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Han P, Tofangchi A, Carr D, Zhang S, Hsu K. Enhancing the Piezoelectric Properties of 3D Printed PVDF Using Concurrent Torsional Shear Strain. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4204. [PMID: 37959883 PMCID: PMC10647440 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrusion-based polymer 3D printing induces shear strains within the material, influencing its rheological and mechanical properties. In materials like polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), these strains stretch polymer chains, leading to increased crystallinity and improved piezoelectric properties. This study demonstrates a 400% enhancement in the piezoelectric property of extrusion-printed PVDF by introducing additional shear strains during the printing process. The continuous torsional shear strains, imposed via a rotating extrusion nozzle, results in additional crystalline β-phases, directly impacting the piezoelectric behavior of the printed parts. The effect of the nozzle's rotational speed on the amount of β-phase formation is characterized using FTIR. This research introduces a new direction in the development of polymer and composite 3D printing, where in-process shear strains are used to control the alignment of polymer chains and/or in-fill phases and the overall properties of printed parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Han
- Ira A Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85212, USA;
| | - Alireza Tofangchi
- J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Derek Carr
- J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Sihan Zhang
- J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Keng Hsu
- Ira A Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85212, USA;
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2
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Hentschel L, Petersmann S, Kynast F, Schäfer U, Holzer C, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J. Influence of the Print Envelope Temperature on the Morphology and Tensile Properties of Thermoplastic Polyolefins Fabricated by Material Extrusion and Material Jetting Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3785. [PMID: 37765639 PMCID: PMC10534743 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) nowadays has become a supportive method of traditional manufacturing. In particular, the medical and healthcare industry can profit from these developments in terms of personalized design and batches ranging from one to five specimens overall. In terms of polymers, polyolefins are always an interesting topic due to their low prices, inert chemistry, and crystalline structure resulting in preferable mechanical properties. Their semi-crystalline nature has some advantages but are challenging for AM due to their shrinkage and warping, resulting in geometrical inaccuracies or even layer detaching during the process. To tackle these issues, process parameter optimization is vital, with one important parameter to be studied more in detail, the print envelope temperature. It is well known that higher print envelope temperatures lead to better layer adhesion overall, but this investigation focuses on the mechanical properties and resulting morphology of a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyolefin. Further, two different AM technologies, namely material jetting (ARBURG plastic freeforming-APF) and filament-based material extrusion, were studied and compared in detail. It was shown that higher print envelope temperatures lead to more isotropic behavior based on an evenly distributed morphology but results in geometrical inaccuracies since the material is kept in a molten state during printing. This phenomenon especially could be seen in the stress and strain values at break at high elongations. Furthermore, a different crystal structure can be achieved by setting a specific temperature and printing time, also resulting in peak values of certain mechanical properties. In comparison, better results could be archived by the APF technology in terms of mechanical properties and homogeneous morphology. Nevertheless, real isotropic part behavior could not be managed which was shown by the specimen printed vertically. Hence, a sweet spot between geometrical and mechanical properties still has to be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hentschel
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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3
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Han P, Tofangchi A, Zhang S, Izquierdo JJ, Hsu K. Interface Healing Between Adjacent Tracks in Fused Filament Fabrication Using In-Process Laser Heating. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:808-815. [PMID: 37609586 PMCID: PMC10440681 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication is one of the most desired thermal plastic additive manufacturing processes because of its ability to fabricate complex objects with high accessibility. However, due to the extrusion track-based direct write process mechanism, parts built using this method exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties. In this work, an in-process laser heating method is introduced to heal interface adhesion between adjacent deposited tracks by increasing the interface temperature to promote polymer reptation and enhance bonding strength of the interface of adjacent tracks. With the use of laser heating induced interface healing, the measured flexural strength between adjacent tracks in the same layer increased and exceeded that of the control sample tested along the track direction. The effect of laser on interface healing was also verified by investigating the load-displacement curve and morphology analysis of the fractured surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Han
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alireza Tofangchi
- J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sihan Zhang
- J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julio Jair Izquierdo
- J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Keng Hsu
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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4
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Moetazedian A, Allum J, Gleadall A, Silberschmidt VV. Bulk-Material Bond Strength Exists in Extrusion Additive Manufacturing for a Wide Range of Temperatures, Speeds, and Layer Times. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:514-523. [PMID: 37346192 PMCID: PMC10280202 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Do extrusion temperature, printing speed, and layer time affect mechanical performance of interlayer bonds in material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM)? The question is one of the main challenges in 3D printing of polymers. This article aims to analyze the independent effect of printing parameters on interlayer bonding in MEAM. In previous research, printing parameters were unavoidably interrelated, such as printing speed and layer cooling time. Here, original specimen designs allow the effects to be studied independently for the first time to provide new understanding of the effects of a wide range of thermal factors on mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactide. The experimental approach used direct GCode design to manufacture specially designed single-filament-thick specimens for tensile testing to measure mechanical and thermal properties normal to the interface between layers. In total, five different extrusion temperatures (a range of 60°C), five different printing speeds (a 16-fold change in the magnitude) and four different layer times (an 8-fold change) were independently studied. The results demonstrate interlayer bond strength to be equivalent to that of the bulk material within experimental scatter. This study provides strong evidence about the crucial role of microscale geometry for apparent interlayer bond strength relative to the role of thermal factors. By designing specimens specifically for the MEAM process, this study clearly demonstrates that bulk-material strength can be achieved for interlayer bonds in MEAM even when printing parameters change severalfold. Widespread industrial and academic efforts to improve interlayer bonding should be refocused to study extrusion geometry-the primary cause of anisotropy in MEAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirpasha Moetazedian
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical, and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - James Allum
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical, and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gleadall
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical, and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim V. Silberschmidt
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical, and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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5
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Kumar R, Alex Y, Nayak B, Mohanty S. Effect of poly (ethylene glycol) on 3D printed PLA/PEG blend: A study of physical, mechanical characterization and printability assessment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105813. [PMID: 37015146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing popularity of additive manufacturing in the science, industry is associated with high-quality products for futuristic applications. This study presents an in-depth characterization and analysis of the effect of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) having molecular weight 6000 g/mol used with various concentrations (1%,3%,5%) to modify the 3D printed Polylactide (PLA) part. The influence of PEG on the morphology, structure, thermal, wettability and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PLA/PEG part was investigated. Herein, the mechanical property of injection moulding, 3D printed specimens, and finite element analysis (FEA) simulation results were also compared. The structure and properties of PLA/PEG blends were different from those of virgin PLA. By DSC analysis, it was found that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and cold crystallization temperature decreased in the case of the PLA/PEG blend. From TGA it was observed that PLA/PEG blend was thermally stable. It was shown that with the addition of PEG into PLA the tensile strength and young's modulus decrease, whereas elongation percentage and impact strength increase predominantly. The contact angle results indicate that the addition of PEG lowers the contact angle value of the PLA/PEG blend (from 69.32 ± 1.4° to 45.67 ± 1.2°) and increases surface wettability. With 5% PEG loading, PLA/PEG blend showed optimum structural and mechanical properties together with simple processibility.
