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Drago S, Utzeri MA, Mauro N, Cavallaro G. Polyamidoamine-Carbon Nanodot Conjugates with Bioreducible Building Blocks: Smart Theranostic Platforms for Targeted siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1191-1204. [PMID: 38178792 PMCID: PMC10865362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on designing hybrid theranostic nanosystems, utilizing gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots decorated with bioreducible amphoteric polyamidoamines (PAAs). The objective is to synergize the exceptional theranostic properties of gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) with the siRNA complexation capabilities of PAAs. Linear copolymeric polyamidoamines, based on N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, arginine, and agmatine, were synthesized, resulting in three distinct amphoteric copolymers. Notably, sulfur bridges within the PAA repeating units confer pronounced susceptibility to glutathione-mediated degradation─a key attribute in the tumor microenvironment. This pathway enables controlled and stimuli-responsive siRNA release, theoretically providing precise spatiotemporal control over therapeutic interventions. The selected PAA, conjugated with CDs using the redox-sensitive spacer cystamine, formed the CDs-Cys-PAA conjugate with superior siRNA complexing capacity. Stable against polyanion exchange, the CDs-Cys-PAA/siRNA complex released siRNA in the presence of GSH. In vitro studies assessed cytocompatibility, internalization, and gene silencing efficacy on HeLa, MCF-7, and 16HBE cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore
Emanuele Drago
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Diwan R, Bhatt HN, Beaven E, Nurunnabi M. Emerging delivery approaches for targeted pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115147. [PMID: 38065244 PMCID: PMC10787600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive, and life-threatening interstitial lung disease which causes scarring in the lung parenchyma and thereby affects architecture and functioning of lung. It is an irreversible damage to lung functioning which is related to epithelial cell injury, immense accumulation of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines, and irregular recruitment of extracellular matrix. The inflammatory cytokines trigger the differentiation of fibroblasts into activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, which further increase the production and deposition of collagen at the injury sites in the lung. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with PF, there is no available treatment that efficiently and effectively treats the disease by reversing their underlying pathologies. In recent years, many therapeutic regimens, for instance, rho kinase inhibitors, Smad signaling pathway inhibitors, p38, BCL-xL/ BCL-2 and JNK pathway inhibitors, have been found to be potent and effective in treating PF, in preclinical stages. However, due to non-selectivity and non-specificity, the therapeutic molecules also result in toxicity mediated severe side effects. Hence, this review demonstrates recent advances on PF pathology, mechanism and targets related to PF, development of various drug delivery systems based on small molecules, RNAs, oligonucleotides, peptides, antibodies, exosomes, and stem cells for the treatment of PF and the progress of various therapeutic treatments in clinical trials to advance PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Elfa Beaven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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3
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Mangla P, Vicentini Q, Biscans A. Therapeutic Oligonucleotides: An Outlook on Chemical Strategies to Improve Endosomal Trafficking. Cells 2023; 12:2253. [PMID: 37759475 PMCID: PMC10527716 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of oligonucleotide therapeutics is undeniable as more than 15 drugs have been approved to treat various diseases in the liver, central nervous system (CNS), and muscles. However, achieving effective delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutics to specific tissues still remains a major challenge, limiting their widespread use. Chemical modifications play a crucial role to overcome biological barriers to enable efficient oligonucleotide delivery to the tissues/cells of interest. They provide oligonucleotide metabolic stability and confer favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. This review focuses on the various chemical approaches implicated in mitigating the delivery problem of oligonucleotides and their limitations. It highlights the importance of linkers in designing oligonucleotide conjugates and discusses their potential role in escaping the endosomal barrier, a bottleneck in the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mangla
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 431 38 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.M.); (Q.V.)
| | - Quentin Vicentini
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 431 38 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.M.); (Q.V.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 431 38 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.M.); (Q.V.)
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Jarallah SJ, Aldossary AM, Tawfik EA, Altamimi RM, Alsharif WK, Alzahrani NM, As Sobeai HM, Qamar W, Alfahad AJ, Alshabibi MA, Alqahtani SH, Alshehri AA, Almughem FA. GL67 lipid-based liposomal formulation for efficient siRNA delivery into human lung cancer cells. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1139-1148. [PMID: 37273265 PMCID: PMC10236467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the targeted cells significantly affects the regulation of the overexpressed proteins involved in the progression of several genetic diseases. SiRNA molecules in naked form suffer from low internalization across the cell membrane, high susceptibility to degradation by nuclease enzyme and low stability, which hinder their efficacy. Therefore, there is an urge to develop a delivery system that can protect siRNA from degradation and facilitate their uptake across the cell membrane. In this study, the cationic lipid (GL67) was exploited, in addition to DC-Chol and DOPE lipids, to design an efficient liposomal nanocarrier for siRNA delivery. The physiochemical characterizations demonstrated that the molar ratio of 3:1 has proper particle size measurements from 144 nm to 332 nm and zeta potential of -9 mV to 47 mV that depends on the ratio of the GL67 in the liposomal formulation. Gel retardation assay exhibited that increasing the percentage of GL67 in the formulations has a good impact on the encapsulation efficiency compared to DC-Chol. The optimal formulations of the 3:1 M ratio also showed high metabolic activity against A549 cells following a 24 h cell exposure. Flow cytometry findings showed that the highest GL67 lipid ratio (100 % GL67 and 0 % DC-Chol) had the highest percentage of cellular uptake. The lipoplex nanocarriers based on GL67 lipid could potentially influence treating genetic diseases owing to the high internalization efficiency and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayah J. Jarallah
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad M. Aldossary
- Wellness and Preventative Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Tawfik
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Altamimi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wijdan K. Alsharif
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf M. Alzahrani
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M. As Sobeai
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed J. Alfahad
- Bioengineering Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A. Alshabibi
- Healthy Aging Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah H. Alqahtani
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alshehri
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Almughem
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Li H, Mo J, Wang X, Pan B, Xu S, Li S, Zheng X, Lu W. IPS (In-Plant System) Delivery of Double-Stranded Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin receptor via Hydroponics for Pest Control in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119497. [PMID: 37298448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diaphorina citri, a vector of citrus huanglongbing (HLB) disease, frequently leads to HLB outbreaks and reduces Rutaceae crop production. Recent studies have investigated the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting the Vitellogenin (Vg4) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) genes, which are involved in egg formation in this pest, providing a theoretical foundation for developing new strategies to manage D. citri populations. This study presents RNAi methods for Vg4 and VgR gene expression interference and reveals that dsVgR is more effective than dsVg4 against D. citri. We demonstrated that dsVg4 and dsVgR persisted for 3-6 days in Murraya odorifera shoots when delivered via the in-plant system (IPS) and effectively interfered with Vg4 and VgR gene expression. Following Vg4 and VgR gene expression interference, egg length and width in the interference group were significantly smaller than those in the negative control group during the 10-30-day development stages. Additionally, the proportion of mature ovarian eggs in the interference group was significantly lower than that in the negative control group at the 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30-day developmental stages. DsVgR notably suppresses oviposition in D. citri, with fecundity decreasing by 60-70%. These results provide a theoretical basis for controlling D. citri using RNAi to mitigate the spread of HLB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Junlan Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Biqiong Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuangrong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xialin Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Abosalha AK, Ahmad W, Boyajian J, Islam P, Ghebretatios M, Schaly S, Thareja R, Arora K, Prakash S. A comprehensive update of siRNA delivery design strategies for targeted and effective gene silencing in gene therapy and other applications. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:149-161. [PMID: 36514963 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference (RNAi) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising strategy to control many genetic disorders by targeting the mRNA of underlying genes and degrade it. However, the delivery of siRNA to targeted organs is highly restricted by several intracellular and extracellular barriers. AREAS COVERED This review discusses various design strategies developed to overcome siRNA delivery obstacles. The applied techniques involve chemical modification, bioconjugation to specific ligands, and carrier-mediated strategies. Nanotechnology-based systems like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the mechanism of siRNA as a gene silencer is well-established, only a few products are available as therapeutics. There is a great need to develop and establish siRNA delivery systems that protects siRNAs and delivers them efficiently to the desired sitesare efficient and capable of targeted delivery. Several diseases are reported to be controlled by siRNA at their early stages. However, their targeted delivery is a daunting challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khaled Abosalha
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Technology department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Boyajian
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paromita Islam
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Merry Ghebretatios
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaly
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rahul Thareja
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karan Arora
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abosalha AK, Boyajian J, Ahmad W, Islam P, Ghebretatios M, Schaly S, Thareja R, Arora K, Prakash S. Clinical pharmacology of siRNA therapeutics: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1327-1341. [PMID: 36251525 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2136166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for post-transcriptional downregulation of multiple genes for various therapies. Naked siRNA molecules are surrounded by several barriers that tackle their optimum delivery to target tissues such as limited cellular uptake, short circulation time, degradation by endonucleases, glomerular filtration, and capturing by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). AREAS COVERED This review provides insights into studies that investigate various siRNA-based therapies, focusing on the mechanism, delivery strategies, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics of naked and modified siRNA molecules. The clinical pharmacology of currently approved siRNA products is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Few siRNA-based products have been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies after approximately twenty years following its discovery due to the associated limitations. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of siRNA therapeutics are highly restricted by several obstacles, resulting in rapid clearance of siRNA-based therapeutic products from systemic circulation before reaching the cytosol of targeted cells. The siRNA therapeutics however are very promising in many diseases, including gene therapy and SARS-COV-2 viral infection. The design of suitable delivery vehicles and developing strategies toward better pharmacokinetic parameters may solve the challenges of siRNA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khaled Abosalha
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jacqueline Boyajian
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Paromita Islam
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Merry Ghebretatios
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaly
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Rahul Thareja
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Karan Arora
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Paul A, Muralidharan A, Biswas A, Venkatesh Kamath B, Joseph A, Alex AT. siRNA Therapeutics and its Challenges: Recent Advances in Effective Delivery for Cancer Therapy. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Halloy F, Biscans A, Bujold KE, Debacker A, Hill AC, Lacroix A, Luige O, Strömberg R, Sundstrom L, Vogel J, Ghidini A. Innovative developments and emerging technologies in RNA therapeutics. RNA Biol 2022; 19:313-332. [PMID: 35188077 PMCID: PMC8865321 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2027150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics are emerging as a powerful platform for the treatment of multiple diseases. Currently, the two main categories of nucleic acid therapeutics, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), achieve their therapeutic effect through either gene silencing, splicing modulation or microRNA binding, giving rise to versatile options to target pathogenic gene expression patterns. Moreover, ongoing research seeks to expand the scope of RNA-based drugs to include more complex nucleic acid templates, such as messenger RNA, as exemplified by the first approved mRNA-based vaccine in 2020. The increasing number of approved sequences and ongoing clinical trials has attracted considerable interest in the chemical development of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids as drugs, especially since the FDA approval of the first siRNA drug in 2018. As a result, a variety of innovative approaches is emerging, highlighting the potential of RNA as one of the most prominent therapeutic tools in the drug design and development pipeline. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive summary of current efforts in academia and industry aimed at fully realizing the potential of RNA-based therapeutics. Towards this, we introduce established and emerging RNA-based technologies, with a focus on their potential as biosensors and therapeutics. We then describe their mechanisms of action and their application in different disease contexts, along with the strengths and limitations of each strategy. Since the nucleic acid toolbox is rapidly expanding, we also introduce RNA minimal architectures, RNA/protein cleavers and viral RNA as promising modalities for new therapeutics and discuss future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Halloy
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- Oligonucleotide Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&d, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katherine E. Bujold
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, (Ontario), Canada
| | | | - Alyssa C. Hill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eth Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Lacroix
- Sixfold Bioscience, Translation & Innovation Hub, London, UK
| | - Olivia Luige
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Roger Strömberg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Linda Sundstrom
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&d, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (Hiri), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (Hzi), Würzburg, Germany
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alice Ghidini
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&d, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Rabies Prophylactic and Treatment Options: An In Vitro Study of siRNA- and Aptamer-Based Therapeutics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050881. [PMID: 34064911 PMCID: PMC8150346 DOI: 10.3390/v13050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
If the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 is to be achieved, effective mass dog vaccination needs to be complemented by effective prophylaxis for individuals exposed to rabies. Aptamers and short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been successful in therapeutics, but few studies have investigated their potential as rabies therapeutics. In this study, siRNAs and aptamers-using a novel selection method-were developed and tested against rabies virus (RABV) in a post-infection (p.i.) scenario. Multiple means of delivery were tested for siRNAs, including the use of Lipofectamine and conjugation with the developed aptamers. One siRNA (N53) resulted in an 80.13% reduction in viral RNA, while aptamer UPRET 2.03 demonstrated a 61.3% reduction when used alone at 2 h p.i. At 24 h p.i., chimera UPRET 2.03-N8 (aptamer-siRNA) resulted in a 36.5% inhibition of viral replication. To our knowledge, this is the first study using siRNAs or aptamers that (1) demonstrated significant inhibition of RABV using an aptamer, (2) tested Lipofectamine RNAi-Max as a means for delivery, and (3) produced significant RABV inhibition at 24 h p.i. This study serves as a proof-of-concept to potentially use aptamers and siRNAs as rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) replacements or therapeutic options for RABV and provides strong evidence towards their further investigation.
