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Roth MG, Westrick NM, Baldwin TT. Fungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1135263. [PMID: 37746125 PMCID: PMC10512358 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have been used to better the lives of everyday people and unravel the mysteries of higher eukaryotic organisms for decades. However, comparing progress and development stemming from fungal research to that of human, plant, and bacterial research, fungi remain largely understudied and underutilized. Recent commercial ventures have begun to gain popularity in society, providing a new surge of interest in fungi, mycelia, and potential new applications of these organisms to various aspects of research. Biotechnological advancements in fungal research cannot occur without intensive amounts of time, investments, and research tool development. In this review, we highlight past breakthroughs in fungal biotechnology, discuss requirements to advance fungal biotechnology even further, and touch on the horizon of new breakthroughs with the highest potential to positively impact both research and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Nathaniel M. Westrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas T. Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Effect of Fermentation on Cyanide and Ethyl Carbamate Contents in Cassava Flour and Evaluation of Their Mass Balance during Lab-Scale Continuous Distillation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051089. [PMID: 34068968 PMCID: PMC8156380 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
When cassava is used for the production of distilled spirits through fermentation and distillation, toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is released from linamarin and carcinogenic ethyl carbamate is produced. Herein, cyanide and ethyl carbamate contents were monitored during the fermentation and lab-scale continuous distillation processes. Thereafter, mass balance and the influence of copper chips were evaluated. Results showed that 81.5% of cyanide was removed after fermentation. Use of copper chips completely prevented the migration of cyanide into the distilled spirits, while 88.3% of cyanide migrated from the fermented liquid in the absence of copper chips. Formation of ethyl carbamate was significantly promoted during distillation. Most of the produced ethyl carbamate (73.2%) was transferred into the distilled spirits in the absence of copper chips, only 9.6% of the ethyl carbamate was transferred when copper chips were used. Thus, copper chips effectively prevented the migration of cyanide and ethyl carbamate into the distilled spirts during continuous distillation.
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Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
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Repeated fermentation from raw starch using Saccharomyces cerevisiae displaying both glucoamylase and α-amylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:343-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deng Y, Li S, Xu Q, Gao M, Huang H. Production of fumaric acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starchy materials with 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutant strains of Rhizopus oryzae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:363-367. [PMID: 22217732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A mutant strain with high glucoamylase activity and insensitive to catabolite repression was developed to produce fumaric acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of starch without additional commercial glucoamylase supplementation. A series of mutant strains resistant to the non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) were obtained by implanting nitrogen ion (N(+)) into Rhizopus oryzae ME-F12. Among them, the best mutant strain DG-3 produced 39.80 g/L fumaric acid, which is 1.28-fold of that produced by ME-F12, and exhibited higher glucoamylase activity during SSF. Higher fumaric acid production (44.10 g/L) was achieved when the initial total sugar concentration of cornstarch was 100g/L. During SSF of cheap, raw bioresource-degermed corn powder (100g/L total sugar) by DG-3, the maximum fumaric acid concentration and productivity were 32.18 g/L and 0.44 g/(Lh), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Apiwatanapiwat W, Murata Y, Kosugi A, Yamada R, Kondo A, Arai T, Rugthaworn P, Mori Y. Direct ethanol production from cassava pulp using a surface-engineered yeast strain co-displaying two amylases, two cellulases, and β-glucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:377-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Expression of aspartic protease from Neurospora crassa in industrial ethanol-producing yeast and its application in ethanol production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Repeated batch fermentation from raw starch using a maltose transporter and amylase expressing diploid yeast strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:109-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Novel strategy for yeast construction using δ-integration and cell fusion to efficiently produce ethanol from raw starch. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1491-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Puria R, Mannan MAU, Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Ganesan K. Critical role of RPI1 in the stress tolerance of yeast during ethanolic fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:1161-71. [PMID: 19678848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress tolerance of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during ethanolic fermentation is poorly understood due to the lack of genetic screens and conventional plate assays for studying this phenotype. We screened a genomic expression library of yeast to identify gene(s) that, upon overexpression, would prolong the survival of yeast cells during fermentation, with the view to understand the stress response better and to use the identified gene(s) in strain improvement. The yeast RPI1 (Ras-cAMP pathway inhibitor 1) gene was identified in such a screen performed at 38 degrees C; introducing an additional copy of RPI1 with its native promoter helped the cells to retain their viability by over 50-fold better than the wild type (WT) parent strain, after 36 h of fermentation at 38 degrees C. Disruption of RPI1 resulted in a drastic reduction in viability during fermentation, but not during normal growth, further confirming the role of this gene in fermentation stress tolerance. This gene seems to improve viability by fortifying the yeast cell wall, because RPI1 overexpression strain is highly resistant to cell lytic enzyme zymolyase, compared with the WT strain. As the RPI1 overexpression strain substantially retains cell viability at the end of fermentation, the cells can be reused in the subsequent round of fermentation, which is likely to facilitate economical production of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Puria
