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Reihani A, Marboutian F, Aghebat–bekheir S, Reyhani A, Akhgari M. Diagnostic Aspects of Paraquat in the Forensic Toxicology: A Systematic Review. Acad Forensic Pathol 2024; 14:51-61. [PMID: 38778898 PMCID: PMC11107435 DOI: 10.1177/19253621231214008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Paraquat (N, N-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride) is a nonselective, fast-acting, and contact chemical herbicide used extensively for weed control. It has high acute oral toxicity, the ability to accumulate in the lungs, and a high potential for pulmonary fibrosis after its intoxication. The present systematic review focuses on evaluating diagnostic aspects of paraquat (PQ) in forensic toxicology. Methods Evaluation of the literature according to the following criteria: only human studies published from February 1971 to March 2022 which are in English on the following databases: 1) Medline/PubMed/MeSH search words: ((Methyl viologen [Title/Abstract]) OR (paraquat [MeSH Terms])) AND (forensic [Title/Abstract]); 2) Scopus Keywords related to the study aim included forensic toxicology, paraquat, Methyl viologen; 3) Web of Science. Keywords related to the study aim included forensic toxicology, paraquat, and Methyl viologen. Results Thirty full-text articles were included. The results of our review indicate plasma and urine are more used for identifying PQ, and liver, lung, and gastric fluid are important in postmortem cases. Preparation methods, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction, and acetonitrile-precipitated protein, are often required for removing interfering substances. Chromatographic methods, among other analytical techniques, are more sensitive, specific, and applicable. Conclusion Our review suggests that plasma, urine, and lungs should be prioritized in sampling. Solid-phase extraction has better recovery than LLE in many samples. Colorimetric methods are not used much today, and radioimmunoassay (RIA) has limited application despite its high sensitivity. Gas and liquid chromatography methods appear to offer the best approach for the analysis of PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maryam Akhgari
- Maryam Akhgari, Pharm D, PhD, Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran,
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HPLC-MS/MS determination and the postmortem distribution or postmortem redistribution of paraquat and its metabolites in four fatal intoxication cases. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 345:111606. [PMID: 36857988 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
HPLC-MS/MS analysis and postmortem distribution or postmortem redistribution of paraquat and its two metabolites in poisoning death cases were reported. Paraquat, monoquat, and paraquat monopyridone were extracted from the sample with acetonitrile or methanol, respectively, detected by ZORBAX HILIC Plus (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) chromatographic column, with 0.1 % formic acid aqueous solution - 0.1 % formic acid acetonitrile solution (v/v) as mobile phase. Paraquat, monoquat, and paraquat monopyridone had a good linear relationship within the range of 10-1000, 1-400, and 1-1000 ng/mL (or g), the correlation coefficient (r) were all ≥ 0.9996. Their detection limits were lower than 1 ng/mL (or g). The detection accuracy was 91.25∼113.44 %. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.51-3.99 % and 1.92-4.93 %, respectively. This method was used to detect and analyze four rare paraquat poisoning cases. The distribution of paraquat, monoquat, and paraquat monopyridone is uneven, which is relatively high in the heart, blood, lung, and kidney. Heart blood/Peripheral blood ratio of paraquat, monoquat, paraquat monopyridone concentration in two poisoned cases were 1.4, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.9, 1.3, 1.2, which showed a location dependent postmortem redistribution. This is the first time that HPLC-MS/MS and the postmortem distribution or postmortem redistribution of paraquat metabolites in poisoned death cases have been reported. This research provides scientific basis for forensic identification of paraquat poisoning cases and extraction of biological specimen.
