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Wang SX, Streit A. Shared features in ear and kidney development - implications for oto-renal syndromes. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050447. [PMID: 38353121 PMCID: PMC10886756 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between ear and kidney anomalies has long been recognized. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, embryonic development of the inner ear and kidney has been studied extensively. Here, we describe the developmental pathways shared between both organs with particular emphasis on the genes that regulate signalling cross talk and the specification of progenitor cells and specialised cell types. We relate this to the clinical features of oto-renal syndromes and explore links to developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet Xiaoyan Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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2
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Gravholt CH, Viuff M, Just J, Sandahl K, Brun S, van der Velden J, Andersen NH, Skakkebaek A. The Changing Face of Turner Syndrome. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:33-69. [PMID: 35695701 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a condition in females missing the second sex chromosome (45,X) or parts thereof. It is considered a rare genetic condition and is associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata, such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, including a range of autoimmune conditions and type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive deficits. Morbidity and mortality are clearly increased compared with the general population and the average age at diagnosis is quite delayed. During recent years it has become clear that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary toward the patient with TS. A number of clinical advances has been implemented, and these are reviewed. Our understanding of the genomic architecture of TS is advancing rapidly, and these latest developments are reviewed and discussed. Several candidate genes, genomic pathways and mechanisms, including an altered transcriptome and epigenome, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Mette Viuff
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Kristian Sandahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Sara Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Janielle van der Velden
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Children's Hospital, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
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3
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León Y, Magariños M, Varela-Nieto I. Ceramide Kinase Inhibition Blocks IGF-1-Mediated Survival of Otic Neurosensory Progenitors by Impairing AKT Phosphorylation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678760. [PMID: 34179008 PMCID: PMC8220815 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipid components of cell membranes with important signal transduction functions in health and disease. Ceramide is the central building block for sphingolipid biosynthesis and is processed to form structurally and functionally distinct sphingolipids. Ceramide can be phosphorylated by ceramide kinase (CERK) to generate ceramide-1-phosphate, a cytoprotective signaling molecule that has been widely studied in multiple tissues and organs, including the developing otocyst. However, little is known about ceramide kinase regulation during inner ear development. Using chicken otocysts, we show that genes for CERK and other enzymes of ceramide metabolism are expressed during the early stages of inner ear development and that CERK is developmentally regulated at the otic vesicle stage. To explore its role in inner ear morphogenesis, we blocked CERK activity in organotypic cultures of otic vesicles with a specific inhibitor. Inhibition of CERK activity impaired proliferation and promoted apoptosis of epithelial otic progenitors. CERK inhibition also compromised neurogenesis of the acoustic-vestibular ganglion. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a key factor for proliferation, survival and differentiation in the chicken otocyst. CERK inhibition decreased IGF-1-induced AKT phosphorylation and blocked IGF-1-induced cell survival. Overall, our data suggest that CERK is activated as a central element in the network of anti-apoptotic pro-survival pathways elicited by IGF-1 during early inner ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda León
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Magariños
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Unit 761, CIBER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Unit 761, CIBER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Vermeiren S, Bellefroid EJ, Desiderio S. Vertebrate Sensory Ganglia: Common and Divergent Features of the Transcriptional Programs Generating Their Functional Specialization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587699. [PMID: 33195244 PMCID: PMC7649826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system carry sensation from specific sense structures or use different tissues and organs as receptive fields, and convey this information to the central nervous system. In the head of vertebrates, each cranial sensory ganglia and associated nerves perform specific functions. Sensory ganglia are composed of different types of specialized neurons in which two broad categories can be distinguished, somatosensory neurons relaying all sensations that are felt and visceral sensory neurons sensing the internal milieu and controlling body homeostasis. While in the trunk somatosensory neurons composing the dorsal root ganglia are derived exclusively from neural crest cells, somato- and visceral sensory neurons of cranial sensory ganglia have a dual origin, with contributions from both neural crest and placodes. As most studies on sensory neurogenesis have focused on dorsal root ganglia, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the embryonic development of the different cranial sensory ganglia remains today rudimentary. However, using single-cell RNA sequencing, recent studies have made significant advances in the characterization of the neuronal diversity of most sensory ganglia. Here we summarize the general anatomy, function and neuronal diversity of cranial sensory ganglia. We then provide an overview of our current knowledge of the transcriptional networks controlling neurogenesis and neuronal diversification in the developing sensory system, focusing on cranial sensory ganglia, highlighting specific aspects of their development and comparing it to that of trunk sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vermeiren
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Simon Desiderio
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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5
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Magariños M, Barajas-Azpeleta R, Varela-Nieto I, R Aburto M. Otic Neurogenesis Is Regulated by TGFβ in a Senescence-Independent Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:217. [PMID: 32973450 PMCID: PMC7461926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence has classically been associated with aging. Intriguingly, recent studies have also unraveled key roles for senescence in embryonic development, regeneration, and reprogramming. Developmental senescence has been reported during embryonic development in different organisms and structures, such as the endolymphatic duct during inner ear development of mammals and birds. However, there is no study addressing the possible role of senescence on otic neurogenesis. TGFβ/SMAD is the best-known pathway linked to the induction of developmentally programmed cell senescence. Here, we studied if TGFβ2 induces cellular senescence during acoustic-vestibular-ganglion (AVG) formation. Using organotypic cultures of AVG, and characterizing different stages of otic neurogenesis in the presence of TGFβ2 and a selective TGF-β receptor type-I inhibitor, we show that TGFβ2 exerts a powerful action in inner ear neurogenesis but, contrary to what we recently observed during endolymphatic duct development, these actions are independent of cellular senescence. We show that TGFβ2 reduces proliferation, and induces differentiation and neuritogenesis of neuroblasts, without altering cell death. Our studies highlight the roles of TGFβ2 and cellular senescence in the precise regulation of cell fate within the developing inner ear and its different cell types, being their mechanisms of action highly cell-type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magariños