- Institute of Microbial Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Chandigarh, India
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Efficient production of ethanol from raw starch by a mated diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae with integrated α-amylase and glucoamylase genes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Fukuda H, Kondo A, Tamalampudi S. Bioenergy: Sustainable fuels from biomass by yeast and fungal whole-cell biocatalysts. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Singh M. Alteration study of lipids and phospholipids compositions of Pachysolen tannophilus membrane with aqueous ethanol media. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:415-21. [PMID: 19296383 DOI: 10.1080/14786410601130786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The variations in lipid compositions of Pachysolen tannophilus membrane from aqueous to 5% aqueous ethanol solutions are examined. The decreases in phospholipids, sterols and unsaturated fatty acid contents and slight increase in glycolipids content are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Singh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Toksoy Oner E. Optimization of ethanol production from starch by an amylolytic nuclear petite Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Yeast 2006; 23:849-56. [PMID: 17001624 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol fermentation characteristics of the 100% respiratory-deficient nuclear petite amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPB-G strain was investigated in both shake-flask and controlled bioreactor cultivation conditions, and comparison with the earlier reported results revealed 54.6% increase in ethanol yield. Efforts to improve the starch utilization rate by increasing the selection pressure or supplying the fermentation medium with glucose did not prevent the observed decrease in time-dependent amylolytic activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then used as a statistical tool to optimize the initial yeast extract and starch contents of the medium, which resulted in a substantial increase in the stability of the expression plasmid in both the respiratory-deficient NPB-G and the parental respiratory-sufficient WTPB-G strains, with concomitant improvement in their amylolytic potentials. High ethanol yields on substrate values of the bioreactor cultures, which were very close to the theoretical yield, indicated that the amylolytic respiratory-deficient NPB-G strain was effective in the direct fermentation of starch into ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Toksoy Oner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marmara University, Goztepe 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Toksoy Oner E, Oliver SG, Kirdar B. Production of ethanol from starch by respiration-deficient recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6443-5. [PMID: 16204577 PMCID: PMC1266001 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.6443-6445.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 100%-respiration-deficient nuclear petite amylolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPB-G strain was generated, and its employment for direct fermentation of starch into ethanol was investigated. In a comparison of ethanol fermentation performances with the parental respiration-sufficient WTPB-G strain, the NPB-G strain showed an increase of ca. 48% in both ethanol yield and ethanol productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Toksoy Oner
- Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Goztepe 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Shigechi H, Koh J, Fujita Y, Matsumoto T, Bito Y, Ueda M, Satoh E, Fukuda H, Kondo A. Direct production of ethanol from raw corn starch via fermentation by use of a novel surface-engineered yeast strain codisplaying glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5037-40. [PMID: 15294847 PMCID: PMC492352 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.8.5037-5040.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct and efficient production of ethanol by fermentation from raw corn starch was achieved by using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae codisplaying Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase and Streptococcus bovis alpha-amylase by using the C-terminal-half region of alpha-agglutinin and the flocculation functional domain of Flo1p as the respective anchor proteins. In 72-h fermentation, this strain produced 61.8 g of ethanol/liter, with 86.5% of theoretical yield from raw corn starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayori Shigechi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe 6547-8501, Japan
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Altıntaş M, Ülgen KÖ, Kırdar B, Önsan Z, Oliver SG. Optimal substrate feeding policy for fed-batch cultures of S. cerevisiae expressing bifunctional fusion protein displaying amylolytic activities. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Mete Altıntaş M, Ülgen KÖ, Kırdar B, Ilsen Önsan Z, Oliver SG. Improvement of ethanol production from starch by recombinant yeast through manipulation of environmental factors. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Efficient ethanol production from starch through development of novel flocculent yeast strains displaying glucoamylase and co-displaying or secreting α-amylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Montesinos T, Navarro J. Production of alcohol from raw wheat flour by Amyloglucosidase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:362-370. [PMID: 10938415 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol production, by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process from raw wheat flour, has been performed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a low level of amyloglucosidase enzyme. The fermentation time was about 60 h after a 6 h pre-saccharification, with an amyloglucosidase (AMG) level of 270 AGU. kg(-1) starch, but only 31 h with a simultaneous saccharification fermentation process (SSF). When an AMG level of 540 AGU. kg(-1) starch was used, the time decreased to 21 h, giving an ethanol concentration of 67 g. l(-1). Sugar composition of the wort after the liquefaction may be responsible of the difference between these two process. Maltose, a fermentable sugar, was produced in high concentration during the liquefaction, allowing a shorter process period, counteracting the effect of the slow starch hydrolysis at 35 degrees C (SSF temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Montesinos