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6
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Ahmadifar M, Benfriha K, Shirinbayan M. Thermal, Tensile and Fatigue Behaviors of the PA6, Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PA6, and Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6 Materials in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030507. [PMID: 36771808 PMCID: PMC9919798 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) is widespread in many industries due to its unique capabilities. These material extrusion methods have been developed extensively for manufacturing polymer and polymer composite materials. The raw material in filament form are liquefied in the liquefier section and are consequently extruded and deposited onto the bed platform. The designed parts are manufactured layer by layer. Therefore, there is a gradient of temperature due to the existence of the cyclic reheating related to each deposited layer by the newer deposited ones. Thus, the stated temperature evolution will have a significant role on the rheological behavior of the materials during this manufacturing process. Furthermore, each processing parameter can affect this cyclic temperature profile. In this study, different processing parameters concerning the manufacturing process of polymer and polymer composite samples have been evaluated according to their cyclic temperature profiles. In addition, the manufactured parts by the additive manufacturing process (the extrusion method) can behave differences compared to the manufactured parts by conventional methods. Accordingly, we attempted to experimentally investigate the rheological behavior of the manufactured parts after the manufacturing process. Thus the three-point bending fatigue and the tensile behavior of the manufactured samples were studied. Accordingly, the effect of the reinforcement existence and its direction and density on the tensile behavior of the manufactured samples were studied. Therefore, this study is helpful for manufacturers and designers to understand the behaviors of the materials during the FFF process and subsequently the behaviors of the manufactured parts as a function of the different processing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmadifar
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LCPI, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, PIMM, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Khaled Benfriha
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LCPI, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mohammadali Shirinbayan
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, PIMM, HESAM University, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (M.S.)
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7
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Hamat S, Ishak M, Sapuan S, Yidris N, Hussin M, Abd Manan M. Influence of filament fabrication parameter on tensile strength and filament size of 3D printing PLA-3D850. MATERIALS TODAY: PROCEEDINGS 2023; 74:457-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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8
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Influence of Binder Composition and Material Extrusion (MEX) Parameters on the 3D Printing of Highly Filled Copper Feedstocks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224962. [PMID: 36433087 PMCID: PMC9692767 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to better understand the type of thermoplastic binders required to produce highly loaded copper filaments that can be successfully printed via low-cost filament-based material extrusion (MEX). Compounding feedstock material with 55 vol.% of copper and three multi-component binder systems has been performed. The MEX behavior of these feedstocks was evaluated by depositing material at different speeds and appropriately selecting the extrusion temperature depending on the binder composition. The rest of the MEX parameters remained constant to evaluate the printing quality for the different feedstocks. Printable filaments were produced with low ovality and good surface quality. The filaments showed good dispersion of the powder and polymeric binder system in SEM analysis. The feedstock mechanical properties, i.e., the tensile strength of the filament, were sufficient to ensure proper feeding in the MEX machine. The viscosity of the feedstock systems at the adjusted printing temperatures lies in the range of 102-103 Pa·s at the shear rate of 100-1000 s-1, which appears to be sufficient to guarantee the correct flowability and continuous extrusion. The tensile properties vary greatly (e.g., ultimate tensile strength 3-9.8 MPa, elongation at break 1.5-40.5%), and the most fragile filament could not be reliably printed at higher speeds. Micrographs of the cross-section of printed parts revealed that as the printing speed increased, the porosity was minimized because the volumetric flow of the feedstock material increased, which can help to fill pores. This study offers new insights into the feedstock requirements needed to produce low-cost intricate copper components of high quality in a reliable and efficient manner. Such components can find many applications in the electronics, biomedical, and many other industries.
