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Yi H, Liu CX, Ye SX, Liu YL. Special electromyographic features in a child with paramyotonia congenita: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:587-595. [PMID: 38322461 PMCID: PMC10841953 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i3.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) stands as a rare sodium channelopaty of skeletal muscle, initially identified by Eulenburg. The identification of PMC often relies on electromyography (EMG), a diagnostic technique. The child's needle EMG unveiled trains of myotonic discharges with notably giant amplitudes, alongside irregular wave trains of myotonic discharges. This distinctive observation had not surfaced in earlier studies. CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 3-year-old female child with PMC, who exhibited laryngeal stridor, muffled speech, myotonia from birth. Cold, exposure to cool water, crying, and physical activity exacerbated the myotonia, which was relieved in warmth, yet never normalized. Percussion myotonia was observable in bilateral biceps. Myotonia symptoms remained unchanged after potassium-rich food consumption like bananas. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis was excluded. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging yielded normal results. Blood potassium remained within normal range, while creatine kinase showed slight elevation. Exome-wide genetic testing pinpointed a heterozygous mutation on chromosome SCN4A: c.3917G>A (p.G1306E). After a six-month mexiletine regimen, symptoms alleviated. CONCLUSION In this case revealed the two types of myotonic discharges, and had not been documented in other studies. We underscore two distinctive features: Giant-amplitude potentials and irregular waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yi
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen-Xiang Liu
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu-Xin Ye
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Lin Liu
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Lauer G, Pradel W, Birdir C. [Cleft lip and palate : One of the most frequent congenital malformations]. HNO 2023; 71:276-284. [PMID: 36897341 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-023-01291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
With a frequency of 1 per 500 live births, a cleft lip and palate is one of the most frequent congenital malformations. Untreated, it leads to disturbances in feeding, speech, hearing, tooth position and esthetics. A multifactorial genesis is assumed. The fusion of the different facial processes takes place in the first 3 months of pregnancy and a cleft can develop during this time. Surgical treatment includes the early anatomical and functional restoration of the affected structures within the first year of life in order to enable normal intake of food, articulation, nasal breathing and middle ear ventilation. Breastfeeding is possible in children with a cleft formation but alternative feeding methods, such as finger feeding, often have to be used. In addition to the surgery for primary closure of the cleft, otorhinolaryngological (ENT) interventions, speech therapy, orthodontic treatment as well as other surgical interventions are part of the interdisciplinary treatment concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Lauer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund‑, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - Winnie Pradel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund‑, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Cahit Birdir
- Universitäts Kinder-Frauenzentrum, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland.,Zentrum für feto/neonatale Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
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3
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Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalte. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-022-01680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Jaruga A, Ksiazkiewicz J, Kuzniarz K, Tylzanowski P. Orofacial Cleft and Mandibular Prognathism-Human Genetics and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020953. [PMID: 35055138 PMCID: PMC8779325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many complex molecular interactions are involved in the process of craniofacial development. Consequently, the network is sensitive to genetic mutations that may result in congenital malformations of varying severity. The most common birth anomalies within the head and neck are orofacial clefts (OFCs) and prognathism. Orofacial clefts are disorders with a range of phenotypes such as the cleft of the lip with or without cleft palate and isolated form of cleft palate with unilateral and bilateral variations. They may occur as an isolated abnormality (nonsyndromic-NSCLP) or coexist with syndromic disorders. Another cause of malformations, prognathism or skeletal class III malocclusion, is characterized by the disproportionate overgrowth of the mandible with or without the hypoplasia of maxilla. Both syndromes may be caused by the presence of environmental factors, but the majority of them are hereditary. Several mutations are linked to those phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the genetics of those phenotypes and describe genotype-phenotype correlations. We then present the animal models used to study these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaruga
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Jakub Ksiazkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.); (J.K.)
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Krystian Kuzniarz
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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5
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Impact of Parental Consanguinity on the Frequency of Orofacial Clefts in Jordan. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:e203-e206. [PMID: 34669683 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common craniofacial congenital anomalies, and its prevalence is highest among Asian populations. The aim of this retrospective case-control study is to evaluate the effect of parental consanguinity on the frequency of OFCs at Jordan University Hospital over a 15-year-period. The study group consists of all patients with OFCs presented to the major tertiary referral center in Jordan during the last 15 years, along with age and gender-matched controls. The authors analyzed the risk of different predictors, including consanguinity, on the development of OFCs, both cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only. A total of 332 participants were included in this study, with a mean age of 74.36 (±48.75) months. The authors included 129 (38.9%) OFCs, and 203 (61.1%) controls. The percentage of parental consanguinity among OFCs group was 41.1%, compared to only 24.1% for controls, a difference that was statistically significant (P = 0.001). On logistic regression analysis, the authors found that parental consanguinity is a significant predictor for the occurrence of OFCs (P = 0.007), where people with consanguineous marriage have 2 times higher risk (odds ratio of 0.504, with 95% confidence interval 0.306-0.830) to have offspring with OFCs. Moreover, lower birth weight babies are also significantly more associated with OFCs (P = 0.014), with an odds ratio of 1.819 (95% confidence interval 1.131 2.926). Among the Jordanian population, the authors found that consanguinity and lower birth weight were the only variables significantly associated with the development of OFCs.
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6
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Chaturvedi V, Murray MJ. Netrins: Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Epithelial Fusion and Closure in Development and Wound Healing. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:193-211. [PMID: 33691313 DOI: 10.1159/000513880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial remodelling plays a crucial role during development. The ability of epithelial sheets to temporarily lose their integrity as they fuse with other epithelial sheets underpins events such as the closure of the neural tube and palate. During fusion, epithelial cells undergo some degree of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereby cells from opposing sheets dissolve existing cell-cell junctions, degrade the basement membrane, extend motile processes to contact each other, and then re-establish cell-cell junctions as they fuse. Similar events occur when an epithelium is wounded. Cells at the edge of the wound undergo a partial EMT and migrate towards each other to close the gap. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of Netrins in these processes, and provide insights into the possible signalling pathways involved. Netrins are secreted, laminin-like proteins that are evolutionarily conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Although best known as axonal chemotropic guidance molecules, Netrins also regulate epithelial cells. For example, Netrins regulate branching morphogenesis of the lung and mammary gland, and promote EMT during Drosophila wing eversion. Netrins also control epithelial fusion during optic fissure closure and inner ear formation, and are strongly implicated in neural tube closure and secondary palate closure. Netrins are also upregulated in response to organ damage and epithelial wounding, and can protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury and speed wound healing in cornea and skin. Since Netrins also have immunomodulatory properties, and can promote angiogenesis and re-innervation, they hold great promise as potential factors in future wound healing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chaturvedi
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Murray
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
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7
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Zhang JN, Song FQ, Zhou SN, Zheng H, Peng LY, Zhang Q, Zhao WH, Zhang TW, Li WR, Zhou ZB, Lin JX, Chen F. [Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism of Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate in the Chinese population]. JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:556-563. [PMID: 31209431 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between Sonic hedgehog (Shh) associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P), and to explore the risk factors of cleft lip and/or palate. Many studies suggest that the pathogenesis of NSCL/P could be related to genes that control early development, in which the Shh signaling pathway plays an important role. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 197 individuals (100 patients with NSCL/P and 97 healthy controls). Haploview software was used for haplotype analysis and Tag SNP were selected, based on the population data of Han Chinese in Beijing of the international human genome haplotype mapping project. A total of 27 SNP were selected for the 4 candidate genes of SHH, PTCH1, SMO and GLI2 in the Shh signaling pathway. The genotypes of 27 SNP were detected and analyzed by Sequenom mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed by chi-squared test and an unconditional Logistic regression model. RESULTS The selected SNP basically covered the potential functional SNP of the target genes, and its minimum allele frequency (MAF) was >0.05: GLI2 73.5%, PTCH1 91.0%, SMO 100.0%, and SHH 75.0%. It was found that the genotype frequency of SNP (rs12674259) located in SMO gene and SNP (rs2066836) located in PTCH1 gene were significantly different between the NSCL/P group and the control group. Linkage disequilibrium was also found on 3 chromosomes (chromosomes 2, 7 and 9) where the 4 candidate genes were located. However, in the analysis of linkage imbalance haplotype, there was no significant difference between the disease group and the control group. CONCLUSION In China, NSCL/P is the most common congenital disease in orofacial region. However, as it is a multigenic disease and could be affected by multiple factors, such as the external environment, the etiology of NSCL/P has not been clearly defined. This study indicates that Shh signaling pathway is involved in the occurrence of NSCL/P, and some special SNP of key genes in this pathway are related to cleft lip and/or palate, which provides a new direction for the etiology research of NSCL/P and may provide help for the early screening and risk prediction of NSCL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - F Q Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - S N Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - L Y Peng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - W H Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - T W Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - W R Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Z B Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J X Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - F Chen
- Department of Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Associated Malformations in Children with Orofacial Clefts in Portugal: A 31-Year Study. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1635. [PMID: 29616161 PMCID: PMC5865923 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Orofacial clefts are among the most common congenital craniofacial malformations and may be associated with other birth defects. However, the proportion and type of additional anomalies vary greatly between studies. This study assessed the prevalence and type of associated congenital malformations in children with orofacial clefts, who attended the largest cleft lip and palate tertiary referral center in Portugal. Methods: Consecutive children with orofacial clefts who attended at least 1 consultation in our Clefts Unit between 1981 and 2012 were studied. Demographic and clinical data regarding the number and type of associated malformations were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: Of the 701 patients studied, 219 (31.2%) had associated congenital malformations. These malformations were more frequent in children with cleft palate (43.4%) than in children with cleft lip and palate (27.5%) or with cleft lip only (19.4%). Within the group with associated anomalies, 73 cases (33.3%) had conditions related with known chromosomal defects, monogenic syndromes or sequences, and 146 cases (66.7%) had multiple congenital anomalies of unknown origin. From those, head and neck malformations were the most common (60.3%), followed by malformations in the cardiovascular (28.3%) and musculoskeletal systems (26%). Conclusions: The overall prevalence of associated malformations of nearly 1 in 3 children with orofacial clefts stressed the need for a comprehensive evaluation of these patients by a multidisciplinary cleft team. Moreover, one-third of the children had multiple congenital anomalies of known origins. Thus, early routine screening for other malformations and genetic counseling might be valuable for orofacial clefts management.
