1
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Abebe BK, Wang H, Li A, Zan L. A review of the role of transcription factors in regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis in beef cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2024; 141:235-256. [PMID: 38146089 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, genomic selection and other refined strategies have been used to increase the growth rate and lean meat production of beef cattle. Nevertheless, the fast growth rates of cattle breeds are often accompanied by a reduction in intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition, impairing meat quality. Transcription factors play vital roles in regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis in beef cattle. Meanwhile, understanding the role of transcription factors in regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis in beef cattle has gained significant attention to increase IMF deposition and meat quality. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to provide a comprehensive summary and valuable insight into the complex role of transcription factors in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in beef cattle. This review summarizes the contemporary studies in transcription factors in adipogenesis and lipogenesis, genome-wide analysis of transcription factors, epigenetic regulation of transcription factors, nutritional regulation of transcription factors, metabolic signalling pathways, functional genomics methods, transcriptomic profiling of adipose tissues, transcription factors and meat quality and comparative genomics with other livestock species. In conclusion, transcription factors play a crucial role in promoting adipocyte development and fatty acid biosynthesis in beef cattle. They control adipose tissue formation and metabolism, thereby improving meat quality and maintaining metabolic balance. Understanding the processes by which these transcription factors regulate adipose tissue deposition and lipid metabolism will simplify the development of marbling or IMF composition in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete Kuraz Abebe
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal Science, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chapman B, Han JH, Lee HJ, Ruud I, Kim TH. Targeted Modulation of Chicken Genes In Vitro Using CRISPRa and CRISPRi Toolkit. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040906. [PMID: 37107664 PMCID: PMC10137795 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has enabled versatile applications of CRISPR beyond targeted DNA cleavage. Combination of nuclease-deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) and transcriptional effector domains allows activation (CRISPRa) or repression (CRISPRi) of target loci. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the CRISPR-mediated transcriptional regulation in chickens, three CRISPRa (VP64, VPR, and p300) and three CRISPRi (dCas9, dCas9-KRAB, and dCas9-KRAB-MeCP2) systems were tested in chicken DF-1 cells. By introducing guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting near the transcription start site (TSS) of each gene in CRISPRa and CRISPRi effector domain-expressing chicken DF-1 cell lines, significant gene upregulation was induced in dCas9-VPR and dCas9-VP64 cells, while significant downregulation was observed with dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB. We further investigated the effect of gRNA positions across TSS and discovered that the location of gRNA is an important factor for targeted gene regulation. RNA sequencing analysis of IRF7 CRISPRa and CRISPRi- DF-1 cells revealed the specificity of CRISPRa and CRISPRi-based targeted transcriptional regulation with minimal off-target effects. These findings suggest that the CRISPRa and CRISPRi toolkits are an effective and adaptable platform for studying the chicken genome by targeted transcriptional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Chapman
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jeong Hoon Han
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hong Jo Lee
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Isabella Ruud
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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3
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Oyelami FO, Usman T, Suravajhala P, Ali N, Do DN. Emerging Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Bovine Mastitis Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091009. [PMID: 36145441 PMCID: PMC9501195 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an abundant class of RNA with varying nucleotide lengths. They have been shown to have great potential in eutherians/human disease diagnosis and treatments and are now gaining more importance for the improvement of diseases in livestock. To date, thousands of ncRNAs have been discovered in the bovine genome and the continuous advancement in deep sequencing technologies and various bioinformatics tools has enabled the elucidation of their roles in bovine health. Among farm animals' diseases, mastitis, a common inflammatory disease in cattle, has caused devastating economic losses to dairy farmers over the last few decades. Here, we summarize the biology of bovine mastitis and comprehensively discuss the roles of ncRNAs in different types of mastitis infection. Based on our findings and relevant literature, we highlighted various evidence of ncRNA roles in mastitis. Different approaches (in vivo versus in vitro) for exploring ncRNA roles in mastitis are emphasized. More particularly, the potential applications of emerging genome editing technologies, as well as integrated omics platforms for ncRNA studies and implications for mastitis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour Oluwapelumi Oyelami
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tahir Usman
- College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, KP, Pakistan
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India
| | - Nawab Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, KP, Pakistan
| | - Duy N. Do
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Viet Nam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-9029578789
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4
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Höltig D, Reiner G. [Opportunities and risks of the use of genetic resistances to infectious diseases in pigs - an overview]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:46-58. [PMID: 35235982 DOI: 10.1055/a-1751-3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Demands for health, performance and welfare in pigs, as well as the desire for consumer protection and reduced antibiotic use, require optimal measures in advance of disease development. This includes, in principle, the use of genetically more resistant lines and breeding animals, whose existence has been proven for a wide range of pathogen-host interactions. In addition, attempts are being made to identify the gene variants responsible for disease resistance in order to force the selection of suitable populations, also using modern biotechnical technics. The present work is intended to provide an overview of the research status achieved in this context and to highlight opportunities and risks for the future.The evaluation of the international literature shows that genetic disease resistance exist in many areas of swine diseases. However, polygenic inheritance, lack of animal models and the influence of environmental factors during evaluation render their implementation in practical breeding programs demanding. This is where modern molecular genetic methods, such as Gene Editing, come into play. Both approaches possess their pros and cons, which are discussed in this paper. The most important infectious diseases in pigs, including general diseases and epizootics, diseases of the respiratory and digestive tract and diseases of the immune system are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Höltig
- Klinik für kleine Klauentiere, forensische Medizin und Ambulatorische Klinik, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität
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5
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Srirattana K, Hufana‐Duran D, Atabay EP, Duran PG, Atabay EC, Lu K, Liang Y, Chaikhun‐Marcou T, Theerakittayakorn K, Parnpai R. Current status of assisted reproductive technologies in buffaloes. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13767. [PMID: 36123790 PMCID: PMC9787342 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Buffaloes are raised by small farm holders primarily as source of draft power owing to its resistance to hot climate, disease, and stress conditions. Over the years, transformation of these animals from draft to dairy was deliberately carried out through genetic improvement program leading to the development of buffalo-based enterprises. Buffalo production is now getting more attention and interest from buffalo raisers due to its socioeconomic impact as well as its contribution to propelling the livestock industry in many developing countries. Reproduction of buffaloes, however, is confronted with huge challenge and concern as being generally less efficient to reproduce compared with cattle due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as poor estrus manifestation, silent heat, marked seasonal infertility, postpartum anestrus, long calving interval, delayed puberty, inherently low number of primordial follicles in their ovaries, high incidence of atresia, and apoptosis. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are major interventions for the efficient utilization of follicle reserve in buffaloes. The present review focuses on estrus and ovulation synchronization for fixed time artificial insemination, in vitro embryo production, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos, somatic cell nuclear transfer, the factors affecting utilization in various ARTs, and future perspectives in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Srirattana
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural TechnologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | - Danilda Hufana‐Duran
- Reproduction and Physiology SectionDepartment of Agriculture‐Philippine Carabao CenterScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines,Department of Animal ScienceCentral Luzon State UniversityScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines
| | - Eufrocina P. Atabay
- Reproduction and Physiology SectionDepartment of Agriculture‐Philippine Carabao CenterScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines
| | - Peregrino G. Duran
- Reproduction and Physiology SectionDepartment of Agriculture‐Philippine Carabao CenterScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines,Department of Animal ScienceCentral Luzon State UniversityScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines
| | - Edwin C. Atabay
- Reproduction and Physiology SectionDepartment of Agriculture‐Philippine Carabao CenterScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines,Department of Animal ScienceCentral Luzon State UniversityScience City of MunozNueva EcijaPhilippines
| | - Kehuan Lu
- Animal Reproduction InstituteGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Reproductive MedicineLiuzhou General HospitalLiuzhouGuangxiChina
| | - Thuchadaporn Chaikhun‐Marcou
- Obstetrics Gynecology Andrology and Animal Biotechnology Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMahanakorn University of TechnologyBangkokThailand
| | - Kasem Theerakittayakorn
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural TechnologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural TechnologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
