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Koyande AK, Show PL, Guo R, Tang B, Ogino C, Chang JS. Bio-processing of algal bio-refinery: a review on current advances and future perspectives. Bioengineered 2019; 10:574-592. [PMID: 31668124 PMCID: PMC6844430 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1679697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae biomass contains various useful bio-active components. Microalgae derived biodiesel has been researched for almost two decades. However, sole biodiesel extraction from microalgae is time-consuming and is not economically feasible due to competitive fossil fuel prices. Microalgae also contains proteins and carbohydrates in abundance. Microalgae are likewise utilized to extract high-value products such as pigments, anti-oxidants and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which are useful in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry. These compounds can be extracted simultaneously or sequentially after biodiesel extraction to reduce the total expenditure involved in the process. This approach of bio-refinery is necessary to promote microalgae in the commercial market. Researchers have been keen on utilizing the bio-refinery approach to exploit the valuable components encased by microalgae. Apart from all the beneficial components housed by microalgae, they also help in reducing the anthropogenic CO2 levels of the atmosphere while utilizing saline or wastewater. These benefits enable microalgae as a potential source for bio-refinery approach. Although life-cycle analysis and economic assessment do not favor the use of microalgae biomass feedstock to produce biofuel and co-products with the existing techniques, this review still aims to highlight the beneficial components of microalgae and their importance to humans. In addition, this article also focuses on current and future aspects of improving the feasibility of bio-processing for microalgae bio-refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurav Krishna Koyande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bencan Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Saini JK, Gupta R, Hemansi, Verma A, Gaur P, Saini R, Shukla R, Kuhad RC. Integrated Lignocellulosic Biorefinery for Sustainable Bio-Based Economy. BIOFUEL AND BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94797-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Abdurakhman YB, Putra ZA, Bilad MR, Nordin NAH, Wirzal MDH, Muraza O. Producing Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil with Catalytic Membrane Reactor: Process Design and Sensitivity Analysis. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Price J, Nordblad M, Martel HH, Chrabas B, Wang H, Nielsen PM, Woodley JM. Scale-up of industrial biodiesel production to 40 m(3) using a liquid lipase formulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1719-28. [PMID: 26806356 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the scale-up from an 80 L fed-batch scale to 40 m(3) along with the design of a 4 m(3) continuous process for enzymatic biodiesel production catalyzed by NS-40116 (a liquid formulation of a modified Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase). Based on the analysis of actual pilot plant data for the transesterification of used cooking oil and brown grease, we propose a method applying first order integral analysis to fed-batch data based on either the bound glycerol or free fatty acid content in the oil. This method greatly simplifies the modeling process and gives an indication of the effect of mixing at the various scales (80 L to 40 m(3) ) along with the prediction of the residence time needed to reach a desired conversion in a CSTR. Suitable process metrics reflecting commercial performance such as the reaction time, enzyme efficiency, and reactor productivity were evaluated for both the fed-batch and CSTR cases. Given similar operating conditions, the CSTR operation on average, has a reaction time which is 1.3 times greater than the fed-batch operation. We also showed how the process metrics can be used to quickly estimate the selling price of the enzyme. Assuming a biodiesel selling price of 0.6 USD/kg and a one-time use of the enzyme (0.1% (w/woil ) enzyme dosage); the enzyme can then be sold for 30 USD/kg which ensures that that the enzyme cost is not more than 5% of the biodiesel revenue. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1719-1728. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Price
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Nordblad
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Per Munk Nielsen
- Department of Bioenergy Opportunities, Novozymes A/S, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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Process Optimization for Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oil over Montmorillonite Clay K-30. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yang KS, Sung BH, Park MK, Lee JH, Lim KJ, Park SC, Kim SJ, Kim HK, Sohn JH, Kim HM, Kim SC. Recombinant Lipase Engineered with Amphipathic and Coiled-Coil Peptides. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs502079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Seok Yang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Bioenergy
and Biochemical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Myung Keun Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Lee
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Ki Jung Lim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Graduate
School of Medical Sciences and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyung Kwoun Kim
- Department
of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Sohn
