinjin Li
- Shandong University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 266 West Xincun Road 255000 Zibo CHINA
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18
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Sun SZ, Cai YM, Zhang DL, Wang JB, Yao HQ, Rui XY, Martin R, Shang M. Enantioselective Deaminative Alkylation of Amino Acid Derivatives with Unactivated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1130-1137. [PMID: 35029378 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first Ni-catalyzed enantioselective deaminative alkylation of amino acid and peptide derivatives with unactivated olefins. Key for success was the discovery of a new sterically encumbered bis(oxazoline) ligand backbone, thus offering a de novo technology for accessing enantioenriched sp3-sp3 linkages via sp3 C-N functionalization. Our protocol is distinguished by its broad scope and generality across a wide number of counterparts, even in the context of late-stage functionalization. In addition, an enantioselective deaminative remote hydroalkylation reaction of unactivated internal olefins is within reach, thus providing a useful entry point for forging enantioenriched sp3-sp3 centers at remote sp3 C-H sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zheng Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yue-Ming Cai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - De-Liang Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Bao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Qing Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Yan Rui
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ming Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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19
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Tao M, Wang A, Guo P, Li W, Zhao L, Tong J, Wang H, Yu Y, He C. Visible‐Light‐Induced Regioselective Deaminative Alkylation of Coumarins via Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maoling Tao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - An‐Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - Weipiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tong
- School of Medicine Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06510 United States
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
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20
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Shi L, An D, Mei GJ. Difluoromethylation of Heterocycles via a Radical Process. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00762b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Difluoromethylation is of prime importance for its applicability in functionalizing diverse fluorine-containing heterocycles, which are core moieties of various biologically and pharmacologically active ingredients. Due to their significant biological and...
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21
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Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon-Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27070-27077. [PMID: 34652873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The engagement of unactivated alkyl halides in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been historically challenging, due to their low reduction potential and the slow oxidative addition of copper(I) catalysts. In this work, we report a novel strategy that leverages the halogen abstraction ability of aryl radicals, thereby engaging a diverse range of alkyl iodides in copper-catalyzed Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Specifically, aryl radicals generated via copper catalysis efficiently initiate the cleavage of the carbon-iodide bonds of alkyl iodides. The alkyl radicals thus generated enter the copper catalytic cycles to couple with a difluoromethyl zinc reagent, thus furnishing the alkyl difluoromethane products. This unprecedented Negishi-type difluoromethylation approach has been applied to the late-stage modification of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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22
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Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper‐Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon–Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
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23
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Saranya PV, Aneeja T, Anilkumar G. Palladium‐catalyzed difluoromethylation and difluoroalkylation reactions: An overview. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Zhang X, Qi D, Jiao C, Liu X, Zhang G. Nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts enabled by NN 2 pincer ligand. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4904. [PMID: 34385455 PMCID: PMC8361081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkynes are amongst the most valuable functional groups in organic chemistry and widely used in chemical biology, pharmacy, and materials science. However, the preparation of alkyl-substituted alkynes still remains elusive. Here, we show a nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts. Key to the success of this coupling is the development of an easily accessible and bench-stable amide-type pincer ligand. This ligand allows naturally abundant alkyl amines as alkylating agents in Sonogashira reactions, and produces diverse alkynes in excellent yields under mild conditions. Salient merits of this chemistry include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, one-pot transformation, versatile late-stage derivatizations as well as the use of inexpensive pre-catalyst and readily available substrates. The high efficiency and strong practicability bode well for the widespread applications of this strategy in constructing functional molecules, materials, and fine chemicals. Alkynes are amongst the most valuable functional groups in organic chemistry, however, the preparation of alkyl-substituted alkynes still remains elusive. Here the authors show a nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Di Qi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaopan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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25
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Britton R, Gouverneur V, Lin JH, Meanwell M, Ni C, Pupo G, Xiao JC, Hu J. Contemporary synthetic strategies in organofluorine chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Cai A, Yan W, Liu W. Aryl Radical Activation of C-O Bonds: Copper-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Difluoromethylation of Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9952-9960. [PMID: 34180233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Given their ubiquity in natural products and pharmaceuticals, alcohols represent one of the most attractive starting materials for the construction of C-C bonds. We report herein the first catalytic strategy to harness the reactivity of aryl radicals for the activation of C-O bonds in alcohol-derived xanthate esters, allowing for the discovery of the first catalytic deoxygenative difluoromethylation reaction. Under copper-catalyzed conditions, a wide variety of alkyl xanthate esters, readily synthesized from alcohol feedstocks, were activated by catalytically generated aryl radicals and were converted to the alkyl-difluoromethane products via alkyl radical intermediates. This scalable protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, enabling late-stage modification of complex pharmaceutical agents. A one-pot protocol has been developed that allows for the direct use of free alcohols without purification of the xanthate esters. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the hypothesis of aryl radicals being formed and initiating the cleavage of the C-O bonds of xanthate esters, to generate alkyl radicals as the key intermediates. This aryl radical activation approach represents a new strategy for the activation of alcohols as cross-coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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27