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6
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Laible G, Cole SA, Brophy B, Wei J, Leath S, Jivanji S, Littlejohn MD, Wells DN. Holstein Friesian dairy cattle edited for diluted coat color as a potential adaptation to climate change. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:856. [PMID: 34836496 PMCID: PMC8626976 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-producing Holstein Friesian dairy cattle have a characteristic black and white coat, often with large proportions of black. Compared to a light coat color, black absorbs more solar radiation which is a contributing factor to heat stress in cattle. To better adapt dairy cattle to rapidly warming climates, we aimed to lighten their coat color by genome editing. RESULTS Using gRNA/Cas9-mediated editing, we introduced a three bp deletion in the pre-melanosomal protein 17 gene (PMEL) proposed as causative variant for the semi-dominant color dilution phenotype observed in Galloway and Highland cattle. Calves generated from cells with homozygous edits revealed a strong color dilution effect. Instead of the characteristic black and white markings of control calves generated from unedited cells, the edited calves displayed a novel grey and white coat pattern. CONCLUSION This, for the first time, verified the causative nature of the PMEL mutation for diluting the black coat color in cattle. Although only one of the calves was healthy at birth and later succumbed to a naval infection, the study showed the feasibility of generating such edited animals with the possibility to dissect the effects of the introgressed edit and other interfering allelic variants that might exist in individual cattle and accurately determine the impact of only the three bp change.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laible
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - S-A Cole
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - B Brophy
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - J Wei
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - S Leath
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - S Jivanji
- Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M D Littlejohn
- Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - D N Wells
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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7
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Eghbalsaied S, Kues WA. An electrochemical protocol for CRISPR-mediated gene-editing of sheep embryonic fibroblast cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 212:176-184. [PMID: 34823242 DOI: 10.1159/000521128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering of farm animals is commonly carried out via cell-mediated transfection followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, efficient transfer of exogenous DNA into ovine embryonic fibroblast (EF) cells without compromising cell viability have remained a challenging issue. Here, we aimed to develop a protocol for electrotransfection of sheep EF cells. First, we optimized the pulsing condition using an OptiMEM-GlutaMAX medium as the electroporation buffer and found two pulses of 270 V, each for 10 ms and 10 s interval, is the most efficient condition to have a high rate of transfection and cell survival. Moreover, supplementing 3 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) into the electroporation medium considerably improved the cell viability after the electroporation process. The electroporation procedure resulted in > 98% transfection efficiency and > 97 % cell survival rate using reporter plasmids. Finally, using CRISPR/Cas9-encoding vectors, we targeted BMP15 and GDF9 genes in sheep EF cells. The electroporated cells are associated with a 52 % indels rate using single gRNAs as well as a highly efficient target deletion using two gRNAs. In conclusion, we developed an electrotransfection protocol using the OptiMEM-GlutaMAX medium supplemented with 3 % DMSO for sheep EF cells. The electroporation method can be used for cell-mediated gene-editing in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Eghbalsaied
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Neustadt, Germany
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Karavolias NG, Horner W, Abugu MN, Evanega SN. Application of Gene Editing for Climate Change in Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.685801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change imposes a severe threat to agricultural systems, food security, and human nutrition. Meanwhile, efforts in crop and livestock gene editing have been undertaken to improve performance across a range of traits. Many of the targeted phenotypes include attributes that could be beneficial for climate change adaptation. Here, we present examples of emerging gene editing applications and research initiatives that are aimed at the improvement of crops and livestock in response to climate change, and discuss technical limitations and opportunities therein. While only few applications of gene editing have been translated to agricultural production thus far, numerous studies in research settings have demonstrated the potential for potent applications to address climate change in the near future.
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9
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Springer C, Wolf E, Simmet K. A New Toolbox in Experimental Embryology-Alternative Model Organisms for Studying Preimplantation Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:15. [PMID: 33918361 PMCID: PMC8167745 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation development is well conserved across mammalian species, but major differences in developmental kinetics, regulation of early lineage differentiation and implantation require studies in different model organisms, especially to better understand human development. Large domestic species, such as cattle and pig, resemble human development in many different aspects, i.e., the timing of zygotic genome activation, mechanisms of early lineage differentiations and the period until blastocyst formation. In this article, we give an overview of different assisted reproductive technologies, which are well established in cattle and pig and make them easily accessible to study early embryonic development. We outline the available technologies to create genetically modified models and to modulate lineage differentiation as well as recent methodological developments in genome sequencing and imaging, which form an immense toolbox for research. Finally, we compare the most recent findings in regulation of the first lineage differentiations across species and show how alternative models enhance our understanding of preimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Springer
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (C.S.); (E.W.)
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (C.S.); (E.W.)
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Kilian Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (C.S.); (E.W.)
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10
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Burgiel SW, Baumgartner B, Brister E, Fisher J, Gordon DR, Novak B, Palmer MJ, Seddon PJ, Weber M. Exploring the intersections of governance, constituencies, and risk in genetic interventions. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evelyn Brister
- Philosophy Department Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester New York USA
| | - Joshua Fisher
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service†, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Doria R. Gordon
- Environmental Defense Fund Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Ben Novak
- Revive & Restore Sausalito California USA
| | - Megan J. Palmer
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford California USA
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11
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Perisse IV, Fan Z, Singina GN, White KL, Polejaeva IA. Improvements in Gene Editing Technology Boost Its Applications in Livestock. Front Genet 2021; 11:614688. [PMID: 33603767 PMCID: PMC7885404 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.614688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques provides a feasible approach to introduce a variety of precise modifications in the mammalian genome, including introduction of multiple edits simultaneously, efficient insertion of long DNA sequences into specific targeted loci as well as performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for introducing genome alterations in livestock species. The list of new CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tools is constantly expanding. Here, we discuss the methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity of gene editing tools as well as approaches that can be employed for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of two primary methods used for the production of gene-edited farm animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) and zygote manipulations will be discussed. Furthermore, we will review agricultural and biomedical applications of gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Viotti Perisse
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Galina N. Singina
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Kenneth L. White
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Irina A. Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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12
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Recombinant Technologies to Improve Ruminant Production Systems: The Past, Present and Future. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of recombinant technologies has been proposed as an alternative to improve livestock production systems for more than 25 years. However, its effects on animal health and performance have not been described. Thus, understanding the use of recombinant technology could help to improve public acceptance. The objective of this review is to describe the effects of recombinant technologies and proteins on the performance, health status, and rumen fermentation of meat and milk ruminants. The heterologous expression and purification of proteins mainly include eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems like Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Recombinant hormones have been commercially available since 1992, their effects remarkably improving both the reproductive and productive performance of animals. More recently the use of recombinant antigens and immune cells have proven to be effective in increasing meat and milk production in ruminant production systems. Likewise, the use of recombinant vaccines could help to reduce drug resistance developed by parasites and improve animal health. Recombinant enzymes and probiotics could help to enhance rumen fermentation and animal efficiency. Likewise, the use of recombinant technologies has been extended to the food industry as a strategy to enhance the organoleptic properties of animal-food sources, reduce food waste and mitigate the environmental impact. Despite these promising results, many of these recombinant technologies are still highly experimental. Thus, the feasibility of these technologies should be carefully addressed before implementation. Alternatively, the use of transgenic animals and the development of genome editing technology has expanded the frontiers in science and research. However, their use and implementation depend on complex policies and regulations that are still under development.