- Bioenergy
and Biochemical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate
School of Medical Sciences and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Yang L, Tan X, Li D, Chu H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yu H. Nutrients removal and lipids production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation using anaerobic digested starch wastewater and alcohol wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:54-61. [PMID: 25638404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) using anaerobic digested starch wastewater (ADSW) and alcohol wastewater (AW) was evaluated in this study. Different proportions of mixed wastewater (AW/ADSW=0.176:1, 0.053:1, 0.026:1, v/v) and pure ADSW, AW were used for C. pyrenoidosa cultivation. The different proportions between ADSW and AW significantly influenced biomass growth, lipids production and pollutants removal. The best performance was achieved using mixed wastewater (AW/ADSW=0.053:1, v/v), leading to a maximal total biomass of 3.01±0.15 g/L (dry weight), lipids productivity of 127.71±6.31 mg/L/d and pollutants removal of COD=75.78±3.76%, TN=91.64±4.58% and TP=90.74±4.62%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaobo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Deyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huaqiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment for Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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Zhang SS, Liu H, Fan JF, Yu H. Cultivation of Scenedesmus dimorphus with domestic secondary effluent and energy evaluation for biodiesel production. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:929-936. [PMID: 25253291 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.966769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation in wastewater has gained significant attention as a cost-saving means for algae-based biofuel production. To evaluate the performance of Scenedesmus dimorphus cultivated in a 100-L continuously operated photobioreactor using domestic secondary effluent (DSE), algal growth, nutrients removal and energy evaluation were conducted in four scenarios. Prior to the application of continuous cultivation, S. dimorphus was grown in a batch operated 1.5-L bubble column photobioreactor to test the growth feasibility and lipids accumulation of S. dimorphus in DSE. The highest biomass achieved in DSE was 244 mg L(-1)with lipid content at 26.06%. Simultaneously, 98.72% of total phosphorus (TP) and 98.04% of total nitrogen (TN) in DSE were removed. Then, S. dimorphus were inoculated in the 100-L continuously operated photobioreactor using BG11, unsterilized DSE, N, P-added DSE and UV-sterilized DSE as the medium, respectively. Results showed that the highest biomass gained were 567, 174, 276 and 198 mg L(-1), respectively. TP removal rates in four scenarios were all above 90%. With adjustment to DSE, the overall TN removal rates increased up to 80%. Finally, energy evaluation demonstrated that although the case of BG11 as the medium provided the most energy production, the case using DSE with N and P supplementation was of the highest net energy rate, suggesting that microalgae cultivation for biodiesel production by DSE is of obvious potential and advantage over the synthesis medium like BG11.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zhang
- a Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , People's Republic of China
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Parthiban KS, Perumalsamy M. Nano sized heterogeneous acid catalyst from Ceiba pentandra stalks for production of biodiesel using extracted oil from Ceiba pentandra seeds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13328e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous acid catalyst of nano size was prepared by the method of sulfonation of C. pentandra stalks and used to convert C. pentandra seed oil to biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muthiah Perumalsamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620 015
- India
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Song M, Pei H, Hu W, Zhang S, Ma G, Han L, Ji Y. Identification and characterization of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus SDEC-8 for nutrient removal and biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 162:129-135. [PMID: 24747391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The selection of the right strains is of fundamental important to the success of the algae-based oil industry. From the six newly isolated microalgae strains tested for growth, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles and biodiesel properties, Scenedesmus SDEC-8, with favorable C16:0 fatty acids (73.43%), showed the best combined results. Then, morphological and molecular identification were examined. From the three wastewaters samples, Scenedesmus SDEC-8 showed good ability to yield oil and remove nutrients, which were comparable with other reports. In b artificial wastewater (TN 40 mg L(-1), TP 8 mg L(-1)), Scenedesmus SDEC-8 achieved the highest value of lipid productivity (53.84 mg L(-1) d(-1)), MUFA content (35.35%) and total FAME content (59.57±0.02 mg g(-1) DW), besides higher removal efficiencies of TN (99.18%) and TP (98.86%) helped effluent directly discharge and smaller dilution factor of N, P (3.3 and 9) which was good for lessening water utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Centre on Environmental Science and Technology, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Wenrong Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Centre on Environmental Science and Technology, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guixia Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lin Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