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Guo Q, Li D, Meng X, Liu T, Shi J, Hao Y, Jiao X, Lv K, Hu T, Song T. Association between PAX7 and NTN1 gene polymorphisms and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in a northern Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6724. [PMID: 28489749 PMCID: PMC5428583 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOC) are the most common orofacial congenital defect with a complex etiology. Genome-wide association studies have identified paired box protein 7 (PAX7) and netrin-1 (NTN1) as candidate susceptibility genes for NSOC in both European and Asian populations. Here, possible associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near PAX7 and NTN1 were investigated in relation to risk of NSOC in a northern Chinese population. METHODS A total of 602 individuals with NSOC and 510 controls were recruited from northern China. Polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reactions were used to analyze 4 SNPs (rs742071, rs6659735, rs766325, and rs4920520) of PAX7 and 2 SNPs (rs9904526 and rs9788972) of NTN1. Investigations of polymorphisms and risk of NSOC were conducted by using the PLINK software. RESULTS NTN1 rs9788972 AG was found to be associated with an increased risk of NSOC compared to the GG homozygous genotype (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.11-1.86, P = .006). When the multifactor dimensionality reduction method was applied, NTN1 rs9788972 still exhibited an increased risk for NSOC (P = .008). In contrast, SNPs in PAX7 were not associated with any increased risk of NSOC. CONCLUSION NTN1 rs9788972 is identified as a risk locus for NSOC susceptibility in a northern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Scientific Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | - Jinna Shi
- Scientific Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, China
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10
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Li D, Liu T, Meng X, Guo Q, Shi J, Hao Y, Jiao X, Lv K, Song T. Polymorphic variants in VAX1 and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a population from northern China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6550. [PMID: 28383424 PMCID: PMC5411208 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects, and the etiology of NSCL/P involves both genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a novel susceptibility locus of ventral anterior homeobox 1 (VAX1) in patients with NSCL/P. However, the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of VAX1 with NSCL/P is inconclusive due to the differences in the racial and ethnic populations. The aim of this study was to replicate the association between VAX1 and NSCL/P in a northern Chinese Han population. METHODS Our study included 186 patients with NSCL/P and 223 healthy individuals from northern China. Five SNPs (rs4752028, rs10787760, rs7078160, rs6585429, and rs1871345) on VAX1 were genotyped using the SNaPshot method. RESULTS Recessive genetic model analysis revealed that homozygous genotype CC of VAX1 rs4752028 was associated with an increased risk of NSCL/P (odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-3.19, P = 0.017), but the results were not significant after the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The allele and genotype frequencies of rs10787760, rs7078160, rs6585429, and rs1871345 and the allele frequencies of rs4752028 showed no significant differences between cases and controls. Haplotype and SNP-SNP interaction analyses did not detect any significant association of VAX1 with the occurrence of NSCL/P. CONCLUSION VAX1 rs4752028 was weakly associated with NSCL/P development in the studied northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiang Guo
- Scientific Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinna Shi
- Scientific Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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11
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A pilot study: Screening target miRNAs in tissue of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2570-2576. [PMID: 28565881 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) has been recognized as a condition resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in embryonic development. However, few studies have focused on screening potential target miRNAs in human NSCLP tissue. Using microarray-based miRNA expression profiling, miRNA expression was compared in tissue samples from 4 NSCLP patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Two hundred and fifty-four miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Changes in Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-720 were of particular interest with respect to Wnt signaling (fold-changes were 12.5, 12.2, 12.1, 12.3 and 10.5, respectively; P<0.005 for all). The levels of hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p were higher in tissues from NSCLP patients than in those from controls according to PCR analysis. Hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p may be candidate miRNAs involved in the etiology of NSCLP via Wnt signaling.
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12
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Khandelwal KD, Ishorst N, Zhou H, Ludwig KU, Venselaar H, Gilissen C, Thonissen M, van Rooij IALM, Dreesen K, Steehouwer M, van de Vorst M, Bloemen M, van Beusekom E, Roosenboom J, Borstlap W, Admiraal R, Dormaar T, Schoenaers J, Vander Poorten V, Hens G, Verdonck A, Bergé S, Roeleveldt N, Vriend G, Devriendt K, Brunner HG, Mangold E, Hoischen A, van Bokhoven H, Carels CEL. Novel IRF6 Mutations Detected in Orofacial Cleft Patients by Targeted Massively Parallel Sequencing. J Dent Res 2016; 96:179-185. [PMID: 27834299 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516678829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variants in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) have been associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) as well as with tooth agenesis (TA). These variants contribute a small risk towards the 2 congenital conditions and explain only a small percentage of heritability. On the other hand, many IRF6 mutations are known to be a monogenic cause of disease for syndromic orofacial clefting (OFC). We hypothesize that IRF6 mutations in some rare instances could also cause nonsyndromic OFC. To find novel rare variants in IRF6 responsible for nonsyndromic OFC and TA, we performed targeted multiplex sequencing using molecular inversion probes (MIPs) in 1,072 OFC patients, 67 TA patients, and 706 controls. We identified 3 potentially pathogenic de novo mutations in OFC patients. In addition, 3 rare missense variants were identified, for which pathogenicity could not unequivocally be shown, as all variants were either inherited from an unaffected parent or the parental DNA was not available. Retrospective investigation of the patients with these variants revealed the presence of lip pits in one of the patients with a de novo mutation suggesting a Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) phenotype, whereas, in other patients, no lip pits were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Khandelwal
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Ishorst
- 2 Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,3 Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Zhou
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,5 Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K U Ludwig
- 2 Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,3 Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Venselaar
- 6 Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Gilissen
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,7 Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Thonissen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I A L M van Rooij
- 8 Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Dreesen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Steehouwer
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M van de Vorst
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Bloemen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E van Beusekom
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Roosenboom
- 9 Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, AGORA-Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Borstlap
- 10 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Admiraal
- 11 Hearing & Genes Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen. GA, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Dormaar
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Schoenaers
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Vander Poorten
- 13 Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Hens
- 13 Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Verdonck
- 14 Department of Orthodontics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, AGORA-Research Group, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Bergé
- 10 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Roeleveldt
- 8 Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Vriend
- 6 Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Devriendt
- 15 Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H G Brunner
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Mangold
- 3 Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Hoischen
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,7 Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H van Bokhoven
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,7 Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C E L Carels
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,16 Department of Oral Health Sciences, AGORA-Research Group, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Zhao H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Deng F, Zheng L, Zheng H, Chen F, Lin J. Is MTHFD1 polymorphism rs 2236225 (c.1958G>A) associated with the susceptibility of NSCL/P? A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2016; 4:142. [PMID: 26834978 PMCID: PMC4722688 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6425.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) polymorphism rs 2236225 (c.1958G>A) and susceptibility to non-syndromic cleft of the lip and/or palate (NSCL/P). Methods: An extensive literature review has been conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Database for eligible researches. The terms for searching were “cleft lip OR cleft palate OR CLP OR CL/P OR oral facial cleft OR OFC” AND “methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1 OR methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase OR MTHFD1 OR MTHFD”. Two independent researchers screened, evaluated and extracted the data of included studies. The pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by random effects model under five gene models. Subgroup, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also assessed. Results: Ten case-control studies have been included in the systematic review and eight studies have been considered for the meta-analysis. Overall, the MTHFD1 polymorphism rs2236225 and the risk of NSCL/P showed pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.02 (0.86-1.21) under allelic model. A higher degree of heterogeneity was observed in Asian countries (I
2 = 75.6%) compared to non-Asian countries (I
2 = 48.9%). Similar consequence appeared in the subgroup of children (I
2 = 78.6%) compared with that of mothers (I