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9
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Gawali SK, Jain PK. Optimization of fused filament fabrication process parameters for mechanical responses of weather‐resistant polymer (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate). POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Kailas Gawali
- FFF Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Discipline PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur India
| | - Prashant Kumar Jain
- FFF Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Discipline PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur India
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10
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Chen W, Guo C, Zuo X, Zhao J, Peng Y, Wang Y. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of 3D Printing PLA Origami Tubes under Quasi-Static Uniaxial Compression. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194135. [PMID: 36236084 PMCID: PMC9573725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation aims to study the effects of temperature and damage constitutive model on the energy absorption performance of polymeric origami tubes under quasi-static impact. The uniaxial tensile responses of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples following standard ASTM-D412 have been studied to characterize the mechanical properties at three temperatures: 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C. The damage constitutive model is used to accurately characterize the stress-strain relations of the PLA. Quasi-static compressive experiments are performed on polymetric tubes with different temperatures. The 3D-printed technique is used to ensure the integrated formation of these polymeric origami tubes. The user-defined material subroutine VUMAT for ABAQUS/Explicit has been developed for the damage model. Compared with the results, the observed deformation processes are well captured by the numerical simulations, and the influence of temperature on the axial compression is also analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chen
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chengjie Guo
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiubin Zuo
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yang Peng
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yixiao Wang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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11
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Abdelhamid M, Koutsamanis I, Corzo C, Maisriemler M, Ocampo AB, Slama E, Alva C, Lochmann D, Reyer S, Freichel T, Salar-Behzadi S, Spoerk M. Filament-based 3D-printing of placebo dosage forms using brittle lipid-based excipients. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122013. [PMID: 35839981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to expand the limited portfolio of available polymer-based excipients for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) printed pharmaceutical products, Lipid-based excipients (LBEs) have yet to be thoroughly investigated. The technical obstacle of LBEs application is, however their crystalline nature that renders them very brittle and challenging for processing via 3D-printing. In this work, we evaluated the functionality of LBEs for filament-based 3D-printing of oral dosage forms. Polyglycerol partial ester of palmitic acid and polyethylene glycols monostearate were selected as LBEs, based on their chemical structure, possessing polar groups for providing hydrogen-bonding sites. A fundamental understanding of structure-function relationship was built to screen the critical material attributes relevant for both extrusion and 3D-printing processes. The thermal behavior of lipids, including the degree of their supercooling, was the critical attribute for their processing. The extrudability of materials was improved through different feeding approaches, including the common powder feeding and a devised liquid feeding setup. Liquid feeding was found to be more efficient, allowing the production of filaments with high flexibility and improved printability. Filaments with superior performance were produced using polyglycerol ester of palmitic acid. In-house designed modifications of the utilized 3D-printer were essential for a flawless processing of the filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaaz Abdelhamid
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Carolina Corzo
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Eyke Slama
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolina Alva
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
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12
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Kalia K, Francoeur B, Amirkhizi A, Ameli A. In Situ Foam 3D Printing of Microcellular Structures Using Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22454-22465. [PMID: 35522894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A facile manufacturing method to enable the in situ foam 3D printing of thermoplastic materials is reported. An expandable feedstock filament was first made by incorporation of thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) in the filament during the extrusion process. The material formulation and extrusion process were designed such that TEM expansion was suppressed during filament fabrication. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as a model material, and filaments containing 2.0 wt % triethyl citrate and 0.0-5.0 wt % TEM were fabricated. Expandable filaments were then fed into a material extrusion additive manufacturing process to enable the in situ foaming of microcellular structures during layer deposition. The mesostructure, cellular morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of the printed foams were investigated. Repeatable foam prints with highly uniform cellular structures were successfully achieved. The part density was reduced with an increase in the TEM content, with a maximum reduction of 50% at 5.0 wt % TEM content. It is also remarkable that the interbead gaps of mesostructure vanished due to the local polymer expansion during in situ foaming. The incorporation of TEM and plasticizer only slightly lowered the critical temperatures of PLA, that is, glass-transition, melting, and decomposition temperatures. Moreover, with the introduction of foaming, the specific tensile strength and modulus decreased, whereas the ductility and toughness increased severalfold. The results unveil the feasibility of a novel additive manufacturing technology that offers numerous opportunities toward the manufacturing of specially designed structures including functionally graded foams for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karun Kalia
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Benjamin Francoeur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Alireza Amirkhizi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Amir Ameli
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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13
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Mariyappan K, Tandon A, Park S, Kokkiligadda S, Lee J, Jo S, Komarala EP, Yoo S, Chopade P, Choi HJ, Lee CW, Jeon S, Jeong JH, Park SH. Nanomaterial-Embedded DNA Films on 2D Frames. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2812-2818. [PMID: 35543024 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, 3D printing has provided opportunities for designing complex structures with ease. These printed structures can serve as molds for complex materials such as DNA and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA)-modified DNA that have easily tunable functionalities via the embedding of various nanomaterials such as ions, nanoparticles, fluorophores, and proteins. Herein, we develop a simple and efficient method for constructing DNA flat and curved films containing water-soluble/thermochromatic dyes and di/trivalent ions and CTMA-modified DNA films embedded with organic light-emitting molecules (OLEM) with the aid of 2D/3D frames made by a 3D printer. We study the Raman spectra, current, and resistance of Cu2+-doped and Tb3+-doped DNA films and the photoluminescence of OLEM-embedded CTMA-modified DNA films to better understand the optoelectric characteristics of the samples. Compared to pristine DNA, ion-doped DNA films show noticeable variation of Raman peak intensities, which might be due to the interaction between the ion and phosphate backbone of DNA and the intercalation of ions in DNA base pairs. As expected, ion-doped DNA films show an increase of current with an increase in bias voltage. Because of the presence of metallic ions, DNA films with embedded ions showed relatively larger current than pristine DNA. The photoluminescent emission peaks of CTMA-modified DNA films with OLEMRed, OLEMGreen, and OLEMBlue were obtained at the wavelengths of 610, 515, and 469 nm, respectively. Finally, CIE color coordinates produced from CTMA-modified DNA films with different OLEM color types were plotted in color space. It may be feasible to produce multilayered DNA films as well. If so, multilayered DNA films embedded with different color dyes, ions, fluorescent materials, nanoparticles, proteins, and drug molecules could be used to realize multifunctional physical devices such as energy harvesting and chemo-bio sensors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Mariyappan
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Anshula Tandon
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Suyoun Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Samanth Kokkiligadda
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jayeon Lee
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Soojin Jo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Eswaravara Prasadarao Komarala
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Yoo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Prathamesh Chopade
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Choi
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Nanomechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Nanomechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea.,Department of Nanomechatronics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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14