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13
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Van Eenennaam AL, De Figueiredo Silva F, Trott JF, Zilberman D. Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 9:453-478. [PMID: 33186503 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered (GE) livestock were first reported in 1985, and yet only a single GE food animal, the fast-growing AquAdvantage salmon, has been commercialized. There are myriad interconnected reasons for the slow progress in this once-promising field, including technical issues, the structure of livestock industries, lack of public research funding and investment, regulatory obstacles, and concern about public opinion. This review focuses on GE livestock that have been produced and documents the difficulties that researchers and developers have encountered en route. Additionally, the costs associated with delayed commercialization of GE livestock were modeled using three case studies: GE mastitis-resistant dairy cattle, genome-edited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-resistant pigs, and the AquAdvantage salmon. Delays of 5 or 10 years in the commercialization of GE livestock beyond the normative 10-year GE product evaluation period were associated with billions of dollars in opportunity costs and reduced global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; ,
| | - David Zilberman
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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14
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Veterinary Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Can Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Secretome Be the New Frontier? Cells 2020; 9:cells9061453. [PMID: 32545382 PMCID: PMC7349187 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to restore the normal function of diseased or damaged cells, tissues, and organs using a set of different approaches, including cell-based therapies. In the veterinary field, regenerative medicine is strongly related to the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which belong to the body repair system and are defined as multipotent progenitor cells, able to self-replicate and to differentiate into different cell types. This review aims to take stock of what is known about the MSCs and their use in the veterinary medicine focusing on clinical reports on dogs and horses in musculoskeletal diseases, a research field extensively reported in the literature data. Finally, a perspective regarding the use of the secretome and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the veterinary field to replace parental MSCs is provided. The pharmaceuticalization of EVs is wished due to the realization of a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP product suitable for clinical trials.
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15
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de Graeff N, Jongsma KR, Johnston J, Hartley S, Bredenoord AL. The ethics of genome editing in non-human animals: a systematic review of reasons reported in the academic literature. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180106. [PMID: 30905297 PMCID: PMC6452271 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new genome editing technologies have emerged that can edit the genome of non-human animals with progressively increasing efficiency. Despite ongoing academic debate about the ethical implications of these technologies, no comprehensive overview of this debate exists. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review of the reasons reported in the academic literature for and against the development and use of genome editing technologies in animals. Most included articles were written by academics from the biomedical or animal sciences. The reported reasons related to seven themes: human health, efficiency, risks and uncertainty, animal welfare, animal dignity, environmental considerations and public acceptability. Our findings illuminate several key considerations about the academic debate, including a low disciplinary diversity in the contributing academics, a scarcity of systematic comparisons of potential consequences of using these technologies, an underrepresentation of animal interests, and a disjunction between the public and academic debate on this topic. As such, this article can be considered a call for a broad range of academics to get increasingly involved in the discussion about genome editing, to incorporate animal interests and systematic comparisons, and to further discuss the aims and methods of public involvement. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Graeff
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University , PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA 3508 , The Netherlands
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University , PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA 3508 , The Netherlands
| | - Josephine Johnston
- 2 Research Department, The Hastings Center , 21 Malcolm Gordon Road, Garrison, NY 10524 , USA
| | - Sarah Hartley
- 3 The University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter , Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4PU , UK
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University , PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA 3508 , The Netherlands
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Young AE, Mansour TA, McNabb BR, Owen JR, Trott JF, Brown CT, Van Eenennaam AL. Genomic and phenotypic analyses of six offspring of a genome-edited hornless bull. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:225-232. [PMID: 31591551 PMCID: PMC7007412 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing followed by reproductive cloning was previously used to produce two hornless dairy bulls. We crossed one genome-edited dairy bull, homozygous for the dominant PC Celtic POLLED allele, with horned cows (pp) and obtained six heterozygous (PCp) polled calves. The calves had no horns and were otherwise healthy and phenotypically unremarkable. We conducted whole-genome sequencing of all animals using an Illumina HiSeq4000 to achieve ~20× coverage. Bioinformatics analyses revealed the bull was a compound heterozygote, carrying one naturally occurring PC Celtic POLLED allele and an allele containing an additional introgression of the homology-directed repair donor plasmid along with the PC Celtic allele. These alleles segregated in the offspring of this bull, and inheritance of either allele produced polled calves. No other unintended genomic alterations were observed. These data can be used to inform conversations in the scientific community, with regulatory authorities and with the public around 'intentional genomic alterations' and future regulatory actions regarding genome-edited animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Young
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tamer A Mansour
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bret R McNabb
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Owen
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Titus Brown
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Xie L, Sun J, Mo L, Xu T, Shahzad Q, Chen D, Yang W, Liao Y, Lu Y. HMEJ-mediated efficient site-specific gene integration in chicken cells. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:90. [PMID: 31832093 PMCID: PMC6868705 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of transgenic chicken cells holds great promise for several diverse areas, including developmental biology and biomedical research. To this end, site-specific gene integration has been an attractive strategy for generating transgenic chicken cell lines and has been successfully adopted for inserting desired genes and regulating specific gene expression patterns. However, optimization of this method is essential for improving the efficiency of genome modification in this species. RESULTS Here we compare gene knock-in methods based on homology-independent targeted integration (HITI), homology-directed repair (HDR) and homology mediated end joining (HMEJ) coupled with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing system in chicken DF-1 cells and primordial germ cells (PGCs). HMEJ was found to be a robust and efficient method for gene knock-in in chicken PGCs. Using this method, we successfully labeled the germ cell specific gene DAZL and the pluripotency-related gene Pou5f3 in chicken PGCs through the insertion of a fluorescent protein in the frame at the 3' end of the gene, allowing us to track cell migration in the embryonic gonad. HMEJ strategy was also successfully used in Ovalbumin, which accounts for more than 60% of proteins in chicken eggs, suggested its good promise for the mass production of protein with pharmaceutical importance using the chicken oviduct system. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that HMEJ efficiently mediates site-specific gene integration in chicken PGCs, which holds great potential for the biopharmaceutical engineering of chicken cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Lifen Mo
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Tianpeng Xu
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Qaisar Shahzad
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Yuying Liao
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi China
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McFarlane GR, Salvesen HA, Sternberg A, Lillico SG. On-Farm Livestock Genome Editing Using Cutting Edge Reproductive Technologies. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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19
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Abstract
Genome editing followed by reproductive cloning was previously used to produce two hornless dairy bulls. We crossed one genome-edited dairy bull, homozygous for the dominant PC Celtic POLLED allele, with horned cows (pp) and obtained six heterozygous (PCp) polled calves. The calves had no horns and were otherwise healthy and phenotypically unremarkable. We conducted whole-genome sequencing of all animals using an Illumina HiSeq4000 to achieve ~20× coverage. Bioinformatics analyses revealed the bull was a compound heterozygote, carrying one naturally occurring PC Celtic POLLED allele and an allele containing an additional introgression of the homology-directed repair donor plasmid along with the PC Celtic allele. These alleles segregated in the offspring of this bull, and inheritance of either allele produced polled calves. No other unintended genomic alterations were observed. These data can be used to inform conversations in the scientific community, with regulatory authorities and with the public around 'intentional genomic alterations' and future regulatory actions regarding genome-edited animals.