2 = 0.0%). There was no significant difference in the publication bias by the Begg’s funnel plot (P = 0.711) and Egger’s regression test (P = 0.746). Conclusion: Our assessment suggested there was no significant association between the MTHFD1 polymorphism rs 2236225 (c.1958G>A) and the susceptibility to NSCL/P. Further investigations using a large sample size and a more advanced technique should be adopted to reach a more precise conclusion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Feng Deng
- Bybo Dental Group, Beijing, 100062, China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Laboratory Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
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14
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Cvjetkovic N, Maili L, Weymouth KS, Hashmi SS, Mulliken JB, Topczewski J, Letra A, Yuan Q, Blanton SH, Swindell EC, Hecht JT. Regulatory variant in FZD6 gene contributes to nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate in an African-American family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:440-51. [PMID: 26436110 PMCID: PMC4585452 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common birth defect affecting 135,000 newborns worldwide each year. While a multifactorial etiology has been suggested as the cause, despite decades of research, the genetic underpinnings of NSCLP remain largely unexplained. In our previous genome-wide linkage study of a large NSCLP African-American family, we identified a candidate locus at 8q21.3-24.12 (LOD = 2.98). This region contained four genes, Frizzled-6 (FZD6), Matrilin-2 (MATN2), Odd-skipped related 2 (OSR2) and Solute Carrier Family 25, Member 32 (SLC25A32). FZD6 was located under the maximum linkage peak. In this study, we sequenced the coding and noncoding regions of these genes in two affected family members, and identified a rare variant in intron 1 of FZD6 (rs138557689; c.-153 + 432A>C). The variant C allele segregated with NSCLP in this family, through affected and unaffected individuals, and was found in one other NSCLP African-American family. Functional assays showed that this allele creates an allele-specific protein-binding site and decreases promoter activity. We also observed that loss and gain of fzd6 in zebrafish contributes to craniofacial anomalies. FZD6 regulates the WNT signaling pathway, which is involved in craniofacial development, including midfacial formation and upper labial fusion. We hypothesize, therefore, that alteration in FZD6 expression contributes to NSCLP in this family by perturbing the WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Cvjetkovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Lorena Maili
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
| | - Katelyn S Weymouth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, Texas
| | - S Shahrukh Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
| | | | - Jacek Topczewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research CenterChicago, Illinois
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, Texas
- University of Texas School of Dentistry at HoustonHouston, Texas
| | - Qiuping Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, Florida
| | - Eric C Swindell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, Texas
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, Texas
- University of Texas School of Dentistry at HoustonHouston, Texas
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15
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Zhao H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Deng F, Zheng L, Zheng H, Chen F, Lin J. Is MTHFD1 polymorphism rs 2236225 (c.1958G>A) associated with the susceptibility of NSCL/P? A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2015; 4:142. [PMID: 26834978 PMCID: PMC4722688 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6425.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) polymorphism rs 2236225 (c.1958G>A) and susceptibility to non-syndromic cleft of the lip and/or palate (NSCL/P). METHODS An extensive literature review has been conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Database for eligible researches. The terms for searching were "cleft lip OR cleft palate OR CLP OR CL/P OR oral facial cleft OR OFC" AND "methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1 OR methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase OR MTHFD1 OR MTHFD". Two independent researchers screened, evaluated and extracted the data of included studies. The pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by random effects model under five gene models. Subgroup, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also assessed. RESULTS Ten case-control studies have been included in the systematic review and eight studies have been considered for the meta-analysis. Overall, the MTHFD1 polymorphism rs2236225 and the risk of NSCL/P showed pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.02 (0.86-1.21) under allelic model. A higher degree of heterogeneity was observed in Asian countries (I (2) = 75.6%) compared to non-Asian countries (I (2) = 48.9%). Similar consequence appeared in the subgroup of children (I (2) = 78.6%) compared with that of mothers (I (2) = 0.0%). There was no significant difference in the publication bias by the Begg's funnel plot (P = 0.711) and Egger's regression test (P = 0.746). CONCLUSION Our assessment suggested there was no significant association between the MTHFD1 polymorphism rs 2236225 (c.1958G>A) and the susceptibility to NSCL/P. Further investigations using a large sample size and a more advanced technique should be adopted to reach a more precise conclusion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Feng Deng
- Bybo Dental Group, Beijing, 100062, China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Laboratory Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, 100081, China
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16
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Yamada M, Yamamoto N, Ohgami S, Kanazawa M, Harada J, Ohno N, Natsume N. The effect of sevoflurane on developing A/J strain mouse embryos using a whole-embryo culture system--the incidence of cleft lip in culture embryos. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:237-42. [PMID: 24258000 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A/J strain mice have a high spontaneous incidence of cleft lip (ICL) and/or palate. The primary palate-related effects of sevoflurane on developing A/J strain mouse embryos (embryos) were studied using a whole-embryo culture (WEC) system. This system could separate the direct effects of sevoflurane from those that are maternally mediated. A total of 205 10.5-d embryos were cultured for 24 h in either a control group (control gas: 95% O2 and 5% CO2) or sevoflurane-administered groups (1/4, 1/2, and 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) with control gas) for 8 h. After 16 h, 11.5-d culture embryos were examined in terms of crown-rump length, number of somites, and protein content. Crown-rump length in the 1 MAC was significantly shorter than in the control group (p < 0.05). Protein content in the 1/2 MAC (p < 0.05) and 1 MAC (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in the control group. The ICL showed no significant differences between each group. (The ICL rose with an increase in the sevoflurane concentration, but this was not significant). The positive findings in this study indicate that a WEC system is useful for studying the mechanisms of ICL (teratogenicity) associated with sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morimasa Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan,
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17
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Ross AP, Mansilla MA, Choe Y, Helminski S, Sturm R, Maute RL, May SR, Hozyasz KK, Wójcicki P, Mostowska A, Davidson B, Adamopoulos IE, Pleasure SJ, Murray JC, Zarbalis KS. A mutation in mouse Pak1ip1 causes orofacial clefting while human PAK1IP1 maps to 6p24 translocation breaking points associated with orofacial clefting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69333. [PMID: 23935987 PMCID: PMC3723895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts are among the most common birth defects and result in an improper formation of the mouth or the roof of the mouth. Monosomy of the distal aspect of human chromosome 6p has been recognized as causative in congenital malformations affecting the brain and cranial skeleton including orofacial clefts. Among the genes located in this region is PAK1IP1, which encodes a nucleolar factor involved in ribosomal stress response. Here, we report the identification of a novel mouse line that carries a point mutation in the Pak1ip1 gene. Homozygous mutants show severe developmental defects of the brain and craniofacial skeleton, including a median orofacial cleft. We recovered this line of mice in a forward genetic screen and named the allele manta-ray (mray). Our findings prompted us to examine human cases of orofacial clefting for mutations in the PAK1IP1 gene or association with the locus. No deleterious variants in the PAK1IP1 gene coding region were recognized, however, we identified a borderline association effect for SNP rs494723 suggesting a possible role for the PAK1IP1 gene in human orofacial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - M. Adela Mansilla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Simon Helminski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Sturm
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roy L. Maute
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott R. May
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kamil K. Hozyasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wójcicki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Polanica Zdroj, Poland
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Centre, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beth Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Iannis E. Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos S. Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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18
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Chen Q, Wang H, Hetmanski JB, Zhang T, Ruczinski I, Schwender H, Liang KY, Fallin MD, Redett RJ, Raymond GV, Wu Chou YH, Chen PKT, Yeow V, Chong SS, Cheah FSH, Jabs EW, Scott AF, Beaty TH. BMP4 was associated with NSCL/P in an Asian population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35347. [PMID: 22514733 PMCID: PMC3325933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 gene (BMP4) is located in chromosome 14q22-q23 which has shown evidence of linkage for isolated nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in a genome wide linkage analysis of human multiplex families. BMP4 has been shown to play crucial roles in lip and palatal development in animal models. Several candidate gene association analyses also supported its potential risk for NSCL/P, however, results across these association studies have been inconsistent. The aim of the current study was to test for possible association between markers in and around the BMP4 gene and NSCL/P in Asian and Maryland trios. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Family Based Association Test was used to test for deviation from Mendelian assortment for 12 SNPs in and around BMP4. Nominal significant evidence of linkage and association was seen for three SNPs (rs10130587, rs2738265 and rs2761887) in 221 Asian trios and for one SNP (rs762642) in 76 Maryland trios. Statistical significance still held for rs10130587 after Bonferroni correction (corrected p = 0.019) among the Asian group. Estimated odds ratio for carrying the apparent high risk allele at this SNP was 1.61 (95%CI = 1.20, 2.18). CONCLUSIONS Our results provided further evidence of association between BMP4 and NSCL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jacqueline B. Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianxiao Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Holger Schwender