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11
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Pretreatment and kinetics of oil extraction from algae for biodiesel production. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Pyne ME, Moo-Young M, Chung DA, Chou CP. Expansion of the genetic toolkit for metabolic engineering of Clostridium pasteurianum: chromosomal gene disruption of the endogenous CpaAI restriction enzyme. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:163. [PMID: 25431621 PMCID: PMC4245778 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium pasteurianum is one of the most promising biofuel producers within the genus Clostridium owing to its unique metabolic ability to ferment glycerol into butanol. Although an efficient means is available for introducing foreign DNA to C. pasteurianum, major genetic tools, such as gene knockout, knockdown, or genome editing, are lacking, preventing metabolic engineering of C. pasteurianum. RESULTS Here we present a methodology for performing chromosomal gene disruption in C. pasteurianum using the programmable lactococcus Ll.ltrB group II intron. Gene disruption was initially found to be impeded by inefficient electrotransformation of Escherichia coli-C. pasteurianum shuttle vectors, presumably due to host restriction. By assessing the ability of various vector deletion derivatives to electrotransform C. pasteurianum and probing the microorganism's methylome using next-generation sequence data, we identified a new C. pasteurianum Type I restriction-methylation system, CpaAII, with a predicted recognition sequence of 5'-AAGNNNNNCTCC-3' (N = A, C, G, or T). Following rescue of high-level electrotransformation via mutation of the sole CpaAII site within the shuttle vectors, we retargeted the intron to the cpaAIR gene encoding the CpaAI Type II restriction endonuclease (recognition site of 5'-CGCG-3'). Intron insertion was potentially hindered by low retrohoming efficiency, yet this limitation could be overcome by a procedure for enrichment of the intron insertion. The resulting ΔcpaAIR mutant strain was efficiently electrotransformed with M.FnuDII-unmethylated plasmid DNA. CONCLUSIONS The markerless and plasmidless ΔcpaAIR mutant strain of C. pasteurianum developed in this study can serve as a general host strain for future genetic and metabolic manipulation. Further, the associated gene disruption protocol should not only serve as a guide for chromosomal gene inactivation studies involving mobile group II introns, but also prove invaluable for applying metabolic engineering strategies to C. pasteurianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pyne
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Murray Moo-Young
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Duane A Chung
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- />Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
- />Neemo Inc, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - C Perry Chou
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Ji F, Hao R, Liu Y, Li G, Zhou Y, Dong R. Isolation of a novel microalgae strain Desmodesmus sp. and optimization of environmental factors for its biomass production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 148:249-54. [PMID: 24055966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel strain of unicellular green algae was isolated from fresh water samples collected from Yesanpo National Geopark, Laishui County of Hebei Province, China. The morphological and genomic identification of this strain was carried out using 18s rRNA analysis. This novel strain was identified as Desmodesmus sp. named as EJ15-2. Environmental factors for biomass production of Desmodesmus sp. EJ15-2 grown under autotrophic condition (BG11 medium) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A high correlation coefficient (R(2)=0.923, p ≤ 0.01) indicated the adaptability of the second-order equation matched well with the growth condition of this strain. The optimal conditions for a relatively high biomass production (up to 0.758 g/L) were at 30°C, 98 μmol/m(2)/s and 14:10 (L:D), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ji
- College of Engineering/Biomass Engineering Center, China Agricultural University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
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14
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Zhang TY, Yu Y, Wu YH, Hu HY. Inhibitory effects of soluble algae products (SAP) released by Scenedesmus sp. LX1 on its growth and lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:643-648. [PMID: 23982061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble algal products (SAP) accumulated in culture medium via water reuse may affect the growth of microalga during the cultivation. Scenedesmus sp. LX1, a freshwater microalga, was used in this study to investigate the effect of SAP on growth and lipid production of microalga. Under the SAP concentrations of 6.4-25.8 mg L(-1), maximum algal density (K) and maximum growth rate (Rmax) of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 were decreased by 50-80% and 35-70% compared with the control group, respectively. The effect of SAP on lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 was non-significant. According to hydrophilic-hydrophobic and acid-base properties, SAP was fractionized into six fractions. All of the fractions could inhibit the growth of Scenedesmus sp. LX1. Organic bases (HIB, HOB) and hydrophilic acids (HIA) showed the strongest inhibition. HIA could also decrease the lipid content of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 by 59.2%. As the inhibitory effect, SAP should be seriously treated before water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yuan Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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15
