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Golkar-Narenji A, Dziegiel P, Kempisty B, Petitte J, Mozdziak PE, Bryja A. In vitro culture of reptile PGCS to preserve endangered species. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1314-1326. [PMID: 37178380 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), are the source of gametes in vertebrates. There are similarities in the development of PGCs of reptiles with avian and mammalian species PGCs development. PGCs culture has been performed for avian and mammalian species but there is no report for reptilian PGCs culture. In vitro culture of PGCs is needed to produce transgenic animals, preservation of endangered animals and for studies on cell behaviour and research on fertility. Reptiles are traded as exotic pets and a source of food and they are valuable for their skin and they are useful as model for medical research. Transgenic reptile has been suggested to be useful for pet industry and medical research. In this research different aspects of PGCs development was compared in three main classes of vertebrates including mammalian, avian and reptilian species. It is proposed that a discussion on similarities between reptilian PGCs development with avian and mammalian species helps to find clues for studies of reptilian PGCs development details and finding an efficient protocol for in vitro culture of reptilian PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Golkar-Narenji
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
- Graduate Physiology Program NC State University North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
| | - James Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Edward Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Graduate Physiology Program NC State University North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
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2
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Tracking the dynamics of female germ cell development during peri-hatch periods using a gene-edited chicken model. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102377. [PMID: 36586387 PMCID: PMC9811252 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In hens, egg production depends on the development of germ cells in the ovary. Germ cells are established before birth, and their number gradually decreases during their lifespan. Therefore, it is essential to determine the time points of massive germ cell loss and the underlying mechanism. In this study, a gene-edited chicken with mCherry fluorescence specifically expressed in the germline was generated by the integration of the mCherry gene into the 3'-end of the DAZL locus, which facilitated the isolation of germ cells from the gonads of DAZL-mCherry embryos or chicks and quantification using flow cytometry based on the observation of red fluorescence. The results demonstrated the dynamics of germ cell development from embryos at 17 d of hatching (dh) to chickens at 7 d post-hatch (dph) and revealed a substantial loss of germ cells in the late embryonic stage (18 -19 dh) and post-hatch period (2 -3 dph). Additionally, the number of germ cells in DAZL × Guangxi Ma chicken was significantly higher than that in DAZL × Lohmann Pink chicken at 19 dh and 3 dph (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the numbers of germ cells positively correlated with the body weight in DAZL × Lohmann Pink chicken. In conclusion, our results showed the dynamics of germ cell development in chicken ovaries during peri-hatch periods and indicated the time point of substantial germ cell loss. The results provide evidence for further exploration of the underlying mechanism and serve as a reference for chicken breeding and management.
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3
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Roelen BAJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Stay on the road: from germ cell specification to gonadal colonization in mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210259. [PMID: 36252219 PMCID: PMC9574628 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The founder cells of the gametes are primordial germ cells (PGCs). In mammals, PGCs are specified early during embryonic development, at the boundary between embryonic and extraembryonic tissue, long before their later residences, the gonads, have developed. Despite the differences in form and behaviour when differentiated into oocytes or sperm cells, in the period between specification and gonadal colonization, male and female PGCs are morphologically indistinct and largely regulated by similar mechanisms. Here, we compare different modes and mechanisms that lead to the formation of PGCs, putting in context protocols that are in place to differentiate both human and mouse pluripotent stem cells into PGC-like cells. In addition, we review important aspects of the migration of PGCs to the gonadal ridges, where they undergo further sex-specific differentiation. Defects in migration need to be effectively corrected, as misplaced PGCs can become tumorigenic. Concluding, a combination of in vivo studies and the development of adequate innovative in vitro models, ensuring both robustness and standardization, are providing us with the tools for a greater understanding of the first steps of gametogenesis and to develop disease models to study the origin of germ cell tumours. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A J Roelen
- Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies & Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies & Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Identification of chicken LOC420478 as Bucky ball equivalent and potential germ plasm organizer in birds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16858. [PMID: 36207377 PMCID: PMC9546911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bucky ball was identified as germ plasm organizer in zebrafish and has proven crucial for Balbiani body condensation. A synteny comparison identified an uncharacterized gene locus in the chicken genome as predicted avian counterpart. Here, we present experimental evidence that this gene locus indeed encodes a ‘Bucky ball’ equivalent in matured oocytes and early embryos of chicken. Heterologous expression of Bucky ball fusion proteins both from zebrafish and chicken with a fluorescent reporter revealed unique patterns indicative for liquid–liquid phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins. Immuno-labeling detected Bucky ball from oocytes to blastoderms with diffuse distribution in matured oocytes, aggregation in first cleavage furrows, and co-localization to the chicken vasa homolog (CVH). Later, Bucky ball translocated to the cytoplasm of first established cells, and showed nuclear translocation during the major zygotic activation together with CVH. Remarkably, during the phase of area pellucida formation, Bucky ball translocated back into the cytoplasm at stage EGK VI, whereas CVH remained within the nuclei. The condensation of Bucky ball and co-localization with CVH in cleavage furrows and nuclei of the centrally located cells strongly suggests chicken Bucky ball as a germ plasm organizer in birds, and indicate a special importance of the major zygotic activation for germline specification.
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5
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Sukparangsi W, Morganti E, Lowndes M, Mayeur H, Weisser M, Hammachi F, Peradziryi H, Roske F, Hölzenspies J, Livigni A, Godard BG, Sugahara F, Kuratani S, Montoya G, Frankenberg SR, Mazan S, Brickman JM. Evolutionary origin of vertebrate OCT4/POU5 functions in supporting pluripotency. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5537. [PMID: 36130934 PMCID: PMC9492771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The support of pluripotent cells over time is an essential feature of development. In eutherian embryos, pluripotency is maintained from naïve states in peri-implantation to primed pluripotency at gastrulation. To understand how these states emerged, we reconstruct the evolutionary trajectory of the Pou5 gene family, which contains the central pluripotency factor OCT4. By coupling evolutionary sequence analysis with functional studies in mouse embryonic stem cells, we find that the ability of POU5 proteins to support pluripotency originated in the gnathostome lineage, prior to the generation of two paralogues, Pou5f1 and Pou5f3 via gene duplication. In osteichthyans, retaining both genes, the paralogues differ in their support of naïve and primed pluripotency. The specialization of these duplicates enables the diversification of function in self-renewal and differentiation. By integrating sequence evolution, cell phenotypes, developmental contexts and structural modelling, we pinpoint OCT4 regions sufficient for naïve pluripotency and describe their adaptation over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranop Sukparangsi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Elena Morganti
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Molly Lowndes
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hélène Mayeur
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, UMR7232, F-66650, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Melanie Weisser
- Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fella Hammachi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hanna Peradziryi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Roske
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jurriaan Hölzenspies
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Livigni
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Benoit Gilbert Godard
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, FR2424, Development and Evolution of Vertebrates Group, Station Biologique, F-29688, Roscoff, France.,CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche, UMR7009, F-06234, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, UMR7232, F-66650, Banyuls sur Mer, France.