- Department of Faculty of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kung Yee Liang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Redett
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerald V. Raymond
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yah-Huei Wu Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Vincent Yeow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, K K Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel S. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felicia S. H. Cheah
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan F. Scott
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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19
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Abstract
Isolated cleft palate (CP) is common in humans and has complex genetic etiologies. Many genes have been found to contribute to CP, but the full spectrum of genes remains unknown. PCR-sequencing of the entire coding regions and the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa) and the microRNA (miR), miR-140 identified seven novel single base-pair substitutions in the PDGFRa in 9/102 patients with CP (8.8%), compared with 5/500 ethnic-matched unaffected controls (1%) (the two-tailed P-value<0.0001). Of these seven, four were missense mutations in the coding regions and three in the 3'UTR. Frequencies of four changes (three in coding, one in 3'UTR) were statistically different from those of controls (P-value<0.05). The c.*34G>A was identified in 1/102 cases and 0/500 controls. This position is conserved in primates and located 10 bp away from a predicted binding site for the miR-140. Luciferase assay revealed that, in the presence of miR-140, the c.*34G>A significantly repressed luciferase activity compared with that of the wild type, suggesting functional significance of this variant. This is the first study providing evidence supporting a role of PDGFRa in human CP.
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20
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Pan Y, Zhang W, Du Y, Tong N, Han Y, Zhang H, Wang M, Ma J, Wan L, Wang L. Different roles of two novel susceptibility loci for nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in a Chinese Han population. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2180-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Pan Y, Ma J, Zhang W, Du Y, Niu Y, Wang M, Zhang Z, Wang L. IRF6 polymorphisms are associated with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in a Chinese Han population. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2505-11. [PMID: 20799332 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IRF6 plays an important role in orofacial development. In the present study, we genotyped two polymorphisms (rs642961 and rs2235371) within the IRF6 locus and estimated their associations with risk of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOC), including the subgroups, in a hospital-based case-control study in a Chinese Han population. In the single locus analyses, we found rs642961 AG and AG/AA genotypes were associated with increased risk of NSOC, especially cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP), while significantly decreased risks were associated with rs2235371 CT and CT/TT genotypes. When examining the combined effects of these two polymorphisms and using the rs642961 A and rs2235371 C alleles as the risk alleles, we found genotypes containing 2-4 risk alleles conferred high risk to NSOC, CL/P, and CLP. Furthermore, to test whether rs642961 could modulate IRF6 expression in vivo, we surgically collected lip skin tissues within the adjacent region of lip cleft site and found rs642961 genotypes were associated with differential levels of IRF6 mRNA and protein expression in an allele-dosage manner, providing the first evidence that rs642961 affected IRF6 expression in vivo. Taken together, these findings confirm the contribution of IRF6 genetic variants in the etiology of NSOC in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology, Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Wang Y, Li X, Zhu WL, Guo JZ, Song XM, Li SQ, Li Y. Genome-wide and interaction linkage scan for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in two multiplex families in Shenyang, China. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2010; 23:363-370. [PMID: 21112484 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(10)60077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the loci involved in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in Northern Chinese people in Shenyang by using genomewide and interaction linkage scan. METHODS Two multiplex families in Shenyang from North China were ascertained through probands with NSCL/P. Blood of every member was drawn for DNA extraction and analysis. Genotypes were available for 382 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers from the ABI Prism Linkage Mapping Set version 2.5. Linkage between markers and NSCL/P was assessed by 2-point parametric LOD scores, multipoint-heterogeneity parametric LOD scores (HLODs), and multipoint nonparametric linkage score (NPL). RESULTS The initial scan suggested linkage on Chromosomes 1, 2, and 15. In subsequent fine mapping, 1q32-q42 showed a maximum multipoint LOD score of 1.9(empirical P=0.013) and an NPL score of 2.35 (empirical P=0.053). For 2p24-p25, the multipoint NPL increased to 2.94 (empirical P=0.007). 2-locus interaction analysis obtained a maximum NPL score of 3.73 (P=0.00078) and a maximum LOD score of 3 for Chromosome 1 (at 221 cM) and Chromosome 2 (at 29 cM). CONCLUSION Both parametric and nonparametric linkage scores greatly increased over the initial linkage scores on 1q32-q42, suggesting a susceptibility locus in this region. Nonparametric linkage gave a strong evidence for a candidate region on chromosome 2p24-p25. The superiority of 2-locus linkage scores compared to single-locus scores gave additional evidence for linkage on 1q32-q42 and 2p24-p25, and suggested that certain genes in the two regions may contribute to NCSL/P risks with interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
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Jagomägi T, Nikopensius T, Krjutskov K, Tammekivi V, Viltrop T, Saag M, Metspalu A. MTHFR and MSX1 contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:213-20. [PMID: 20572854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that multiple interacting loci, with possible additional environmental factors, influence the risk for nonsyndromic oral clefts, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Advances in high-throughput genotyping technology allow the testing of multiple markers, simultaneously, in many candidate genes. We tested for associations between 176 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 candidate genes/loci and nonsyndromic clefts in a case-control study in an Estonian sample (153 patients, 205 controls). The most significant associations with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) were found for SNPs in MSX1, MTHFR, and PVRL2, including several common haplotypes in the MTHFR and MSX1 genes. The strongest association was observed for rs6446693 in the MSX1 region, which remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. The strongest association with nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) was found for the SNP rs11624283 in the JAG2 gene. Epistatic interactions were observed for SNPs within PVRL2, between BCL3 and EDN1, and between IRF6 and MSX1 genes. This study provides further evidence implicating MSX1 and MTHFR in the etiology of nonsyndromic CL/P across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Jagomägi
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Greene RM, Pisano MM. Palate morphogenesis: current understanding and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:133-54. [PMID: 20544696 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past, most scientists conducted their inquiries of nature via inductivism, the patient accumulation of "pieces of information" in the pious hope that the sum of the parts would clarify the whole. Increasingly, modern biology employs the tools of bioinformatics and systems biology in attempts to reveal the "big picture." Most successful laboratories engaged in the pursuit of the secrets of embryonic development, particularly those whose research focus is craniofacial development, pursue a middle road where research efforts embrace, rather than abandon, what some have called the "pedestrian" qualities of inductivism, while increasingly employing modern data mining technologies. The secondary palate has provided an excellent paradigm that has enabled examination of a wide variety of developmental processes. Examination of cellular signal transduction, as it directs embryogenesis, has proven exceptionally revealing with regard to clarification of the "facts" of palatal ontogeny-at least the facts as we currently understand them. Herein, we review the most basic fundamentals of orofacial embryology and discuss how functioning of TGFbeta, BMP, Shh, and Wnt signal transduction pathways contributes to palatal morphogenesis. Our current understanding of palate medial edge epithelial differentiation is also examined. We conclude with a discussion of how the rapidly expanding field of epigenetics, particularly regulation of gene expression by miRNAs and DNA methylation, is critical to control of cell and tissue differentiation, and how examination of these epigenetic processes has already begun to provide a better understanding of, and greater appreciation for, the complexities of palatal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Greene
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville, Birth Defects Center, ULSD, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Mostowska A, Hozyasz KK, Wojcicki P, Biedziak B, Paradowska P, Jagodzinski PP. Association between genetic variants of reported candidate genes or regions and risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the polish population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:538-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Konno Y, Toki T, Tandai S, Xu G, Wang R, Terui K, Ohga S, Hara T, Hama A, Kojima S, Hasegawa D, Kosaka Y, Yanagisawa R, Koike K, Kanai R, Imai T, Hongo T, Park MJ, Sugita K, Ito E. Mutations in the ribosomal protein genes in Japanese patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Haematologica 2010; 95:1293-9. [PMID: 20378560 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.020826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare, clinically heterogeneous, congenital red cell aplasia: 40% of patients have congenital abnormalities. Recent studies have shown that in western countries, the disease is associated with heterozygous mutations in the ribosomal protein (RP) genes in about 50% of patients. There have been no studies to determine the incidence of these mutations in Asian patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. DESIGN AND METHODS We screened 49 Japanese patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (45 probands) for mutations in the six known genes associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia: RPS19, RPS24, RPS17, RPL5, RPL11, and RPL35A. RPS14 was also examined due to its implied involvement in 5q- syndrome. RESULTS Mutations in RPS19, RPL5, RPL11 and RPS17 were identified in five, four, two and one of the probands, respectively. In total, 12 (27%) of the Japanese Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients had mutations in ribosomal protein genes. No mutations were detected in RPS14, RPS24 or RPL35A. All patients with RPS19 and RPL5 mutations had physical abnormalities. Remarkably, cleft palate was seen in two patients with RPL5 mutations, and thumb anomalies were seen in six patients with an RPS19 or RPL5 mutation. In contrast, a small-for-date phenotype was seen in five patients without an RPL5 mutation. CONCLUSIONS We observed a slightly lower frequency of mutations in the ribosomal protein genes in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia compared to the frequency reported in western countries. Genotype-phenotype data suggest an association between anomalies and RPS19 mutations, and a negative association between small-for-date phenotype and RPL5 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Konno