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11
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Tian Z, Liang G, Cui K, Liang Y, Wang Q, Lv S, Cheng X, Zhang L. Insight Into the Prospects for RNAi Therapy of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644718. [PMID: 33796026 PMCID: PMC8007863 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), also known as gene silencing, is a biological process that prevents gene expression in certain diseases such as cancer. It can be used to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and stability of treatments, particularly genetic therapies. However, challenges such as delivery of oligonucleotide drug to less accessible parts of the body and the high incidence of toxic side effects are encountered. It is therefore imperative to improve their delivery to target sites and reduce their harmful effects on noncancerous cells to harness their full potential. In this study, the role of RNAi in the treatment of COVID-19, the novel coronavirus disease plaguing many countries, has been discussed. This review aims to ascertain the mechanism and application of RNAi and explore the current challenges of RNAi therapy by identifying some of the cancer delivery systems and providing drug information for their improvement. It is worth mentioning that delivery systems such as lipid-based delivery systems and exosomes have revolutionized RNAi therapy by reducing their immunogenicity and improving their cellular affinity. A deeper understanding of the mechanism and challenges associated with RNAi in cancer therapy can provide new insights into RNAi drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Tian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guohui Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kunli Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yayu Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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12
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Gupta A, Kafetzis KN, Tagalakis AD, Yu-Wai-Man C. RNA therapeutics in ophthalmology - translation to clinical trials. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108482. [PMID: 33548256 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of RNA interference technology has proven to inhibit the expression of many target genes involved in the underlying pathogenesis of several diseases affecting various systems. First established in in vitro and later in animal studies, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics are now entering clinical trials with the potential of clinical translation to patients. Gene-silencing therapies have demonstrated promising responses in ocular disorders, predominantly due to the structure of the eye being a closed and compartmentalised organ. However, although the efficacy of such treatments has been observed in both preclinical studies and clinical trials, there are issues pertaining to the use of these drugs which require more extensive research with regards to the delivery and stability of siRNAs and ASOs. This would improve their use for long-term treatment regimens and alleviate the difficulties experienced by patients with ocular diseases. This review provides a detailed insight into the recent developments and clinical trials that have been conducted for several gene-silencing therapies, including ISTH0036, SYL040012, SYL1001, PF-04523655, Sirna-027, QR-110, QR-1123, QR-421a and IONIS-FB-LRX in glaucoma, dry eye disease, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular oedema and various inherited retinal diseases. Our aim is to explore the potential of these drugs whilst evaluating their associated advantages and disadvantages, and to discuss the future translation of RNA therapeutics in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Gupta
- King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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13
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Jia L, Li Z, Zheng D, Li Z, Zhao Z. A targeted and redox/pH-responsive chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives based nanohybrids for overcoming multidrug resistance of breast cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Noé V, Aubets E, Félix AJ, Ciudad CJ. Nucleic acids therapeutics using PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen hairpins. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 189:114371. [PMID: 33338475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs) are DNA hairpins formed by intramolecular reverse Hoogsteen bonds which can bind to polypyrimidine stretches in dsDNA by Watson:Crick bonds, thus forming a triplex and displacing the fourth strand of the DNA complex. PPRHs were first described as a gene silencing tool in vitro for DHFR, telomerase and survivin genes. Then, the effect of PPRHs directed against the survivin gene was also determined in vivo using a xenograft model of prostate cancer cells (PC3). Since then, the ability of PPRHs to inhibit gene expression has been explored in other genes involved in cancer (BCL-2, mTOR, topoisomerase, C-MYC and MDM2), in immunotherapy (SIRPα/CD47 and PD-1/PD-L1 tandem) or in replication stress (WEE1 and CHK1). Furthermore, PPRHs have the ability to target the complementary strand of a G-quadruplex motif as a regulatory element of the TYMS gene. PPRHs have also the potential to correct point mutations in the DNA as shown in two collections of CHO cell lines bearing mutations in either the dhfr or aprt loci. Finally, based on the capability of PPRHs to form triplexes, they have been incorporated as probes in biosensors for the determination of the DNA methylation status of PAX-5 in cancer and the detection of mtLSU rRNA for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Of note, PPRHs have high stability and do not present immunogenicity, hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity in vitro. Overall, PPRHs constitute a new economical biotechnological tool with multiple biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Noé
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, & IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Aubets
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, & IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex J Félix
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, & IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos J Ciudad
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, & IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Silencing of survivin and cyclin B1 through siRNA-loaded arginine modified calcium phosphate nanoparticles for non-small-cell lung cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Holmes TR, Paller AS. Gene Regulation Using Spherical Nucleic Acids to Treat Skin Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E360. [PMID: 33147737 PMCID: PMC7693734 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are nanostructures consisting of nucleic acids in a spherical configuration, often around a nanoparticle core. SNAs are advantageous as gene-regulating agents compared to conventional gene therapy owing to their low toxicity, enhanced stability, uptake by virtually any cell, and ability to penetrate the epidermal barrier. In this review we: (i) describe the production, structure and properties of SNAs; (ii) detail the mechanism of SNA uptake in keratinocytes, regulated by scavenger receptors; and (iii) report how SNAs have been topically applied and intralesionally injected for skin disorders. Specialized SNAs called nanoflares can be topically applied for gene-based diagnosis (scar vs. normal tissue). Topical SNAs directed against TNFα and interleukin-17A receptor reversed psoriasis-like disease in mouse models and have been tested in Phase 1 human trials. Furthermore, SNAs targeting ganglioside GM3 synthase accelerate wound healing in diabetic mouse models. Most recently, SNAs targeting toll-like receptor 9 are being used in Phase 2 human trials via intratumoral injection to induce immune responses in Merkel cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, SNAs are a valuable tool in bench-top and clinical research, and their advantageous properties, including penetration into the epidermis after topical delivery, provide new opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
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17
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Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Alternative Anti-Infective Treatments to Traditional Antibiotherapy against Staphylococcal Veterinary Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100702. [PMID: 33076497 PMCID: PMC7602553 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Staphylococcus encompasses many species that may be pathogenic to both humans and farm animals. These bacteria have the potential to acquire multiple resistant traits to the antimicrobials currently used in the veterinary or medical settings. These pathogens may commonly cause zoonoses, and the infections they cause are becoming difficult to treat due to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the development of novel alternative treatments to traditional antibiotherapy has gained interest in recent years. Here, we reviewed the most promising therapeutic strategies developed to control staphylococcal infections in the veterinary field to overcome antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Mourenza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
| | - José A. Gil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Luis M. Mateos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.M.); (M.L.)
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18
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Sajid MI, Moazzam M, Kato S, Yeseom Cho K, Tiwari RK. Overcoming Barriers for siRNA Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E294. [PMID: 33036435 PMCID: PMC7600125 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway possesses immense potential in silencing any gene in human cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can efficiently trigger RNAi silencing of specific genes. FDA Approval of siRNA therapeutics in recent years garnered a new hope in siRNA therapeutics. However, their therapeutic use is limited by several challenges. siRNAs, being negatively charged, are membrane-impermeable and highly unstable in the systemic circulation. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the extracellular barriers, including enzymatic degradation of siRNAs by serum endonucleases and RNAases, rapid renal clearance, membrane impermeability, and activation of the immune system. Besides, we have thoroughly described the intracellular barriers such as endosomal trap and off-target effects of siRNAs. Moreover, we have reported most of the strategies and techniques in overcoming these barriers, followed by critical comments in translating these molecules from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.K.); (K.Y.C.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Moazzam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Shun Kato
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.K.); (K.Y.C.)
| | - Kayley Yeseom Cho
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.K.); (K.Y.C.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.K.); (K.Y.C.)