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Paraquat and Diquat: Recent Updates on Their Pretreatment and Analysis Methods since 2010 in Biological Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020684. [PMID: 36677742 PMCID: PMC9866389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) are quaternary ammonium herbicides which have been used worldwide for controlling the growth of weeds on land and in water. However, PQ and DQ are well known to be toxic. PQ is especially toxic to humans. Moreover, there is no specific antidote for PQ poisoning. The main treatment for PQ poisoning is hemoperfusion to reduce the PQ concentration in blood. Therefore, it is essential to be able to detect PQ and DQ concentrations in biological samples. This critical review summarizes the articles published from 2010 to 2022 and can help researchers to understand the development of the sample treatment and analytical methods for the determination of PQ and DQ in various types of biological samples. The sample preparation includes liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction based on different novel materials, microextration methods, and other methods. Analytical methods for quantifying PQ and DQ, such as different chromatography and spectroscopy methods, electrochemical methods, and immunological methods, are illustrated and compared. We focus on the latest advances in PQ and DQ treatment and the application of new technologies for these analyses. In our opinion, tandem mass spectrometry is a good choice for the determination of PQ and DQ, due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, and high accuracy. As far as we are concerned, the best LOD of 4 pg/mL for PQ in serum can be obtained.
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Rajaram R, Neelakantan L. Recent advances in estimation of paraquat using various analytical techniques: A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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5
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Niu Z, Liu Y, Li X, Yan K, Chen H. Electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive detection of paraquat based on metal-organic frameworks and para-sulfonatocalix[4]arene-AuNPs composite. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135570. [PMID: 35803381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of pesticides in surface water, groundwater, soil, and food has received increasing attention towards environmental safety. Paraquat (PQ) is world widely used as a rapid sterilant herbicide and is highly toxic to humans. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection method for the water environment to detection of PQ is urgently required. Here, we prepared a zeolite imidazole skeleton-8 (ZIF-8) and para-sulfonylcalix[4]arene (pSC4) coated gold nanoparticles composite (pSC4-AuNPs@ZIF-8) by one-step method. An electrochemical biosensor assay for PQ was established based on pSC4-AuNPs@ZIF-8 modified glassy carbon electrode through host-guest recognition of PQ and pSC4. Under the optimal conditions, recoveries of targets determination results were 92.7%-103% (n = 3), respectively. The quantity PQ detection limit was found to be 0.49 pM. Therefore, the signal amplification strategy based on pSC4-AuNPs@ZIF-8 has potential value in detecting trace pollutants in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Yawen Liu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kai Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Hongxia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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Liu Z, Huang F, Zhao S, Ma L, Shi Q, Zhou Y. Homicidal paraquat poisoning: Poisoned while drinking. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1312-1319. [PMID: 35005788 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of paraquat poisoning has significantly decreased with the addition of odorizer and emetics to the liquid concentrate. Paraquat poisonings are usually attributed to suicidal and accidental or occupational exposure. Here, we report an unusual fatal case of homicidal paraquat poisoning. An intoxicated, a 37-year-old man consumed a mixture of white wine and paraquat prepared by his wife. This resulted in intermittent vomiting, which he attributed to being intoxicated. The man was admitted to the hospital for treatment 3 days later. Due to the lack of knowledge of paraquat exposure, the man did not receive effective treatment and died of respiratory failure 22 days later. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was applied to detect paraquat in 16 postmortem specimens: kidney (1.31 ug/g), urine (0.91 ug/ml), liver (0.62 ug/g), lung (0.39 ug/g), muscle (0.35 ug/g), bile (0.32 ug/ml), heart (0.28 ug/g), brain (0.22 ug/g), pancreas (0.22 ug/g), spleen (0.18 ug/g), cardiac blood (0.15 ug/ml), cerebrospinal fluid (0.14 ug/ml), pericardial effusion (0.12 ug/ml), pleural effusion (0.09 ug/ml), peripheral blood (0.08 ug/ml), and vitreous humor (0.06 ug/ml). The highest concentration of paraquat was detected in the kidney followed by the urine in all tissues and body fluids. At present, although the cases of paraquat poisoning have decreased, the high mortality rate resulting from its irreversible lung damage and respiratory failure makes paraquat poisoning, especially occult paraquat poisoning, still needs to be carefully identified in forensic practice and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuquan Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Longda Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Colorimetric detection of paraquat in aqueous and fruit juice samples based on functionalized gold nanoparticles. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Pourakbari Z, Aliakbar A, Sheykhan M. A metal-catex composite electrode for determination of paraquat in various samples by Ad-differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta 2020; 212:120793. [PMID: 32113555 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel kind of metal-catex composite electrode for determination of paraquat (PQ) by adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry is introduced. The metal-catex composite electrode was fabricated by cathodic electropolymerization of p-nitrophenol and p-nitrobenzoic acid in the presence of tin (II) chloride as a scaffold for composite structure on prepared glassy carbon electrode. Electropolymerization was carried out in sodium acetate medium. The surface of the fabricated electrode was characterized with field emission scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The obtained results show that there are Sn nanoparticles in the structure of the catex-composite. Chemical structure of metal-catex composite electrode was investigated using FTIR (ATR), 13C NMR, H NMR and a suitable mechanism for electropolymerization has been proposed. This metal-catex composite electrode was applied for determinations of PQ using sodium acetate buffer solutions at pH = 6.5 as an electrolyte solution. All parameters influencing the performance of the fabricated electrode were studied and optimized. The proposed electrode exhibits good linearity versus PQ concentration in the range of 3.8 × 10-8 to 7.7 × 10-7 mol L-1 and shows a manifold increase in sensitivity (more than 30 times) as compared to the glassy carbon electrode. The LOQ of this electrode was 7.78 × 10-9 mol L-1, which is comparable with that of other electrochemical methods. The mean, standard deviation and relative standard deviation for seven repetitive determinations of paraquat (7.78 × 10-8 mol L-1) were measured to be 7.75 × 10-8 mol L-1, ±0.29 × 10-8 mol L-1, and 3.75% respectively. This electrode was applied for the determination of paraquat in natural water, natural juice, potatoes and onions. The introduced electrode shows good stability with repeated use and over long periods (about 20 days). There is a good agreement between the results for water analysis by this method and the standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Pourakbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, P. O. Box 4193833697, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Aliakbar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, P. O. Box 4193833697, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sheykhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, P. O. Box 4193833697, Rasht, Iran
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Yuan J, Li A, Chen T, Du J, Ma A, Pan J. Micelle-dominated distribution strategy for non-matrix matched calibration without an internal standard: "Extract-and-shoot" approach for analyzing hydrophilic targets in blood and cell samples. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1102:24-35. [PMID: 32043993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of trace hydrophilic targets in complex aqueous-rich matrices is considerably challenging, generally requiring matrix-matched calibration, internal standard, or time-and-labor-intensive sample preparation. To address this analytical bottleneck, a non-matrix-matched calibration strategy without using internal standard was reported for the first time to analyze complicated biosamples such as whole blood, plasma, serum, and cell samples. This strategy, termed micelle-dominated distribution, also aimed at realizing the simple "extract-and-shoot" analytical process for such complex matrices. The micelle-matrix interaction was found to efficiently eliminate the matrix effect by dominating phase separation and analyte distribution between the extraction and matrix phases. Thus, calibration linear curves prepared in water were applicable to the analysis of all the above-mentioned sample types. Rapid distribution equilibrium within 4 min was achieved. This strategy could tolerate direct large volume injection, thereby providing two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in the sensitivity of ion-pair chromatography. The analytical method integrated cell rupture, matrix cleanup, analyte extraction, and on-column preconcentration into a fast and high-throughput operation. The successful application to the determination of exogenous pesticides and endogenous glutathione exhibited low limits of detection (0.0085-0.015 μg mL-1 for pesticides; 0.52 μg mL-1 for glutathione), wide linear ranges (0.028-50 μg mL-1 and 0.049-50 μg mL-1 for pesticides; 1.7-1000 μg mL-1 for glutathione), good linearies (R2 = 0.9994-0.9999), excellent accuracy (recoveries of 91.3-105.2%), and good precision (0.7-6.2% at the levels of 0.028 (or 0.049), 0.1, 0.5, and 50 μg mL-1 for pesticides; 0.5-8.7% at 1.7, 500, and 1000 μg mL-1 for glutathione).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yuan
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ande Ma