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine,5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Klockars T, Ala-Mello S, Rautio J. Chromosomal abnormalities in Finnish orofacial cleft patients: excess of submucous cleft patients? Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2010; 47:352-8. [PMID: 20163256 DOI: 10.1597/09-198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify chromosomal regions possibly involved in the development of orofacial clefts and to compare syndromic cleft phenotypes with previous reports. DESIGN We have retrospectively gathered and analyzed chromosomal aberrations and phenotypes of Finnish cleft patients treated at the Cleft and Craniofacial Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital. SETTING The study was carried out at the Cleft and Craniofacial Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital. PATIENTS The cleft register contains information on about 7600 Finnish cleft patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identification of patients for further molecular analyses and identification of chromosomal regions associated with orofacial clefting. RESULTS We identified 37 cleft patients with chromosomal aberrations of putative research interest. CONCLUSIONS We were able to efficiently select patients for further molecular analyses and identify chromosomal regions that might be associated with orofacial clefting. The percentage of submucous cleft patients among cleft patients with chromosomal aberrations was unexpectedly high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Klockars
- Cleft and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Collier SA, Browne ML, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and orofacial clefts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 85:842-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jugessur A, Farlie PG, Kilpatrick N. The genetics of isolated orofacial clefts: from genotypes to subphenotypes. Oral Dis 2009; 15:437-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Huang Y, Wu J, Ma J, Beaty TH, Sull JW, Zhu L, Lu D, Wang Y, Meng T, Shi B. Association between IRF6 SNPs and oral clefts in West China. J Dent Res 2009; 88:715-8. [PMID: 19734457 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509341040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of previous data have confirmed the contribution of the IRF6 gene to susceptibility to non- syndromic oral clefts (NSOC) in some populations. We tested for associations between the rs2013162, rs2235375, and rs2235371 polymorphisms in IRF6 and the risk of NSOC, using both case-parent trio and case-control designs on samples from western China. Our study group consisted of 332 persons with NSOC, their parents (289 mothers and 243 fathers for 206 complete trios for these three SNPs), and 174 control individuals. We found strong evidence of over- and under-transmission of the C allele (the Val allele) at rs2235371, and the C allele at rs2235375 in cleft case-parent trios (P = 0.013 and P = 0.000, respectively). There were significant differences in the frequency distributions of both genotypes and alleles when cases were compared with control infants at rs2235371 and rs2235375. Five specific haplotypes showed significant over- and under-transmission. These results further support a role for IRF6 variants in western Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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Jugessur A, Shi M, Gjessing HK, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Christensen K, Boyles AL, Daack-Hirsch S, Trung TN, Bille C, Lidral AC, Murray JC. Genetic determinants of facial clefting: analysis of 357 candidate genes using two national cleft studies from Scandinavia. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5385. [PMID: 19401770 PMCID: PMC2671138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Facial clefts are common birth defects with a strong genetic component. To identify fetal genetic risk factors for clefting, 1536 SNPs in 357 candidate genes were genotyped in two population-based samples from Scandinavia (Norway: 562 case-parent and 592 control-parent triads; Denmark: 235 case-parent triads). Methodology/Principal Findings We used two complementary statistical methods, TRIMM and HAPLIN, to look for associations across these two national samples. TRIMM tests for association in each gene by using multi-SNP genotypes from case-parent triads directly without the need to infer haplotypes. HAPLIN on the other hand estimates the full haplotype distribution over a set of SNPs and estimates relative risks associated with each haplotype. For isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (I-CL/P), TRIMM and HAPLIN both identified significant associations with IRF6 and ADH1C in both populations, but only HAPLIN found an association with FGF12. For isolated cleft palate (I-CP), TRIMM found associations with ALX3, MKX, and PDGFC in both populations, but only the association with PDGFC was identified by HAPLIN. In addition, HAPLIN identified an association with ETV5 that was not detected by TRIMM. Conclusion/Significance Strong associations with seven genes were replicated in the Scandinavian samples and our approach effectively replicated the strongest previously known association in clefting—with IRF6. Based on two national cleft cohorts of similar ancestry, two robust statistical methods and a large panel of SNPs in the most promising cleft candidate genes to date, this study identified a previously unknown association with clefting for ADH1C and provides additional candidates and analytic approaches to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astanand Jugessur
- Craniofacial Development, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Min Shi
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Håkon Kristian Gjessing
- Department of Epidemiology (EPAM), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolv Terje Lie
- Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Allen James Wilcox
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Clarice Ring Weinberg
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abee Lowman Boyles
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sandra Daack-Hirsch
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Truc Nguyen Trung
- Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Bille
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew Carl Lidral
- Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Clark Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Caterson EJ, Caterson SA. Regeneration in medicine: a plastic surgeons "tail" of disease, stem cells, and a possible future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 84:322-34. [PMID: 19067426 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration in medicine is a concept that has roots dating back to the earliest known records of medical interventions. Unfortunately, its elusive promise has still yet to become a reality. In the field of plastic surgery, we use the common tools of the surgeon grounded in basic operative principles to achieve the present day equivalent of regenerative medicine. These reconstructive efforts involve a broad range of clinical deformities, both congenital and acquired. Outlined in this review are comments on clinical conditions and the current limitations to reconstruct these clinical entities in the effort to practice regenerative medicine. Cleft lip, microtia, breast reconstruction, and burn reconstruction have been selected as examples to demonstrate the incredible spectrum and diverse challenges that plastic surgeons attempt to reconstruct. However, on a molecular level, these vastly different clinical scenarios can be unified with basic understanding of development, alloplastic integration, wound healing, cell-cell, and cell-matrix interactions. The themes of current and future molecular efforts involve coalescing approaches to recapitulate normal development in clinical scenarios when reconstruction is needed. It will be a better understanding of stem cells, scaffolding, and signaling with extracellular matrix interactions that will make this future possible. Eventually, reconstructive challenge will utilize more than the current instruments of surgical steel but engage complex interventions at the molecular level to sculpt true regeneration. Immense amounts of research are still needed but there is promise in the exploding fields of tissue engineering and stem cell biology that hint at great opportunities to improve the lives of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Caterson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Candidate gene/loci studies in cleft lip/palate and dental anomalies finds novel susceptibility genes for clefts. Genet Med 2009; 10:668-74. [PMID: 18978678 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181833793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We revisited 42 families with two or more cleft-affected siblings who participated in previous studies. Complete dental information was collected to test the hypothesis that dental anomalies are part of the cleft phenotype spectrum, and can provide new opportunities for identification of cleft susceptibility genes. METHODS Genotypes from 1489 single nucleotide polymorphism markers located in 150 candidate genes/loci were reanalyzed. Two sets of association analyses were carried out. First, we ran the analysis solely on the cleft status. Second, we assigned affection to any cleft or dental anomaly (tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, and microdontia) and repeated the analysis. RESULTS Significant over-transmission was seen for a single nucleotide polymorphism in ankyrin repeat and sterile alpha motif domain containing 6 (rs4742741, 9q22.33; P = 0.0004) when a dental anomaly phenotype was included in the analysis. Significant over-transmission was also seen for a single nucleotide polymorphism in ERBB2 (rs1810132, 17q21.1; P = 0.0006). In the clefts only data, the most significant result was also for ERBB2 (P = 0.0006). Other markers with suggestive P values included interferon regulatory factor 6 and 6q21-q23 loci. In contrast to the above results, suggestive over-transmission of markers in GART, DPF3, and neurexin 3 were seen only when the dental anomaly phenotype was included in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that some loci may contribute to both clefts and congenital dental anomalies. Thus, including dental anomalies information in the genetics analysis of cleft lip and palate will provide new opportunities to map susceptibility loci for clefts.