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19
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Saw PE, Xu X, Chen J, Song EW. Non-coding RNAs: the new central dogma of cancer biology. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:22-50. [PMID: 32930921 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology states that the functions of RNA revolve around protein translation. Until the last decade, most researches were geared towards characterization of RNAs as intermediaries in protein translation, namely, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) as temporary copies of genetic information, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) as a main component of ribosome, or translators of codon sequence (tRNAs). The statistical reality, however, is that these processes account for less than 2% of the genome, and insufficiently explain the functionality of 98% of transcribed RNAs. Recent discoveries have unveiled thousands of unique non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and shifted the perception of them from being "junk" transcriptional products to "yet to be elucidated"-and potentially monumentally important-RNAs. Most ncRNAs are now known as key regulators in various networks in which they could lead to specific cellular responses and fates. In major cancers, ncRNAs have been identified as both oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors, indicating a complex regulatory network among these ncRNAs. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the various ncRNAs and their functional roles in cancer, and the pre-clinical and clinical development of ncRNA-based therapeutics. A deeper understanding of ncRNAs could facilitate better design of personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Er-Wei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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20
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Basiri B, Xie F, Wu B, Humphreys SC, Lade JM, Thayer MB, Yamaguchi P, Florio M, Rock BM. Introducing an In Vitro Liver Stability Assay Capable of Predicting the In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Efficacy of siRNAs for IVIVC. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:725-736. [PMID: 32771924 PMCID: PMC7415771 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been a renewed interest in therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) over the past few years. This is particularly the result of successful and efficient delivery of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNAs to the liver. In general, the lead selection process for siRNA drugs is faster and more straightforward than traditional small molecules. Nevertheless, many siRNAs of different sequences and chemical modification patterns must still be evaluated before arriving at a final candidate. One of the major difficulties in streamlining this workflow is the well-known phenomenon that the in vitro data obtained from oligonucleotides transfected into cells are not directly predictive of their in vivo activity. Consequently, all oligonucleotides with some degree of in vitro activity are typically screened in vivo before final lead selection. Here, we demonstrate that the stability of liver-targeting GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs in a mouse liver homogenate shows an acceptable correlation to their in vivo target knockdown efficacy. Therefore, we suggest the incorporation of an in vitro liver homogenate stability assay during the lead optimization process for siRNAs. The addition of this assay to a flow scheme may decrease the need for animal studies, and it could bring cost savings and increase efficiency in siRNA drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Basiri
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Fang Xie
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Amgen Research, Hybrid Modality Engineering, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Julie M Lade
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mai B Thayer
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Pam Yamaguchi
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Monica Florio
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Brooke M Rock
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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21
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Mainini F, Eccles MR. Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanoparticle siRNA Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E2692. [PMID: 32532030 PMCID: PMC7321291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) uses small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to mediate gene-silencing in cells and represents an emerging strategy for cancer therapy. Successful RNAi-mediated gene silencing requires overcoming multiple physiological barriers to achieve efficient delivery of siRNAs into cells in vivo, including into tumor and/or host cells in the tumor micro-environment (TME). Consequently, lipid and polymer-based nanoparticle siRNA delivery systems have been developed to surmount these physiological barriers. In this article, we review the strategies that have been developed to facilitate siRNA survival in the circulatory system, siRNA movement from the blood into tissues and the TME, targeted siRNA delivery to the tumor or specific cell types, cellular uptake, and escape from endosomal degradation. We also discuss the use of various types of lipid and polymer-based carriers for cancer therapy, including a section on anti-tumor nanovaccines enhanced by siRNAs. Finally, we review current and recent clinical trials using NPs loaded with siRNAs for cancer therapy. The siRNA cancer therapeutics field is rapidly evolving, and it is conceivable that precision cancer therapy could, in the relatively near future, benefit from the combined use of cancer therapies, for example immune checkpoint blockade together with gene-targeting siRNAs, personalized for enhancing and fine-tuning a patient's therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
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22
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Abstract
The RNA interference (RNAi) triggered by short/small interfering RNA (siRNA) was discovered in nematodes and found to function in most living organisms. RNAi has been widely used as a research tool to study gene functions and has shown great potential for the development of novel pest management strategies. RNAi is highly efficient and systemic in coleopterans but highly variable or inefficient in many other insects. Differences in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) degradation, cellular uptake, inter- and intracellular transports, processing of dsRNA to siRNA, and RNA-induced silencing complex formation influence RNAi efficiency. The basic dsRNA delivery methods include microinjection, feeding, and soaking. To improve dsRNA delivery, various new technologies, including cationic liposome-assisted, nanoparticle-enabled, symbiont-mediated, and plant-mediated deliveries, have been developed. Major challenges to widespread use of RNAi in insect pest management include variable RNAi efficiency among insects, lack of reliable dsRNA delivery methods, off-target and nontarget effects, and potential development of resistance in insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA;
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA;
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23
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Chen Z, Krishnamachary B, Pachecho-Torres J, Penet MF, Bhujwalla ZM. Theranostic small interfering RNA nanoparticles in cancer precision nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1595. [PMID: 31642207 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ability to effectively downregulate the expression of target genes, small interfering RNA (siRNA) have emerged as promising candidates for precision medicine in cancer. Although some siRNA-based treatments have advanced to clinical trials, challenges such as poor stability during circulation, and less than optimal pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of siRNA in vivo present barriers to the systemic delivery of siRNA. In recent years, theranostic nanomedicine integrating siRNA delivery has attracted significant attention for precision medicine. Theranostic nanomedicine takes advantage of the high capacity of nanoplatforms to ferry cargo with imaging and therapeutic capabilities. These theranostic nanoplatforms have the potential to play a major role in gene specific treatments. Here we have reviewed recent advances in the use of theranostic nanoplatforms to deliver siRNA, and discussed the opportunities as well as challenges associated with this exciting technology. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Chen
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesus Pachecho-Torres