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Wu C, Wang W, Yue L, Yang Z, Fu Q, Ye Q. Enhancement effect of ethanol on lipid and fatty acid accumulation and composition of Scenedesmus sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:120-125. [PMID: 23685648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ethanol concentration gradients along with varied cultivation times on lipid and fatty acid accumulation and composition of Scenedesmus sp. were studied. The maximum increment of algal density, lipid productivity, lipid content and fatty acid content were 6.61, 11.75, 1.34 and 3.14 times higher than the control group under 12h photoperiod. Algal light deprivation inhibited ethanol positive effects on algal growth and lipid biomass. The cumulative quantity of C16:0 and C18:0 decreased correspondingly with the increase of ethanol concentrations and cultivation times. Besides, unsaturated fatty acids appeared early in algal cells and increased 57.02% in maximum. However, only 2.27% (14)C was transferred from ethanol to fatty acids. The results indicated that adding proper amount of ethanol in algal culture medium was beneficial to biodiesel feedstock production and biodiesel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Wu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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16
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Yen HW, Hu IC, Chen CY, Ho SH, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Microalgae-based biorefinery--from biofuels to natural products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:166-174. [PMID: 23206809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential for biodiesel production from microalgal lipids and for CO2 mitigation due to photoautotrophic growth of microalgae have recently been recognized. Microalgae biomass also has other valuable components, including carbohydrates, long chain fatty acids, pigments and proteins. The microalgae-based carbohydrates consist mainly of cellulose and starch without lignin; thus they can be ready carbon source for the fermentation industry. Some microalgae can produce long chain fatty acids (such as DHA and EPA) as valuable health food supplements. In addition, microalgal pigments and proteins have considerable potential for many medical applications. This review article presents comprehensive information on the current state of these commercial applications, as well as the utilization and characteristics of the microalgal components, in addition to the key factors and challenges that should be addressed during the production of these materials, and thus provides a useful report that can aid the development of an efficient microalgae-based biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Yen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Nguyen N, Demirel Y. Economic Analysis of Biodiesel and Glycerol Carbonate Production Plant by Glycerolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jsbs.2013.33029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abidin SZ, Haigh KF, Saha B. Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Used Cooking Oil Using Ion-Exchange Resins as Catalysts: An Efficient Pretreatment Method for Biodiesel Feedstock. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3007566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire,
LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural
Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur,
Malaysia
| | - Kathleen F. Haigh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire,
LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Department of Applied
Science,
Faculty of Engineering, Science and the Built Environment, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA,
United Kingdom
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19
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Bhave R, Kuritz T, Powell L, Adcock D. Membrane-based energy efficient dewatering of microalgae in biofuels production and recovery of value added co-products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5599-606. [PMID: 22510094 DOI: 10.1021/es204107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to describe the use of membranes for energy efficient biomass harvesting and dewatering. The dewatering of Nannochloropsis sp. was evaluated with polymeric hollow fiber and tubular inorganic membranes to demonstrate the capabilities of a membrane-based system to achieve microalgal biomass of >150 g/L (dry wt.) and ∼99% volume reduction through dewatering. The particle free filtrate containing the growth media is suitable for recycle and reuse. For cost-effective processing, hollow fiber membranes can be utilized to recover 90-95% media for recycle. Tubular membranes can provide additional media and water recovery to achieve target final concentrations. Based on the operating conditions used in this study and taking into scale-up considerations, an integrated hollow fiber-tubular membrane system can process microalgal biomass with at least 80% lower energy requirement compared to traditional processes. Backpulsing was found to be an effective flux maintenance strategy to minimize flux decline at high biomass concentration. An effective chemical cleaning protocol was developed for regeneration of fouled membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bhave
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.