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Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:769-80. [PMID: 19061985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital bone-marrow-failure syndrome, is characterized by red blood cell aplasia, macrocytic anemia, clinical heterogeneity, and increased risk of malignancy. Although anemia is the most prominent feature of DBA, the disease is also characterized by growth retardation and congenital anomalies that are present in approximately 30%-50% of patients. The disease has been associated with mutations in four ribosomal protein (RP) genes, RPS19, RPS24, RPS17, and RPL35A, in about 30% of patients. However, the genetic basis of the remaining 70% of cases is still unknown. Here, we report the second known mutation in RPS17 and probable pathogenic mutations in three more RP genes, RPL5, RPL11, and RPS7. In addition, we identified rare variants of unknown significance in three other genes, RPL36, RPS15, and RPS27A. Remarkably, careful review of the clinical data showed that mutations in RPL5 are associated with multiple physical abnormalities, including craniofacial, thumb, and heart anomalies, whereas isolated thumb malformations are predominantly present in patients carrying mutations in RPL11. We also demonstrate that mutations of RPL5, RPL11, or RPS7 in DBA cells is associated with diverse defects in the maturation of ribosomal RNAs in the large or the small ribosomal subunit production pathway, expanding the repertoire of ribosomal RNA processing defects associated with DBA.
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Vieira AR, McHenry TG, Daack-Hirsch S, Murray JC, Marazita ML. A genome wide linkage scan for cleft lip and palate and dental anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1406-13. [PMID: 18442096 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We revisited 46 families with two or more siblings affected with an orofacial cleft that participated in previous genome wide studies and collected complete dental information. Genotypes from 392 microsatellite markers at 10 cM intervals were reanalyzed. We carried out four sets of genome wide analyses. First, we ran the analysis solely on the cleft status. Second, we assigned to any dental anomaly (tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, and microdontia) an affection status, and repeated the analysis. Third, we ran only the 19 families where the proband had a cleft with no dental anomalies. Finally, we ran only the 27 families that had a proband with cleft and additional dental anomalies outside the cleft area. Chromosomes (1, 2, 6, 8, 16, and 19) presented regions with LOD scores >2.0. Chromosome 19 has the most compelling results in our study. The LOD scores increased from 3.11 (in the scan of all 46 families with clefts as the only assigned affection status) to 3.91 when the 19 families whose probands present with no additional dental anomalies were studied, suggesting the interval 19p13.12-19q12 may contain a gene that contributes to clefts but not to dental anomalies. On the other hand, we found a LOD score of 3.00 in the 2q22.3 region when dental anomalies data were added to the analysis to define affection status. Our preliminary results support the hypothesis that some loci may contribute to both clefts and congenital dental anomalies. Also, adding dental anomalies information will provide new opportunities to map susceptibility loci for clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Jenkins MM, Rasmussen SA, Moore CA, Honein MA. Ethical issues raised by incorporation of genetics into the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 148C:40-6. [PMID: 18189287 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Investigators involved in public health research must conduct high-quality studies that advance scientific knowledge for the collective benefit of the public's health, while at the same time ensuring that the individual rights of human subjects are protected. Successful completion of the Human Genome Project provides greater opportunity to incorporate the study of genetic factors into public health research. Integration of DNA specimen collection into epidemiological studies of complex disorders, such as birth defects, is necessary to identify genetic risk factors that affect susceptibility to potentially modifiable environmental risk factors, but collection of DNA samples often heightens concerns about ethical issues. Some of these issues include ensuring informed consent in an ongoing study as new genetic risk factors and novel genetic technologies for study continue to be identified, achieving a balance between improving participation using incentives and avoiding coercion, ensuring confidentiality of individual genetic data, and considering when and how to report research results to study participants. We present a discussion of ethical issues addressed by investigators of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multisite, population-based, case-control study of risk factors for birth defects, which has incorporated the study of genetic risk factors. Study participants include infants and young children whose parents consent on their behalf, increasing the complexity of the ethical issues. Discussion of these issues and the methods employed to ensure protection of human subjects might be helpful to other investigators working to integrate genetics into large epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Jenkins
- Birth Defects Surveillance andEpidemiology Branch, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Sivertsen A, Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R, Vindenes HA, Abyholm F, Harville E, Lie RT. Familial risk of oral clefts by morphological type and severity: population based cohort study of first degree relatives. BMJ 2008; 336:432-4. [PMID: 18250102 PMCID: PMC2249683 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39458.563611.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the relative risk of recurrence of oral cleft in first degree relatives in relation to cleft morphology. DESIGN Population based cohort study. SETTING Data from the medical birth registry of Norway linked with clinical data on virtually all cleft patients treated in Norway over a 35 year period. PARTICIPANTS 2.1 million children born in Norway between 1967 and 2001, 4138 of whom were treated for an oral cleft. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Relative risk of recurrence of isolated clefts from parent to child and between full siblings, for anatomic subgroups of clefts. RESULTS Among first degree relatives, the relative risk of recurrence of cleft was 32 (95% confidence interval 24.6 to 40.3) for any cleft lip and 56 (37.2 to 84.8) for cleft palate only (P difference=0.02). The risk of clefts among children of affected mothers and affected fathers was similar. Risks of recurrence were also similar for parent-offspring and sibling-sibling pairs. The "crossover" risk between any cleft lip and cleft palate only was 3.0 (1.3 to 6.7). The severity of the primary case was unrelated to the risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The stronger family recurrence of cleft palate only suggests a larger genetic component for cleft palate only than for any cleft lip. The weaker risk of crossover between the two types of cleft indicates relatively distinct causes. The similarity of mother-offspring, father-offspring, and sibling-sibling risks is consistent with genetic risk that works chiefly through fetal genes. Anatomical severity does not affect the recurrence risk in first degree relatives, which argues against a multifactorial threshold model of causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Sivertsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, No-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Park JW, McIntosh I, Hetmanski JB, Jabs EW, Vander Kolk CA, Wu-Chou YH, Chen PK, Chong SS, Yeow V, Jee SH, Park BY, Fallin MD, Ingersoll R, Scott AF, Beaty TH. Association between IRF6 and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in four populations. Genet Med 2007; 9:219-27. [PMID: 17438386 PMCID: PMC2846512 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3180423cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), the gene that causes van der Woude syndrome has been shown to be associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate in several populations. This study aimed to confirm the contribution of IRF6 to cleft lip with or without palate risk in additional Asian populations. METHODS A set of 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms was tested for association with cleft lip with or without palate in 77 European American, 146 Taiwanese, 34 Singaporean, and 40 Korean case-parent trios using both the transmission disequilibrium test and conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Evidence of linkage and association was observed among all four populations; and two specific haplotypes [GC composed of rs2235373-rs2235371 (p.V274I) and AAG of rs599021-rs2235373-rs595918] showed the most significant over- and undertransmission among Taiwanese cases (P=9x10(-6) and P=5x10(-6), respectively). The AGC/CGC diplotype composed of rs599021-rs2235373-rs2013162 showed almost a 7-fold increase in risk among the Taiwanese sample (P<10(-3)). These results confirmed the contribution of this gene to susceptibility of oral clefts across different populations; however, the specific single nucleotide polymorphisms showing statistical significance differed among ethnic groups. CONCLUSION The high-risk genotypes and diplotypes identified here may provide a better understanding of the etiological role of this gene in oral clefts and potential options for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wan Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA, and Department of Medical Research and Craniofacial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kantarci S, Donahoe PK. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) etiology as revealed by pathway genetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 145C:217-26. [PMID: 17436295 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect with high mortality and morbidity. Two hundred seventy CDH patients were ascertained, carefully phenotyped, and classified as isolated (diaphragm defects alone) or complex (with additional anomalies) cases. We established different strategies to reveal CDH-critical chromosome loci and genes in humans. Candidate genes for sequencing analyses were selected from CDH animal models, genetic intervals of recurrent chromosomal aberration in humans, such as 15q26.1-q26.2 or 1q41-q42.12, as well as genes in the retinoic acid and related pathways and those known to be involved in embryonic lung development. For instance, FOG2, GATA4, and COUP-TFII are all needed for both normal diaphragm and lung development and are likely all in the same genetic and molecular pathway. Linkage analysis was applied first in a large inbred family and then in four multiplex families with Donnai-Barrow syndrome (DBS) associated with CDH. 10K SNP chip and microsatellite markers revealed a DBS locus on chromosome 2q23.3-q31.1. We applied array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) techniques to over 30, mostly complex, CDH patients and found a de novo microdeletion in a patient with Fryns syndrome related to CDH. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) techniques allowed us to further define the deletion interval. Our aim is to identify genetic intervals and, in those, to prioritize genes that might reveal molecular pathways, mutations in any step of which, might contribute to the same phenotype. More important, the elucidation of pathways may ultimately provide clues to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kantarci