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Eder S, Wiltschko L, Koutsamanis I, Alberto Afonso Urich J, Arbeiter F, Roblegg E, Spoerk M. Toward a new generation of vaginal pessaries via 3D-printing: concomitant mechanical support and drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:77-89. [PMID: 35390451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To improve patient adherence, vaginal pessaries - polymeric structures providing mechanical support to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI) - greatly benefit from 3D-printing through customization of their mechanics, e.g. infill modifications. However, currently only limited polymers provide both flawless printability and controlled drug release. The current study closes this gap by exploring 3D-printing, more specifically fused filament fabrication, of pharmaceutical grade thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) of different hardness and hydrophilicity into complex pessary structures. Next to the pessary mechanics, drug incorporation into such a device was addressed for the first time. Mechanically, the soft hydrophobic TPU was the most promising candidate for pessary customization, as pessaries made thereof covered a broad range of the key mechanical parameter, while allowing self-insertion. From the drug release point of view, the hydrophobic TPUs were superior over the hydrophilic one, as the release levels of the model drug acyclovir were closer to the target value. Summarizing, the fabrication of TPU-based pessaries via 3D-printing is an innovative strategy to create a customized pessary combination product that simultaneously provides mechanical support and pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eder
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Laura Wiltschko
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Florian Arbeiter
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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15
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Effect of carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of polyamide 12 parts by fused filament fabrication. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Ai JR, Vogt BD. Size and print path effects on mechanical properties of material extrusion 3D printed plastics. PROGRESS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2022; 7:1009-1021. [PMID: 38624908 PMCID: PMC8866044 DOI: 10.1007/s40964-022-00275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Print conditions for thermoplastics by filament-based material extrusion (MatEx) are commonly optimized to maximize the elastic modulus. However, these optimizations tend to ignore the impact of thermal history that depends on the specimen size and print path selection. Here, we investigate the effect of size print path (raster angle and build orientation) and print sequence on the mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC) and polypropylene (PP). Examination of parallel and series printing of flat (XY) and stand-on (YZ) orientation of Type V specimens demonstrated that to observe statistical differences in the mechanical response that the interlayer time between printed roads should be approximately 5 s or less. The print time for a single layer in XY orientation is much longer than that for a single layer in YZ orientation, so print sequence only impacts the mechanical response in the YZ orientation. However, the specimen size and raster angle did influence the mechanical properties in XY orientation due to the differences in thermal history associated with intralayer time between adjacent roads. Moreover, all of these effects are significantly larger when printing PC than PP. These differences between PP and PC are mostly attributed to the mechanism of interface consolidation (crystallization vs. glass formation), which changes the requirements for a strong interface between roads (crystals vs. entanglements). These results illustrate how the print times dictated by the print path layout impact observed mechanical properties. This work also demonstrated that the options available in some standards developed for traditional manufacturing will change the quantitative results when applied to 3D printed parts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40964-022-00275-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ruey Ai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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17
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Dodwell TJ, Fleming LR, Buchanan C, Kyvelou P, Detommaso G, Gosling PD, Scheichl R, Kendall WS, Gardner L, Girolami MA, Oates CJ. A data-centric approach to generative modelling for 3D-printed steel. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 477:20210444. [PMID: 35153595 PMCID: PMC8580475 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of additive manufacture (AM) for metallic material enables components of near arbitrary complexity to be produced. This has potential to disrupt traditional engineering approaches. However, metallic AM components exhibit greater levels of variation in their geometric and mechanical properties compared to standard components, which is not yet well understood. This uncertainty poses a fundamental barrier to potential users of the material, since extensive post-manufacture testing is currently required to ensure safety standards are met. Taking an interdisciplinary approach that combines probabilistic mechanics and uncertainty quantification, we demonstrate that intrinsic variation in AM steel can be well described by a generative statistical model that enables the quality of a design to be predicted before manufacture. Specifically, the geometric variation in the material can be described by an anisotropic spatial random field with oscillatory covariance structure, and the mechanical behaviour by a stochastic anisotropic elasto-plastic material model. The fitted generative model is validated on a held-out experimental dataset and our results underscore the need to combine both statistical and physics-based modelling in the characterization of new AM steel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Dodwell
- Institute of Data Science and AI, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QJ, UK.,The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - L R Fleming
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - C Buchanan
- The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P Kyvelou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - P D Gosling
- School of Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - R Scheichl
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - W S Kendall
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - L Gardner
- The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M A Girolami
- The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.,Civil Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - C J Oates
- The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.,School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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18
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Chen J, Liu X, Tian Y, Zhu W, Yan C, Shi Y, Kong LB, Qi HJ, Zhou K. 3D-Printed Anisotropic Polymer Materials for Functional Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102877. [PMID: 34699637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropy is the characteristic of a material to exhibit variations in its mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical properties, etc. along different directions. Anisotropic materials have attracted great research interest because of their wide applications in aerospace, sensing, soft robotics, and tissue engineering. 3D printing provides exceptional advantages in achieving controlled compositions and complex architecture, thereby enabling the manufacture of 3D objects with anisotropic functionalities. Here, a comprehensive review of the recent progress on 3D printing of anisotropic polymer materials based on different techniques including material extrusion, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, and sheet lamination is presented. The state-of-the-art strategies implemented in manipulating anisotropic structures are highlighted with the discussion of material categories, functionalities, and potential applications. This review is concluded with analyzing the current challenges and providing perspectives for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Chen
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaojiang Liu
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yujia Tian
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhu
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ling Bing Kong
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Hang Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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19
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Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Aramid/PETG 3D-Printed Composites with High Fiber Loading through Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020298. [PMID: 35054704 PMCID: PMC8778918 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent development in the field of additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has allowed for the incorporation of continuous fiber reinforcement into 3D-printed polymer parts. These fiber reinforcements allow for the improvement of the mechanical properties, but compared to traditionally produced composite materials, the fiber volume fraction often remains low. This study aims to evaluate the in-nozzle impregnation of continuous aramid fiber reinforcement with glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) using a modified, low-cost, tabletop 3D printer. We analyze how dimensional printing parameters such as layer height and line width affect the fiber volume fraction and fiber dispersion in printed composites. By varying these parameters, unidirectional specimens are printed that have an inner structure going from an array-like to a continuous layered-like structure with fiber loading between 20 and 45 vol%. The inner structure was analyzed by optical microscopy and Computed Tomography (µCT), achieving new insights into the structural composition of printed composites. The printed composites show good fiber alignment and the tensile modulus in the fiber direction increased from 2.2 GPa (non-reinforced) to 33 GPa (45 vol%), while the flexural modulus in the fiber direction increased from 1.6 GPa (non-reinforced) to 27 GPa (45 vol%). The continuous 3D reinforced specimens have quality and properties in the range of traditional composite materials produced by hand lay-up techniques, far exceeding the performance of typical bulk 3D-printed polymers. Hence, this technique has potential for the low-cost additive manufacturing of small, intricate parts with substantial mechanical performance, or parts of which only a small number is needed.