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Abstract
The emergence of new biotechnologies provides great promise for biodefense, especially for key objectives of biosurveillance and early warning, microbial forensics, risk and threat assessment, horizon scanning in biotechnology, and medical countermeasure (MCM) development, scale-up, and delivery. Understanding and leveraging the newly developed capabilities afforded by emerging biotechnologies require knowledge about cutting-edge research and its real or proposed application(s), the process through which biotechnologies advance, and the educational and research infrastructure that promotes multi-disciplinary science. Innovation in research and technology development are driven by sector-specific needs and the convergence of the physical, chemical, material, computer, engineering, and/or life sciences. Biotechnologies developed for other sectors could be applied to biodefense, especially if the individuals involved are able to innovate in concept design and development. Of all biodefense objectives, biosurveillance seems to have reaped the most benefit from emerging biotechnologies, specifically the integration and analysis of diverse clinical, biological, demographic, and other relevant data. More recently, scientists have begun applying synthetic biology, genomics, and microfluidics to the development of new products and platforms for MCMs. Unlike these objectives, investments in microbial forensics have been few, limiting its ability to harness biotechnology advances for collecting and analyzing data. Looking to the future, emerging biotechnologies can provide new opportunities for enhancing biodefense by addressing capability gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit K. Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- NIH/NIAID, Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD USA
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Proposed U.S. regulation of gene-edited food animals is not fit for purpose. NPJ Sci Food 2019; 3:3. [PMID: 31304275 PMCID: PMC6550240 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-019-0035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary DNA is generally regarded as safe to consume, and is a routine ingredient of food obtained from any living organism. Millions of naturally-occurring DNA variations are observed when comparing the genomic sequence of any two healthy individuals of a given species. Breeders routinely select desired traits resulting from this DNA variation to develop new cultivars and varieties of food plants and animals. Regulatory agencies do not evaluate these new varieties prior to commercial release. Gene editing tools now allow plant and animal breeders to precisely introduce useful genetic variation into agricultural breeding programs. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that it has no plans to place additional regulations on gene-edited plants that could otherwise have been developed through traditional breeding prior to commercialization. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed mandatory premarket new animal drug regulatory evaluation for all food animals whose genomes have been intentionally altered using modern molecular technologies including gene editing technologies. This runs counter to U.S. biotechnology policy that regulatory oversight should be triggered by unreasonable risk, and not by the fact that an organism has been modified by a particular process or technique. Breeder intention is not associated with product risk. Harmonizing the regulations associated with gene editing in food species is imperative to allow both plant and animal breeders access to gene editing tools to introduce useful sustainability traits like disease resistance, climate adaptability, and food quality attributes into U.S. agricultural breeding programs.
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22
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Tanihara F, Hirata M, Nguyen NT, LE QA, Hirano T, Otoi T. Effects of concentration of CRISPR/Cas9 components on genetic mosaicism in cytoplasmic microinjected porcine embryos. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:209-214. [PMID: 30726783 PMCID: PMC6584178 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic microinjection (CI) of the CRISPR/Cas9 system enabled the induction of site-specific mutations in porcine zygotes and resulting pigs. However, mosaicism is a serious problem for genetically modified pigs. In the present study, we investigated suitable timing and concentration of CRISPR/Cas9 components for introduction into oocytes/zygotes by CI, to reduce mosaicism in the resulting blastocysts. First, we introduced 20 ng/μl of Cas9 protein and guide RNA (gRNA), targeting the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene in oocytes before in vitro fertilization (IVF), in zygotes after IVF, or in oocytes/zygotes before and after IVF, twice. CI treatment had no detrimental effects on blastocyst formation rates. The highest value of the rate of mutant blastocysts was observed in zygotes injected after IVF. Next, we injected Cas9 protein and gRNA into zygotes after IVF at a concentration of 20 ng/μl each (20 ng/μl group) or 100 ng/μl each (100 ng/μl group). The ratio of the number of blastocysts that carried mutations to the total number of blastocysts examined in the 100 ng/μl group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in the 20 ng/μl group. Although no blastocysts from the 20 ng/μl group carried a biallelic mutation, 16.7% of blastocysts from the 100 ng/μl group carried a biallelic mutation. In conclusion, increasing the concentration of Cas9 protein and gRNA is effective in generating biallelic mutant blastocysts. To reduce mosaicism, however, further optimization of the timing of CI, and the concentration of CRISPR/Cas9 components, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Nhien Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Quynh Anh LE
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
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23
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Tanihara F, Hirata M, Nguyen NT, Le QA, Hirano T, Takemoto T, Nakai M, Fuchimoto DI, Otoi T. Generation of PDX-1 mutant porcine blastocysts by introducing CRISPR/Cas9-system into porcine zygotes via electroporation. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:55-61. [PMID: 30368976 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we established the GEEP ("gene editing by electroporation of Cas9 protein") method, in which the CRISPR/Cas9 system, consisting of a Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA), is introduced into pig zygotes by electroporation and thus induces highly efficient targeted gene disruption. In this study, we examined the effects of sgRNA on the blastocyst formation of porcine embryos and evaluated their genome-editing efficiency. To produce an animal model for diabetes, we targeted PDX-1 (pancreas duodenum homeobox 1), a gene that is crucial for pancreas development during the fetal period and whose monoallelic disruption impairs insulin secretion. First, Cas9 protein with different sgRNAs that targeted distinct sites in the PDX-1 exon 1 was introduced into in vitro-fertilized zygotes by the GEEP method. Of the six sgRNAs tested, three sgRNAs (sgRNA1, 2, and 3) successfully modified PDX-1 gene. The blastocyst formation rate of zygotes edited with sgRNA3 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of control zygotes without the electroporation treatment. Our study indicates that the GEEP method can be successfully used to generate PDX-1 mutant blastocysts, but the development and the efficiency of editing the genome of zygotes may be affected by the sgRNA used for CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Ishii-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Ishii-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nhien T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Ishii-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Quynh A Le
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Ishii-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Ishii-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takemoto
- Division of Embryology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakai
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dai-Ichiro Fuchimoto