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Cai A, Yan W, Zeng X, Zacate SB, Chao TH, Krause JA, Cheng MJ, Liu W. Copper-catalyzed carbo-difluoromethylation of alkenes via radical relay. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3272. [PMID: 34075051 PMCID: PMC8169770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic molecules that contain alkyl-difluoromethyl moieties have received increased attention in medicinal chemistry, but their synthesis in a modular and late-stage fashion remains challenging. We report herein an efficient copper-catalyzed radical relay approach for the carbo-difluoromethylation of alkenes. This approach simultaneously introduces CF2H groups along with complex alkyl or aryl groups into alkenes with regioselectivity opposite to traditional CF2H radical addition. We demonstrate a broad substrate scope and a wide functional group compatibility. This scalable protocol is applied to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules and the synthesis of CF2H analogues of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations suggest a unique ligand effect on the reactivity of the Cu-CF2H species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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28
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Peng L, Wang H, Guo C. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Difluoromethylation of Amino Acids via Difluorocarbene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6376-6381. [PMID: 33900748 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Difluoromethyl amino acids (DFAA) exhibit intriguing biological properties, making them highly desirable motifs in agrochemical and pharmaceutical science. However, stereochemical control of direct difluoromethyl transformation via the difluorocarbene species has not been demonstrated. Here we describe an efficient copper-catalyzed asymmetric difluoromethylation reaction that systematically delivers chiral DFAA as rationally designed mechanism-based inhibitors of PLP-dependent amino acid decarboxylases. The reaction employs difluoromonochloromethane, an abundant raw material, as the direct precursor of difluorocarbene species, enabling the unprecedentedly direct conversion of amino esters into corresponding valuable DFAA products in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. This de novo synthesis creates opportunities to integrate an asymmetric catalytic platform for the preparation of diverse libraries of biologically important DFAA derivatives and will support efforts in both drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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29
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Carvalho DR, Christian AH. Modern approaches towards the synthesis of geminal difluoroalkyl groups. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:947-964. [PMID: 33406177 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02374d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review will cover the importance of and most recent approaches toward geminal difluoroalkyl groups. Transition metal-mediated, photochemical, organocatalytic, and other methods as well as their mechanistic implications will be discussed, with special emphasis on applications to biologically-relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne R Carvalho
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Alec H Christian
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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30
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Zhao H, Lu C, Herbert S, Zhang W, Shen Q. Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Bromides and Iodides with TMSCF 2H. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2854-2865. [PMID: 33464896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe, for the first time, two protocols for direct difluoromethylation of unactivated alkyl bromides and iodides. Reactions of alkyl iodides with TMSCF2H were mediated by a copper catalyst using CsF as the activator, while reactions of less reactive alkyl bromides required a combination of palladium and a stoichiometric amount of CuI as the catalysts. Preliminary mechanistic studies of the synergistic Pd/Cu-catalyzed difluoromethylation of alkyl bromides suggest that it proceeds likely via a Pd(I)/Pd(III) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Changhui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Simon Herbert
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 178 Müllerstraße, Berlin 13342, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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31
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32
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Berger KJ, Levin MD. Reframing primary alkyl amines as aliphatic building blocks. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:11-36. [PMID: 33078799 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While primary aliphatic amines are ubiquitous in natural products, they are traditionally considered inert to substitution chemistry. This review highlights historical and recent advances in the field of aliphatic deamination chemistry which demonstrate these moieties can be harnessed as valuable C(sp3) synthons. Cross-coupling and photocatalyzed transformations proceeding through polar and radical mechanisms are compared with oxidative deamination and other transition metal catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Berger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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33
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Sap JBI, Meyer CF, Straathof NJW, Iwumene N, am Ende CW, Trabanco AA, Gouverneur V. Late-stage difluoromethylation: concepts, developments and perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8214-8247. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the conceptual advances that have led to the multiple difluoromethylation processes making use of well-defined CF2H sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen B. I. Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Claudio F. Meyer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Natan J. W. Straathof
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Ndidi Iwumene
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Inc
- Medicine Design, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and 1 Portland Street
- Cambridge
- USA
| | | | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
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