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20
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Spoerk M, Arbeiter F, Koutsamanis I, Cajner H, Katschnig M, Eder S. Personalised urethra pessaries prepared by material extrusion-based additive manufacturing. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121112. [PMID: 34547391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion-based additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D-printing, is regarded as the key technology to pave the way for personalised medical treatment. This study explores the technique's potential in customising vaginal inserts with complex structures, so-called urethra pessaries. A novel, flawlessly 3D-printable and biocompatible polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer serves as the feedstock. Next to the smart selection of the 3D-printing parameters cross-sectional diameter and infill to tailor the pessary's mechanical properties, we elaborate test methods accounting for its application-specific requirements for the first time. The key property, i.e. the force the pessary exerts on the urethra to relief symptoms of urinary incontinence, is reliably adjusted within a broad range, including that of the commercial injection-moulded silicone product. The pessaries do not change upon long-term exposure to vaginal fluid simulant and compression (in-vivo conditions), satisfying the needs of repeated pessary use. Importantly, the vast majority of the 3D-printed pessaries allows for self-insertion and self-removal without any induced pessary rupture. Summarising, 3D-printed pessaries are not only a reasonable alternative to the commercial products, but build the basis to effectively treat inhomogeneous patient groups. They make the simple but very effective pessary therapy finally accessible to every woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian Arbeiter
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Cajner
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Simone Eder
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Vaes D, Coppens M, Goderis B, Zoetelief W, Van Puyvelde P. The Extent of Interlayer Bond Strength during Fused Filament Fabrication of Nylon Copolymers: An Interplay between Thermal History and Crystalline Morphology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162677. [PMID: 34451217 PMCID: PMC8401508 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main drawbacks of Fused Filament Fabrication is the often-inadequate mechanical performance of printed parts due to a lack of sufficient interlayer bonding between successively deposited layers. The phenomenon of interlayer bonding becomes especially complex for semi-crystalline polymers, as, besides the extremely non-isothermal temperature history experienced by the extruded layers, the ongoing crystallization process will greatly complicate its analysis. This work attempts to elucidate a possible relation between the degree of crystallinity attained during printing by mimicking the experienced thermal history with Fast Scanning Chip Calorimetry, the extent of interlayer bonding by performing trouser tear fracture tests on printed specimens, and the resulting crystalline morphology at the weld interface through visualization with polarized light microscopy. Different printing conditions are defined, which all vary in terms of processing parameters or feedstock molecular weight. The concept of an equivalent isothermal weld time is utilized to validate whether an amorphous healing theory is capable of explaining the observed trends in weld strength. Interlayer bond strength was found to be positively impacted by an increased liquefier temperature and reduced feedstock molecular weight as predicted by the weld time. An increase in liquefier temperature of 40 °C brings about a tear energy value that is three to four times higher. The print speed was found to have a negligible effect. An elevated build plate temperature will lead to an increased degree of crystallinity, generally resulting in about a 1.5 times larger crystalline fraction compared to when printing occurs at a lower build plate temperature, as well as larger spherulites attained during printing, as it allows crystallization to occur at higher temperatures. Due to slower crystal growth, a lower tie chain density in the amorphous interlamellar regions is believed to be created, which will negatively impact interlayer bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vaes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Margot Coppens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Bart Goderis
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Wim Zoetelief
- DSM Additive Manufacturing, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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23
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Koutsamanis I, Paudel A, Alva Zúñiga CP, Wiltschko L, Spoerk M. Novel polyester-based thermoplastic elastomers for 3D-printed long-acting drug delivery applications. J Control Release 2021; 335:290-305. [PMID: 34044092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To improve patient compliance and personalised drug delivery, long-acting drug delivery devices (LADDDs), such as implants and inserts, greatly benefit from a customisation in their shape through the emerging 3D-printing technology, since their production usually follows a one-size-fits-most approach. The use of 3D-printing for LADDDs, however, is mainly limited by the shortage of flawlessly 3D-printable, yet biocompatible materials. The present study tackles this issue by introducing a novel, non-biodegradable material, namely a polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer (TPC) - a multi-block copolymer containing alternating semi-crystalline polybutylene terephthalate hard segments and poly-ether-terephthalate amorphous soft segments. Next to a detailed description of the material's 3D-printability by mechanical, rheological and thermal analyses, which was found to be superior to that of conventional polymers (ethylene-vinyl acetates (EVA)), this study establishes the fundamental understandings of the interactions between progesterone (P4) and TPC and drug-releasing properties of TPC for the first time. P4-loaded LADDDs based on TPC, prepared via an elaborated solvent-immersion technique, enable the release of P4 at pharmacologically relevant rates, similar to those of marketed formulations based on EVA and silicones. Additionally, TPC demonstrated an exceptional 3D-printability for a wide selection of implant sizes and complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Laura Wiltschko
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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24
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Kasmi S, Ginoux G, Allaoui S, Alix S. Investigation of
3D
printing strategy on the mechanical performance of coextruded continuous carbon fiber reinforced
PETG. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kasmi
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Charleville‐Mézières France
| | - Geoffrey Ginoux
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Charleville‐Mézières France
| | - Samir Allaoui
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Charleville‐Mézières France
| | - Sébastien Alix
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Charleville‐Mézières France
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25