- Université Montpellier II. ISIM., Laboratoire de Génie Biologique et Science des Aliments, équipe de Biochimie et Microbiologie Industrielles, place E. Bataillon, 34095 5, Montpellier cedex, France
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Murai T, Yoshino T, Ueda M, Haranoya I, Ashikari T, Yoshizumi H, Tanaka A. Evaluation of the function of arming yeast displaying glucoamylase on its cell surface by direct fermentation of corn to ethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(99)80008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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JAMES JENNYLYNDA, LEE BYONGH. GLUCOAMYLASES: MICROBIAL SOURCES, INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ? A REVIEW. J Food Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Compagno C, Porro D, Smeraldi C, Ranzi BM. Fermentation of whey and starch by transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 43:822-5. [PMID: 7576548 DOI: 10.1007/bf02431914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Among the main agro-industrial wastes, whey and starch are of prime importance. In previous work we showed that strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with the episomal plasmid pM1 allow production of yeast biomass and ethanol from whey/lactose. Ethanol production from whey and derivatives has been improved in computer-controlled bioreactors, while fermentation studies showed that the composition of the medium greatly modulates the productivity (g ethanol produced/l in 1 h of fermentation). A yeast strain for the simultaneous utilization of lactose and starch has also been developed. Biotechnological perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Compagno
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università di Milano, Italy
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Ibragimova SI, Kozlov DG, Kartasheva NN, Sutsov NI, Efremov BD, Benevolensky SV. A strategy for construction of industrial strains of distiller's yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 46:285-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260460312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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QURESHI N, MANDERSON GJ. Bioconversion of Renewable Resources into Ethanol: An Economic Evaluation of Selected Hydrolysis, Fermentation, and Membrane Technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00908319508946081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Reilly PJ, Chen HM, Bakir U, Ford C. Increased thermostability of Asn182 ? Ala mutantAspergillus awamori glucoamylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 43:101-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260430113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Wittrup KD, Weber AL, Tsai P. Microencapsulation selection for isolation of yeast mutants with increased secretion ofAspergillus awamori glucoamylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:351-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Steyn AJ, Pretorius IS. Co-expression of a Saccharomyces diastaticus glucoamylase-encoding gene and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase-encoding gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 1991; 100:85-93. [PMID: 2055483 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90353-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A glucoamylase-encoding gene (STA2) from Saccharomyces diastaticus and an alpha-amylase-encoding gene (AMY) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were cloned separately into a yeast-integrating shuttle vector (YIp5), generating recombinant plasmids pSP1 and pSP2, respectively. The STA2 and AMY genes were jointly cloned into YIp5, generating plasmid pSP3. Subsequently, the dominant selectable marker APH1, encoding resistance to Geneticin G418 (GtR), was cloned into pSP3, resulting in pSP4. For enhanced expression of GtR, the APH1 gene was fused to the GAL10 promoter and terminated by the URA3 terminator, resulting in pSP5. Plasmid pSP5 was converted to a circular minichromosome (pSP6) by the addition of the ARS1 and CEN4 sequences. Laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with plasmids pSP1 through pSP6, stably produced and secreted glucoamylase and/or alpha-amylase. Brewers' and distillers' yeast transformed with pSP6 were also capable of secreting amylolytic enzymes. Yeast transformants containing pSP1, pSP2 and pSP3 assimilated soluble starch with an efficiency of 69%, 84% and 93%, respectively. The major starch hydrolysis products produced by crude amylolytic enzymes found in the culture broths of the pSP1-, pSP2- and pSP3-containing transformants, were glucose, glucose and maltose (1:1), and glucose and maltose (3:1), respectively. These results confirmed that co-expression of the STA2 and AMY genes synergistically enhanced starch degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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31
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Continuous ethanol production from raw starch using a reversibly soluble-autoprecipitating amylase and flocculating yeast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(90)90218-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Ashikari T, Kunikasi SI, Matsumoto N, Amachi T, Yoshizumi H. Direct fermentation of raw corn to ethanol by yeast transformants containing a modified Rhizopus glucoamylase gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00165875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martin CE, Scheinbach S. Expression of proteins encoded by foreign genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Adv 1989; 7:155-85. [PMID: 14545930 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(89)90357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is currently used for the production of recombinant DNA-generated proteins derived from a variety of eukaryotic organisms. The applications of a yeast-based technology in the production of proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes is discussed including current methods for introducing recombinant genes into yeast and strategies for maximizing their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Martin
- Rutgers University, Bureau of Biological Research, Nelson Laboratories, Busch Campus, P.O. Box 1059, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1059, USA
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