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Stability and evaluation of siRNAs labeled at the sense strand with a 3′-azobenzene unit. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3613-3616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Li H, Yang X, Gao F, Qian C, Li C, Oupicky D, Sun M. Bioreduction-ruptured nanogel for switch on/off release of Bcl2 siRNA in breast tumor therapy. J Control Release 2018; 292:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Campillo-Davo D, Fujiki F, Van den Bergh JMJ, De Reu H, Smits ELJM, Goossens H, Sugiyama H, Lion E, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo V. Efficient and Non-genotoxic RNA-Based Engineering of Human T Cells Using Tumor-Specific T Cell Receptors With Minimal TCR Mispairing. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2503. [PMID: 30464762 PMCID: PMC6234959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering of T cells with tumor specific T-cell receptors (TCR) is a promising strategy to redirect their specificity against cancer cells in adoptive T cell therapy protocols. Most studies are exploiting integrating retro- or lentiviral vectors to permanently introduce the therapeutic TCR, which can pose serious safety issues when treatment-related toxicities would occur. Therefore, we developed a versatile, non-genotoxic transfection method for human unstimulated CD8+ T cells. We describe an optimized double sequential electroporation platform whereby Dicer-substrate small interfering RNAs (DsiRNA) are first introduced to suppress endogenous TCR α and β expression, followed by electroporation with DsiRNA-resistant tumor-specific TCR mRNA. We demonstrate that double sequential electroporation of human primary unstimulated T cells with DsiRNA and TCR mRNA leads to unprecedented levels of transgene TCR expression due to a strongly reduced degree of TCR mispairing. Importantly, superior transgenic TCR expression boosts epitope-specific CD8+ T cell activation and killing activity. Altogether, DsiRNA and TCR mRNA double sequential electroporation is a rapid, non-integrating and highly efficient approach with an enhanced biosafety profile to engineer T cells with antigen-specific TCRs for use in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campillo-Davo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans De Reu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J M Smits
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Division of Clinical Biology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eva Lion
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Characterization and use of Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Cartilage Engineering. Study of their Hyaline Cartilage Forming Potential when Cultured under Hypoxia within a Biomaterial in the Presence of BMP-2 and TGF-ß1. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:611-630. [PMID: 28597211 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage presents a poor capacity for self-repair. Its structure-function are frequently disrupted or damaged upon physical trauma or osteoarthritis in humans. Similar musculoskeletal disorders also affect horses and are the leading cause of poor performance or early retirement of sport- and racehorses. To develop a therapeutic solution for horses, we tested the autologous chondrocyte implantation technique developed on human bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on horse BM-MSCs. This technique involves BM-MSC chondrogenesis using a combinatory approach based on the association of 3D-culture in collagen sponges, under hypoxia in the presence of chondrogenic factors (BMP-2 + TGF-β1) and siRNA to knockdown collagen I and HtrA1. Horse BM-MSCs were characterized before being cultured in chondrogenic conditions to find the best combination to enhance, stabilize, the chondrocyte phenotype. Our results show a very high proliferation of MSCs and these cells satisfy the criteria defining stem cells (pluripotency-surface markers expression). The combination of BMP-2 + TGF-β1 strongly induces the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and prevents HtrA1 expression. siRNAs targeting Col1a1 and Htra1 were functionally validated. Ultimately, the combined use of specific culture conditions defined here with specific growth factors and a Col1a1 siRNAs (50 nM) association leads to the in vitro synthesis of a hyaline-type neocartilage whose chondrocytes present an optimal phenotypic index similar to that of healthy, differentiated chondrocytes. Our results lead the way to setting up pre-clinical trials in horses to better understand the reaction of neocartilage substitute and to carry out a proof-of-concept of this therapeutic strategy on a large animal model.
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Hiwatashi N, Kraja I, Benedict PA, Dion GR, Bing R, Rousseau B, Amin MR, Nalband DM, Kirshenbaum K, Branski RC. Nanoparticle delivery of RNA-based therapeutics to alter the vocal fold tissue response to injury. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E178-E183. [PMID: 29238989 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Our laboratory and others hypothesized that Smad3 is a principle mediator of the fibrotic phenotype in the vocal folds (VFs), and we further posited that alteration of Smad3 expression through short interfering (si)RNA holds therapeutic promise, yet delivery remains challenging. To address this issue, we employed a novel synthetic oligomer, lipitoid, complexed with siRNA to improve stability and cellular uptake with the goal of increased efficiency of RNA-based therapeutics. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study and in vivo animal model. METHODS In vitro, lipitoid cytotoxicity was quantified via colorimetric and LIVE/DEAD assays in immortalized human VF fibroblasts and primary rabbit VF fibroblasts. In addition, optimal incubation interval and solution for binding siRNA to lipitoid for intracellular delivery were determined. In vivo, a rabbit model of VF injury was employed to evaluate Smad3 knockdown following locally injected lipitoid-complexed siRNA. RESULTS In vitro, lipitoid did not confer additional toxicity compared to commercially available reagents. In addition, 20-minute incubation in 1× phosphate-buffered saline resulted in maximal Smad3 knockdown. In vivo, Smad3 expression increased following VF injury. This response was significantly reduced in injured VFs at 4 and 24 hours following injection (P = .035 and .034, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to demonstrate targeted gene manipulation in the VFs as well as the potential utility of lipitoid for localized delivery of genetic material in vivo. Ideally, these data will serve as a platform for future investigation regarding the functional implications of therapeutic gene manipulation in the VFs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E178-E183, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hiwatashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Iv Kraja
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Benedict
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gregory R Dion
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Renjie Bing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Milan R Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Danielle M Nalband
- Department of Chemistry , New York University, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Kent Kirshenbaum
- Department of Chemistry , New York University, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Ryan C Branski
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Chernousova S, Epple M. Live-cell imaging to compare the transfection and gene silencing efficiency of calcium phosphate nanoparticles and a liposomal transfection agent. Gene Ther 2017; 24:282-289. [PMID: 28218744 PMCID: PMC5442419 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The processing of DNA (for transfection) and short interfering RNA (siRNA; for gene silencing), introduced into HeLa cells by triple-shell calcium phosphate nanoparticles, was followed by live-cell imaging. For comparison, the commercial liposomal transfection agent Lipofectamine was used. The cells were incubated with these delivery systems, carrying either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-encoding DNA or siRNA against eGFP. In the latter case, HeLa cells that stably expressed eGFP were used. The expression of eGFP started after 5 h in the case of nanoparticles and after 4 h in the case of Lipofectamine. The corresponding times for gene silencing were 5 h (nanoparticles) and immediately after incubation (Lipofectamine). The expression of eGFP was notably enhanced 2-3 h after cell division (mitosis). In general, the transfection and gene silencing efficiencies of the nanoparticles were lower than those of Lipofectamime, even at a substantially higher dose (factor 20) of nucleic acids. However, the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was lower than that of Lipofectamine, making them suitable vectors for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chernousova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Werfel TA, Jackson MA, Kavanaugh TE, Kirkbride KC, Miteva M, Giorgio TD, Duvall C. Combinatorial optimization of PEG architecture and hydrophobic content improves ternary siRNA polyplex stability, pharmacokinetics, and potency in vivo. J Control Release 2017; 255:12-26. [PMID: 28366646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A rationally-designed library of ternary siRNA polyplexes was developed and screened for gene silencing efficacy in vitro and in vivo with the goal of overcoming both cell-level and systemic delivery barriers. [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (DMAEMA) was homopolymerized or copolymerized (50mol% each) with butyl methacrylate (BMA) from a reversible addition - fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) chain transfer agent, with and without pre-conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both single block polymers were tested as core-forming units, and both PEGylated, diblock polymers were screened as corona-forming units. Ternary siRNA polyplexes were assembled with varied amounts and ratios of core-forming polymers to PEGylated corona-forming polymers. The impact of polymer composition/ratio, hydrophobe (BMA) placement, and surface PEGylation density was correlated to important outcomes such as polyplex size, stability, pH-dependent membrane disruptive activity, biocompatibility, and gene silencing efficiency. The lead formulation, DB4-PDB12, was optimally PEGylated not only to ensure colloidal stability (no change in size by DLS between 0 and 24h) and neutral surface charge (0.139mV) but also to maintain higher cell uptake (>90% positive cells) than the most densely PEGylated particles. The DB4-PDB12 polyplexes also incorporated BMA in both the polyplex core- and corona-forming polymers, resulting in robust endosomolysis and in vitro siRNA silencing (~85% protein level knockdown) of the model gene luciferase across multiple cell types. Further, the DB4-PDB12 polyplexes exhibited greater stability, increased blood circulation time, reduced renal clearance, increased tumor biodistribution, and greater silencing of luciferase compared to our previously-optimized, binary parent formulation following intravenous (i.v.) delivery. This polyplex library approach enabled concomitant optimization of the composition and ratio of core- and corona-forming polymers (indirectly tuning PEGylation density) and identification of a ternary nanomedicine optimized to overcome important siRNA delivery barriers in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Werfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meredith A Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taylor E Kavanaugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kellye C Kirkbride