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Moetazedian A, Gleadall A, Mele E, Silberschmidt VV. Damage in extrusion additive manufactured biomedical polymer: Effects of testing direction and environment during cyclic loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 118:104397. [PMID: 33743441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although biodegradable polymers were widely researched, this is the first study considering the effect of combined testing environments and cyclic loading on the most important aspect related to additive manufacturing: the interfacial bond between deposited layers. Its results give confidence in applicability of the material extrusion additive manufacturing technology for biomedical fields, by demonstrating that the interface behaves in a manner similar to that of the bulk-polymer material. To do this, especially designed tensile specimens were used to analyse the degradation of 3D-printed polymers subjected to constant-amplitude and incremental cyclic loads when tested in air at room temperature (control) and submerged at 37 °C (close to in-vivo conditions). The mechanical properties of the interface between extruded filaments were compared against the bulk material, i.e. along filaments. In both cases, cyclic loading caused only a negligible detrimental effect compared to non-cyclic loading (less than 10 % difference in ultimate tensile strength), demonstrating the suitability of using 3D-printed components in biomedical applications, usually exposed to cyclic loading. For cyclic tests with a constant loading amplitude, larger residual deformation (>100 % greater) and energy dissipation (>15 % greater) were found when testing submerged in solution at 37 °C as opposed to in laboratory conditions (air at room temperature), as used by many studies. This difference may be due to plasticisation effects of water and temperature. For cyclic tests with incrementally increasing loading amplitudes, the vast majority of energy dissipation happened in the last two cycles prior to failure, when the polymer approached the yield point. The results demonstrate the importance of using an appropriate methodology for biomedical applications; otherwise, mechanical properties may be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirpasha Moetazedian
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Andrew Gleadall
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Elisa Mele
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Vadim V Silberschmidt
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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26
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Wang S, D’hooge DR, Daelemans L, Xia H, Clerck KD, Cardon L. The Transferability and Design of Commercial Printer Settings in PLA/PBAT Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2573. [PMID: 33147749 PMCID: PMC7694024 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In many fused filament fabrication (FFF) processes, commercial printers are used, but rarely are printer settings transferred from one commercial printer to the other to give similar final tensile part performance. Here, we report such translation going from the Felix 3.0 to Prusa i3 MK3 printer by adjusting the flow rate and overlap of strands, utilizing an in-house developed blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). We perform a sensitivity analysis for the Prusa printer, covering variations in nozzle temperature, nozzle diameter, layer thickness, and printing speed (Tnozzle, dnozzle, LT, and vprint), aiming at minimizing anisotropy and improving interlayer bonding. Higher mass, larger width, and thickness are obtained with larger dnozzle, lower vprint, higher LT, and higher Tnozzle. A higher vprint results in less tensile strain at break, but it remains at a high strain value for samples printed with dnozzle equal to 0.5 mm. vprint has no significant effect on the tensile modulus and tensile and impact strength of the samples. If LT is fixed, an increased dnozzle is beneficial for the tensile strength, ductility, and impact strength of the printed sample due to better bonding from a wider raster structure, while an increased LT leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. If the ratio dnozzle/LT is greater than 2, a good tensile performance is obtained. An improved Tnozzle leads to a sufficient flow of material, contributing to the performance of the printed device. The considerations brought forward result in a deeper understanding of the FFF process and offer guidance about parameter selection. The optimal dnozzle/vprint/LT/Tnozzle combination is 0.5 mm/120 mm s-1/0.15 mm/230 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (D.R.D.); (L.D.); (K.D.C.)
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Lode Daelemans
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (D.R.D.); (L.D.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China;
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (D.R.D.); (L.D.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
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27
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Orlovská M, Chlup Z, Bača Ľ, Janek M, Kitzmantel M. Fracture and mechanical properties of lightweight alumina ceramics prepared by fused filament fabrication. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Ginoux G, Vroman I, Alix S. Influence of fused filament fabrication parameters on tensile properties of polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposite using response surface methodology. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Ginoux
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique Matériaux – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
| | - Isabelle Vroman
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique Matériaux – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
| | - Sébastien Alix
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique Matériaux – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
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29
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H S B, Bonthu D, Prabhakar P, Doddamani M. Three-Dimensional Printed Lightweight Composite Foams. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22536-22550. [PMID: 32923813 PMCID: PMC7482239 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to enable three-dimensional (3D) printed lightweight composite foams by blending hollow glass microballoons (GMBs) with high density polyethylene (HDPE). To that end, lightweight feedstock for printing syntactic foam composites is developed. The blend for this is prepared by varying the GMB content (20, 40, and 60 volume %) in HDPE for filament extrusion, which is subsequently used for 3D printing. The rheological properties and the melt flow index (MFI) of blends are investigated for identifying suitable printing parameters. It is observed that the storage and loss modulus, as well as complex viscosity, increase with increasing GMB content, whereas MFI decreases. Further, the coefficient of thermal expansion of HDPE and foam filaments decreases with increasing GMB content, thereby lowering the thermal stresses in prints, which promotes the reduction in warpage. The mechanical properties of filaments are determined by subjecting them to tensile tests, whereas 3D printed samples are tested under tensile and flexure tests. The tensile modulus of the filament increases with increasing GMB content (8-47%) as compared to HDPE and exhibit comparable filament strength. 3D printed foams show a higher specific tensile and flexural modulus as compared to neat HDPE, making them suitable candidate materials for weight-sensitive applications. HDPE having 60% by volume GMB exhibited the highest modulus and is 48.02% higher than the printed HDPE. Finally, the property map reveals a higher modulus and comparable strength against injection- and compression-molded foams. Printed foam registered 1.8 times higher modulus than the molded samples. Hence, 3D printed foams have the potential for replacing components processed through conventional manufacturing processes that have limitations on geometrically complex designs, lead time, and associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath H S
- Advanced
Manufacturing Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka 53706, India
| | - Dileep Bonthu
- Advanced
Manufacturing Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka 53706, India
| | - Pavana Prabhakar
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mrityunjay Doddamani
- Advanced
Manufacturing Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka 53706, India
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30
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Vanaei HR, Shirinbayan M, Costa SF, Duarte FM, Covas JA, Deligant M, Khelladi S, Tcharkhtchi A. Experimental study of
PLA
thermal behavior during fused filament fabrication. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Vanaei
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE HESAM University Paris France
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM HESAM University Paris France
| | | | - Sidonie Fernandes Costa
- School of Technology and Management of Porto Polytechnic Institute CIICESI ‐ Center for Research and Innovation in Business Sciences and Information Systems Felgueiras Portugal