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Hamamoto T, Katsuta S. An Ionic Liquid-based Microextraction Method for Ultra-High Preconcentration of Paraquat Traces in Water Samples Prior to HPLC Determination. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1439-1444. [PMID: 30224568 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An ionic liquid (IL)-based microextraction method was developed for the preconcentration of paraquat traces in water samples prior to HPLC determination. On the basis of the relationship between the aqueous solubility and the extractability of known ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)amide ([EMIm][NNf2]) was selected as the extractant for paraquat. The distribution ratio of paraquat dication in the [EMIm][NNf2]/water biphasic system was theoretically estimated to be nearly 108 at its maximum level, indicating that [EMIm][NNf2] was suitable for the ultra-high preconcentration (a maximum of 106-fold concentration) of paraquat with a quantitative recovery (more than 99%). The extraction procedure could be performed easily and quickly following the in situ solvent formation microextraction technique, and the paraquat traces in the IL phase could be determined by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with good detection limits and linearity ranges (0.16 and 1 - 50 ng mL-1 for paraquat, respectively). The combined method was successfully applied to four real environmental water samples spiked with paraquat and its analog, diquat at 5.0 ng mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University.,Forensic Science Laboratory, Chiba Prefectural Police Headquarters
| | - Shoichi Katsuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University
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Dong H, Zou F, Hu X, Zhu H, Koh K, Chen H. Analyte induced AuNPs aggregation enhanced surface plasmon resonance for sensitive detection of paraquat. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:605-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Suzuki Y, Kaneko T, Saito K. The internal standard diquat-d4 causes errors in diquat analysis by LC–MS/MS. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Magalhães N, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1131-1160. [PMID: 29569487 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118765330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium ion; DQ) is a nonselective quick-acting herbicide, which is used as contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Several cases of human poisoning were reported worldwide mainly due to intentional ingestion of the liquid formulations. Its toxic potential results from its ability to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through redox cycling processes that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially cell death. Kidney is the main target organ due to DQ toxicokinetics and redox cycling. There is no antidote against DQ intoxications, and the efficacy of treatments currently applied is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant human and experimental findings related to DQ, characterizing its chemistry, activity as herbicide, mechanisms of toxicity, consequences of poisoning, and potential therapeutic approaches taking into account previous experience in developing antidotes for paraquat, a more toxic bipyridinium herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magalhães
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Carvalho
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R J Dinis-Oliveira
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal.,3 Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Hotspots engineering by grafting Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles on the Au film over slightly etched nanoparticles substrate for on-site paraquat sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:944-950. [PMID: 27498319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) pollutions are ultra-toxic to human beings and hard to be decomposed in the environment, thus requiring an on-site detection strategy. Herein, we developed a robust and rapid PQ sensing strategy based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. A hybrid SERS substrate was prepared by grafting the Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) on the Au film over slightly etched nanoparticles (Au FOSEN). Hotspots were engineered at the junctions as indicated by the finite difference time domain calculation. SERS performance of the hybrid substrate was explored using p-ATP as the Raman probe. The hybrid substrate gives higher enhancement factor comparing to either the Au FOSEN substrate or the Au@Ag core-shell NPs, and exhibits excellent reproducibility, homogeneity and stability. The proposed SERS substrates were prepared in batches for the practical PQ sensing. The total analysis time for a single sample, including the pre-treatment and measurement, was less than 5min with a PQ detection limit of 10nM. Peak intensities of the SERS signal were plotted as a function of the PQ concentrations to calibrate the sensitivity by fitting the Hill's equation. The plotted calibration curve showed a good log-log linearity with the coefficient of determination of 0.98. The selectivity of the sensing proposal was based on the "finger print" Raman spectra of the analyte. The proposed substrate exhibited good recovery when it applied to real water samples, including lab tap water, bottled water, and commercially obtained apple juice and grape juice. This SERS-based PQ detection method is simple, rapid, sensitive and selective, which shows great potential in pesticide residue and additives abuse monitoring.