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Ishii-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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25
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Xiang G, Ren J, Hai T, Fu R, Yu D, Wang J, Li W, Wang H, Zhou Q. Editing porcine IGF2 regulatory element improved meat production in Chinese Bama pigs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4619-4628. [PMID: 30259067 PMCID: PMC11105340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is an important growth factor, which promotes growth and development in mammals during fetal and postnatal stages. Using CRISPR-Cas9 system, we generated multiple founder pigs containing 12 different mutant alleles around a regulatory element within the intron 3 of IGF2 gene. Crossing two male founders passed four mutant alleles onto F1 generation, and these mutations abolished repressor ZBED6 binding and rendered this regulatory element nonfunctional. Both founders and F1 animals showed significantly faster growth, without affecting meat quality. These results indicated that editing IGF2 intron 3-3072 site using CRISPR-Cas9 technology improved meat production in Bama pigs. This is the first demonstration that editing non-coding region can improve economic traits in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal university, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Blödorn EB, Domingues WB, Komninou ER, Daneluz L, Dellagostin EN, Weege A, Varela AS, Corcini CD, Collares TV, Campos VF. Voltages up to 600V did not affect cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa on capillary-type electroporation. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:416-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Lu F, Luo C, Li N, Liu Q, Wei Y, Deng H, Wang X, Li X, Jiang J, Deng Y, Shi D. Efficient Generation of Transgenic Buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) by Nuclear Transfer of Fetal Fibroblasts Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6967. [PMID: 29725050 PMCID: PMC5934360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of producing transgenic cloned buffalos by nuclear transfer of fetal fibroblasts expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was explored in this study. When buffalo fetal fibroblasts (BFFs) isolated from a male buffalo fetus were transfected with pEGFP-N1 (EGFP is driven by CMV and Neo is driven by SV-40) by means of electroporation, Lipofectamine-LTX and X-tremeGENE, the transfection efficiency of electroporation (35.5%) was higher than Lipofectamine-LTX (11.7%) and X-tremeGENE (25.4%, P < 0.05). When BFFs were transfected by means of electroporation, more embryos from BFFs transfected with pEGFP-IRES-Neo (EGFP and Neo are driven by promoter of human elongation factor) cleaved and developed to blastocysts (21.6%) compared to BFFs transfected with pEGFP-N1 (16.4%, P < 0.05). A total of 72 blastocysts were transferred into 36 recipients and six recipients became pregnant. In the end of gestation, the pregnant recipients delivered six healthy calves and one stillborn calf. These calves were confirmed to be derived from the transgenic cells by Southern blot and microsatellite analysis. These results indicate that electroporation is more efficient than lipofection in transfecting exogenous DNA into BFFs and transgenic buffalos can be produced effectively by nuclear transfer of BFFs transfected with pEGFP-IRES-Neo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Lu
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Chan Luo
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Nan Li
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.,Reproductive Center of Liuzhou Municipal Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, 545001, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yingming Wei
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Haiying Deng
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jianrong Jiang
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yanfei Deng
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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28
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Bastiaansen JWM, Bovenhuis H, Groenen MAM, Megens HJ, Mulder HA. The impact of genome editing on the introduction of monogenic traits in livestock. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:18. [PMID: 29661133 PMCID: PMC5902981 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome editing technologies provide new tools for genetic improvement and have the potential to become the next game changer in animal and plant breeding. The aim of this study was to investigate how genome editing in combination with genomic selection can accelerate the introduction of a monogenic trait in a livestock population as compared to genomic selection alone. Methods A breeding population was simulated under genomic selection for a polygenic trait. After reaching Bulmer equilibrium, the selection objective was to increase the allele frequency of a monogenic trait, with or without genome editing, in addition to improving the polygenic trait. Scenarios were compared for time to fixation of the desired allele, selection response for the polygenic trait, and level of inbreeding. The costs, in terms of number of editing procedures, were compared to the benefits of having more animals with the desired phenotype of the monogenic trait. Effects of reduced editing efficiency were investigated. Results In a population of 20,000 selection candidates per generation, the total number of edited zygotes needed to reach fixation of the desired allele was 22,118, 7072, or 3912 with, no, moderate, or high selection emphasis on the monogenic trait, respectively. Genome editing resulted in up to four-fold faster fixation of the desired allele when efficiency was 100%, while the loss in long-term selection response for the polygenic trait was up to seven-fold less compared to genomic selection alone. With moderate selection emphasis on the monogenic trait, introduction of genome editing led to a four-fold reduction in the total number of animals showing the undesired phenotype before fixation. However, with a currently realistic editing efficiency of 4%, the number of required editing procedures increased by 72% and loss in selection response increased eight-fold compared to 100% efficiency. With low efficiency, loss in selection response was 29% more compared to genomic selection alone. Conclusions Genome editing strongly decreased the time to fixation for a desired allele compared to genomic selection alone. Reduced editing efficiency had a major impact on the number of editing procedures and on the loss in selection response. In addition to ethical and welfare considerations of genome editing, a careful assessment of its technical costs and benefits is required. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-018-0389-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W M Bastiaansen
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk Bovenhuis
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han A Mulder
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fleming A, Abdalla EA, Maltecca C, Baes CF. Invited review: Reproductive and genomic technologies to optimize breeding strategies for genetic progress in dairy cattle. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-43-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Dairy cattle breeders have exploited technological advances that have emerged in the past in regards to reproduction and genomics. The implementation of such technologies in routine breeding programs has permitted genetic gains in traditional milk production traits as well as, more recently, in low-heritability traits like health and fertility. As demand for dairy products increases, it is important for dairy breeders to optimize the use of available technologies and to consider the many emerging technologies that are currently being investigated in various fields. Here we review a number of technologies that have helped shape dairy breeding programs in the past and present, along with those potentially forthcoming. These tools have materialized in the areas of reproduction, genotyping and sequencing, genetic modification, and epigenetics. Although many of these technologies bring encouraging opportunities for genetic improvement of dairy cattle populations, their applications and benefits need to be weighed with their impacts on economics, genetic diversity, and society.