| | - Fernando Moura Duarte
- IPC ‐ Institute for Polymers and Composites, Department of Polymer Engineering University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - José António Covas
- IPC ‐ Institute for Polymers and Composites, Department of Polymer Engineering University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - Michael Deligant
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE HESAM University Paris France
| | - Sofiane Khelladi
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE HESAM University Paris France
| | - Abbas Tcharkhtchi
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM HESAM University Paris France
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31
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Optimization and Quality Evaluation of the Interlayer Bonding Performance of Additively Manufactured Polymer Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051166. [PMID: 32438656 PMCID: PMC7284967 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of additive manufacturing changes from prototypes to series production. In order to fulfill all requirements of series production, the process and the material characteristics must be known. The machine operator of additive manufacturing systems is both a component and a material producer. Nevertheless, there is no standardized procedure for the manufacturing or testing of such materials. This includes the high degree of anisotropy of additively manufactured polymers via material extrusion. The interlayer bonding performance between two layers in the manufacturing direction z is the obvious weakness that needs to be improved. By optimizing this interlayer contact zone, the overall performance of the additively manufactured polymer is increased. This was achieved by process modification with an infrared preheating system (IPS) to keep the temperature of the interlayer contact zone above the glass transition temperature during the manufacturing process. Combining destructive and non-destructive testing methods, the process modification IPS was determined and evaluated by a systematic approach for characterizing the interlayer bonding performance. Thereby, tensile tests under quasi-static and cyclic loading were carried out on short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide (SCFRP). In addition, micro-computed tomography and microscopic investigations were used to determine the process quality. The IPS increases the ultimate interlayer tensile strength by approx. 15% and shows a tendency to significantly improved the fatigue properties. Simultaneously, the analysis of the micro-computed tomography data shows a homogenization of the void distribution by using the IPS.
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32
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Mechanical properties of polymeric implant materials produced by extrusion-based additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Godec D, Cano S, Holzer C, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J. Optimization of the 3D Printing Parameters for Tensile Properties of Specimens Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication of 17-4PH Stainless Steel. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030774. [PMID: 32046236 PMCID: PMC7040736 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) combined with debinding and sintering could be an economical process for three-dimensional (3D) printing of metal parts. In this paper, compounding, filament making, and FFF processing of feedstock material with 55% vol. of 17-4PH stainless steel powder in a multicomponent binder system are presented. The experimental part of the paper encompasses central composite design for optimization of the most significant 3D printing parameters (extrusion temperature, flow rate multiplier, and layer thickness) to obtain maximum tensile strength of the 3D-printed specimens. Here, only green specimens were examined in order to be able to determine the optimal parameters for 3D printing. The results show that the factor with the biggest influence on the tensile properties was flow rate multiplier, followed by the layer thickness and finally the extrusion temperature. Maximizing all three parameters led to the highest tensile properties of the green parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Godec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb (UNIZAG FSB), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-6168-192
| | - Santiago Cano
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.C.); (C.H.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.C.); (C.H.); (J.G.-G.)
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34
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Spoerk M, Holzer C, Gonzalez‐Gutierrez J. Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Spoerk
- Polymer ProcessingMontanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel‐Straße 2 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Polymer ProcessingMontanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel‐Straße 2 Leoben 8700 Austria
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35
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Improving Mechanical Properties for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Annealing and Blending with Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091529. [PMID: 31546970 PMCID: PMC6780387 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, polarizing microscope (POM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, strategies to close the gap on applying conventional processing optimizations for the field of 3D printing and to specifically increase the mechanical performance of extrusion-based additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments by annealing and/or blending with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were reported. For filament printing at 210 °C, the PLA crystallinity increased significantly upon annealing. Specifically, for 2 h of annealing at 100 °C, the fracture surface became sufficiently coarse such that the PLA notched impact strength increased significantly (15 kJ m−2). The Vicat softening temperature (VST) increased to 160 °C, starting from an annealing time of 0.5 h. Similar increases in VST were obtained by blending with PHB (20 wt.%) at a lower printing temperature of 190 °C due to crystallization control. For the blend, the strain at break increased due to the presence of a second phase, with annealing only relevant for enhancing the modulus.
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36
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Mechanical Recyclability of Polypropylene Composites Produced by Material Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081318. [PMID: 31394766 PMCID: PMC6723500 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of long-term experience with burgeoning material extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF), considerable amounts of expensive material will continue to be wasted until a defect-free 3D-printed component can be finalized. In order to lead this advanced manufacturing technique toward cleaner production and to save costs, this study addresses the ability to remanufacture a wide range of commercially available filaments. Most of them either tend to degrade by chain scission or crosslinking. Only polypropylene (PP)-based filaments appear to be particularly thermally stable and therefore suitable for multiple remanufacturing sequences. As the extrusion step exerts the largest influence on the material in terms of temperature and shear load, this study focused on the morphological, rheological, thermal, processing, tensile, and impact properties of a promising PP composite in the course of multiple consecutive extrusions as well as the impact of additional heat stabilizers. Even after 15 consecutive filament extrusions, the stabilized additively manufactured PP composite revealed an unaltered morphology and therefore the same tensile and impact strength as the initial material. As the viscosity of the material of the 15th extrusion was nearly identical to that of the 1st extrusion sequence, the processability both in terms of extrusion and FFF was outstanding, despite the tremendous amount of shear and thermal stress that was undergone. The present work provides key insights into one possible step toward more sustainable production through FFF.