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBER) on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Barajas-Azpeleta
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBER) on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria R Aburto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Johnson Chacko L, Wertjanz D, Sergi C, Dudas J, Fischer N, Eberharter T, Hoermann R, Glueckert R, Fritsch H, Rask-Andersen H, Schrott-Fischer A, Handschuh S. Growth and cellular patterning during fetal human inner ear development studied by a correlative imaging approach. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 31109306 PMCID: PMC6528216 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Progressive transformation of the otic placode into the functional inner ear during gestational development in humans leads to the acquisition of hearing perception via the cochlea and balance and spatial orientation via the vestibular organ. Results Using a correlative approach involving micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT), transmission electron microscopy and histological techniques we were able to examine both the morphological and cellular changes associated with human inner ear development. Such an evaluation allowed for the examination of 3D geometry with high spatial and temporal resolution. In concert with gestational progression and growth of the cochlear duct, an increase in the distance between some of the Crista ampullaris is evident in all the specimens examined from GW12 to GW36. A parallel increase in the distances between the macular organs - fetal utricle and saccule - is also evident across the gestational stages examined. The distances between both the utricle and saccule to the three cristae ampullares also increased across the stages examined. A gradient in hair cell differentiation is apparent from apex to base of the fetal cochlea even at GW14. Conclusion We present structural information on human inner ear development across multiple levels of biological organization, including gross-morphology of the inner ear, cellular and subcellular details of hearing and vestibular organs, as well as ultrastructural details in the developing sensory epithelia. This enabled the gathering of detailed information regarding morphometric changes as well in realizing the complex developmental patterns of the human inner ear. We were able to quantify the volumetric and linear aspects of selected gestational inner ear specimens enabling a better understanding of the cellular changes across the fetal gestational timeline. Moreover, these data could serve as a reference for better understanding disorders that arise during inner ear development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0191-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejo Johnson Chacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Wertjanz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Division of Anatomical Pathology, 5B4.09 Walter C MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jozsef Dudas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresa Eberharter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romed Hoermann
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Division of Clinical & Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,University Clinics Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Division of Clinical & Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
| | - Anneliese Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- VetCore Facility for Research, Imaging Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Gibaja A, Aburto MR, Pulido S, Collado M, Hurle JM, Varela-Nieto I, Magariños M. TGFβ2-induced senescence during early inner ear development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5912. [PMID: 30976015 PMCID: PMC6459823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development requires the coordinated regulation of apoptosis, survival, autophagy, proliferation and differentiation programs. Senescence has recently joined the cellular processes required to master development, in addition to its well-described roles in cancer and ageing. Here, we show that senescent cells are present in a highly regulated temporal pattern in the developing vertebrate inner ear, first, surrounding the otic pore and, later, in the otocyst at the endolymphatic duct. Cellular senescence is associated with areas of increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation consistent with the induction of the process when the endolymphatic duct is being formed. Modulation of senescence disrupts otic vesicle morphology. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling interacts with signaling pathways elicited by insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) to jointly coordinate cellular dynamics required for morphogenesis and differentiation. Taken together, these results show that senescence is a natural occurring process essential for early inner ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gibaja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María R Aburto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pulido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Magariños
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Du ZH, Chen J, Chen QG, Zhou LQ, Bing D, Liu Y, Sun YB, Li PJ, Qi F, Zhu HM, Chu HQ. Expression Patterns and Implications of LaminB1 in Rat Cochleae. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:305-309. [PMID: 31016526 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
LaminB1, a major component of the nuclear lamina, is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation and senescence and also known to be essential for neuronal migration and brain development. However, the expression patterns of LaminB1 in the rat cochleae are still not fully revealed. Utilizing immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR, we identified the distribution and expression of LaminB1 in the rat cochleae. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that LaminB1 was mainly localized in the auditory hair cells (HCs), spiral ganglion cells (SGC), stria vascularis (STV, including spiral ligament), Reissner's membrane (RM), and limbus laminae spiralis (LLS). Western blotting analysis illustrated that the distribution of LaminB1 in rat cochleae was characterized by tissue specificity. The LaminB1 protein was expressed more in SGC and basilar membrane (BM) than in STV. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of LaminB1 displayed difference in cochlear tissues. These observations preliminarily revealed the expression patterns of LaminB1, providing a theoretical basis for further study on the role of LaminB1 in auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qing-Guo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang-Qiang Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Bing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan-Bo Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng-Jun Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fan Qi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Han-Qi Chu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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9