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Eriksson S, Jonas E, Rydhmer L, Röcklinsberg H. Invited review: Breeding and ethical perspectives on genetically modified and genome edited cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1-17. [PMID: 29102147 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hot topic of genetic modification and genome editing is sometimes presented as a rapid solution to various problems in the field of animal breeding and genetics. These technologies hold potential for future use in agriculture but we need to be aware of difficulties in large-scale application and integration in breeding schemes. In this review, we discuss applications of both classical genetic modifications (GM) using vectors and genome editing in dairy cattle breeding. We use an interdisciplinary approach considering both ethical and animal breeding perspectives. Decisions on how to make use of these techniques need to be made based not only on what is possible, but on what is reasonable to do. Principles of animal integrity, naturalness, risk perception, and animal welfare issues are examples of ethically relevant factors to consider. These factors also influence public perception and decisions about regulations by authorities. We need to acknowledge that we lack complete understanding of the genetic background of complex traits. It may be difficult, therefore, to predict the full effect of certain modifications in large-scale breeding programs. We present 2 potential applications: genome editing to dispense with dehorning, and insertion of human genes in bovine genomes to improve udder health as an example of classical GM. Both of these cases could be seen as beneficial for animal welfare but they differ in other aspects. In the former case, a genetic variant already present within the species is introduced, whereas in the latter case, transgenic animals are generated-this difference may influence how society regards the applications. We underline that the use of GM, as well as genome editing, of farm animals such as cattle is not independent of the context, and should be considered as part of an entire process, including, for example, the assisted reproduction technology that needs to be used. We propose that breeding organizations and breeding companies should take an active role in ethical discussions about the use of these techniques and thereby signal to society that these questions are being responsibly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eriksson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Jonas
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Rydhmer
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Röcklinsberg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bhat SA, Malik AA, Ahmad SM, Shah RA, Ganai NA, Shafi SS, Shabir N. Advances in genome editing for improved animal breeding: A review. Vet World 2017; 10:1361-1366. [PMID: 29263600 PMCID: PMC5732344 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1361-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since centuries, the traits for production and disease resistance are being targeted while improving the genetic merit of domestic animals, using conventional breeding programs such as inbreeding, outbreeding, or introduction of marker-assisted selection. The arrival of new scientific concepts, such as cloning and genome engineering, has added a new and promising research dimension to the existing animal breeding programs. Development of genome editing technologies such as transcription activator-like effector nuclease, zinc finger nuclease, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats systems begun a fresh era of genome editing, through which any change in the genome, including specific DNA sequence or indels, can be made with unprecedented precision and specificity. Furthermore, it offers an opportunity of intensification in the frequency of desirable alleles in an animal population through gene-edited individuals more rapidly than conventional breeding. The specific research is evolving swiftly with a focus on improvement of economically important animal species or their traits all of which form an important subject of this review. It also discusses the hurdles to commercialization of these techniques despite several patent applications owing to the ambiguous legal status of genome-editing methods on account of their disputed classification. Nonetheless, barring ethical concerns gene-editing entailing economically important genes offers a tremendous potential for breeding animals with desirable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abrar Ahad Malik
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Shanaz Shafi
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Ao Z, Liu D, Zhao C, Yue Z, Shi J, Zhou R, Cai G, Zheng E, Li Z, Wu Z. Birth weight, umbilical and placental traits in relation to neonatal loss in cloned pigs. Placenta 2017; 57:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Genome editing of livestock is poised to become commercial reality, yet questions remain as to appropriate regulation, potential impact on the industry sector and public acceptability of products. This paper looks at how genome editing of livestock has attempted to learn some of the lessons from commercialisation of GM crops, and takes a systemic approach to explore some of the complexity and ambiguity in incorporating genome edited animals in a food production system. Current applications of genome editing are considered, viewed from the perspective of past technological applications. The question of what is genome editing, and can it be considered natural is examined. The implications of regulation on development of different sectors of livestock production systems are studied, with a particular focus on the veterinary sector. From an EU perspective, regulation of genome edited animals, although not necessarily the same as for GM crops, is advocated from a number of different perspectives. This paper aims to open up new avenues of research on genome edited animals, extending from the current primary focus on science and regulation, to engage with a wider-range of food system actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Bruce
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh, UK.
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34
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Van Eenennaam AL. Genetic modification of food animals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 44:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang X, Wang X, Hao Y, Teng D, Wang J. Research and development on lactoferrin and its derivatives in China from 2011–2015. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:162-170. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional glycoprotein, is an important antimicrobial and immune regulatory protein present in neutrophils and most exocrine secretions of mammals. Lactoferricin (Lfcin) is located in the N-terminal region of this protein. In this review, the current state of research into Lf and Lfcin in China is described. Searching with HistCite software in Web Sci located 118 papers published by Chinese researchers from 2011–2015, making China one of the top 3 producers of Lf research and development in the world. The biological functions of Lf and Lfcin are discussed, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities; targeted drug delivery, induction of neurocyte, osteoblast, and tenocyte growth, and possible mechanisms of action. The preparation and heterologous expression of Lf in animals, bacteria, and yeast are discussed in detail. Five Lf-related food additive factories and 9 Lf-related health food production companies are certified by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). The latest progress in the generation of transgenic livestock in China, the safety of the use of transgenic animals, and future prospects for the uses of Lf and Lfcin are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ya Hao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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Polejaeva IA, Rutigliano HM, Wells KD. Livestock in biomedical research: history, current status and future prospective. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:112-24. [PMID: 27062879 DOI: 10.1071/rd15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock models have contributed significantly to biomedical and surgical advances. Their contribution is particularly prominent in the areas of physiology and assisted reproductive technologies, including understanding developmental processes and disorders, from ancient to modern times. Over the past 25 years, biomedical research that traditionally embraced a diverse species approach shifted to a small number of model species (e.g. mice and rats). The initial reasons for focusing the main efforts on the mouse were the availability of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and genome sequence data. This powerful combination allowed for precise manipulation of the mouse genome (knockouts, knockins, transcriptional switches etc.) leading to ground-breaking discoveries on gene functions and regulation, and their role in health and disease. Despite the enormous contribution to biomedical research, mouse models have some major limitations. Their substantial differences compared with humans in body and organ size, lifespan and inbreeding result in pronounced metabolic, physiological and behavioural differences. Comparative studies of strategically chosen domestic species can complement mouse research and yield more rigorous findings. Because genome sequence and gene manipulation tools are now available for farm animals (cattle, pigs, sheep and goats), a larger number of livestock genetically engineered (GE) models will be accessible for biomedical research. This paper discusses the use of cattle, goats, sheep and pigs in biomedical research, provides an overview of transgenic technology in farm animals and highlights some of the beneficial characteristics of large animal models of human disease compared with the mouse. In addition, status and origin of current regulation of GE biomedical models is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Heloisa M Rutigliano
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Genetic resistance - an alternative for controlling PRRS? Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:27. [PMID: 28405453 PMCID: PMC5382513 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PRRS is one of the most challenging diseases for world-wide pig production. Attempts for a sustainable control of this scourge by vaccination have not yet fully satisfied. With an increasing knowledge and methodology in disease resistance, a new world-wide endeavour has been started to support the combat of animal diseases, based on the existence of valuable gene variants with regard to any host-pathogen interaction. Several groups have produced a wealth of evidence for natural variability in resistance/susceptibility to PRRS in our commercial breeding lines. However, up to now, exploiting existing variation has failed because of the difficulty to detect the carriers of favourable and unfavourable alleles, especially with regard to such complex polygenic traits like resistance to PRRS. New hope comes from new genomic tools like next generation sequencing which have become extremely fast and low priced. Thus, research is booming world-wide and the jigsaw puzzle is filling up – slowly but steadily. On the other hand, knowledge from virological and biomedical basic research has opened the way for an “intervening way”, i.e. the modification of identified key genes that occupy key positions in PRRS pathogenesis, like CD163. CD163 was identified as the striking receptor in PRRSV entry and its knockout from the genome by gene editing has led to the production of pigs that were completely resistant to PRRSV – a milestone in modern pig breeding. However, at this early step, concerns remain about the acceptance of societies for gene edited products and regulation still awaits upgrading to the new technology. Further questions arise with regard to upcoming patents from an ethical and legal point of view. Eventually, the importance of CD163 for homeostasis, defence and immunity demands for more insight before its complete or partial silencing can be answered. Whatever path will be followed, even a partial abolishment of PRRSV replication will lead to a significant improvement of the disastrous herd situation, with a significant impact on welfare, performance, antimicrobial consumption and consumer protection. Genetics will be part of a future solution.