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37
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Gao X, Zhang D, Qi S, Wen X, Su Y. Mechanical properties of 3D parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling: Effect of various fillers in polylactide. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Application Technology for 3D PrintingChongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Application Technology for 3D PrintingChongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shunxin Qi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiangning Wen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yunlan Su
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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38
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Acoustic Emissions in 3D Printed Parts under Mode I Delamination Test. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091760. [PMID: 30231488 PMCID: PMC6165299 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper applies an innovative approach based on the acoustic emission technique to monitor the delamination process of 3D parts. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is currently one of the most widespread techniques for additive manufacturing of a solid object from a computer model. Fundamentally, this process is based on a layer-by-layer deposition of a fused filament. The FDM technique has evolved to the point where it can now be proposed, not only as a prototyping technique, but also as one applicable to direct manufacturing. Nonetheless, a deeper comprehension of mechanical behavior and its dependence on process parameters must include the determination of material properties as a function of the service load. In this work, the effects of extrusion temperature on inter-layer cohesion are studied using a method employing a double cantilever beam (DCB). The ASTM D5528 standard was used to determine the delamination energy, GI. In addition, the acoustic emission technique was employed to follow the delamination process during testing. Finally, a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera and a calibrated grid was employed to evaluate crack propagation during testing.
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39
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Development of Novel Test Specimens for Characterization of Multi-Material Parts Manufactured by Material Extrusion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) offers new design opportunities for functional integration and opens new possibilities in innovative part design, for example, regarding the integration of damping or conductive structures. However, there are no standardized test methods, and thus test specimens that provide information about the bonding quality of two materials printed together. As a result, a consideration of these new design potentials in conceptual design is hardly possible. As material extrusion (ME) allows easily combination of multiple polymeric materials in one part, it is chosen as an AM technique for this contribution. Based on a literature review of commonly used standards for polymer testing, novel test specimens are developed for the characterization of the bonding quality of two ME standard materials printed together. The proposed specimen geometries are manufactured without a variation of process parameters. The load types investigated in the course of this study were selected as examples and are tensile, lap-shear, and compression-shear. The conducted tests show that the proposed test specimens enable a quantification of the bonding quality in the material transition. Moreover, by analyzing the fracture pattern of the interface zone, influencing factors that probably affect the interface strength are identified, which can be further used for its optimization.
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40
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Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Cano S, Schuschnigg S, Kukla C, Sapkota J, Holzer C. Additive Manufacturing of Metallic and Ceramic Components by the Material Extrusion of Highly-Filled Polymers: A Review and Future Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E840. [PMID: 29783705 PMCID: PMC5978217 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the fabrication of real three-dimensional objects from metals, ceramics, or plastics by adding material, usually as layers. There are several variants of AM; among them material extrusion (ME) is one of the most versatile and widely used. In MEAM, molten or viscous materials are pushed through an orifice and are selectively deposited as strands to form stacked layers and subsequently a three-dimensional object. The commonly used materials for MEAM are thermoplastic polymers and particulate composites; however, recently innovative formulations of highly-filled polymers (HP) with metals or ceramics have also been made available. MEAM with HP is an indirect process, which uses sacrificial polymeric binders to shape metallic and ceramic components. After removing the binder, the powder particles are fused together in a conventional sintering step. In this review the different types of MEAM techniques and relevant industrial approaches for the fabrication of metallic and ceramic components are described. The composition of certain HP binder systems and powders are presented; the methods of compounding and filament making HP are explained; the stages of shaping, debinding, and sintering are discussed; and finally a comparison of the parts produced via MEAM-HP with those produced via other manufacturing techniques is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez
- Polymer Processing, Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Santiago Cano
- Polymer Processing, Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Stephan Schuschnigg
- Polymer Processing, Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Christian Kukla
- Industrial Liaison Department, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Peter Tunner Strasse 27, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Janak Sapkota
- Polymer Processing, Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Polymer Processing, Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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41
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Spoerk M, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Lichal C, Cajner H, Berger GR, Schuschnigg S, Cardon L, Holzer C. Optimisation of the Adhesion of Polypropylene-Based Materials during Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E490. [PMID: 30966524 PMCID: PMC6415401 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) parts produced by means of extrusion-based additive manufacturing, also known as fused filament fabrication, are prone to detaching from the build platform due to their strong tendency to shrink and warp. Apart from incorporating high volume fractions of fillers, one approach to mitigate this issue is to improve the adhesion between the first deposited layer and the build platform. However, a major challenge for PP is the lack of adhesion on standard platform materials, as well as a high risk of welding on PP-based platform materials. This study reports the material selection of build platform alternatives based on contact angle measurements. The adhesion forces, investigated by shear-off measurements, between PP-based filaments and the most promising platform material, an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE), were optimised by a thorough parametric study. Higher adhesion forces were measured by increasing the platform and extrusion temperatures, increasing the flow rate and decreasing the thickness of the first layer. Apart from changes in printer settings, an increased surface roughness of the UHMW-PE platform led to a sufficient, weld-free adhesion for large-area parts of PP-based filaments, due to improved wetting, mechanical interlockings, and an increased surface area between the two materials in contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Spoerk
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | | | - Christof Lichal
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Hrvoje Cajner
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 1, Zagreb 10002, Croatia.
| | - Gerald Roman Berger
- Injection Moulding of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Stephan Schuschnigg
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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42
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Gleadall A, Poon W, Allum J, Ekinci A, Han X, Silberschmidt VV. Interfacial fracture of 3D-printed bioresorbable polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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