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Ling ZN, Jiang YF, Ru JN, Lu JH, Ding B, Wu J. Amino acid metabolism in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:345. [PMID: 37699892 PMCID: PMC10497558 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein synthesis. They are structural elements and energy sources of cells necessary for normal cell growth, differentiation and function. Amino acid metabolism disorders have been linked with a number of pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases, and cancer. In the case of tumors, alterations in amino acid metabolism can be used not only as clinical indicators of cancer progression but also as therapeutic strategies. Since the growth and development of tumors depend on the intake of foreign amino acids, more and more studies have targeted the metabolism of tumor-related amino acids to selectively kill tumor cells. Furthermore, immune-related studies have confirmed that amino acid metabolism regulates the function of effector T cells and regulatory T cells, affecting the function of immune cells. Therefore, studying amino acid metabolism associated with disease and identifying targets in amino acid metabolic pathways may be helpful for disease treatment. This article mainly focuses on the research of amino acid metabolism in tumor-oriented diseases, and reviews the research and clinical research progress of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and immune-related diseases related to amino acid metabolism, in order to provide theoretical basis for targeted therapy of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Nan Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Jiang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Nan Ru
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hua Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
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Yu M, Ding H, Gong S, Luo Y, Lin H, Mu Y, Li H, Li X, Zhong M. Fungal dysbiosis facilitates inflammatory bowel disease by enhancing CD4+ T cell glutaminolysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140757. [PMID: 37124046 PMCID: PMC10140311 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal microbiota is an important component of the complex multikingdom microbial community colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and has an important role in immune regulation. However, how fungi regulate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly understood. This study found that intestinal fungi regulate immune responses in IBD. Antibiotic-mediated depletion of fungi facilitated the development of IBD. Fungi greatly enhanced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by enhancing glutaminolysis. Mechanistically, we found that fungi could activate the dectin-1-Syk- NF-κB signaling pathway to promote the expression of key enzymes and transporters involved in glutaminolysis. In summary, our findings reveal that fungal interactions in the human gut could be a promising therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Mu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zhong, ; Xiaobo Li,
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zhong, ; Xiaobo Li,
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Ma G, Zhang Z, Li P, Zhang Z, Zeng M, Liang Z, Li D, Wang L, Chen Y, Liang Y, Niu H. Reprogramming of glutamine metabolism and its impact on immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:114. [PMID: 35897036 PMCID: PMC9327201 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and immune escape play a major role in tumorigenesis. Increasing number of studies have shown that reprogramming of glutamine metabolism is a putative determinant of the anti-tumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Usually, the predatory uptake of glutamine by tumor cells in the TME results in the limited utilization of glutamine by immune cells and affects the anti-tumor immune response. The cell-programmed glutamine partitioning also affects the anti-tumor immune response. However, the reprogramming of glutamine metabolism in tumors modulates immune escape by regulating tumor PD-L1 expression. Likewise, the reprogramming of glutamine metabolism in the immune cells also affects their immune function. Additionally, different types of glutamine metabolism inhibitors extensively regulate the immune cells in the TME while suppressing tumor cell proliferation. Herein, we discuss how metabolic reprogramming of tumor and immune cells regulates anti-tumor immune responses, as well as functional changes in different immune cells in the context of targeting tumor glutamine metabolism, which can better explain the potential of targeting glutamine metabolism in combination with immunotherapy for cancer. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhilei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Manqin Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Caccamo MT, Magazù S. Experimental Investigation on the Bioprotective Role of Trehalose on Glutamine Solutions by Infrared Spectroscopy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4329. [PMID: 35744387 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine plays a significant role in several basic metabolic processes and is an important regulator of heat shock protein response. The present work is focused on the analysis of the thermal response of aqueous solutions of Glutamine and aqueous solutions of Glutamine in the presence of Trehalose by means of infrared absorption technique. The performed study shows how in the case of a multicomponent system, characterized by a huge number of spectral contributions whose assignment are questionable, the Spectral Distance (SD) and the Cross Wavelet Correlation (XWT) approaches are able to furnish explanatory parameters that can characterize the variations in the spectra behaviour, which is an efficient tool for quantitative comparisons. With this purpose, the analysis has been performed by evaluating the SD and the XWT parameters for the whole investigated spectral range, i.e., 4000–400 cm−1, for scans collected as a function of temperature in the range 20 °C ÷ 60 °C both for Glutamine/Water compounds and for Glutamine /Water/Trehalose mixtures. By means of these analyses, it is found that in aqueous solutions of Glutamine, with respect to aqueous solutions of Glutamine in the presence of Trehalose, the SD and XWT temperature trends follow a linear behaviour where the angular coefficient for Glutamine /Water/Trehalose compounds are lower than that of the Glutamine-Water system in both cases. The obtained findings suggest that Trehalose stabilizes Glutamine against heat treatment.