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Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have shown potential as therapeutic molecules for the treatment of inner ear dysfunction. The peripheral sensory organs responsible for both hearing and equilibrium are housed within the inner ear. Hearing loss and vestibular balance problems affect a large portion of the population and limited treatment options exist. Targeting ASOs to the inner ear as a therapeutic strategy has unique pharmacokinetic and drug delivery opportunities and challenges. Here, we review ASO technology, delivery, disease targets, and other key considerations for development of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Science and Medicine, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Timothy A Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 304 Barkley Memorial Center, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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10
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Fuentes-Santamaría V, Alvarado JC, Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Juiz JM, Varela-Nieto I. Neuroglial Involvement in Abnormal Glutamate Transport in the Cochlear Nuclei of the Igf1 -/- Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:67. [PMID: 30881288 PMCID: PMC6405628 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a powerful regulator of synaptic activity and a deficit in this protein has a profound impact on neurotransmission, mostly on excitatory synapses in both the developing and mature auditory system. Adult Igf1−/− mice are animal models for the study of human syndromic deafness; they show altered cochlear projection patterns into abnormally developed auditory neurons along with impaired glutamate uptake in the cochlear nuclei, phenomena that probably reflect disruptions in neuronal circuits. To determine the cellular mechanisms that might be involved in regulating excitatory synaptic plasticity in 4-month-old Igf1−/− mice, modifications to neuroglia, astroglial glutamate transporters (GLTs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) were assessed in the cochlear nuclei. The Igf1−/− mice show significant decreases in IBA1 (an ionized calcium-binding adapter) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA expression and protein accumulation, as well as dampened mGluR expression in conjunction with enhanced glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) expression. By contrast, no differences were observed in the expression of glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) between these Igf1−/− mice and their heterozygous or wildtype littermates. These observations suggest that congenital IGF-1 deficiency may lead to alterations in microglia and astrocytes, an upregulation of GLT1, and the downregulation of groups I, II and III mGluRs. Understanding the molecular, biochemical and morphological mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity in a mouse model of hearing deficits will give us insight into new therapeutic strategies that could help to maintain or even improve residual hearing when human deafness is related to IGF-1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Fuentes-Santamaría
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan C Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Grupo de Neurobiología de la Audición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), CIBER MP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Juiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Grupo de Neurobiología de la Audición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), CIBER MP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Varela-Nieto I, Palmero I, Magariños M. Complementary and distinct roles of autophagy, apoptosis and senescence during early inner ear development. Hear Res 2019; 376:86-96. [PMID: 30711386 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of the inner ear complex cytoarchitecture and functional geometry requires the exquisite coordination of a variety of cellular processes in a temporal manner. At early stages of inner ear development several rounds of cell proliferation in the otocyst promote the growth of the structure. The apoptotic program is initiated in exceeding cells to adjust cell type numbers. Apoptotic cells are cleared by phagocytic cells that recognize the phosphatidylserine residues exposed in the cell membrane thanks to the energy supplied by autophagy. Specific molecular programs determine hair and supporting cell fate, these populations are responsible for the functions of the adult sensory organ: detection of sound, position and acceleration. The neurons that transmit auditory and balance information to the brain are also born at the otocyst by neurogenesis facilitated by autophagy. Cellular senescence participates in tissue repair, cancer and aging, situations in which cells enter a permanent cell cycle arrest and acquire a highly secretory phenotype that modulates their microenvironment. More recently, senescence has also been proposed to take place during vertebrate development in a limited number of transitory structures and organs; among the later, the endolymphatic duct in the inner ear. Here, we review these cellular processes during the early development of the inner ear, focusing on how the most recently described cellular senescence participates and cooperates with proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy to achieve otic morphogenesis and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Magariños
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Puga AM, Pajares MA, Varela-Moreiras G, Partearroyo T. Interplay between Nutrition and Hearing Loss: State of Art. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010035. [PMID: 30586880 PMCID: PMC6356655 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss has been recently ranked as the fifth leading cause of years lived with disability, ahead of many other chronic diseases such as diabetes, dementia, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, according to the World Health Organization, moderate-to-profound hearing loss affects about 466 million people worldwide. Its incidence varies in each population segment, affecting approximately 10% of children and increasing to 30% of the population over 65 years. However, hearing loss receives still very limited research funding and public awareness. This sensory impairment is caused by genetic and environmental factors, and among the latter, the nutritional status has acquired relevance due its association to hearing loss detected in recent epidemiological studies. Several experimental models have proved that the onset and progression of hearing loss are closely linked to the availability of nutrients and their metabolism. Here, we have reviewed studies focused on nutrient effects on auditory function. These studies support the potential of nutritional therapy for the protection against hearing loss progression, which is especially relevant to the aging process and related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Puga