| | - Joshua M Brickman
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Colonnetta MM, Goyal Y, Johnson HE, Syal S, Schedl P, Deshpande G. Preformation and epigenesis converge to specify primordial germ cell fate in the early Drosophila embryo. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010002. [PMID: 34986144 PMCID: PMC8765614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step in animal development is the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of the germline. Two seemingly mutually exclusive mechanisms are implemented across the animal kingdom: epigenesis and preformation. In epigenesis, PGC specification is non-autonomous and depends on extrinsic signaling pathways. The BMP pathway provides the key PGC specification signals in mammals. Preformation is autonomous and mediated by determinants localized within PGCs. In Drosophila, a classic example of preformation, constituents of the germ plasm localized at the embryonic posterior are thought to be both necessary and sufficient for proper determination of PGCs. Contrary to this longstanding model, here we show that these localized determinants are insufficient by themselves to direct PGC specification in blastoderm stage embryos. Instead, we find that the BMP signaling pathway is required at multiple steps during the specification process and functions in conjunction with components of the germ plasm to orchestrate PGC fate. Proper specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is crucial as PGCs serve as the precursors of germline stem cells. To specify PGC fate, invertebrates rely upon cell autonomous preformation involving maternally deposited germ plasm. In Drosophila melanogaster, to insulate newly formed PGCs from the adverse effects of the cell-cell signaling pathways, germ plasm determinants silence transcription and attenuate the cell cycle. However, our data on the BMP signaling pathway challenge this long-held view of PGC specification and suggest that appropriate specification of embryonic PGCs is sensitive to the BMP ligand, decapentaplegic (dpp), and its cognate receptor, thickveins. We find that PGCs are not only capable of responding to BMP signals from the soma, but also that these signals impact the proper determination of the germ cells. Based on these unanticipated similarities between mammals and flies, we propose a model integrating contribution of both the cell-autonomous (preformation) and non-autonomous (epigenesis) pathways during PGC determination. Consistent with the model, we have observed dominant genetic interactions between, oskar, the maternal determinant of PGC fate, and the BMP pathway ligand dpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Colonnetta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Heath E. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sapna Syal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Girish Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Hansen CL, Chamberlain TJ, Trevena RL, Kurek JE, Pelegri F. Conserved germ plasm characteristics across the Danio and Devario lineages. Genesis 2021; 59:e23452. [PMID: 34617657 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In many animal species, germ cell specification requires the inheritance of germ plasm, a biomolecular condensate containing maternally derived RNAs and proteins. Most studies of germ plasm composition and function have been performed in widely evolutionarily divergent model organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, Xenopus laevis, and Danio rerio (zebrafish). In zebrafish, 12 RNAs localize to germ plasm at the furrows of the early embryo. Here, we tested for the presence of these RNAs in three additional species within the Danionin clade: Danio kyathit, Danio albolineatus, and Devario aequipinnatus. By visualizing nanos RNA, we find that germ plasm segregation patterns during early embryogenesis are conserved across these species. Ten additional germ plasm RNAs exhibit localization at the furrows of early embryos in all three non-zebrafish Danionin species, consistent with germ plasm localization. One component of zebrafish germ plasm, ca15b, lacked specific localization in embryos of the more distantly related D. aequipinnatus. Our findings show that within a subset of closely related Danionin species, the vast majority of germ plasm RNA components are conserved. At the same time, the lack of ca15b localization in D. aequipinnatus germ plasm highlights the potential for the divergence of germ plasm composition across a restricted phylogenetic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Hansen
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Trevor J Chamberlain
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan L Trevena
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob E Kurek
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Porras-Gómez TJ, Villagrán-SantaCruz M, Moreno-Mendoza N. Biology of primordial germ cells in vertebrates with emphasis in urodeles amphibians. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:773-792. [PMID: 34532913 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are highly specialized cells that play a relevant role in the maintenance and evolution of the species, since they create new combinations of genetic information between the organisms. Amphibians are a class of amniote vertebrates that are divided into three subclasses, the anurans (frogs and toads), the urodeles (salamanders and newts), and the gymnophiones (caecilians). The study of PGCs in amphibians has been addressed in more detail in anurans while little is known about the biology of this cell lineage in urodeles. Studies in some urodeles species have suggested that PGCs are of mesodermal origin, specifying in the lateral plate mesoderm at the late gastrula stage. With classical experiments it shown that, there is an induction of mesoderm, therefore most likely urodeles PGCs develop from unspecialized mesodermal tissue that responds to extracellular signals. However, some fundamental biological processes of PGCs such as the analysis of their specification, arrival, and colonization to the gonads, and their maintenance and differentiation into mature and fertile gametes remain to be elucidated. Therefore, knowledge about the biology of PGCs is of great importance to ensure the perpetuation of urodeles amphibians, as some species are in danger of becoming extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania J Porras-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Villagrán-SantaCruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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9
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Hansen CL, Pelegri F. Primordial Germ Cell Specification in Vertebrate Embryos: Phylogenetic Distribution and Conserved Molecular Features of Preformation and Induction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730332. [PMID: 34604230 PMCID: PMC8481613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) occurs during early embryonic development and is critical for the survival and fitness of sexually reproducing species. Here, we review the two main mechanisms of PGC specification, induction, and preformation, in the context of four model vertebrate species: mouse, axolotl, Xenopus frogs, and zebrafish. We additionally discuss some notable molecular characteristics shared across PGC specification pathways, including the shared expression of products from three conserved germline gene families, DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) genes, nanos-related genes, and DEAD-box RNA helicases. Then, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the distribution of germ cell determination systems across kingdom Animalia, with particular attention to vertebrate species, but include several categories of invertebrates - ranging from the "proto-vertebrate" cephalochordates to arthropods, cnidarians, and ctenophores. We also briefly highlight ongoing investigations and potential lines of inquiry that aim to understand the evolutionary relationships between these modes of specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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de Souza AF, Pieri NCG, Martins DDS. Step by Step about Germ Cells Development in Canine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030598. [PMID: 33668687 PMCID: PMC7996183 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The progression of germ cells is a remarkable event that allows biological discovery in the differ-entiation process during in vivo and in vitro development. This is crucial for understanding one toward making oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Companion animals, such as canine, could offer new animal models for experimental and clinical testing for translation to human models. In this review, we describe the latest and more relevant findings on germ cell development. In addition, we showed the methods available for obtaining germ cells in vitro and the characterization of pri-mordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells. However, it is necessary to further conduct basic research in canine to clarify the beginning of germ cell development. Abstract Primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been described as precursors of gametes and provide a connection within generations, passing on the genome to the next generation. Failures in the formation of gametes/germ cells can compromise the maintenance and conservation of species. Most of the studies with PGCs have been carried out in mice, but this species is not always the best study model when transposing this knowledge to humans. Domestic animals, such as canines (canine), have become a valuable translational research model for stem cells and therapy. Furthermore, the study of canine germ cells opens new avenues for veterinary reproduction. In this review, the objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on canine germ cells. The aspects of canine development and germ cells have been discussed since the origin, specifications, and development of spermatogonial canine were first discussed. Additionally, we discussed and explored some in vitro aspects of canine reproduction with germ cells, such as embryonic germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells.
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11
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Popovic M, Bialecka M, Gomes Fernandes M, Taelman J, Van Der Jeught M, De Sutter P, Heindryckx B, Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM. Human blastocyst outgrowths recapitulate primordial germ cell specification events. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:519-526. [PMID: 31211841 PMCID: PMC6802404 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current knowledge of the mechanisms leading to human primordial germ cell (PGC) specification stems solely from differentiation experiments starting from human pluripotent stem cells. However, information regarding the origin of PGCs in vivo remains obscure. Here we apply an improved system for extended in vitro culture of human embryos to investigate the presence of PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) 12 days post fertilization (dpf). Good quality blastocysts (n = 141) were plated at 6 dpf and maintained in hypoxia, in medium supplemented with Activin A until 12 dpf. We primarily reveal that 12 dpf outgrowths recapitulate human peri-implantation events and demonstrate that blastocyst quality significantly impacts both embryo viability at 12 dpf, as well as the presence of POU5F1+ cells within viable outgrowths. Moreover, detailed examination of 12 dpf blastocyst outgrowths revealed a population of POU5F1+, SOX2– and SOX17+ cells that may correspond to PGCLCs, alongside POU5F1+ epiblast-like cells and GATA6+ endoderm-like cells. Our findings suggest that, in human, PGC precursors may become specified within the epiblast and migrate either transiently to the extra-embryonic mesoderm or directly to the dorsal part of the yolk sac endoderm around 12 dpf. This is a descriptive analysis and as such the conclusion that POU5F1+ and SOX17+ cells represent bona fide PGCs can only be considered as preliminary. In the future, other PGC markers may be used to further validate the observed cell populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the origin of the human germline and may serve as a foundation to further unravel the molecular mechanisms governing PGC specification in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Popovic
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasin Taelman
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Van Der Jeught
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana M Chuva De Sousa Lopes
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Moravec CE, Pelegri F. The role of the cytoskeleton in germ plasm aggregation and compaction in the zebrafish embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:145-179. [PMID: 32591073 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of genetic information from one generation to another is crucial for survival of animal species. This is accomplished by the induction of primordial germ cells (PGCs) that will eventually establish the germline. In some animals the germline is induced by signals in gastrula, whereas in others it is specified by inheritance of maternal determinants, known as germ plasm. In zebrafish, aggregation and compaction of maternally derived germ plasm during the first several embryonic cell cycles is essential for generation of PGCs. These processes are controlled by cellular functions associated with the cellular division apparatus. Ribonucleoparticles containing germ plasm components are bound to both the ends of astral microtubules and a dynamic F-actin network through a mechanism integrated with that which drives the cell division program. In this chapter we discuss the role that modifications of the cell division apparatus, including the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-associated proteins, play in the regulation of zebrafish germ plasm assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Moravec
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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13
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Malinovskaya LP, Zadesenets KS, Karamysheva TV, Akberdina EA, Kizilova EA, Romanenko MV, Shnaider EP, Scherbakova MM, Korobitsyn IG, Rubtsov NB, Borodin PM, Torgasheva AA. Germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) in the sand martin and the pale martin (Hirundinidae, Aves): synapsis, recombination and copy number variation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1058. [PMID: 31974427 PMCID: PMC6978364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All songbirds studied to date have an additional Germline Restricted Chromosome (GRC), which is not present in somatic cells. GRCs show a wide variation in genetic content and little homology between species. To check how this divergence affected the meiotic behavior of the GRC, we examined synapsis, recombination and copy number variation for GRCs in the closely related sand and pale martins (Riparia riparia and R. diluta) in comparison with distantly related estrildid finches. Using immunolocalization of meiotic proteins and FISH with GRC-specific DNA probes, we found a striking similarity in the meiotic behavior of GRCs between martins and estrildid finches despite the millions of years of independent evolution. GRCs are usually present in two copies in female and in one copy in male pachytene cells. However, we detected polymorphism in female and mosaicism in male martins for the number of GRCs. In martin and zebra finch females, two GRCs synapse along their whole length, but recombine predominately at their ends. We suggest that the shared features of the meiotic behavior of GRCs have been supported by natural selection in favor of a preferential segregation of GRCs to the eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov P Malinovskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Kira S Zadesenets
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Karamysheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Akberdina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Kizilova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikolai B Rubtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel M Borodin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Torgasheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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14
