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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Stanzione M, Oliviero M, Cocca M, Errico ME, Gentile G, Avella M, Lavorgna M, Buonocore GG, Verdolotti L. Tuning of polyurethane foam mechanical and thermal properties using ball-milled cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 231:115772. [PMID: 31888830 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystalline-Cc and ultra-milled Amorphous-Ca cellulose were used as reactive filler to tune the performances of composite polyurethane-cellulose-foams, PUC. The effect of Cc and Ca on chemo-physical and mechanical properties of PUC was analysed through FTIR, morphological analysis, thermal conductivity and compression measurements. FTIR results show that, both Cc and Ca react with isocyanate through the OH functional groups contributing to the formation of a tough cellulose-polyurethane network. Morphological observations show that the addition of both Cc and Ca induces a decrease of average cell-size compared to the pristine-PU, thus confirming that they act as nucleating agent. In addition, the better dispersion of the Ca in the polyol, with respect to Cc induces, a finer cell leading to a reduction of the thermal conductivity around 33 % (for the composite loaded with 20 %wt-Ca) with respect to pristine-PU. Finally, the addition of Ca highly reactive modifies the mechanical behaviour from rigid-brittle to semi-rigid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stanzione
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy; Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Viale Campi Flegrei, 24, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M Oliviero
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Cocca
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Viale Campi Flegrei, 24, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M E Errico
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Viale Campi Flegrei, 24, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - G Gentile
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Viale Campi Flegrei, 24, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M Avella
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Viale Campi Flegrei, 24, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M Lavorgna
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - G G Buonocore
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - L Verdolotti
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Shirdar MR, Farajpour N, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. Nanocomposite materials in orthopedic applications. Front Chem Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hejna A, Kopczyńska M, Kozłowska U, Klein M, Kosmela P, Piszczyk Ł. Foamed Polyurethane Composites with Different Types of Ash – Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Behavior Assessments. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931603500601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of two types of ash particles into flexible polyurethane foams has been investigated, wood ash from gasification process and fly ash resulting from coal burning in power plant. Samples were modified with 5, 10 and 15 wt% of fillers. Structure, mechanical and thermal properties of obtained foams were investigated. Incorporation of both types of ash particles resulted in materials showing satisfactory mechanical properties, simultaneously decreasing their density. Addition of fly ash inhibited noticeably thermal degradation of material, because of the thermal insulation effect of gas trapped in the spherical ash particles. Results of research show that fly ash can be successfully used as a modifier of thermal properties in polyurethane foams, enhancing the economical aspect of the production through the decrease of material's density and incorporation of low cost filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Kopczyńska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Urszula Kozłowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Klein
- Renewable Energy Department, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Piszczyk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhang C, Huang R, Hou J, Li A, Hou X, Gu X. Effect of surface-modified clay on the thermal stability and insulation of polyorganosiloxane foam. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-6002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Akindoyo JO, Beg MDH, Ghazali S, Islam MR, Jeyaratnam N, Yuvaraj AR. Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O. Akindoyo
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - M. D. H. Beg
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - Suriati Ghazali
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - M. R. Islam
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology
- University of Kuala Lumpur
- Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Nitthiyah Jeyaratnam
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - A. R. Yuvaraj
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
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Abstract
Abstract
Molded flexible polyurethane (PU) foams were synthesized from a starch/petroleum based polyol, 2,4/2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80), using a one shot method with water as the blowing agent. The effects of chain extender type [starch (S series), diethanolamine (DEA, D series), glycerol (G series)] and content (0, 2, 5, 10 pphr) were extensively studied. The rate of foam formation, density, compression strength, glass transition temperature (Tg) and rubbery modulus of the foam increased with the addition and increasing content of extender. At the same extender content, DEA showed the highest of these properties, while starch showed the lowest. The rate of biodegradation in a buffer solution decreased with the addition of DEA and glycerol, due to the increased crosslinking density and hard segment content, but increased with starch, owing to its biodegradability.