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Di Renzo L, Franza L, Monsignore D, Esposito E, Rio P, Gasbarrini A, Gambassi G, Cianci R, De Lorenzo A. Vaccines, Microbiota and Immunonutrition: Food for Thought. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:294. [PMID: 35214752 PMCID: PMC8874781 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most effective health measures and have contributed to eradicating some diseases. Despite being very effective, response rates are low in some individuals. Different factors have been proposed to explain why some people are not as responsive as others, but what appears to be of critical importance is the presence of a healthy functioning immune system. In this respect, a key factor in modulating the immune system, both in its adaptive and innate components, is the microbiota. While microbiota can be modulated in different ways (i.e., antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics), an effective and somewhat obvious mechanism is via nutrition. The science of nutrients and their therapeutic application is called immunonutrition, and it is increasingly being considered in several conditions. Our review will focus on the importance of nutrition and microbiota modulation in promoting a healthy immune system while also discussing the overall impact on vaccination response.
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Newsholme P. Cellular and metabolic mechanisms of nutrient actions in immune function. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1328-1331. [PMID: 34163016 PMCID: PMC8220357 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Various nutrients can change cell structure, cellular metabolism, and cell function which is particularly important for cells of the immune system as nutrient availability is associated with the activation and function of diverse immune subsets. The most important nutrients for immune cell function and fate appear to be glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamin D. This perspective will describe recently published information describing the mechanism of action of prominent nutritional intervention agents where evidence exists as to their action and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsholme
- Curtin Medical School Faculty of Health Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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Newsholme P. Cellular and metabolic mechanisms of nutrient actions in immune function. Nutr Diabetes 2021; 11:22. [PMID: 34168118 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Various nutrients can change cell structure, cellular metabolism, and cell function which is particularly important for cells of the immune system as nutrient availability is associated with the activation and function of diverse immune subsets. The most important nutrients for immune cell function and fate appear to be glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamin D. This perspective will describe recently published information describing the mechanism of action of prominent nutritional intervention agents where evidence exists as to their action and potency.
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Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Leggeri C, Cinelli G, Tarsitano MG, Caparello G, Carrano E, Merra G, Pujia AM, Danieli R, De Lorenzo A. COVID-19: Is there a role for immunonutrition in obese patient? J Transl Med 2020; 18:415. [PMID: 33160363 PMCID: PMC7647877 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On December 12, 2019 a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, triggering a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans (COVID-19). Today, the scientific community is investing all the resources available to find any therapy and prevention strategies to defeat COVID-19. In this context, immunonutrition can play a pivotal role in improving immune responses against viral infections. Immunonutrition has been based on the concept that malnutrition impairs immune function. Therefore, immunonutrition involves feeding enriched with various pharmaconutrients (Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Vitamin C, Arginine, Glutamine, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin, E and Vitamin D) to modulate inflammatory responses, acquired immune response and to improve patient outcomes. In literature, significant evidences indicate that obesity, a malnutrition state, negatively impacts on immune system functionality and on host defense, impairing protection from infections. Immunonutrients can promote patient recovery by inhibiting inflammatory responses and regulating immune function. Immune system dysfunction is considered to increase the risk of viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, and was observed in different pathological situations. Obese patients develop severe COVID-19 sequelae, due to the high concentrations of TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6 produced in the meantime by visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and by innate immunity. Moreover, leptin, released by adipose tissue, helps to increase inflammatory milieu with a dysregulation of the immune response. Additionally, gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation, development and functions of both innate and adaptive immune system, as well as contributing to develop obese phenotype. The gut microbiota has been shown to affect lung health through a vital crosstalk between gut microbiota and lungs, called the "gut-lung axis". This axis communicates through a bi-directional pathway in which endotoxins, or microbial metabolites, may affect the lung through the blood and when inflammation occurs in the lung, this in turn can affect the gut microbiota. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota in obese COVID-19 patients can play a key role in immunonutrition therapeutic strategy. This umbrella review seeks to answer the question of whether a nutritional approach can be used to enhance the immune system's response to obesity in obese patients affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pivari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Soldati
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A. Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Alda Attinà
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Leggeri
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cinelli
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Predictive and Preventive Medicine Research Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children Hospital IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caparello
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Carrano
- School of Specialization in Food Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merra
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Pujia
- Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Danieli
- Telematic University of San Raffaele Rome, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Iddir M, Brito A, Dingeo G, Fernandez Del Campo SS, Samouda H, La Frano MR, Bohn T. Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis. Nutrients. 2020;12. [PMID: 32471251 PMCID: PMC7352291 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such as of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased infection risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn can impact the immune system. Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.