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15
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Alves EA, Soares JX, Afonso CM, Grund JPC, Agonia AS, Cravo SM, Netto ADP, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. The harmful chemistry behind “krokodil”: Street-like synthesis and product analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:76-82. [PMID: 26282512 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hamamoto T, Okai M, Katsuta S. The laws governing ionic liquid extraction of cations: partition of 1-ethylpyridinium monocation and paraquat dication in ionic liquid/water biphasic systems. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6317-25. [PMID: 25915790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To find the laws governing the extraction of cations from aqueous solutions into hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs), we investigated the partition of 1-ethylpyridinium monocation and paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) dication in various IL/water biphasic systems. Ten different ILs of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide-based salts were used. The distribution ratio of the target cations (T(n+)) was dependent on the initial concentration in the aqueous phase and also very sensitive to the kind of IL. The behavior was quantitatively explained on the basis of a model in which the extraction goes through both the ion exchange and ion pair transfer processes, while keeping the product of the aqueous concentrations of the IL constituent ions a constant value (solubility product, Ksp). The distribution ratio of T(n+) is expressed as a function of the difference between the initial and equilibrium concentrations of T(n+) in the aqueous phase (Δ[T(n+)]W), the aqueous solubility of IL (Ksp(1/2)), and the cation valence n. The distribution ratio is a nearly constant value (D0) when Δ[T(n+)]W ≪ Ksp(1/2)/n and decreases inversely proportional to the nth power of Δ[T(n+)]W when Δ[T(n+)]W ≫ Ksp(1/2)/n. The log D0 versus log Ksp(1/2) plot gives a linear relationship with a slope of +n for the ILs with the same anion but different cations and that with a slope of nearly -n for the ILs with the same cation but different anions. This means that the extractability dependence on the kinds of IL constituent ions is greater for the divalent cation than for the monovalent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hamamoto
- †Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,‡Forensic Science Laboratory, Chiba Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-71-1 Chuo-ko, Chuo, Chiba 260-0024, Japan
| | - Miho Okai
- †Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shoichi Katsuta
- †Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Wang X, Zhang M, Ma J, Zhang Y, Hong G, Sun F, Lin G, Hu L. Metabolic Changes in Paraquat Poisoned Patients and Support Vector Machine Model of Discrimination. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:470-5. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Fa Sun
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Guanyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Lufeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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Abstract
Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses. Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time. For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse. In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed. The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed. Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed. Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.
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Zou T, He P, Cao J, Li Z. Determination of Paraquat in Vegetables Using HPLC-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:204-9. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Martins A, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Guilhermino L, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate increases the safety of a paraquat formulation to freshwater primary producers: a case study with the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 146:137-143. [PMID: 24296111 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of herbicides are presently used in the industrialized nations worldwide, with an inexorable burden to the environment, especially to aquatic ecosystems. Primary producers such as microalgae are of especial concern because they are vital for the input of energy into the ecosystem and for the maintenance of oxygen in water on which most of other marine life forms depend on. The herbicide paraquat (PQ) is known to cause inhibition of photosynthesis and irreversible damage to photosynthetic organisms through generation of reactive oxygen species in a light-dependent manner. Previous studies have led to the development of a new formulation of PQ containing lysine acetylsalicylate (LAS) as an antidote, which was shown to prevent the mammalian toxicity of PQ, while maintaining the herbicidal effect. However, the safety of this formulation to primary producers in relation to commercially available PQ formulations has hitherto not been established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the PQ+LAS formulation in comparison with the PQ, using Chlorella vulgaris as a test organism. Effect criterion was the inhibition of microalgal population growth. Following a 96 h exposure to increasing concentrations of PQ, C. vulgaris growth was almost completely inhibited, an effect that was significantly prevented by LAS at the proportion used in the formulation (PQ+LAS) 1:2 (mol/mol), while the highest protection was achieved at the proportion of 1:8. In conclusion, the present work demonstrated that the new formulation with PQ+LAS has a reduced toxicity to C. vulgaris when compared to Gramoxone(®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Baltazar
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; CENCIFOR-Forensic Sciences Center, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Martins
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate improves the safety of paraquat formulation in rats by increasing its elimination and preventing lung and kidney injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014; 3:266. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
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Vilas-Boas V, Silva R, Guedes-de-Pinho P, Carvalho F, Bastos ML, Remião F. RBE4 cells are highly resistant to paraquat-induced cytotoxicity: studies on uptake and efflux mechanisms. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1023-30. [PMID: 24105845 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vilas-Boas