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Molecular Hepatology Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Balta B, Gundogdu R, Erdogan M, Alisik M, Kiraz A, Ozcan I, Erel O. Decreased disulphide/thiol ratio in patients with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 112:188-192. [PMID: 30055731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress plays a key role in the formation of age-related, noise-induced and drug-induced hearing loss. Thiols are organic compounds which can react with free radicals to protect against tissue and cell damage caused by reactive oxygen. There are no studies in literature on the association between autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss(ARNSHL) including GJB2 and non-GJB2 mutations and thiol-disulphide balance. In this study, we aim to assess whether thiol-disulphide balance is disrupted in patients with ARNSHL. METHODS Thirty-one ARNSHL patients and thirty-one healthy controls were included in this study. Patients whose parents were first degree cousins and who had at least two congenital hearing loss in the same family were included in the study. Audiological tests included air - bone pure tone audiometry and auditory brain stem response. GJB2 gene analysis was performed using sanger sequence method. Tests of thiol/disulphide homeostasis were conducted using the automated spectrophotometric method. We first investigated whether there was a significant difference between ARNSHL patients and healthy controls. Then, in order to determine the differential effect of the GJB2 gene mutations and non-GJB2 gene mutations on the thiol-disulphide balance, subjects were divided into three groups: Group 1 included patients with GJB2 mutations; Group 2 included patients with non-GJB2 mutations; Group 3 included healthy subjects. RESULTS Patients with ARNSHL had significantly higher native thiol (411.6 ± 54.3 μmol/l vs. 368.0 ± 64.3 μmol/l, p = 0.006), total thiol levels (440.3 ± 56.2 μmol/l vs. 402.4 ± 65.9 μmol/l, p = 0.018), and lower disulphide levels (14.3 ± 5.7 μmol/l) vs. (17.1 ± 4.9 μmol/l), (p = 0.043) compared to the control group. Moreover, disulphide /native thiol (p < 0.001) and disulphide/total thiol (p < 0.001) were also detected lower in the ARNSHL group compared to the control group. Thiol-disulphide hemostasis parameters between all three groups showed that the native thiol and total thiol were increased in the Group 1 and Group 2. The disulphide levels decreased in Group 1 and 2, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSION It was shown that thiol levels increased and disulphide levels decreased in patients with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss. It also may suggest that there is a reverse association between ARNSHL and oxidative stress. Further studies are needed on whether or not ARNSHL cause oxidative stress limited to the inner ear and cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Balta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ramazan Gundogdu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Murat Erdogan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Murat Alisik
- Department of Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aslihan Kiraz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Ozcan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Hao QQ, Li L, Chen W, Jiang QQ, Ji F, Sun W, Wei H, Guo WW, Yang SM. Key Genes and Pathways Associated With Inner Ear Malformation in SOX10 p.R109W Mutation Pigs. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:181. [PMID: 29922125 PMCID: PMC5996026 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY-box 10 (SOX10) mutation may lead to inner ear deformities. However, its molecular mechanisms on inner ear development are not clear. In this work, the inner ear morphology was investigated at different embryonic stages of the SOX10 mutation miniature porcine model with sensorineural hearing loss, and high-throughput RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses were applied. Our results indicated that the SOX10 mutation in the miniature pigs led to an incomplete partition (IP) of the cochlea, a cystic apex caused by fusion from middle and apical turns, cochlear modiolar defects and a shortened cochlear duct. The model demonstrated 173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 185 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The down-regulated DEGs most significantly enriched the inflammatory mediator regulation of the TRP channels, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the salivary secretion pathways, while the up-regulated DEGs most significantly enriched the systemic lupus erythematosus and alcoholism pathways. Based on gene cluster analysis, we selected four gene groups: WNT1, KCNQ4, STRC and PAX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Qing Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Communicative Disorders & Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
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15
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Perny M, Ting CC, Kleinlogel S, Senn P, Roccio M. Generation of Otic Sensory Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in 3D Culture. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:409. [PMID: 29311837 PMCID: PMC5742223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral hearing process taking place in the cochlea mainly depends on two distinct sensory cell types: the mechanosensitive hair cells and the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). The first respond to the mechanical stimulation exerted by sound pressure waves on their hair bundles by releasing neurotransmitters and thereby activating the latter. Loss of these sensorineural cells is associated with permanent hearing loss. Stem cell-based approaches aiming at cell replacement or in vitro drug testing to identify potential ototoxic, otoprotective, or regenerative compounds have lately gained attention as putative therapeutic strategies for hearing loss. Nevertheless, they rely on efficient and reliable protocols for the in vitro generation of cochlear sensory cells for their implementation. To this end, we have developed a differentiation protocol based on organoid culture systems, which mimics the most important steps of in vivo otic development, robustly guiding mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) toward otic sensory neurons (OSNs). The stepwise differentiation of mESCs toward ectoderm was initiated using a quick aggregation method in presence of Matrigel in serum-free conditions. Non-neural ectoderm was induced via activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and concomitant inhibition of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling to prevent mesendoderm induction. Preplacodal and otic placode ectoderm was further induced by inhibition of BMP signaling and addition of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Delamination and differentiation of SGNs was initiated by plating of the organoids on a 2D Matrigel-coated substrate. Supplementation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was used for further maturation until 15 days of in vitro differentiation. A large population of neurons with a clear bipolar morphology and functional excitability was derived from these cultures. Immunostaining and gene expression analysis performed at different time points confirmed the transition trough the otic lineage and final expression of the key OSN markers. Moreover, the stem cell-derived OSNs exhibited functional electrophysiological properties of native SGNs. Our established in vitro model of OSNs development can be used for basic developmental studies, for drug screening or for the exploration of their regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Perny
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Chia Ting
- Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Senn
- Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marta Roccio
- Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Lassaletta L, Calvino M, Murillo-Cuesta S, Varela-Nieto I. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in the Progression of Age-Related Hearing Loss. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:411. [PMID: 29311900 PMCID: PMC5733003 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with impairment of sensorial functions and with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. As pari passu circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) bioavailability progressively decreases, we see a direct correlation with sensory impairment and cognitive performance in older humans. Age-related sensory loss is typically caused by the irreversible death of highly differentiated neurons and sensory receptor cells. Among sensory deficits, age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also named presbycusis, affects one third of the population over 65 years of age and is a major factor in the progression of cognitive problems in the elderly. The genetic and molecular bases of ARHL are largely unknown and only a few genes related to susceptibility to oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and cell death have been identified. IGF-1 is known to be a neuroprotective agent that maintains cellular metabolism, activates growth, proliferation and differentiation, and limits cell death. Inborn IGF-1 deficiency leads to profound sensorineural hearing loss both in humans and mice. IGF-1 haploinsufficiency has also been shown to correlate with ARHL. There is not much information available on the effect of IGF-1 deficiency on other human sensory systems, but experimental models show a long-term impact on the retina. A secondary action of IGF-1 is the control of oxidative stress and inflammation, thus helping to resolve damage situations, acute or made chronic by aging. Here we will review the primary actions of IGF-1 in the auditory system and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lassaletta
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miryam Calvino
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Magariños M, Pulido S, Aburto MR, de Iriarte Rodríguez R, Varela-Nieto I. Autophagy in the Vertebrate Inner Ear. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:56. [PMID: 28603711 PMCID: PMC5445191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that results in the lysosomal degradation of cell components. During development, autophagy is associated with tissue and organ remodeling, and under physiological conditions it is tightly regulated as it plays a housekeeping role in removing misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. The vertebrate inner ear is a complex sensory organ responsible for the perception of sound and for balance. Cell survival, death and proliferation, as well as cell fate specification and differentiation, are processes that are strictly coordinated during the development of the inner ear in order to generate the more than a dozen specialized cell types that constitute this structure. Here, we review the existing evidence that implicates autophagy in the generation of the vertebrate inner ear. At early stages of chicken otic development, inhibiting autophagy impairs neurogenesis and causes aberrant otocyst morphogenesis. Autophagy provides energy for the clearing of dying cells and it favors neuronal differentiation. Moreover, autophagy is required for proper vestibular development in the mouse inner ear. The autophagy-related genes Becn1, Atg4g, Atg5, and Atg9, are expressed in the inner ear from late developmental stages to adulthood, and Atg4b mutants show impaired vestibular behavior associated to defects in otoconial biogenesis that are also common to Atg5 mutants. Autophagic flux appears to be age-regulated, augmenting from perinatal stages to young adulthood in mice. This up-regulation is concomitant with the functional maturation of the hearing receptor. Hence, autophagy can be considered an intracellular pathway fundamental for in vertebrate inner ear development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magariños
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CSIC-UAMMadrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pulido
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CSIC-UAMMadrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - María R Aburto
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CSIC-UAMMadrid, Spain
| | - Rocío de Iriarte Rodríguez
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CSIC-UAMMadrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CSIC-UAMMadrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ)Madrid, Spain
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18
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Mammano F, Bortolozzi M. Ca 2+ signaling, apoptosis and autophagy in the developing cochlea: Milestones to hearing acquisition. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:117-126. [PMID: 28578918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the sense of hearing arises through a complex sequence of morphogenetic events that drive the sculpting of the auditory sensory epithelium into its terminally functional three-dimensional shape. While the majority of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, it has become increasingly clear that Ca2+ signaling is at center stage and plays numerous fundamental roles both in the sensory hair cells and in the matrix of non-sensory, epithelial and supporting cells, which embed them and are tightly interconnected by a dense network of gap junctions formed by connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 30 (Cx30) protein subunits. In this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between Ca2+ signaling, connexin expression and function, apoptosis and autophagy in the crucial steps that lead to hearing acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mammano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo, (RM), Italy.
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Italian National Research Council, 80131 Naples (NA), Italy
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19
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Partearroyo T, Vallecillo N, Pajares MA, Varela-Moreiras G, Varela-Nieto I. Cochlear Homocysteine Metabolism at the Crossroad of Nutrition and Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:107. [PMID: 28487633 PMCID: PMC5403919 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common causes of disability, affecting 360 million people according to the World Health Organization (WHO). HL is most frequently of sensorineural origin, being caused by the irreversible loss of hair cells and/or spiral ganglion neurons. The etiology of sensorineural HL (SNHL) is multifactorial, with genetic and environmental factors such as noise, ototoxic substances and aging playing a role. The nutritional status is central in aging disability, but the interplay between nutrition and SNHL has only recently gained attention. Dietary supplementation could therefore constitute the first step for the prevention and potential repair of hearing damage before it reaches irreversibility. In this context, different epidemiological studies have shown correlations among the nutritional condition, increased total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and SNHL. Several human genetic rare diseases are also associated with homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and SNHL confirming this potential link. Accordingly, rodent experimental models have provided the molecular basis to understand the observed effects. Thus, increased tHcy levels and vitamin deficiencies, such as folic acid (FA), have been linked with SNHL, whereas long-term dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids improved Hcy metabolism, cell survival and hearing acuity. Furthermore, pharmacological supplementations with the anti-oxidant fumaric acid that targets Hcy metabolism also improved SNHL. Overall these results strongly suggest that cochlear Hcy metabolism is a key player in the onset and progression of SNHL, opening the way for the design of prospective nutritional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San PabloMadrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Vallecillo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología y del Sistema Nervios, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Departamento de Fisiopatología y del Sistema Nervios, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain.,Investigación en Otoneurocirugía, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ)Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San PabloMadrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Departamento de Fisiopatología y del Sistema Nervios, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.,Investigación en Otoneurocirugía, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ)Madrid, Spain