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Shah AM, Wang Z, Ma J. Glutamine Metabolism and Its Role in Immunity, a Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel). 2020;10. [PMID: 32092847 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the body of an animal, glutamine is a plentiful and very useful amino acid. Glutamine consumption in the body of animals in normal or disease conditions is the same or higher than the glucose. Many in vivo as well as in vitro experiments have been conducted to evaluate the importance of glutamine. Glutamine is a valuable nutrient for the proliferation of the lymphocytes. It also plays a crucial role in the production of cytokines, macrophages, phagocytic, and neutrophil to kill the bacteria. Most of the metabolic organs like the liver, gut, and skeletal muscles control the circulation and availability secretion of glutamine. In catabolic and hypercatabolic conditions, glutamine can turn out to be essential and plays a vital role in metabolism; however, availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. This is why the supplementation of glutamine is commonly used in clinical nutrition and is especially recommended to immune-suppressed persons. Despite this, in catabolic and hyper-catabolic conditions, it is challenging due to the amino acid concentration in plasma/bloodstream and glutamine should be provided via either the oral, enteral or parenteral route. However, the effect of glutamine as an immune-based supplement has been previously recognized as many research studies conducted in vivo and in-vitro evaluated the beneficial effects of glutamine. Hence, the present study delivers a combined review of glutamine metabolism in essential organs of the cell immune system. In this review, we have also reviewed the metabolism and action of glutamine and crucial problems due to glutamine supplementation in catabolic conditions.
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Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111564. [PMID: 30360490 PMCID: PMC6266414 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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Medras ZJH, El-Sayed NM, Zaitone SA, Toraih EA, Sami MM, Moustafa YM. Glutamine up-regulates pancreatic sodium-dependent neutral aminoacid transporter-2 and mitigates islets apoptosis in diabetic rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:233-242. [PMID: 29475006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine aminoacid regulates insulin exocytosis from pancreatic β-cells. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue that has fascinated function in inhibiting β-cell apoptosis and preserving pancreatic β-cell mass. The present study investigated the benefit of adding glutamine to a regimen of liraglutide in diabetic rats focusing on their role in increasing insulin production and upregulation of the expression of sodium-dependent neutral aminoacid transporter-2 (SNAT2). METHODS In the present study, diabetes mellitus was induced in rats using streptozotocin (STZ, 50mg/kg, ip). Male rats were allocated into 5 groups, (i) vehicle group, (ii) STZ-diabetic rats, (iii) STZ-diabetic rats treated with liraglutide (150μg/kg, sc), (iv) STZ-diabetic rats treated with glutamine (po) and (v) STZ-diabetic rats treated with a combination of liraglutide and glutamine for four weeks. After finishing the therapeutic courses, the fasting blood glucose value was determined and rats were sacrificed. Pancreases were used for quantification of mRNA expression for SNAT2. Paraffin fixed samples were used for histologic staining and immunohistochemistry for insulin and apoptosis markers (activated caspase-3, BCL2 and BAX). RESULTS Treatment with liraglutide and/or glutamine enhanced insulin production and hence glycemic control in diabetic male rats with favorable effects on apoptosis markers. Treatment with glutamine and its combination with liraglutide significantly increased pancreatic expression of SNAT2 by approximately 30-35 folds. CONCLUSION Addition of glutamine to liraglutide regimen enhances the glycemic control and may have utility in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eman A Toraih