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Tanihara F, Takemoto T, Kitagawa E, Rao S, Do LTK, Onishi A, Yamashita Y, Kosugi C, Suzuki H, Sembon S, Suzuki S, Nakai M, Hashimoto M, Yasue A, Matsuhisa M, Noji S, Fujimura T, Fuchimoto DI, Otoi T. Somatic cell reprogramming-free generation of genetically modified pigs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600803. [PMID: 27652340 PMCID: PMC5023319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs for biomedical applications have been mainly generated using the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique; however, this approach requires complex micromanipulation techniques and sometimes increases the risks of both prenatal and postnatal death by faulty epigenetic reprogramming of a donor somatic cell nucleus. As a result, the production of genetically modified pigs has not been widely applied. We provide a simple method for CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 gene editing in pigs that involves the introduction of Cas9 protein and single-guide RNA into in vitro fertilized zygotes by electroporation. The use of gene editing by electroporation of Cas9 protein (GEEP) resulted in highly efficient targeted gene disruption and was validated by the efficient production of Myostatin mutant pigs. Because GEEP does not require the complex methods associated with micromanipulation for somatic reprogramming, it has the potential for facilitating the genetic modification of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 779-3233, Japan
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takemoto
- Division of Embryology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Corresponding author. (T.T.); (T.O.)
| | - Eri Kitagawa
- Research and Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Shengbin Rao
- Research and Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Lanh Thi Kim Do
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 779-3233, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Division of Embryology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chisato Kosugi
- Division of Embryology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hitomi Suzuki
- Division of Embryology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Sembon
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Shunichi Suzuki
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakai
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Munehide Matsuhisa
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujimura
- Research and Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Dai-ichiro Fuchimoto
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 779-3233, Japan
- Corresponding author. (T.T.); (T.O.)
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Isozygous and selectable marker-free MSTN knockout cloned pigs generated by the combined use of CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31729. [PMID: 27530319 PMCID: PMC4987667 DOI: 10.1038/srep31729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictable, clean genetic modification (GM) in livestock is important for reliable phenotyping and biosafety. Here we reported the generation of isozygous, functional myostatin (MSTN) knockout cloned pigs free of selectable marker gene (SMG) by CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination (HR) was exploited to knock out (KO) one allele of MSTN in pig primary cells. Cre recombinase was then used to excise the SMG with an efficiency of 82.7%. The SMG-free non-EGFP cells were isolated by flow cytometery and immediately used as donor nuclei for nuclear transfer. A total of 685 reconstructed embryos were transferred into three surrogates with one delivering two male live piglets. Molecular testing verified the mono-allelic MSTN KO and SMG deletion in these cloned pigs. Western blots showed approximately 50% decrease in MSTN and concurrent increased expression of myogenic genes in muscle. Histological examination revealed the enhanced myofiber quantity but myofiber size remained unaltered. Ultrasonic detection showed the increased longissimus muscle size and decreased backfat thickness. Precision editing of pig MSTN gene has generated isozygous, SMG-free MSTN KO cloned founders, which guaranteed a reliable route for elite livestock production and a strategy to minimize potential biological risks.
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Ge H, Cui C, Liu J, Luo Y, Quan F, Jin Y, Zhang Y. The growth and reproduction performance of TALEN-mediated β-lactoglobulin-knockout bucks. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:721-9. [PMID: 27272006 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the technological development of several engineered endonucleases (EENs), such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and CRISPR/Cas9, gene targeting by homologous recombination has been efficiently improved to generate site-specifically genetically modified livestock. However, few studies have been done to investigate the health and fertility of these animals. The purpose of the present study is to investigate if gene targeting events and a recloning procedure would affect the production traits of EEN-mediated gene targeted bucks. TALEN-mediated β-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene mono-allelic knockout (BLG (+/-)) goats and bi-allelic knockout (BLG (-/-)) buck produced by using sequential gene targeting combined with recloning in fibroblasts from BLG (+/-) buck were used to evaluate their health and fertility. Birth weight and postnatal growth of BLG (+/-) bucks were similar to the wild-type goats. None of the parameters for both fresh and frozen-thawed semen quality were significantly different in BLG (+/-) or BLG (-/-) bucks compared to their corresponding comparators. In vitro fertilization (IVF) test revealed that the proportion of IVF oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage was identical among BLG (+/-), BLG (-/-) and wild-type bucks. Conception rates of artificial insemination were respectively 42.3, 38.0 and 42.6 % for frozen-thawed semen from the BLG (+/-), BLG (-/-) and wild-type bucks. In addition, germline transmission of the targeted BLG modification was in accordance with Mendelian rules. These results demonstrated that the analyzed growth and reproductive traits were not impacted by targeting BLG gene and recloning, implicating the potential for dairy goat breeding of BLG (+/-) and BLG (-/-) bucks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengtao Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenchen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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41
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Strategies to enable the adoption of animal biotechnology to sustainably improve global food safety and security. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:575-95. [PMID: 27246007 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate transgenic animals has existed for over 30 years, and from those early days many predicted that the technology would have beneficial applications in agriculture. Numerous transgenic agricultural animals now exist, however to date only one product from a transgenic animal has been approved for the food chain, due in part to cumbersome regulations. Recently, new techniques such as precision breeding have emerged, which enables the introduction of desired traits without the use of transgenes. The rapidly growing human population, environmental degradation, and concerns related to zoonotic and pandemic diseases have increased pressure on the animal agriculture sector to provide a safe, secure and sustainable food supply. There is a clear need to adopt transgenic technologies as well as new methods such as gene editing and precision breeding to meet these challenges and the rising demand for animal products. To achieve this goal, cooperation, education, and communication between multiple stakeholders-including scientists, industry, farmers, governments, trade organizations, NGOs and the public-is necessary. This report is the culmination of concepts first discussed at an OECD sponsored conference and aims to identify the main barriers to the adoption of animal biotechnology, tactics for navigating those barriers, strategies to improve public perception and trust, as well as industry engagement, and actions for governments and trade organizations including the OECD to harmonize regulations and trade agreements. Specifically, the report focuses on animal biotechnologies that are intended to improve breeding and genetics and currently are not routinely used in commercial animal agriculture. We put forward recommendations on how scientists, regulators, and trade organizations can work together to ensure that the potential benefits of animal biotechnology can be realized to meet the future needs of agriculture to feed the world.
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42
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Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise Review: Stem Cell Trials Using Companion Animal Disease Models. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1709-29. [PMID: 27066769 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem cells in humans would benefit from more realistic animal models. In veterinary medicine, companion animals naturally develop many diseases that resemble human conditions, therefore, representing a novel source of preclinical models. To understand how companion animal disease models are being studied for this purpose, we reviewed the literature between 2008 and 2015 for reports on stem cell therapies in dogs and cats, excluding laboratory animals, induced disease models, cancer, and case reports. Disease models included osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's fistulas, meningoencephalomyelitis (multiple sclerosis-like), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Sjogren's syndrome-like), atopic dermatitis, and chronic (end-stage) kidney disease. Stem cells evaluated in these studies included mesenchymal stem-stromal cells (MSC, 17/19 trials), olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC, 1 trial), or neural lineage cells derived from bone marrow MSC (1 trial), and 16/19 studies were performed in dogs. The MSC studies (13/17) used adipose tissue-derived MSC from either allogeneic (8/13) or autologous (5/13) sources. The majority of studies were open label, uncontrolled studies. Endpoints and protocols were feasible, and the stem cell therapies were reportedly safe and elicited beneficial patient responses in all but two of the trials. In conclusion, companion animals with naturally occurring diseases analogous to human conditions can be recruited into clinical trials and provide realistic insight into feasibility, safety, and biologic activity of novel stem cell therapies. However, improvements in the rigor of manufacturing, study design, and regulatory compliance will be needed to better utilize these models. Stem Cells 2016;34:1709-1729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hoffman
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven W Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Alessio AP, Fili AE, Garrels W, Forcato DO, Olmos Nicotra MF, Liaudat AC, Bevacqua RJ, Savy V, Hiriart MI, Talluri TR, Owens JB, Ivics Z, Salamone DF, Moisyadi S, Kues WA, Bosch P. Establishment of cell-based transposon-mediated transgenesis in cattle. Theriogenology 2015; 85:1297-311.e2. [PMID: 26838464 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transposon-mediated transgenesis is a well-established tool for genome modification in small animal models. However, translation of this active transgenic method to large animals warrants further investigations. Here, the piggyBac (PB) and sleeping beauty (SB) transposon systems were assessed for stable gene transfer into the cattle genome. Bovine fibroblasts were transfected either with a helper-independent PB system or a binary SB system. Both transposons were highly active in bovine cells increasing the efficiency of DNA integration up to 88 times over basal nonfacilitated integrations in a colony formation assay. SB transposase catalyzed multiplex transgene integrations in fibroblast cells transfected with the helper vector and two donor vectors carrying different transgenes (fluorophore and neomycin resistance). Stably transfected fibroblasts were used for SCNT and on in vitro embryo culture, morphologically normal blastocysts that expressed the fluorophore were obtained with both transposon systems. The data indicate that transposition is a feasible approach for genetic engineering in the cattle genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Alessio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - Alejandro E Fili
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Diego O Forcato
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - María F Olmos Nicotra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - Ana C Liaudat
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - Romina J Bevacqua
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
| | - Virginia Savy
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
| | - María I Hiriart
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
| | - Thirumala R Talluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Jesse B Owens
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniel F Salamone
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Pablo Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, República Argentina.