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Gomes Fernandes M, Bialecka M, Salvatori DCF, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Characterization of migratory primordial germ cells in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros of a 4.5-week-old human embryo: a toolbox to evaluate in vitro early gametogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 2019. [PMID: 29528446 PMCID: PMC6018722 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Which set of antibodies can be used to identify migratory and early post-migratory human primordial germ cells (hPGCs)? STUDY FINDING We validated the specificity of 33 antibodies for 31 markers, including POU5F1, NANOG, PRDM1 and TFAP2C as specific markers of hPGCs at 4.5 weeks of development of Carnegie stage (CS12–13), whereas KIT and SOX17 also marked the intra-aortic hematopoietic stem cell cluster in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The dynamics of gene expression during germ cell development in mice is well characterized and this knowledge has proved crucial to allow the development of protocols for the in vitro derivation of functional gametes. Although there is a great interest in generating human gametes in vitro, it is still unclear which markers are expressed during the early stages of hPGC development and many studies use markers described in mouse to benchmark differentiation of human PGC-like cells (hPGCLCs). Early post-implantation development differs significantly between mice and humans, and so some germ cells markers, including SOX2, SOX17, IFITM3 and ITGA6 may not identify mPGCs and hPGCs equally well. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This immunofluorescence study investigated the expression of putative hPGC markers in the caudal part of a single human embryo at 4.5 weeks of development. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We have investigated by immunofluorescence the expression of a set of 33 antibodies for 31 markers, including pluripotency, germ cell, adhesion, migration, surface, mesenchymal and epigenetic markers on paraffin sections of the caudal part, including the AGM region, of a single human embryo (CS12–13). The human material used was anonymously donated with informed consent from elective abortions without medical indication. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We observed germ cell specific expression of NANOG, TFAP2C and PRDM1 in POU5F1+ hPGCs in the AGM. The epigenetic markers H3K27me3 and 5mC were sufficient to distinguish hPGCs from the surrounding somatic cells. Some mPGC-markers were not detected in hPGCs, but marked other tissues; whereas other markers, such as ALPL, SOX17, KIT, TUBB3, ITGA6 marked both POU5F1+ hPGCs and other cells in the AGM. We used a combination of multiple markers, immunostaining different cellular compartments when feasible, to decrease the chance of misidentifying hPGCs. LARGE SCALE DATA Non-applicable. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Material to study early human development is unique and very rare thus restricting the sample size. We have used a combination of antibodies limited by the number of paraffin sections available. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Most of our knowledge on early gametogenesis has been obtained from model organisms such as mice and is extrapolated to humans. However, since there is a dedicated effort to produce human artificial gametes in vitro, it is of great importance to determine the expression and specificity of human-specific germ cell markers. We provide a systematic analysis of the expression of 31 different markers in paraffin sections of a CS12–13 embryo. Our results will help to set up a toolbox of markers to evaluate protocols to induce hPGCLCs in vitro. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) M.G.F. was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) [SFRH/BD/78689/2011] and S.M.C.S.L. was funded by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles (IAP, P7/07) and the European Research Council Consolidator (ERC-CoG-725722-OVOGROWTH). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333-ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333-ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333-ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333-ZC, The Netherlands.,Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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15
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Eno C, Hansen CL, Pelegri F. Aggregation, segregation, and dispersal of homotypic germ plasm RNPs in the early zebrafish embryo. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:306-318. [PMID: 30741457 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In zebrafish and many other organisms, specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) requires the transmission of maternally-derived germ plasm. Zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) aggregate along the cleavage furrows during the first several cell cycles, segregate asymmetrically during the cleavage stages, and undergo cytoplasmic dispersal in the late blastula. RESULTS For all tested germ plasm RNAs [carbonic anhydrase 15b (ca15b), deleted in azoospermia-like (dazl), dead end (dnd), nanos 3 (nos3), regulator of G-protein signaling14a (rgs14a), and vasa/DEAD box polypeptide 4 (vasa/ddx4)], RNPs are homotypic (containing a single RNA type), with RNPs packing tightly yet remaining distinct within germ plasm aggregates. Homotypic clustering of RNAs within RNPs is observed before aggregation in the cortex and is maintained through germ plasm recruitment, asymmetric segregation and RNP dispersal. We also identify a step of germ plasm fragmentation during the cleavage stages that precedes RNP dispersal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that germ plasm aggregates act as subcellular compartments that temporarily collect and carry single RNA-type RNPs from fertilization until their cytoplasmic dispersal in PGCs at the end of the blastula period, and describe a previously unknown fragmentation step that allows for an increase in the pool of germ plasm-carrying cells, presumably PGCs. Developmental Dynamics 248:306-318, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Eno