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Leite JSM, Cruzat VF, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Physiological regulation of the heat shock response by glutamine: implications for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases in age-related conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yang KC, Chen HT, Wu CC, Lian YJ, Chen LL, Sumi S, Huang TL. l -glutamine regulates the expression of matrix proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and catabolic enzymes in interleukin-1beta-stimulated human chondrocytes. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Venoji R, Amirtharaj GJ, Kini A, Vanaparthi S, Venkatraman A, Ramachandran A. Enteral glutamine differentially regulates Nrf 2 along the villus-crypt axis of the intestine to enhance glutathione levels. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1740-7. [PMID: 26095579 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Glutamine is an important energy source for the intestinal epithelium, and its supplementation protects intestinal epithelial cells by induction of glutathione. However, mechanisms of glutathione induction in cells at various stages of differentiation along the crypt to villus axis are not well understood. This study examined induction of glutathione in response to glutamine along the intestinal villus-crypt axis and evaluated regulatory mediators involved in the process. METHODS Animals were administered 4% glutamine in feed for 7 days, following which enterocytes at various stages of differentiation were isolated and glutathione levels and signaling mediators involved in its regulation were studied. RESULTS In control animals, glutathione levels were higher in the intestinal crypt than in the villus or middle region. This was accompanied by elevated expression of the modifier subunit of glutathione synthetase (GCLM) and the transcription factor Nrf2 when compared with cells from the villus and middle regions. These levels were further enhanced by glutamine throughout the intestine, although the effects were more dramatic in the crypt. In parallel to glutathione induction, glutamine supplementation also altered actin dynamics and proliferation in cells of the crypt. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the variation of glutathione levels along the villus-crypt axis in the intestine is due to gradients in expression of mediators such as glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit and Nrf2. The protective effects of glutamine supplementation seem to be most pronounced in the crypt, where it upregulates proliferation, glutathione levels and alters actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Venoji
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Gnanaraj Jayakumar Amirtharaj
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Archana Kini
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sivakumar Vanaparthi
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Aparna Venkatraman
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Calise SJ, Carcamo WC, Krueger C, Yin JD, Purich DL, Chan EK. Glutamine deprivation initiates reversible assembly of mammalian rods and rings. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71:2963-2973. [PMID: 24477477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rods and rings (RR) are protein assemblies composed of cytidine triphosphate synthetase type 1 (CTPS1) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type 2 (IMPDH2), key enzymes in CTP and GTP biosynthesis. Small-molecule inhibitors of CTPS1 or IMPDH2 induce RR assembly in various cancer cell lines within 15 min to hours. Since glutamine is an essential amide nitrogen donor in these nucleotide biosynthetic pathways, glutamine deprivation was examined to determine whether it leads to RR formation. HeLa cells cultured in normal conditions did not show RR, but after culturing in media lacking glutamine, short rods (<2 μm) assembled after 24 h, and longer rods (>5 μm) formed after 48 h. Upon supplementation with glutamine or guanosine, these RR underwent almost complete disassembly within 15 min. Inhibition of glutamine synthetase with methionine sulfoximine also increased RR assembly in cells deprived of glutamine. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that CTP/GTP biosynthetic enzymes polymerize to form RR in response to a decreased intracellular level of glutamine. We speculate that rod and ring formation is an adaptive metabolic response linked to disruption of glutamine homeostasis.