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Pardo-Alonso S, Solórzano E, Rodriguez-Perez M. Time-resolved X-ray imaging of nanofiller-polyurethane reactive foam systems. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Han MS, Choi SJ, Kim JM, Kim YH, Kim WN, Lee HS, Sung JY. Effects of silicone surfactant on the cell size and thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams by environmentally friendly blowing agents. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wilén CE, Pfaendner R. Improving weathering resistance of flame-retarded polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Verdolotti L, Lavorgna M, Di Maio E, Iannace S. Hydration-induced reinforcement of rigid polyurethane–cement foams: The effect of the co-continuous morphology on the thermal-oxidative stability. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Amiri RSN, Tirri T, Wilen CE. Flame retardant polyurethane nanocomposite: Study of clay dispersion and its synergistic effect with dolomite. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Piszczyk Ł, Strankowski M, Danowska M, Haponiuk JT, Gazda M. Preparation and characterization of rigid polyurethane–polyglycerol nanocomposite foams. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas J. Turro
- c Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;,
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Kim YH, Kang MJ, Park GP, Park SD, Kim SB, Kim WN. Effects of liquid-type silane additives and organoclay on the morphology and thermal conductivity of rigid polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Verdejo R, Bernal MM, Romasanta LJ, Tapiador FJ, Lopez-Manchado MA. Reactive Nanocomposite Foams. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931103000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the most interesting and most accessible opportunities of nanofillers is the reinforcement of fine structures in which conventional fillers cannot be readily accommodated, such as polymer foams. This paper reviews the progress to date towards the development of reactive foam nanocomposites, in particular polyurethane and silicone foams. The discussed systems are summarized based on the types of nanofillers used, i.e. nanoparticles, rod-like, and plate-like systems. The effect of nanofillers on the foaming process, cellular structure and properties is critically reported along with a summary of the measured improvements in the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28003-Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mar Bernal
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28003-Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura J. Romasanta
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28003-Madrid, Spain
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Kim SH, Lee MC, Kim HD, Park HC, Jeong HM, Yoon KS, Kim BK. Nanoclay reinforced rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lorenzetti A, Hrelja D, Besco S, Roso M, Modesti M. Improvement of nanoclays dispersion through microwave processing in polyurethane rigid nanocomposite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Dutta S, Karak N, Saikia JP, Konwar BK. Biocompatible epoxy modified bio-based polyurethane nanocomposites: mechanical property, cytotoxicity and biodegradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:6391-6397. [PMID: 19683433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy modified Mesua ferrea L. seed oil (MFLSO) based polyurethane nanocomposites with different weight % of clay loadings (1%, 2.5% and 5%) have been evaluated as biocompatible materials. The nanocomposites were prepared by ex situ solution technique under high mechanical shearing and ultrasonication at room temperature. The partially exfoliated nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength and scratch hardness were improved 2 and 5 times, respectively by nanocomposites formation. Even the impact resistance improved a little. The thermostability of the nanocomposites was enhanced by about 40 degrees C. Biodegradation study confirmed 5-10 fold increase in biodegradation rate for the nanocomposites compared to the pristine polymers. All the nanocomposites showed non-cytotoxicity as evident from RBC hemolysis inhibition observed in anti-hemolytic assay carried over the sterilized films. The study reveals that the epoxy modified MFLSO based polyurethane nanocomposites deserve the potential to be applicable as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvangshu Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
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Effects of nucleating agents on the morphological, mechanical and thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane poams. Macromol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thirumal M, Khastgir D, Singha NK, Manjunath BS, Naik YP. Effect of a Nanoclay on the Mechanical, Thermal and Flame Retardant Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320902939101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Synergism between flame retardant and modified layered silicate on thermal stability and fire behaviour of polyurethane nanocomposite foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Han MS, Kim YH, Han SJ, Choi SJ, Kim SB, Kim WN. Effects of a silane coupling agent on the exfoliation of organoclay layers in polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite foams? J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim YH, Choi SJ, Kim JM, Han MS, Kim WN, Bang KT. Effects of organoclay on the thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane poams blown by environmentally friendly blowing agents. Macromol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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