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christina L Hansen
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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16
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Gomes Fernandes M, He N, Wang F, Van Iperen L, Eguizabal C, Matorras R, Roelen BAJ, Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM. Human-specific subcellular compartmentalization of P-element induced wimpy testis-like (PIWIL) granules during germ cell development and spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:258-269. [PMID: 29237021 PMCID: PMC5850288 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the dynamics of expression of P-element induced wimpy testis-like (PIWIL) proteins in the germline during human fetal development and spermatogenesis? SUMMARY ANSWER PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3 and PIWIL4 were expressed in a sex-specific fashion in human germ cells (GC) during development and adulthood. PIWILs showed a mutually exclusive pattern of subcellular localization. PIWILs were present in the intermitochondrial cement and a single large granule in meiotic GC and their expression was different from that observed in mice, highlighting species-differences. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In mice, PIWIL proteins play prominent roles in male infertility. PIWIL mouse mutants show either post-meiotic arrest at the round spermatid stage (PIWIL1) or arrest at the zygotene-pachytene stage of meiosis I (PIWIL2 and PIWIL4) in males, while females remain fertile. Recent studies have reported a robust piRNA pool in human fetal ovary. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a qualitative analysis of PIWILs expression in paraffin-embedded fetal human male (N = 8), female gonads (N = 6) and adult testes (N = 5), and bioinformatics analysis of online available single-cell transcriptomics data of human fetal germ cells (n = 242). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human fetal gonads from elective abortion without medical indication and adult testes biopsies were donated for research with informed consent. Samples were fixed, paraffin-embedded and analyzed by immunofluorescence to study the temporal and cellular localization of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3 and PIWIL4. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE PIWIL1, PIWIL2 and PIWIL4 showed a mutually exclusive pattern of subcellular localization, particularly in female oocytes. To our surprise, PIWIL1 immunostaining revealed the presence of a single dense paranuclear body, resembling the chromatoid body of haploid spermatocytes, in meiotic oocytes. Moreover, in contrast to mice, PIWIL4, but not PIWIL2, localized to the intermitochondrial cement. PIWIL3 was not expressed in GC during development. The upregulation of PIWIL transcripts correlated with the transcription of markers associated with piRNAs biogenesis like the TDRDs and HENMT1 in fetal GC. LARGE SCALE DATA Non-applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is limited by the restricted number of samples and consequently stages analyzed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In the germline, PIWILs ensure the integrity of the human genome protecting it from ‘parasitic sequences’. This study offers novel insights on the expression dynamics of PIWILs during the window of epigenetic remodeling and meiosis, and highlights important differences between humans and mice, which may prove particularly important to understand causes of infertility and improve both diagnosis and treatment in humans. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) M.G.F. was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) [SFRH/BD/78689/2011]; N.H. by China Scholarship Council (CSC) [No. 201307040026] and F.W. by Medical Personnel Training Abroad Project of Henan Province [No. 2015022] and S.M.C.d.S.L. by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) [ASPASIA 015.007.037] and the Interuniversity Attraction Poles-Phase VII [IUAP/PAI P7/14]. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Nannan He
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.,Reproductive Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe east road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Liesbeth Van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cells Group, Basque Centre for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Barrio Labeaga s/n, Galdakao 48960, Spain
| | - Roberto Matorras
- Human Reproduction Unit, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Plaza de Cruces s/n, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Bernard A J Roelen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva De Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.,Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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17