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martina Miteva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd D Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Khvorova A, Watts JK. The chemical evolution of oligonucleotide therapies of clinical utility. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:238-248. [PMID: 28244990 PMCID: PMC5517098 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After nearly 40 years of development, oligonucleotide therapeutics are nearing meaningful clinical productivity. One of the key advantages of oligonucleotide drugs is that their delivery and potency are derived primarily from the chemical structure of the oligonucleotide whereas their target is defined by the base sequence. Thus, as oligonucleotides with a particular chemical design show appropriate distribution and safety profiles for clinical gene silencing in a particular tissue, this will open the door to the rapid development of additional drugs targeting other disease-associated genes in the same tissue. To achieve clinical productivity, the chemical architecture of the oligonucleotide needs to be optimized with a combination of sugar, backbone, nucleobase, and 3'- and 5'-terminal modifications. A portfolio of chemistries can be used to confer drug-like properties onto the oligonucleotide as a whole, with minor chemical changes often translating into major improvements in clinical efficacy. One outstanding challenge in oligonucleotide chemical development is the optimization of chemical architectures to ensure long-term safety. There are multiple designs that enable effective targeting of the liver, but a second challenge is to develop architectures that enable robust clinical efficacy in additional tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan K Watts
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Antimisiaris S, Mourtas S, Papadia K. Targeted si-RNA with liposomes and exosomes (extracellular vesicles): How to unlock the potential. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:293-312. [PMID: 28163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of RNA interference therapeutics has been initiated 18 years ago, and the main bottleneck for translation of the technology into therapeutic products remains the delivery of functional RNA molecules into the cell cytoplasm. In the present review article after an introduction about the theoretical basis of RNAi therapy and the main challenges encountered for its realization, an overview of the different types of delivery systems or carriers, used as potential systems to overcome RNAi delivery issues, will be provided. Characteristic examples or results obtained with the most promising systems will be discussed. Focus will be given mostly on the applications of liposomes or other types of lipid carriers, such as exosomes, towards improved delivery of RNAi to therapeutic targets. Finally the approach of integrating the advantages of these two vesicular systems, liposomes and exosomes, as a potential solution to realize RNAi therapy, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26504, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
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Andrzejewska W, Pietralik Z, Skupin M, Kozak M. Structural studies of the formation of lipoplexes between siRNA and selected bis-imidazolium gemini surfactants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yoo SS, Guo L, Sun X, Shaw AR, Yuan Z, Löbenberg R, Roa WH. Fabrication and in vitro characterization of gadolinium-based nanoclusters for simultaneous drug delivery and radiation enhancement. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:385104. [PMID: 27533280 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/385104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a gadolinium hydroxide (Gd(OH)3) nanorod based doxorubicin (Dox) delivery system that can enhance both magnetic resonance imaging contrast and radiation sensitivity. A simple and cost effective wet-chemical method was utilized in the presence of manganese (Mn) ions and Dox to produce the Gd(OH)3:Mn·Dox nanocluster structure. The Gd(OH)3:Mn·Dox nanocluster was composed of Mn-doped Gd(OH)3 nanorods arranged in parallel with Dox as a linker molecule between the adjacent nanorods. No other studies have utilized Dox as both the linker and therapeutic molecule in a nanostructure to date. The Gd(OH)3 nanorod is reported to have no significant cellular or in vivo toxicity, which makes it an ideal base material for this biomedical application. The Gd(OH)3:Mn·Dox nanocluster exhibited paramagnetic behavior and was stable in a colloidal solution. The nanocluster also enabled high Dox loading capacity and specifically released Dox in a sustained and pH-dependent manner. The positively charged Gd(OH)3:Mn·Dox nanoclusters were readily internalized into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via endocytosis, which resulted in intracellular release of Dox. The released Dox in cells was effective in conferring cytotoxicity and inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells. Furthermore, a synergistic anticancer effect could be observed with radiation treatment. Overall, the Gd(OH)3:Mn·Dox nanocluster drug delivery system described herein may have potential utility in clinics as a multifunctional theranostic nanoparticle with combined benefits in both diagnosis and therapy in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S Yoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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RNAs Containing Modified Nucleotides Fail To Trigger RIG-I Conformational Changes for Innate Immune Signaling. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00833-16. [PMID: 27651356 PMCID: PMC5030355 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00833-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogen nucleic acids are recognized and bound by cytoplasmic (retinoic acid-inducible gene I [RIG-I]-like) and membrane-bound (Toll-like) pattern recognition receptors to activate innate immune signaling. Modified nucleotides, when present in RNA molecules, diminish the magnitude of these signaling responses. However, mechanisms explaining the blunted signaling have not been elucidated. In this study, we used several independent biological assays, including inhibition of virus replication, RIG-I:RNA binding assays, and limited trypsin digestion of RIG-I:RNA complexes, to begin to understand how RNAs containing modified nucleotides avoid or suppress innate immune signaling. The experiments were based on a model innate immune activating RNA molecule, the polyU/UC RNA domain of hepatitis C virus, which was transcribed in vitro with canonical nucleotides or with one of eight modified nucleotides. The approach revealed signature assay responses associated with individual modified nucleotides or classes of modified nucleotides. For example, while both N-6-methyladenosine (m6A) and pseudouridine nucleotides correlate with diminished signaling, RNA containing m6A modifications bound RIG-I poorly, while RNA containing pseudouridine bound RIG-I with high affinity but failed to trigger the canonical RIG-I conformational changes associated with robust signaling. These data advance understanding of RNA-mediated innate immune signaling, with additional relevance for applying nucleotide modifications to RNA therapeutics. The innate immune system provides the first response to virus infections and must distinguish between host and pathogen nucleic acids to mount a protective immune response without activating autoimmune responses. While the presence of nucleotide modifications in RNA is known to correlate with diminished innate immune signaling, the underlying mechanisms have not been explored. The data reported here are important for defining mechanistic details to explain signaling suppression by RNAs containing modified nucleotides. The results suggest that RNAs containing modified nucleotides interrupt signaling at early steps of the RIG-I-like innate immune activation pathway and also that nucleotide modifications with similar chemical structures can be organized into classes that suppress or evade innate immune signaling steps. These data contribute to defining the molecular basis for innate immune signaling suppression by RNAs containing modified nucleotides. The results have important implications for designing therapeutic RNAs that evade innate immune detection.