- Peadiatric Surgical Research Laboratories at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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40
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Riley B, Schultz R, Cooper M, Goldstein-McHenry T, Daack-Hirsch S, Lee K, Dragan E, Vieira A, Lidral A, Marazita M, Murray J. A genome-wide linkage scan for cleft lip and cleft palate identifies a novel locus on 8p11-23. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:846-52. [PMID: 17366557 PMCID: PMC2570349 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Isolated or nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NS CLP) is a complex disorder resulting from multiple genetic and environmental factors. NS CLP has a birth prevalence of 1 per 500 in the Philippines where large families provide an opportunity for gene localization. Genotyping of 392 microsatellite repeat markers at 10 cM intervals over the genome was performed by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) on 220 Filipino families with 567 affected and 1,109 unaffected family members genotyped. Among the most statistically significant results from analysis of the genome-wide scan data was a 20 cM region at 8p11-23 in which markers had LODs > or =1.0. This region on 8p11-23 has not been found in any previous genome wide scan nor does it contain any of the candidate genes widely studied in CLP. Fine mapping in 8p11-23 was done in the 220 families plus an additional 51 families, using SNP markers from 10 known genes (FGFR1, NRG1, FZD3, SLC8A1, PPP3CC, EPHX2, BNIP3L, EGR3, PPP2R2A, and NAT1) within the 20 cM region of 8p11-23. Linkage and association analyses of these SNPs yield suggestive results for markers in FGFR1 (recessive multipoint HLOD 1.07) and BAG4 (recessive multipoint HLOD 1.31).
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Affiliation(s)
- B.M. Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - R.E. Schultz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - M.E. Cooper
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - T. Goldstein-McHenry
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S. Daack-Hirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - K.T. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - E. Dragan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - A.R. Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A.C. Lidral
- Orthodontic Department of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - M.L. Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J.C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Correspondence to: J.C. Murray, M.D., Department of Pediatrics, 2182 Medical Laboratories, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. E-mail:
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41
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Leeder JS, Mitchell AA. Application of pharmacogenomic strategies to the study of drug-induced birth defects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81:595-9. [PMID: 17314924 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 3% of all infants are born with one or more major birth defects, resulting in >150,000 affected babies each year in the US alone. At present, birth defects account for more than 21% of all infant deaths, making them the leading cause of infant mortality. Although the etiology and determinants of individual susceptibility are largely unknown for most congenital malformations, pharmacogenomic analyses offer promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Leeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas city, Missouri, USA.
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42
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Calzolari E, Pierini A, Astolfi G, Bianchi F, Neville AJ, Rivieri F. Associated anomalies in multi-malformed infants with cleft lip and palate: An epidemiologic study of nearly 6 million births in 23 EUROCAT registries. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:528-37. [PMID: 17286264 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied 5,449 cases of cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CL/P) identified between 1980 and 2000 from the EUROCAT network of 23 registers (nearly 6 million births) in 14 European countries. We investigated specific types of defects associated with clefts. Among CL/P cases (prevalence = 9.1 per 10,000), 1,996 (36.6%) affected only the lip (CL) and 3,453 (63.4%) involved CL and palate (CLP). A total of 3,860 CL/P cases (70.8%) occurred as isolated anomalies and 1,589 (29.2%) were associated with other defects such as multiple congenital anomalies of unknown origin (970), chromosomal (455) and recognized syndromes (164). Associated malformations were more frequent in infants who had CLP (34.0%) than in infants with CL only (20.8%). Among multi-malformed infants, 2 unrelated anomalies were found in 351 cases, 3 in 242 cases, and 4 or more in 377 cases. Among 5,449 CL/P cases, 4,719 were live births (LB) (86.6%), 203 stillbirths (SB) (3.7%), while 508 (9.3%) were terminations of pregnancy (ToP). CL/P occurred significantly more frequently in males (M/F = 1.70), especially among total isolated cases (M/F = 1.87) and CLP isolated cases (M/F = 1.92). The study confirmed that musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous system defects are frequently associated with CL/P. An association with reduction anomalies of the brain was found. This association suggests that clinicians should seek to identify structural brain anomalies in these patients with CL/P as the potential functional consequences may be important for rehabilitation and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Calzolari
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Jiang R, Bush JO, Lidral AC. Development of the upper lip: morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:1152-66. [PMID: 16292776 PMCID: PMC2562450 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate upper lip forms from initially freely projecting maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal prominences at the rostral and lateral boundaries of the primitive oral cavity. These facial prominences arise during early embryogenesis from ventrally migrating neural crest cells in combination with the head ectoderm and mesoderm and undergo directed growth and expansion around the nasal pits to actively fuse with each other. Initial fusion is between lateral and medial nasal processes and is followed by fusion between maxillary and medial nasal processes. Fusion between these prominences involves active epithelial filopodial and adhering interactions as well as programmed cell death. Slight defects in growth and patterning of the facial mesenchyme or epithelial fusion result in cleft lip with or without cleft palate, the most common and disfiguring craniofacial birth defect. Recent studies of craniofacial development in animal models have identified components of several major signaling pathways, including Bmp, Fgf, Shh, and Wnt signaling, that are critical for proper midfacial morphogenesis and/or lip fusion. There is also accumulating evidence that these signaling pathways cross-regulate genetically as well as crosstalk intracellularly to control cell proliferation and tissue patterning. This review will summarize the current understanding of the basic morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying upper lip development and discuss the complex interactions of the various signaling pathways and challenges for understanding cleft lip pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulang Jiang
- Center for Oral Biology and Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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44
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Beaty TH, Hetmanski JB, Fallin MD, Park JW, Sull JW, McIntosh I, Liang KY, Vanderkolk CA, Redett RJ, Boyadjiev SA, Jabs EW, Chong SS, Cheah FSH, Wu-Chou YH, Chen PK, Chiu YF, Yeow V, Ng ISL, Cheng J, Huang S, Ye X, Wang H, Ingersoll R, Scott AF. Analysis of candidate genes on chromosome 2 in oral cleft case-parent trios from three populations. Hum Genet 2006; 120:501-18. [PMID: 16953426 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isolated oral clefts, including cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP), have a complex and heterogeneous etiology. Case-parent trios from three populations were used to study genes spanning chromosome 2, where single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers were analyzed individually and as haplotypes. Case-parent trios from three populations (74 from Maryland, 64 from Singapore and 95 from Taiwan) were genotyped for 962 SNPs in 104 genes on chromosome 2, including two well-recognized candidate genes: TGFA and SATB2. Individual SNPs and haplotypes (in sliding windows of 2-5 SNPs) were used to test for linkage and disequilibrium separately in CL/P and CP trios. A novel candidate gene (ZNF533) showed consistent evidence of linkage and disequilibrium in all three populations for both CL/P and CP. SNPs in key regions of ZNF533 showed considerable variability in estimated genotypic odds ratios and their significance, suggesting allelic heterogeneity. Haplotype frequencies for regions of ZNF533 were estimated and used to partition genetic variance into among-and within-population components. Wright's fixation index, a measure of genetic diversity, showed little difference between Singapore and Taiwan compared with Maryland. The tensin-1 gene (TNS1) also showed evidence of linkage and disequilibrium among both CL/P and CP trios in all three populations, albeit at a lower level of significance. Additional genes (VAX2, GLI2, ZHFX1B on 2p; WNT6-WNT10A and COL4A3-COL4A4 on 2q) showed consistent evidence of linkage and disequilibrium only among CL/P trios in all three populations, and TGFA showed significant evidence in two of three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Beaty