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Anand M, Lázár B, Tóth R, Páll E, Patakiné Várkonyi E, Liptói K, Homolya L, Hegyi Z, Hidas A, Gócza E. Enhancement of chicken primordial germ cell in vitro maintenance using an automated cell image analyser. Acta Vet Hung 2018; 66:518-529. [PMID: 30580540 DOI: 10.1556/004.2018.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were isolated from blood samples of chicken embryos. We established four PGC lines: two males (FS-ZZ-101, GFP-ZZ-4ZP) and two females (FS-ZW-111, GFP-ZW-5ZP). We could not detect a significant difference in the marker expression profile, but there was a remarkable difference between the proliferation rates of these PGC lines. We monitored the number of PGCs throughout a three-day period using a high-content screening cell imaging and analysing system (HCS). We compared three different initial cell concentrations in the wells: ~1000 cells (1×, ~4000 (4× and ~8000 (8×. For the GFPZW- 5ZP, FS-ZZ-101 and FS-ZW-111 PGC lines the lowest doubling time was observed at 4× concentration, while for GFP-ZZ-4ZP we found the lowest doubling time at 1× concentration. At 8× initial concentration, the growth rate was high during the first two days for all cell lines, but this was followed by the appearance of cell aggregates decreasing the cell growth rate. We could conclude that the difference in proliferation rate could mainly be attributed to genotypic variation in the established PGC lines, but external factors such as cell concentration and quality of the culture medium also affect the growth rate of PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahek Anand
- 1 Doctoral School of Animal Husbandry Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
- 2 National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Bence Lázár
- 3 Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, Gödöllő, Hungary
- 2 National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Roland Tóth
- 1 Doctoral School of Animal Husbandry Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
- 2 National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Emőke Páll
- 5 Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Veterinary Gynaecology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Krisztina Liptói
- 3 Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- 4 Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- 4 Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Hidas
- 3 Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Elen Gócza
- 2 National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
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18
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Fresques TM, Wessel GM. Nodal induces sequential restriction of germ cell factors during primordial germ cell specification. Development 2018; 145:dev155663. [PMID: 29358213 PMCID: PMC5825842 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Specification of the germ cell lineage is required for sexual reproduction in animals. The mechanism of germ cell specification varies among animals but roughly clusters into either inherited or inductive mechanisms. The inductive mechanism, the use of cell-cell interactions for germ cell specification, appears to be the ancestral mechanism in animal phylogeny, yet the pathways responsible for this process are only recently surfacing. Here, we show that germ cell factors in the sea star initially are present broadly, then become restricted dorsally and then in the left side of the embryo where the germ cells form a posterior enterocoel. We find that Nodal signaling is required for the restriction of two germ cell factors, Nanos and Vasa, during the early development of this animal. We learned that Nodal inhibits germ cell factor accumulation in three ways including: inhibition of specific transcription, degradation of specific mRNAs and inhibition of tissue morphogenesis. These results document a signaling mechanism required for the sequential restriction of germ cell factors, which causes a specific set of embryonic cells to become the primordial germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Fresques
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gary M Wessel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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19
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Leopardo NP, Vitullo AD. Early embryonic development and spatiotemporal localization of mammalian primordial germ cell-associated proteins in the basal rodent Lagostomus maximus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:594. [PMID: 28377629 PMCID: PMC5429608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene network controlling primordial germ cell (PGC) specification in eutherian mammals has been exhaustively investigated in mice. The egg-cylinder morphology of the mouse embryo is the key event enabling inductive signals from the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) to specify epiblast cells as PGCs early on. We investigated the embryonic development and the spatiotemporal localization of PGC-associated proteins in the basal Hystricognathi rodent Lagostomus maximus. L. maximus develops through a flat-disc epiblast far apart from the ExE. In the primitive streak stage, OCT4-positive cells are detected in the posterior pole of the embryo disc in the mesoderm of the proximal epiblast. In the neural plate stage, a reduced 8 to 12 OCT4-positive cell population transiently expresses FRAGILIS, STELLA and SOX17 in the posterior streak. Soon after translocation to the hindgut, pluripotent OCT4 cells start expressing VASA, and then, STELLA and FRAGILIS are turned on during migration toward the genital ridge. L. maximus shows a spatiotemporal pattern of PGC-associated markers divergent from the early PGC restriction model seen in mice. This pattern conforms to alternative models that are based on a pluripotent population in the embryonic axis, where PGCs are specified later during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia P Leopardo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico -CEBBAD-, Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BCK, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo D Vitullo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico -CEBBAD-, Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BCK, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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