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20
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Yin-Hu W, Yin Y, Xin L, Hong-Ying H, Zhen-Feng S. Biomass production of a Scenedesmus sp. under phosphorous-starvation cultivation condition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 112:193-8. [PMID: 22424927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based bioenergy has gained extensive attention, but the consumption of non-renewable resource such as phosphorous is inevitable in the production of its feedstock. In this work, the minimal phosphorous consumption for algal biomass production of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 was investigated by monitoring the growth and nutrient uptake under two different cultivation modes: phosphorous-starvation and luxury-nutrient. The results showed that continuous nitrogen and phosphorous feeding in luxury-nutrient mode had no stimulating effect on biomass productivity at the nutrient level in this study, TN: 245 mg L(-1), TP: 5.4 mg L(-1). However, the sustained growth of biomass after the exhaust of phosphate in phosphorous-starvation mode led to significant increase in the biomass yield of phosphorous up to 160 g biomass/g -P, which was nearly six times more than that with nutrient feeding. To minimize phosphorous resource consumption in production of algal biomass, a phosphorous-starvation cultivation mode is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yin-Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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21
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Porphy SJ, Farid MM. Feasibility Study for Production of Biofuel and Chemicals from Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Based on Basic Mass and Energy Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/156824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Algae are believed to be a good source of renewable energy because of their rapid growth rate and their ability to be cultivated in waste waters or waste land. The algae
Nannochloropsis sp. was chosen for this study, where lipids were extracted and transesterified for biodiesel production. The FFA (free fatty acid) content in the lipid was estimated to be 27 wt% of the total fatty acids. The remaining biomass after lipid extraction was pyrolyzed at 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C to produce solid, liquid, and gas products. The GC/MS showed that the lipids of
Nannochloropsis sp. consist of high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (29 wt%), eicosapentaenoic acid. The bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of algae biomass (after lipid extraction) at 300°C was composed of 50 wt% acetone, 30 wt% methyl ethyl ketone and 19 wt% aromatics such as pyrazine and pyrrole. The heating value of bio-oil is 32 MJ/kg of oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jegan Porphy
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mohammed M. Farid
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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22
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Li X, Hu HY, Zhang YP. Growth and lipid accumulation properties of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. under different cultivation temperature. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3098-102. [PMID: 21055924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal lipid is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. Effect of cultivation temperature on the growth and lipid accumulation properties of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1 was studied. Scenedesmus sp. LX1 could grow in a wide range of temperature (10∼30°C), and the growth activation energy was 49.3 kJ·mol(-1). The optimal temperature to produce microalgal biomass and lipid was 20°C, and after 15 days of batch cultivation the productivities of 313.3 g biomass·(g P)(-1), 112 g lipid (g P)(-1) and 14.7 g TAGs·(g P)(-1) were obtained. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased with the increase of cultivation temperature. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at 10°C and 20°C were higher than that under higher temperature. For the first time the cultivation temperature, ROS level, specific growth rate and lipid content per microalgal biomass were correlated together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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23
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Tret’yakov VF, Makarfi YI, Tret’yakov KV, Frantsuzova NA, Talyshinskii RM. The catalytic conversion of bioethanol to hydrocarbon fuel: A review and study. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050410040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Niu L, Gao L, Xiao G, Fu B. Study on biodiesel from cotton seed oil by using heterogeneous super acid catalyst SO42−/ZrO2. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Sathyaselvabala V, Thiruvengadaravi KV, Sudhakar M, Selvaraj DK, Sivanesan S. Optimization of free fatty acids reduction in Calophyllum inophyllum (pinnai) oil using modified zirconia catalyst for biodiesel production. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Santos CA, Ferreira ME, Lopes da Silva T, Gouveia L, Novais JM, Reis A. A symbiotic gas exchange between bioreactors enhances microalgal biomass and lipid productivities: taking advantage of complementary nutritional modes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:909-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barnard D, Casanueva A, Tuffin M, Cowan D. Extremophiles in biofuel synthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:871-888. [PMID: 20662378 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003710236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The current global energy situation has demonstrated an urgent need for the development of alternative fuel sources to the continually diminishing fossil fuel reserves. Much research to address this issue focuses on the development of financially viable technologies for the production of biofuels. The current market for biofuels, defined as fuel products obtained from organic substrates, is dominated by bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol and biogas, relying on the use of substrates such as sugars, starch and oil crops, agricultural and animal wastes, and lignocellulosic biomass. This conversion from biomass to biofuel through microbial catalysis has gained much momentum as biotechnology has evolved to its current status. Extremophiles are a robust group of organisms producing stable enzymes, which are often capable of tolerating changes in environmental conditions such as pH and temperature. The potential application of such organisms and their enzymes in biotechnology is enormous, and a particular application is in biofuel production. In this review an overview of the different biofuels is given, covering those already produced commercially as well as those under development. The past and present trends in biofuel production are discussed, and future prospects for the industry are highlighted. The focus is on the current and future application of extremophilic organisms and enzymes in technologies to develop and improve the biotechnological production of biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desire Barnard
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
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29
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Simultaneous Conversion of Triglyceride/Free Fatty Acid Mixtures into Biodiesel Using Sulfated Zirconia. Top Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-010-9463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Changes in total lipid contents of marine diatom Nitzschia frustulum at various temperatures under Si deficiency. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Rattanaphra D, Srinophakun P. Biodiesel Production from Crude Sunflower Oil and Crude Jatropha Oil Using Immobilized Lipase. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.09we010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dussadee Rattanaphra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University
- Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Kasetsart University
| | - Penjit Srinophakun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University
- Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Kasetsart University
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32
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Xin L, Hong-Ying H, Jia Y. Lipid accumulation and nutrient removal properties of a newly isolated freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus sp. LX1, growing in secondary effluent. N Biotechnol 2009; 27:59-63. [PMID: 19969113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of biodiesel production and wastewater treatment based on microalgae is a promising approach for handling the energy crisis of declining fossil fuel reserves. A freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus sp. LX1, isolated in a previous study, was tested for its ability to remove nutrients and accumulate lipid while growing in secondary effluent. Compared with 11 other species of high-lipid content microalgae obtained from the algae bank, Scenedesmus sp. LX1 adapted better to secondary effluent and achieved the highest biomass (0.11 gL(-1), dry weight) and lipid content (31-33%, dry weight). In secondary effluent, the specific growth rate (r) and maximum population growth rate (R(max)) of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 was 0.2 day(-1) and 0.23 x 10(6)cells (mL day)(-1), respectively, and inorganic nutrients could be efficiently removed by over 98% in 10 days. Upon a trigger of nitrogen deficiency on day 10, lipid content increased from 14% to 31%, and the highest lipid accumulation rate during cultivation was 0.008g(L day)(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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33
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Shu Q, Zhang Q, Xu G, Wang J. Preparation of biodiesel using s-MWCNT catalysts and the coupling of reaction and separation. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Robles-Medina A, González-Moreno P, Esteban-Cerdán L, Molina-Grima E. Biocatalysis: Towards ever greener biodiesel production. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:398-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Lehr F, Posten C. Closed photo-bioreactors as tools for biofuel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009; 20:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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