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Van Eenennaam AL, Young AE. Animal agriculture and the importance of agnostic governance of biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40066-015-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Meng F, Li H, Wang X, Qin G, Oback B, Shi D. Optimized production of transgenic buffalo embryos and offspring by cytoplasmic zygote injection. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:44. [PMID: 26500768 PMCID: PMC4617447 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoplasmic injection of exogenous DNA into zygotes is a promising technique to generate transgenic livestock. However, it is still relatively inefficient and has not yet been demonstrated to work in buffalo. We sought to improve two key technical parameters of the procedure, namely i) how much linear DNA to inject and ii) when to inject it. For this, we introduced a constitutively expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) plasmid into buffalo zygotes. Results First, we found that the proportion of EGFP-expressing blastocysts derived from zygotes injected with 20 or 50 ng/μL DNA was significantly higher than from those injected with 5 μg/mL. However, 50 ng/μL exogenous DNA compromised blastocyst development compared to non-injected IVF controls. Therefore the highest net yield of EGFP-positive blastocysts was achieved at 20 ng/μL DNA. Second, zygotes injected early (7–8 h post-insemination [hpi]) developed better than those injected at mid (12–13 hpi) or late (18–19 hpi) time points. Blastocysts derived from early injections were also more frequently EGFP-positive. As a consequence, the net yield of EGFP-expressing blastocysts was more than doubled using early vs late injections (16.4 % vs 7.7 %). With respect to blastocyst quality, we found no significant difference in cell numbers of EGFP-positive blastocysts vs non-injected blastocysts. Following embryo transfer of six EGFP-positive blastocysts into four recipient animals, two viable buffalo calves were born. Biopsied ear tissues from both buffalo calves were analyzed for transgene presence and expression by Southern blot, PCR and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. This confirmed that both calves were transgenic. Conclusions Our cytoplasmic injection protocol improved generation of transgenic embryos and resulted in the first transgenic buffalo calves produced by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Meng
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, 75 Xiuling Road, Nanning, 530005 P.R China ; Present address: AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Reproductive Technologies, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Hui Li
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, 75 Xiuling Road, Nanning, 530005 P.R China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, 75 Xiuling Road, Nanning, 530005 P.R China
| | - Guangsheng Qin
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, 75 Xiuling Road, Nanning, 530005 P.R China
| | - Björn Oback
- Present address: AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Reproductive Technologies, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Deshun Shi
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, 75 Xiuling Road, Nanning, 530005 P.R China
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Lee HJ, Lee HC, Kim YM, Hwang YS, Park YH, Park TS, Han JY. Site-specific recombination in the chicken genome using Flipase recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. FASEB J 2015; 30:555-63. [PMID: 26443821 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted genome recombination has been applied in diverse research fields and has a wide range of possible applications. In particular, the discovery of specific loci in the genome that support robust and ubiquitous expression of integrated genes and the development of genome-editing technology have facilitated rapid advances in various scientific areas. In this study, we produced transgenic (TG) chickens that can induce recombinase-mediated gene cassette exchange (RMCE), one of the site-specific recombination technologies, and confirmed RMCE in TG chicken-derived cells. As a result, we established TG chicken lines that have, Flipase (Flp) recognition target (FRT) pairs in the chicken genome, mediated by piggyBac transposition. The transgene integration patterns were diverse in each TG chicken line, and the integration diversity resulted in diverse levels of expression of exogenous genes in each tissue of the TG chickens. In addition, the replaced gene cassette was expressed successfully and maintained by RMCE in the FRT predominant loci of TG chicken-derived cells. These results indicate that targeted genome recombination technology with RMCE could be adaptable to TG chicken models and that the technology would be applicable to specific gene regulation by cis-element insertion and customized expression of functional proteins at predicted levels without epigenetic influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jo Lee
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hyung Chul Lee
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Young Min Kim
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Young Hyun Park
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tae Sub Park
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Jae Yong Han
- *Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea; and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
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Targeted mutations in myostatin by zinc-finger nucleases result in double-muscled phenotype in Meishan pigs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14435. [PMID: 26400270 PMCID: PMC4585837 DOI: 10.1038/srep14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a dominant inhibitor of skeletal muscle development and growth. Mutations in MSTN gene can lead to muscle hypertrophy or double-muscled (DM) phenotype in cattle, sheep, dog and human. However, there has not been reported significant muscle phenotypes in pigs in association with MSTN mutations. Pigs are an important source of meat production, as well as serve as a preferred animal model for the studies of human disease. To study the impacts of MSTN mutations on skeletal muscle growth in pigs, we generated MSTN-mutant Meishan pigs with no marker gene via zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) technology. The MSTN-mutant pigs developed and grew normally, had increased muscle mass with decreased fat accumulation compared with wild type pigs, and homozygote MSTN mutant (MSTN−/−) pigs had apparent DM phenotype, and individual muscle mass increased by 100% over their wild-type controls (MSTN+/+) at eight months of age as a result of myofiber hyperplasia. Interestingly, 20% MSTN-mutant pigs had one extra thoracic vertebra. The MSTN-mutant pigs will not only offer a way of fast genetic improvement of lean meat for local fat-type indigenous pig breeds, but also serve as an important large animal model for biomedical studies of musculoskeletal formation, development and diseases.
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Understanding the molecular basis of disease is crucial to improving the design and construction of herpesviral vectors for veterinary vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:5897-904. [PMID: 26387436 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are associated with production losses in many animal production industries. Important examples of this are Marek's disease (MD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) which are significant issues in the chicken and cattle industries, respectively. Viruses play key roles in MD and BRD development and consequently have also been utilised in vaccination strategies to control these diseases. Despite the widespread availability and use of vaccines to control these diseases both are still major issues for their respective industries. Here the dual role of members of viruses from the family Herpesviridae in causation and control of MD and BRD will be discussed. The technologies that may lead to the development of improved vaccines to provide more sustainable control of MD and BRD will also be identified.
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Lee SY, Jungbauer A. Editorial: Methods and Advances - Biotech progress for science and our daily lives. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:3-4. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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