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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45
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Graham JM, Shaw GM. Gene-environment interactions in rare diseases that include common birth defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 73:865-7. [PMID: 16265646 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rare syndromes often feature specific types of birth defects that frequently are major diagnostic clues to the presence of a given disorder. Despite this specificity, not everyone with the same syndrome is equally or comparably affected, and not everyone with a specific birth defect manifests the same syndrome or is affected with all the features of a particular syndrome. A symposium sponsored by the National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases, and the National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction attempted to explore how much of this variability is due to genetic factors and how much is due to environmental factors. The specific types of birth defects examined included cardiovascular defects, holoprosencephaly, clefts of the lip and/or palate, neural tube defects, and diaphragmatic hernias.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Graham
- Medical Genetics Institute, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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46
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Haider S, Matsumoto R, Kurosawa N, Wakui K, Fukushima Y, Isobe M. Molecular characterization of a novel translocation t(5;14)(q21;q32) in a patient with congenital abnormalities. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:335-340. [PMID: 16498521 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are frequently found to be associated with various malignant disorders as well as congenital abnormalities. We report the characterization of a novel reciprocal translocation t(5;14)(q21;q32) in a patient with congenital abnormalities manifested by severe mental retardation, athetotic tetraplegia, microcephaly, peculiar facies (upward slanting of palpebral fissures), clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and overlapping toes. Using a JHGP24 lymphoblast cell line derived from this patient, metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacterial artificial chromosome and cosmid probes and subsequent molecular analysis mapped the translocation breakpoint to the nucleotide level. Sequence analysis of the breakpoint junctions revealed the presence of a homologous sequence, GTGGC, along with a single nucleotide substitution and an insertion in der(14), and a single nucleotide deletion in the der(5) chromosome. We also attempted to identify and characterize the transcripts near the breakpoint by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Although we found several transcripts near the breakpoint of chromosome 14, the lack of significant ORFs within these transcripts suggests they are likely to be non-coding RNAs. These transcripts may have an important role in the neurogenesis or differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Clone Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Congenital Abnormalities/genetics
- Conserved Sequence
- Cosmids
- DNA Probes
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Deletion
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawkat Haider
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Rie Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Wakui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Fukushima
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masaharu Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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Park JW, Cai J, McIntosh I, Jabs EW, Fallin MD, Ingersoll R, Hetmanski JB, Vekemans M, Attie-Bitach T, Lovett M, Scott AF, Beaty TH. High throughput SNP and expression analyses of candidate genes for non-syndromic oral clefts. J Med Genet 2006; 43:598-608. [PMID: 16415175 PMCID: PMC2564555 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work suggests that multiple genes and several environmental risk factors influence risk for non-syndromic oral clefts, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Advances in high-throughput genotyping technology now make it possible to test multiple markers in many candidate genes simultaneously. METHODS We present findings from family based association tests of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in 64 candidate genes genotyped using the BeadArray approach in 58 case-parent trios from Maryland (USA) to illustrate how multiple markers in multiple genes can be analysed. To assess whether these genes were expressed in human craniofacial structures relevant to palate and lip development, we also analysed data from the Craniofacial and Oral Gene Expression Network (COGENE) consortium, and searched public databases for expression profiles of these genes. RESULTS Thirteen candidate genes showed significant evidence of linkage in the presence of disequilibrium, and ten of these were found to be expressed in relevant embryonic tissues: SP100, MLPH, HDAC4, LEF1, C6orf105, CD44, ALX4, ZNF202, CRHR1, and MAPT. Three other genes showing statistical evidence (ADH1C, SCN3B, and IMP5) were not expressed in the embryonic tissues examined here. CONCLUSIONS This approach demonstrates how statistical evidence on large numbers of SNP markers typed in case-parent trios can be combined with expression data to identify candidate genes for complex disorders. Many of the genes reported here have not been previously studied as candidates for oral clefts and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Mansilla MA, Cooper ME, Goldstein T, Castilla EE, Lopez Camelo JS, Marazita ML, Murray JC. Contributions of PTCH gene variants to isolated cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006; 43:21-9. [PMID: 16405370 PMCID: PMC2151847 DOI: 10.1597/04-169r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in patched (PTCH) cause the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), or Gorlin syndrome. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome may present with developmental anomalies, including rib and craniofacial abnormalities, and predisposes to several tumor types, including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Cleft palate is found in 4% of individuals with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Because there might be specific sequence alterations in PTCH that limit expression to orofacial clefting, a genetic study of PTCH was undertaken in cases with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) known not to have nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. RESULTS Seven new normal variants spread along the entire gene and three missense mutations were found among cases with cleft lip and/or palate. One of these variants (P295S) was not found in any of 1188 control samples. A second variant was found in a case and also in 1 of 1119 controls. The third missense (S827G) was found in 5 of 1369 cases and in 5 of 1104 controls and is likely a rare normal variant. Linkage and linkage desequilibrium also was assessed using normal variants in and adjacent to the PTCH gene in 220 families (1776 individuals), each with two or more individuals with isolated clefting. Although no statistically significant evidence of linkage (multipoint HLOD peak = 2.36) was uncovered, there was borderline evidence of significant transmission distortion for one haplotype of two single nucleotide polymorphisms located within the PTCH gene (p = .08). CONCLUSION Missense mutations in PTCH may be rare causes of isolated cleft lip and/or palate. An as yet unidentified variant near PTCH may act as a modifier of cleft lip and/or palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mansilla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Orofacial clefts are common birth defects with a known genetic component to their etiology. Most orofacial clefts are nonsyndromic, isolated defects, which can be separated into two different phenotypes: (1) cleft lip with or without cleft palate and (2) cleft palate only. Both are genetically complex traits, which has limited the ability to identify disease loci or genes. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent progress of human genetic studies in identifying causal genes for isolated or nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. RECENT FINDINGS The results of multiple genome scans and a subsequent meta-analysis have significantly advanced our knowledge by revealing novel loci. Furthermore, candidate gene approaches have identified important roles for IRF6 and MSX1. To date, causal mutations with a known functional effect have not yet been described. SUMMARY With the implementation of genome-wide association studies and inexpensive sequencing, future studies will identify disease genes and characterize both gene-environment and gene-gene interactions to provide knowledge for risk counseling and the development of preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lidral
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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50
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Current awareness in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25:628-33. [PMID: 16315344 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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