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Parlea L, Puri A, Kasprzak W, Bindewald E, Zakrevsky P, Satterwhite E, Joseph K, Afonin KA, Shapiro BA. Cellular Delivery of RNA Nanoparticles. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:527-47. [PMID: 27509068 PMCID: PMC6345529 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA nanostructures can be programmed to exhibit defined sizes, shapes and stoichiometries from naturally occurring or de novo designed RNA motifs. These constructs can be used as scaffolds to attach functional moieties, such as ligand binding motifs or gene expression regulators, for nanobiology applications. This review is focused on four areas of importance to RNA nanotechnology: the types of RNAs of particular interest for nanobiology, the assembly of RNA nanoconstructs, the challenges of cellular delivery of RNAs in vivo, and the delivery carriers that aid in the matter. The available strategies for the design of nucleic acid nanostructures, as well as for formulation of their carriers, make RNA nanotechnology an important tool in both basic research and applied biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Parlea
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Anu Puri
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Wojciech Kasprzak
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Eckart Bindewald
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Paul Zakrevsky
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Emily Satterwhite
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Kenya Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United States
- The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Malhotra M, Toulouse A, Godinho BMDC, Mc Carthy DJ, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. RNAi therapeutics for brain cancer: current advancements in RNAi delivery strategies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2635-57. [PMID: 26135606 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant primary brain tumors are aggressive cancerous cells that invade the surrounding tissues of the central nervous system. The current treatment options for malignant brain tumors are limited due to the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The advancements in current research has identified and characterized certain molecular markers that are essential for tumor survival, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. These molecular markers have served as therapeutic targets for the RNAi based therapies, which enable site-specific silencing of the gene responsible for tumor proliferation. However, to bring about therapeutic success, an efficient delivery carrier that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the targeted site is essential. The current review focuses on the potential of targeted, non-viral and viral particles containing RNAi therapeutic molecules as delivery strategies specifically for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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38
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Attenuating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation by Perfusing Donor Organs With siRNA Cocktail Solution. Transplantation 2016; 100:743-52. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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39
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Roth CM. Delivery of Genes and Oligonucleotides. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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40
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Sun D, Zhang W, Li N, Zhao Z, Mou Z, Yang E, Wang W. Silver nanoparticles-quercetin conjugation to siRNA against drug-resistant Bacillus subtilis for effective gene silencing: in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:522-34. [PMID: 27040247 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Qe) exhibited extremely low water solubility, and thus, it was modified using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We fabricated AgNPs combined with Qe (AgNPs-Qe). The modification suggested that the synergistic properties of Qe enhanced the antibacterial activity of AgNPs. However, AgNPs-Qe exerted no effect on many kinds of drug-resistant bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. RNA interference has considerable therapeutic potential because of its high specificity and potential capability to evade drug resistance. Therefore, we stabilized AgNPs-Qe with a layer of molecules (siRNA). The newly fabricated nanoparticles exerted improved effect on many kinds of bacteria, including the most prominent drug-resistant species B. subtilis. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the highest critical nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratio occurred at a vector/siRNA with a w/w ratio of 7:1. Characterization experiment indicated that the diameter of siRNA/AgNPs-Qe was approximately 40 nm (40 ± 10 nm). Moreover, AgNPs-Qe were stabilized with a layer of siRNA that was approximately 10nm thick. Results of the in vitro study suggested that siRNA/AgNPs-Qe could destroy the cell wall and inhibit bacterial propagation. Meanwhile, the in vivo experiment on the animal bacteremia model, as well as the optical imaging of nude mice and their isolated organs, demonstrated that bacteria accumulated in the blood, heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys after the intravenous injection of B. subtilis. The bacteria in the blood and organs, as well as the inflamed cells in the tissues, gradually decreased after the mice received intravenous tail injection of siRNA/AgNPs-Qe for treatment. Both the in vitro and the in vivo studies exhibit that siRNA/AgNPs-Qe can be a potential nanoscale drug delivery system for B. subtilis targeting bacterimia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Nuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhipeng Mou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Endong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Weiyun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Alagia A, Eritja R. siRNA and RNAi optimization. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:316-29. [PMID: 26840434 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and examination of the posttranscriptional gene regulatory mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi) contributed to the identification of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the comprehension of its enormous potential for clinical purposes. Theoretically, the ability of specific target gene downregulation makes the RNAi pathway an appealing solution for several diseases. Despite numerous hurdles resulting from the inherent properties of siRNA molecule and proper delivery to the target tissue, more than 50 RNA-based drugs are currently under clinical testing. In this work, we analyze the recent literature in the optimization of siRNA molecules. In detail, we focused on describing the most recent advances of siRNA field aimed at optimize siRNA pharmacokinetic properties. Special attention has been given in describing the impact of RNA modifications in the potential off-target effects (OTEs) such as saturation of the RNAi machinery, passenger strand-mediated silencing, immunostimulation, and miRNA-like OTEs as well as to recent developments on the delivery issue. The novel delivery systems and modified siRNA provide significant steps toward the development of reliable siRNA molecules for therapeutic use. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:316-329. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1337 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Alagia
- Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, CIBER-BBN, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, CIBER-BBN, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Werfel TA, Swain C, Nelson CE, Kilchrist KV, Evans BC, Miteva M, Duvall CL. Hydrolytic charge-reversal of PEGylated polyplexes enhances intracellular un-packaging and activity of siRNA. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:917-27. [PMID: 26691570 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytically degrading nano-polyplexes (HDG-NPs) that reverse charge through conversion of tertiary amines to carboxylic acids were investigated to improve intracellular un-packaging of siRNA and target gene silencing compared to a non-degradable analog (non-HDG-NPs). Both NP types comprised reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) synthesized diblock copolymers of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) corona-forming block and a cationic block for nucleic acid packaging that incorporated butyl methacrylate (BMA) and either dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, non-HDG-NPs) or dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA, HDG-NPs). HDG-NPs decreased significantly in size and released significantly more siRNA (∼40%) than non-HDG-NPs after 24 h in aqueous solution. While both HDG-NPs and non-HDG-NPs had comparable uptake and cytotoxicity up to 150 nM siRNA doses, HDG-NPs achieved significantly higher target gene silencing of the model gene luciferase in vitro. High resolution FRET confocal microscopy was used to monitor the intracellular un-packaging of siRNA. Non-HDG-NPs had significantly higher FRET efficiency than HDG-NPs, indicating that siRNA delivered from HDG-NPs was more fully un-packaged and therefore had improved intracellular bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Werfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Corban Swain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Christopher E Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Kameron V Kilchrist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Brian C Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Martina Miteva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
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Liu Y, Wang J. Therapeutic Potentials of Noncoding RNAs: Targeted Delivery of ncRNAs in Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 927:429-58. [PMID: 27376745 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of multiple actions of short noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) has truly allowed for viewing DNA, RNA, and protein in novel ways. The ncRNAs are an attractive new class of therapeutics, especially against undruggable targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Despite the potential of ncRNAs in cancer therapy, many challenges remain, including rapid degradation and clearance, poor cellular uptake, off-target effects, and immunogenicity. Rational design, chemical modifications, and delivery carriers offer significant opportunities to overcome these challenges. In this chapter, the development of ncRNAs as cancer therapeutics from early stages to clinical trials and strategies for ncRNA-targeted delivery to cancer cells will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.