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20
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Ray P, Hughes AJ, Sharif M, Chapman SC. Lectins selectively label cartilage condensations and the otic neuroepithelium within the embryonic chicken head. J Anat 2016; 230:424-434. [PMID: 27861854 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage morphogenesis during endochondral ossification follows a progression of conserved developmental events. Cells are specified towards a prechondrogenic fate and subsequently undergo condensation followed by overt differentiation. Currently available molecular markers of prechondrogenic and condensing mesenchyme rely on common regulators of the chondrogenic program that are not specific to the tissue type or location. Therefore tissue-specific condensations cannot be distinguished based on known molecular markers. Here, using the chick embryo model, we utilized lectin labeling on serial sections, demonstrating that differential labeling by peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) successfully separates adjacently located condensations in the proximal second pharyngeal arch. PNA selectively labels chick middle ear columella and basal plate condensation, whereas SNA specifically marks extracolumella and the ventro-lateral part of the otic capsule. We further extended our study to examine lectin-binding properties of the different parts of the inner ear epithelium, neural tube and notochord. Our results show that SNA labels the auditory and vestibular hair cells of the inner ear, whereas PNA specifically recognizes the statoacoustic ganglion. PNA is also highly specific for the floor plate of the neural tube. Additionally, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) labels the basement membrane of the notochord and is a marker of the apical-basal polarity of the cochlear duct. Overall, this study indicates that selective lectin labeling is a promising approach to differentiate between contiguously located mesenchymal condensations and subregions of epithelia globally during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Ray
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Ami J Hughes
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Misha Sharif
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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21
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Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Sánchez-Calderón H, Contreras J, Murillo-Cuesta S, Falagan S, Avendaño C, Dopazo J, Varela-Nieto I, Milo M. Comparative gene expression study of the vestibular organ of the Igf1 deficient mouse using whole-transcript arrays. Hear Res 2015; 330:62-77. [PMID: 26341476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The auditory and vestibular organs form the inner ear and have a common developmental origin. Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has a central role in the development of the cochlea and maintenance of hearing. Its deficiency causes sensorineural hearing loss in man and mice. During chicken early development, IGF-1 modulates neurogenesis of the cochleovestibular ganglion but no further studies have been conducted to explore the potential role of IGF-1 in the vestibular system. In this study we have compared the whole transcriptome of the vestibular organ from wild type and Igf1(-/-) mice at different developmental and postnatal times. RNA was prepared from E18.5, P15 and P90 vestibular organs of Igf1(-/-) and Igf1(+/+) mice and the transcriptome analysed in triplicates using Affymetrix(®) Mouse Gene 1.1 ST Array Plates. These plates are whole-transcript arrays that include probes to measure both messenger (mRNA) and long intergenic non-coding RNA transcripts (lincRNA), with a coverage of over 28 thousand coding transcripts and over 7 thousands non-coding transcripts. Given the complexity of the data we used two different methods VSN-RMA and mmBGX to analyse and compare the data. This is to better evaluate the number of false positives and to quantify uncertainty of low signals. We identified a number of differentially expressed genes that we described using functional analysis and validated using RT-qPCR. The morphology of the vestibular organ did not show differences between genotypes and no evident alterations were observed in the vestibular sensory areas of the null mice. However, well-defined cellular alterations were found in the vestibular neurons with respect their number and size. Although these mice did not show a dramatic vestibular phenotype, we conducted a functional analysis on differentially expressed genes between genotypes and across time. This was with the aim to identify new pathways that are involved in the development of the vestibular organ as well as pathways that maybe affected by the lack of IGF-1 and be associated to the morphological changes of the vestibular neurons that we observed in the Igf1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Sánchez-Calderón
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Contreras
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Falagan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Milo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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22
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Martínez-Vega R, Partearroyo T, Vallecillo N, Varela-Moreiras G, Pajares MA, Varela-Nieto I. Long-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation prevents expression changes in cochlear homocysteine metabolism and ameliorates progressive hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1424-33. [PMID: 26321228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients well known for their beneficial effects, among others on cognitive development and maintenance, inflammation and oxidative stress. Previous studies have shown an inverse association between high plasma levels of PUFAs and age-related hearing loss, and the relationship between low serum folate and elevated plasma homocysteine levels and hearing loss. Therefore, we used C57BL/6J mice and long-term omega-3 supplementation to evaluate the impact on hearing by analyzing their auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) thresholds. The omega-3 group showed significantly lower ABR hearing thresholds (~25 dB sound pressure level) and higher DPOAE amplitudes in mid-high frequencies when compared to the control group. These changes did not correlate with alterations between groups in plasma homocysteine or serum folate levels as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and a microbiological method, respectively. Aging in the control group was associated with imbalanced cytokine expression toward increased proinflammatory cytokines as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; these changes were prevented by omega-3 supplementation. Genes involved in homocysteine metabolism showed decreased expression during aging of control animals, and only alterations in Bhmt and Cbs were significantly prevented by omega-3 feeding. Western blotting showed that omega-3 supplementation precluded the CBS protein increase detected in 10-month-old controls but also produced an increase in BHMT protein levels. Altogether, the results obtained suggest a long-term protective role of omega-3 supplementation on cochlear metabolism and progression of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martínez-Vega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain,; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Vallecillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain,; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain,; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
