1
|
Tundis R, Xiao J, Silva AS, Carreiró F, Loizzo MR. Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12050991. [PMID: 36903853 PMCID: PMC10005512 DOI: 10.3390/plants12050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is an important genus in the Rutaceae family, with high medicinal and economic value, and includes important crops such as lemons, orange, grapefruits, limes, etc. The Citrus species is rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals, mainly including limonoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids. Citrus essential oils (EOs) consist of several biologically active compounds mainly belonging to the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes classes. These compounds have demonstrated several health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Citrus EOs are obtained mainly from peels, but also from leaves and flowers, and are widely used as flavouring ingredients in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. This review focused on the composition and biological properties of the EOs of Citrus medica L. and Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan and their main constituents, limonene, γ-terpinene, myrcene, linalool, and sabinene. The potential applications in the food industry have been also described. All the articles available in English or with an abstract in English were extracted from different databases such as PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493246
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4501-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Carreiró
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clery RA, Armendi A, Franco V, Furrer S, Genereux JC, Kahn TL, Koshiro K. Chemical Diversity of Citrus Leaf Essential Oils. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100963. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Clery
- Givaudan Schweiz AG: Givaudan Suisse SA Science & Technology Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal SWITZERLAND
| | - Anjo Armendi
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Veronica Franco
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Stefan Furrer
- Givaudan Flavors Corp Cincinnati Science & Technology 1199 Edison Drive 45216 Cincinnati UNITED STATES
| | - Joseph C. Genereux
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Tracy L. Kahn
- University of California Riverside Department of Botany and Plant Sciences Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of California at Riverside 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| | - Kevin Koshiro
- University of California Riverside Chemistry 501 Big Springs Road 92521 Riverside UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061117. [PMID: 34073135 PMCID: PMC8227882 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Papeda Citrus subgenus includes several species belonging to two genetically distinct groups, containing mostly little-exploited wild forms of citrus. However, little is known about the potentially large and novel aromatic diversity contained in these wild citruses. In this study, we characterized and compared the essential oils obtained from peels and leaves from representatives of both Papeda groups, and three related hybrids. Using a combination of GC, GC-MS, and 13C-NMR spectrometry, we identified a total of 60 compounds in peel oils (PO), and 76 compounds in leaf oils (LO). Limonene was the major component in almost all citrus PO, except for C. micrantha and C. hystrix, where β-pinene dominated (around 35%). LO composition was more variable, with different major compounds among almost all samples, except for two citrus pairs: C. micrantha/C. hystrix and two accessions of C. ichangensis. In hybrid relatives, the profiles were largely consistent with their Citrus/Papeda parental lineage. This high chemical diversity, not only among the sections of the subgenus Papeda, but also between species and even at the intraspecific level, suggests that Papeda may be an important source of aroma diversity for future experimental crosses with field crop species.
Collapse
|
4
|
Flamini G, Pistelli L, Nardoni S, Ebani VV, Zinnai A, Mancianti F, Ascrizzi R, Pistelli L. Essential Oil Composition and Biological Activity of "Pompia", a Sardinian Citrus Ecotype. Molecules 2019; 24:E908. [PMID: 30841559 PMCID: PMC6429368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompia is a Sardinian citrus ecotype whose botanical classification is still being debated. In the present study, the composition of Pompia peel essential oil (EO) is reported for the first time, along with that of the leaf EO, as a phytochemical contribution to the classification of this ecotype. The peel EO was tested for its antioxidant ability (with both the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picarylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). Moreover, its antimicrobial activities were tested for the first time on dermatophytes (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), on potentially toxigenic fungi (Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger) as well on bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus pseudointermedius). The dominant abundance of limonene in the peel EO seems to distinguish Pompia from the Citrus spp. to which it had previously been associated. It lacks γ-terpinene, relevant in Citrus medica EO. Its relative content of α- and β-pinene is lower than 0.5%, in contrast to Citrus limon peel EO. Pompia peel and leaf EOs did not show significant amounts of linalool and linalyl acetate, which are typically found in Citrus aurantium. Pompia peel EO antioxidant activity was weak, possibly because of its lack of γ-terpinene. Moreover, it did not exert any antimicrobial effects either towards the tested bacteria strains, or to dermatophytes and environmental fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-alimentari, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simona Nardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Angela Zinnai
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-alimentari, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao J, Wu BP, Gao LX, Liu HR, Zhang B, Sun CD, Chen KS. Glycosidically bound volatiles as affected by ripening stages of Satsuma mandarin fruit. Food Chem 2018; 240:1097-1105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Shen SL, Yin XR, Zhang B, Xie XL, Jiang Q, Grierson D, Chen KS. CitAP2.10 activation of the terpene synthase CsTPS1 is associated with the synthesis of (+)-valencene in 'Newhall' orange. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4105-15. [PMID: 27194737 PMCID: PMC5301923 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is a vital characteristic that determines the quality and commercial value of citrus fruits, and characteristic volatiles have been analyzed in different citrus species. In sweet orange, Citrus sinensis, the sesquiterpene (+)-valencene is a key volatile compound in the fruit peel. Valencene synthesis is catalyzed by the terpene synthase CsTPS1, but the transcriptional mechanisms controlling its gene expression are unknown. Here, the AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene response factor) transcription factor, CitAP2.10, is characterized as a regulator of (+)-valencene synthesis. The expression pattern of CitAP2.10 was positively correlated with (+)-valencene content and CsTPS1 expression. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that CitAP2.10 could trans-activate the CsTPS1 promoter. Ethylene enhanced expression of CitAP2.10 and this effect was abolished by the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene. The role and function of CitAP2.10 in (+)-valencene biosynthesis were confirmed using the Arabidopsis homolog (AtWRI1), which also transiently activated the CsTPS1 promoter. Furthermore, transient over-expression of CitAP2.10 triggered (+)-valencene biosynthesis in sweet orange fruit. These results indicate that CitAP2.10 regulates (+)-valencene synthesis via induction of CsTPS1 mRNA accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Shen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xue-Ren Yin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Venturini N, Barboni T, Curk F, Costa J, Paolini J. Volatile and Flavonoid Composition of the Peel of Citrus medica L. var. Corsican Fruit for Quality Assessment of Its Liqueur. Food Technol Biotechnol 2014; 52:403-410. [PMID: 27904313 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.52.04.14.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile and flavonoid compositions of the peel of Citrus medica L. var. Corsican fruits cultivated in Corsica were studied according to the maturity of the citron fruits measured using growing degree-days. Quantitative variation with the stage of development of the fruit was observed using gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Thirty volatile compounds were identified in the peel essential oil. Limonene and γ-terpinene were the major compounds. The volatile compositions of commercial citron liqueurs were also characterized by high amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons with the same two major components. The main flavonoid components of citron fruits and derived liqueurs were rutin and neohesperidin. This chemical characterization can be used for quality assessment of food products from C. medica var. Corsican.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Venturini
- University of Corsica, CNRS-UMR 6134, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, BP 52,
FR-20250 Corte, France
| | - Toussaint Barboni
- University of Corsica, CNRS-UMR 6134, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, BP 52,
FR-20250 Corte, France
| | - Franck Curk
- UR-INRA GEQA 110, Center INRA of Corsica, FR-20230 San Ghjulianu, France
| | - Jean Costa
- University of Corsica, CNRS-UMR 6134, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, BP 52,
FR-20250 Corte, France
| | - Julien Paolini
- University of Corsica, CNRS-UMR 6134, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, BP 52,
FR-20250 Corte, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mucci A, Parenti F, Righi V, Schenetti L. Citron and lemon under the lens of HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem 2013; 141:3167-76. [PMID: 23871074 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) is an NMR technique that can be applied to semi-solid samples. Flavedo, albedo, pulp, seeds, and oil gland content of lemon and citron were studied through HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, which was used directly on intact tissue specimens without any physicochemical manipulation. HR-MAS NMR proved to be a very suitable technique for detecting terpenes, sugars, organic acids, aminoacids and osmolites. It is valuable in observing changes in sugars, principal organic acids (mainly citric and malic) and ethanol contents of pulp specimens and this strongly point to its use to follow fruit ripening, or commercial assessment of fruit maturity. HR-MAS NMR was also used to derive the molar percentage of fatty acid components of lipids in seeds, which can change depending on the Citrus species and varieties. Finally, this technique was employed to elucidate the metabolic profile of mold flavedo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luro F, Venturini N, Costantino G, Paolini J, Ollitrault P, Costa J. Genetic and chemical diversity of citron (Citrus medica L.) based on nuclear and cytoplasmic markers and leaf essential oil composition. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:186-196. [PMID: 22264998 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Native to southeast Asia, the citron (Citrus medica L.) was the first citrus fruit to be introduced to the Mediterranean area, in the third century BC, and remained its only citrus representative until the tenth century. The citron was used for its aroma - stemming from its essential oils in leaves and fruit peels - and as symbols in the Jewish religion. Subsequently, the cultivation of citron was extended significantly, peaking in the nineteenth century, when its fruits were used in cosmetics and confectioneries. The objective of this study was to examine the genetic diversity of the Mediterranean citron with regard to the multiplication and dissemination practices that were related to its uses. We studied the polymorphisms of 27 nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic markers of 24 citron varieties, preserved in the citrus germplasm of INRA-CIRAD, San Giuliano, France. The composition of leaf essential oils was determined to establish varieties and phylogenic relationships between accessions. Other major citrus species were included in the molecular analysis, which demonstrated the existence of 13 genetically linked citrons, differing from other citrus species, based on low heterozygosity and specific alleles; these citrons were considered true-type citrons, confirmed by their convergent chemical profiles. We also detected a polymorphism in the chloroplastic genome in these 13 citrons, which, when combined with allelic diversity of 2.4 alleles per locus, suggests that multiple citrons were introduced to the Mediterranean area in last 2 millennia. We determined the genetic origin and relationships of several varieties, such as Corsican, which could have arisen from the selfing of Poncire Commun. We noted a higher-than-expected polymorphism rate among Mediterranean citron varieties, likely due to crossfecundation. The chemical leaf oil composition of several economical varieties, such as Corsican, is distinct and can increase the quality of specific agriculture products for the cosmetics and candy industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Luro
- Unité de Recherche 1103 GEQA (Génétique et Ecophysiologie de la Qualité des Agrumes), Station INRA, 20230 San Giuliano, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao J, Lv GP, Chen YW, Li SP. Advanced development in analysis of phytochemicals from medicine and food dual purposes plants used in China. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7453-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|