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Dornseifer S, Willkomm S, Far RKK, Liebschwager J, Beltsiou F, Frank K, Laufer SD, Martinetz T, Sczakiel G, Claussen JC, Restle T. RNAi revised--target mRNA-dependent enhancement of gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10623-32. [PMID: 26578554 PMCID: PMC4678823 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) gave rise to the development of new nucleic acid-based technologies as powerful investigational tools and potential therapeutics. Mechanistic key details of RNAi in humans need to be deciphered yet, before such approaches take root in biomedicine and molecular therapy. We developed and validated an in silico-based model of siRNA-mediated RNAi in human cells in order to link in vitro-derived pre-steady state kinetic data with a quantitative and time-resolved understanding of RNAi on the cellular level. The observation that product release by Argonaute 2 is accelerated in the presence of an excess of target RNA in vitro inspired us to suggest an associative mechanism for the RNA slicer reaction where incoming target mRNAs actively promote dissociation of cleaved mRNA fragments. This novel associative model is compatible with high multiple turnover rates of RNAi-based gene silencing in living cells and accounts for target mRNA concentration-dependent enhancement of the RNAi machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dornseifer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Willkomm
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Janine Liebschwager
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Foteini Beltsiou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kirsten Frank
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandra D Laufer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Martinetz
- Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Sczakiel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Restle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Zuckerman JE, Davis ME. Clinical experiences with systemically administered siRNA-based therapeutics in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:843-56. [PMID: 26567702 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapies are emerging as a promising new anticancer approach, and a small number of Phase I clinical trials involving patients with solid tumours have now been completed. Encouraging results from these pioneering clinical studies show that these new therapeutics can successfully and safely inhibit targeted gene products in patients with cancer, and have taught us important lessons regarding appropriate dosages and schedules. In this Review, we critically assess these Phase I studies and discuss their implications for future clinical trial design. Key challenges and future directions in the development of siRNA-containing anticancer therapeutics are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Zuckerman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Das S, Debnath N, Cui Y, Unrine J, Palli SR. Chitosan, Carbon Quantum Dot, and Silica Nanoparticle Mediated dsRNA Delivery for Gene Silencing in Aedes aegypti: A Comparative Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19530-5. [PMID: 26291176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In spite of devastating impact of mosquito borne pathogens on humans, widespread resistance to chemical insecticides and environmental concerns from residual toxicity limit mosquito control strategies. We tested three nanoparticles, chitosan, carbon quantum dot (CQD), and silica complexed with dsRNA, to target two mosquito genes (SNF7 and SRC) for controlling Aedes aegypti larvae. Relative mRNA levels were quantified using qRT-PCR to evaluate knockdown efficiency in nanoparticle-dsRNA treated larvae. The knockdown efficiency of target genes correlated with dsRNA mediated larval mortality. Among the three nanoparticles tested, CQD was the most efficient carrier for dsRNA retention, delivery, and thereby causing gene silencing and mortality in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumistha Das
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana , Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Nitai Debnath
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana , Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
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47
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Ozcan G, Ozpolat B, Coleman RL, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G. Preclinical and clinical development of siRNA-based therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:108-19. [PMID: 25666164 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference, first in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans and later in mammalian cells, led to the emergence of a transformative view in biomedical research. Knowledge of the multiple actions of non-coding RNAs has truly allowed viewing DNA, RNA and proteins in novel ways. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be used as tools to study single gene function both in vitro and in vivo and are an attractive new class of therapeutics, especially against undruggable targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Despite the potential of siRNAs in cancer therapy, many challenges remain, including rapid degradation, poor cellular uptake and off-target effects. Rational design strategies, selection algorithms, chemical modifications and nanocarriers offer significant opportunities to overcome these challenges. Here, we review the development of siRNAs as therapeutic agents from early design to clinical trial, with special emphasis on the development of EphA2-targeting siRNAs for ovarian cancer treatment.
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48
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Barnaby SN, Sita TL, Petrosko SH, Stegh AH, Mirkin CA. Therapeutic applications of spherical nucleic acids. Cancer Treat Res 2015; 166:23-50. [PMID: 25895863 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16555-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) represent an emerging class of nanoparticle-based therapeutics. SNAs consist of densely functionalized and highly oriented oligonucleotides on the surface of a nanoparticle which can either be inorganic (such as gold or platinum) or hollow (such as liposomal or silica-based). The spherical architecture of the oligonucleotide shell confers unique advantages over traditional nucleic acid delivery methods, including entry into nearly all cells independent of transfection agents and resistance to nuclease degradation. Furthermore, SNAs can penetrate biological barriers, including the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers as well as the epidermis, and have demonstrated efficacy in several murine disease models in the absence of significant adverse side effects. In this chapter, we will focus on the applications of SNAs in cancer therapy as well as discuss multimodal SNAs for drug delivery and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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RNA/aTNA chimeras: RNAi effects and nucleases resistance of single and double stranded RNAs. Molecules 2014; 19:17872-96. [PMID: 25375332 PMCID: PMC6271724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA interference pathway (RNAi) is a specific and powerful biological process, triggered by small non-coding RNA molecules and involved in gene expression regulation. In this work, we explored the possibility of increasing the biological stability of these RNA molecules by replacing their natural ribose ring with an acyclic L-threoninol backbone. In particular, this modification has been incorporated at certain positions of the oligonucleotide strands and its effects on the biological properties of the siRNA have been evaluated. In vitro cellular RNAi assays have demonstrated that the L-threoninol backbone is well tolerated by the RNAi machinery in both double and single-stranded fashion, with activities significantly higher than those evinced by the unmodified RNAs and comparable to the well-known phosphorothioate modification. Additionally, this modification conferred extremely strong resistance to serum and 3'/5'-exonucleases. In view of these results, we applied this modification to the knockdown of a therapeutically relevant human gene such as apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Further studies on the activation of the innate immune system showed that L-threoninol-modified RNAs are slightly less stimulatory than unmodified RNAs.
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50
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Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liang W. Development of RNAi technology for targeted therapy — A track of siRNA based agents to RNAi therapeutics. J Control Release 2014; 193:270-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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