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifício 3, 4º piso 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - R. Silva
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifício 3, 4º piso 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - P. Guedes-de-Pinho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifício 3, 4º piso 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - F. Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifício 3, 4º piso 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - M. L. Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifício 3, 4º piso 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - F. Remião
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifício 3, 4º piso 4050-313 Porto Portugal
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Hong RS, Cho HE, Kim DW, Woo SH, Choe S, Kim S, Hong JT, Moon DC. A new approach to quantify paraquat intoxication from postmortem blood sample by using 1H qNMR method. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2013.17.1.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Pateiro-Moure M, Arias-Estévez M, Simal-Gándara J. Critical review on the environmental fate of quaternary ammonium herbicides in soils devoted to vineyards. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4984-98. [PMID: 23614668 DOI: 10.1021/es400755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary Ammonium Herbicides (QUATs) are nonselective contact herbicides, widely used at weed emergence to protect a wide range of crops. The benefits achieved by the use of these herbicides are indisputable. In soils devoted to vineyards, their uses increase the yield and the quality of the grapes for winemaking. However, several environmental dangers have emerged from the overuse of these compounds. Therefore, there has been a great interest in the presence of these compounds in soils, water, and food. Once in the soil, the mobility of these agrochemicals plays an important role in their fate and transport in the environment. This is why we mainly focused our review on (a) their physical and chemical properties and their activity, (b) the factors affecting their mobility in soils, (c) the quality of surrounding waters, and (d) the measures to reduce their contamination, especially in the case of agricultural soils devoted to vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Pateiro-Moure
- Soil and Agricultural Science Group, Plant Biology and Soil Science Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Kishikawa N, Higuchi S, Ohyama K, Nakashima K, Kuroda N. A simple and rapid chemiluminescence assay for on-site analysis of paraquat using a portable luminometer. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pinho S, Oliveira A, Costa I, Gouveia CA, Carvalho F, Moreira RF, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Simultaneous quantification of tramadol andO-desmethyltramadol in hair samples by gas chromatography-electron impact/mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1003-11. [PMID: 23519701 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinho
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL; Gandra Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL; Gandra Portugal
- REQUI M TE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB; Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Isabel Costa
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL; Gandra Portugal
| | - Carla Alexandra Gouveia
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL; Gandra Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUI M TE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Roxana Falcão Moreira
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL; Gandra Portugal
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL; Gandra Portugal
- REQUI M TE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies; Polytechnic Health Institute - North, CESPU, CRL; Vila Nova de Famalicão Portugal
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Silva R, Carmo H, Vilas-Boas V, Pinho PGD, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Silva I, Correia-de-Sá P, Bastos MDL, Remião F. Doxorubicin decreases paraquat accumulation and toxicity in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:34-41. [PMID: 23220037 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gouveia CA, Oliveira A, Pinho S, Vasconcelos C, Carvalho F, Moreira RF, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Simultaneous quantification of morphine and cocaine in hair samples from drug addicts by GC-EI/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1041-1047. [PMID: 22753238 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of analytical techniques that enable the use of hair as an alternative matrix for the analysis of drugs of abuse is useful for confirming the exposure in a larger time window (weeks to months, depending on the length of the hair shaft). In the present study a methodology aimed at the simultaneous quantification of cocaine and morphine in human hair was developed and validated. After decontamination, hair samples (20 mg) were incubated with a mixture of methanol/hydrochloric acid (2:1) at 65 °C overnight (~16 h) in order to extract the drugs of the matrix. Purification was performed by solid-phase extraction using mixed-mode extraction cartridges. After derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide, blank, standards and samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS). The method proved to be selective, as there were no interferences of endogenous compounds with the same retention time as cocaine, morphine and ethylmorphine (internal standard). The regression analysis for both analytes showed linearity in the range 0.25-10.00 ng/mg with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9989 to 0.9991. The coefficients of variation oscillated between 0.83 and 14.60%. The limits of detection were 0.01 and 0.02 ng/mg, and the limits of quantification were 0.03 and 0.06 ng/mg for cocaine and morphine, respectively. The proposed GC-EI/MS method provided an accurate and simple assay with adequate precision and recovery for the quantification of cocaine and morphine in hair samples. The proof of applicability was performed in hair samples obtained from drug addicts enrolled in a Regional Detoxification Treatment Center. The importance of hair samples is highlighted, since positives results were obtained when urine immunoassay analyses were negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Alexandra Gouveia
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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