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23
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de Iriarte Rodríguez R, Pulido S, Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Magariños M, Varela-Nieto I. Age-regulated function of autophagy in the mouse inner ear. Hear Res 2015; 330:39-50. [PMID: 26235979 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. The autophagic machinery supplies energy by recycling intracellular components and facilitates the removal of apoptotic cells. In the inner ear, autophagy has been reported to play roles during early development in the chicken embryo and in the response to otic injury in the adult mouse. However, there are no studies on the expression of the autophagy machinery in the postnatal and adult inner ear. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is one of the factors that regulate both otic development and cochlear postnatal maturation and function. Here, we hypothesised that autophagy could be one of the processes involved in the cochlear development and functional maturation. We report that autophagy-related genes (ATG) Becn1, Atg4g and Atg5 are expressed in the mouse cochlea, vestibular system and brainstem cochlear nuclei from late developmental stages to adulthood. Atg9 was studied in the mouse cochlea and showed a similar pattern. The presence of autophagic flux was confirmed by decreased sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) and increased relative levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II). Inner ear autophagy flux is developmentally regulated and is lower at perinatal stages than in the adult mouse, where an expression plateau is reached at the age of two-months, coinciding with the age at which full functional activity is reached. Expression is maintained in adult mice and declines after the age of twelve months. LC3B labelling showed that autophagy was primarily associated with spiral ganglion neurons. Over time, Igf1 wild type mice showed lower expression of genes coding for IGF-1 high affinity receptor and the family factor IGF-2 than null mice. Parallel analysis of autophagy machinery gene expression showed no significant differences between the genotypes over the lifespan of the null mice. Taken together, these results show that the autophagy machinery expression in the inner ear is regulated with age but is not compromised by the chronic absence of IGF-1. Our data also strongly support that the up-regulation of autophagy machinery genes is concomitant with the functional maturation of the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío de Iriarte Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pulido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Magariños
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Magariños M, Milo M, Varela-Nieto I. Editorial: Aging, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation in hearing loss and protection. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:138. [PMID: 26236234 PMCID: PMC4505145 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magariños
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Endocrina y del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CISC-UAM Madrid, Spain ; CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Milo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Endocrina y del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," CISC-UAM Madrid, Spain ; CIBERER, Unit 761, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Área de Cáncer y Genética Molecular Humana, IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Madrid, Spain
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25
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de Iriarte Rodríguez R, Magariños M, Pfeiffer V, Rapp UR, Varela-Nieto I. C-Raf deficiency leads to hearing loss and increased noise susceptibility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3983-98. [PMID: 25975225 PMCID: PMC4575698 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The family of RAF kinases transduces extracellular information to the nucleus, and their activation is crucial for cellular regulation on many levels, ranging from embryonic development to carcinogenesis. B-RAF and C-RAF modulate neurogenesis and neuritogenesis during chicken inner ear development. C-RAF deficiency in humans is associated with deafness in the rare genetic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Noonan and Leopard syndromes. In this study, we show that RAF kinases are expressed in the developing inner ear and in adult mouse cochlea. A homozygous C-Raf deletion in mice caused profound deafness with no evident cellular aberrations except for a remarkable reduction of the K+ channel Kir4.1 expression, a trait that suffices as a cause of deafness. To explore the role of C-Raf in cellular protection and repair, heterozygous C-Raf+/− mice were exposed to noise. A reduced C-RAF level negatively affected hearing preservation in response to noise through mechanisms involving the activation of JNK and an exacerbated apoptotic response. Taken together, these results strongly support a role for C-RAF in hearing protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío de Iriarte Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Magariños
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Verena Pfeiffer
- Institute for Medical Radiation and Cell Research (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulf R Rapp
- Institute for Medical Radiation and Cell Research (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.,Molecular Mechanisms of Lung Cancer, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstr. 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Nakajima Y. Signaling regulating inner ear development: cell fate determination, patterning, morphogenesis, and defects. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015; 55:17-25. [PMID: 25040109 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear is a highly complex organ that detects sound and balance. Developmental defects in the inner ear cause congenital hearing loss and balance disorders. The membranous labyrinth consists of three semicircular ducts, the utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic ducts, and the cochlear duct. These complex structures develop from the simple otic placode, which is established in the cranial ectoderm adjacent to the neural crest at the level of the hindbrain at the early neurula stage. During development, the otic placode invaginates to form the otic vesicle, which subsequently gives rise to neurons for the vestibulocochlear ganglion, the non-sensory and sensory epithelia of the membranous labyrinth that includes three ampullary crests, two maculae, and the organ of Corti. Combined paracrine and autocrine signals including fibroblast growth factor, Wnt, retinoic acid, hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic protein regulate fate determination, axis formation, and morphogenesis in the developing inner ear. Juxtacrine signals mediated by Notch pathways play a role in establishing the sensory epithelium, which consists of mechanosensory hair cells and supporting cells. The highly differentiated organ of Corti, which consists of uniformly oriented inner/outer hair cells and specific supporting cells, develops during fetal development. Developmental alterations/arrest causes congenital malformations in the inner ear in a spatiotemporal-restricted manner. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying inner ear development is important not only for the management of patients with congenital inner ear malformations, but also for the development of regenerative therapy for impaired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Fuentes-Santamaría V, Alvarado JC, Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Murillo-Cuesta S, Contreras J, Juiz JM, Varela-Nieto I. IGF-1 deficiency causes atrophic changes associated with upregulation of VGluT1 and downregulation of MEF2 transcription factors in the mouse cochlear nuclei. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:709-34. [PMID: 25378055 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a neurotrophic protein that plays a crucial role in modulating neuronal function and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Mice lacking the Igf1 gene exhibit profound deafness and multiple anomalies in the inner ear and spiral ganglion. An issue that remains unknown is whether, in addition to these peripheral abnormalities, IGF-1 deficiency also results in structural changes along the central auditory pathway that may contribute to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, which might be reflected in abnormal auditory brainstem responses (ABR). To assess such a possibility, we evaluated the morphological and physiological alterations in the cochlear nucleus complex of the adult mouse. The expression and distribution of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) and the vesicular inhibitory transporter (VGAT), which were used as specific markers for labeling excitatory and inhibitory terminals, and the involvement of the activity-dependent myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors in regulating excitatory synapses were assessed in a 4-month-old mouse model of IGF-1 deficiency and neurosensorial deafness (Igf1 (-/-) homozygous null mice). The results demonstrate decreases in the cochlear nucleus area and cell size along with cell loss in the cochlear nuclei of the deficient mouse. Additionally, our results demonstrate that there is upregulation of VGluT1, but not VGAT, immunostaining and downregulation of MEF2 transcription factors together with increased wave II amplitude in the ABR recording. Our observations provide evidence of an abnormal neuronal cytoarchitecture in the cochlear nuclei of Igf1 (-/-) null mice and suggest that the increased efficacy of glutamatergic synapses might be mediated by MEF2 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fuentes-Santamaría
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain.
| | - J C Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain
| | - L Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de Albacete. C/Almansa, 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - S Murillo-Cuesta
- Grupo de Neurobiología de la Audición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IdiPAZ Instituto de Investigación en Salud, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Contreras
- Grupo de Neurobiología de la Audición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IdiPAZ Instituto de Investigación en Salud, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Juiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain
| | - I Varela-Nieto
- Grupo de Neurobiología de la Audición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IdiPAZ Instituto de Investigación en Salud, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Liu Q, Chen P, Wang J. Molecular mechanisms and potentials for differentiating inner ear stem cells into sensory hair cells. Dev Biol 2014; 390:93-101. [PMID: 24680894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, hair cells may be damaged or lost due to genetic mutation, infectious disease, chemical ototoxicity, noise and other factors, causing permanent sensorineural deafness. Regeneration of hair cells is a basic pre-requisite for recovery of hearing in deaf animals. The inner ear stem cells in the organ of Corti and vestibular utricle are the most ideal precursors for regeneration of inner ear hair cells. This review highlights some recent findings concerning the proliferation and differentiation of inner ear stem cells. The differentiation of inner ear stem cells into hair cells involves a series of signaling pathways and regulatory factors. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwen Liu
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Department of Cell Biology and Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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29
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Aburto MR, Sánchez-Calderón H, Hurlé JM, Varela-Nieto I, Magariños M. Early otic development depends on autophagy for apoptotic cell clearance and neural differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e394. [PMID: 23034329 PMCID: PMC3481121 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated program of self-degradation of the cytosolic constituents that has key roles during early development and in adult cell growth and homeostasis. To investigate the role of autophagy in otic neurogenesis, we studied the expression of autophagy genes in early stages of chicken (Gallus gallus) inner ear development and the consequences of inhibiting the autophagic pathway in organotypic cultures of explanted chicken otic vesicles (OVs). Here we show the expression of autophagy-related genes (Atg) Beclin-1 (Atg6), Atg5 and LC3B (Atg8) in the otocyst and the presence of autophagic vesicles by using transmission electron microscopy in the otic neurogenic zone. The inhibition of the transcription of LC3B by using antisense morpholinos and of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with 3-methyladenine causes an aberrant morphology of the OV with accumulation of apoptotic cells. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy provokes the misregulation of the cell cycle in the otic epithelium, impaired neurogenesis and poor axonal outgrowth. Finally, our results indicate that autophagy provides the energy required for the clearing of neuroepithelial dying cells and suggest that it is required for the migration of otic neuronal precursors. Taken together, our results show for the first time that autophagy is an active and essential process during early inner ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Aburto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Aburto MR, Hurlé JM, Varela-Nieto I, Magariños M. Autophagy during vertebrate development. Cells 2012; 1:428-48. [PMID: 24710484 PMCID: PMC3901104 DOI: 10.3390/cells1030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process by which cells degrade their own components through the lysosomal machinery. In physiological conditions, the mechanism is tightly regulated and contributes to maintain a balance between synthesis and degradation in cells undergoing intense metabolic activities. Autophagy is associated with major tissue remodeling processes occurring through the embryonic, fetal and early postnatal periods of vertebrates. Here we survey current information implicating autophagy in cellular death, proliferation or differentiation in developing vertebrates. In developing systems, activation of the autophagic machinery could promote different outcomes depending on the cellular context. Autophagy is thus an extraordinary tool for the developing organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Aburto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Juan M Hurlé
- Departamentos de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Marta Magariños
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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