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Meynial-Denis D, Bielicki G, Beaufrère AM, Mignon M, Mirand PP, Renou JP. Glutamate and CO2 production from glutamine in incubated enterocytes of adult and very old rats. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:688-92. [PMID: 22898569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is the major fuel for enterocytes and promotes the growth of intestinal mucosa. Although oral glutamine exerts a positive effect on intestinal villus height in very old rats, how glutamine is used by enterocytes is unclear. Adult (8 months) and very old (27 months) female rats were exposed to intermittent glutamine supplementation for 50% of their age lifetime. Treated rats received glutamine added to their drinking water, and control rats received water alone. Jejunal epithelial cells (~300×10(6) cells) were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer for 30 min containing [1-(13)C] glutamine (~17 M) for analysis of glutamine metabolites by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR). An aliquot fraction was incubated in the presence of [U-(14)C] glutamine to measure produced CO2. Glutamine pretreatment increased glutamate production and decreased CO2 production in very old rats. The ratio CO2/glutamate, which was very high in control very old rats, was similar at both ages after glutamine pretreatment, as if enterocytes from very old rats recovered the metabolic abilities of enterocytes from adult rats. Our results suggest that long-term treatment with glutamine started before advanced age (a) prevented the loss of rat body weight without limiting sarcopenia and (b) had a beneficial effect on enterocytes from very old rats probably by favoring the role of glutamate as a precursor for glutathione, arginine and proline biosynthesis, which was not detected in (13)C NMR spectra in our experimental conditions.
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Warren CA, Calabrese GM, Li Y, Pawlowski SW, Figler RA, Rieger J, Ernst PB, Linden J, Guerrant RL. Effects of adenosine A₂A receptor activation and alanyl-glutamine in Clostridium difficile toxin-induced ileitis in rabbits and cecitis in mice. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:13. [PMID: 22264229 PMCID: PMC3323464 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe Clostridium difficile toxin-induced enteritis is characterized by exuberant intestinal tissue inflammation, epithelial disruption and diarrhea. Adenosine, through its action on the adenosine A2A receptor, prevents neutrophillic adhesion and oxidative burst and inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. Alanyl-glutamine enhances intestinal mucosal repair and decreases apoptosis of enterocytes. This study investigates the protection from enteritis by combination therapy with ATL 370, an adenosine A2A receptor agonist, and alanyl-glutamine in a rabbit and murine intestinal loop models of C. difficile toxin A-induced epithelial injury. Methods Toxin A with or without alanyl-glutamine was administered intraluminally to rabbit ileal or murine cecal loops. Animals were also given either PBS or ATL 370 parenterally. Ileal tissues were examined for secretion, histopathology, apoptosis, Cxcl1/KC and IL-10. Results ATL 370 decreased ileal secretion and histopathologic changes in loops treated with Toxin A. These effects were reversed by the A2A receptor antagonist, SCH 58261, in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of ATL 370 and alanyl-glutamine significantly further decreased ileal secretion, mucosal injury and apoptosis more than loops treated with either drug alone. ATL 370 and alanyl-glutamine also decreased intestinal tissue KC and IL-10. Conclusions Combination therapy with an adenosine A2A receptor agonist and alanyl-glutamine is effective in reversing C. difficile toxin A-induced epithelial injury, inflammation, secretion and apoptosis in animals and has therapeutic potential for the management of C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cirle Alcantara Warren
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Jun HS, Lee YM, Cheung YY, McDermott DH, Murphy PM, De Ravin SS, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Lack of glucose recycling between endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm underlies cellular dysfunction in glucose-6-phosphatase-beta-deficient neutrophils in a congenital neutropenia syndrome. Blood 2010; 116:2783-92. [PMID: 20498302 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-258491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
G6PC3 deficiency, characterized by neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction, is caused by deficiencies in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6Pase-β or G6PC3) that converts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into glucose, the primary energy source of neutrophils. Enhanced neutrophil ER stress and apoptosis underlie neutropenia in G6PC3 deficiency, but the exact functional role of G6Pase-β in neutrophils remains unknown. We hypothesized that the ER recycles G6Pase-β-generated glucose to the cytoplasm, thus regulating the amount of available cytoplasmic glucose/G6P in neutrophils. Accordingly, a G6Pase-β deficiency would impair glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt activities leading to reductions in lactate production, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) production, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. Using annexin V-depleted neutrophils, we show that glucose transporter-1 translocation is impaired in neutrophils from G6pc3(-/-) mice and G6PC3-deficient patients along with impaired glucose uptake in G6pc3(-/-) neutrophils. Moreover, levels of G6P, lactate, and ATP are markedly lower in murine and human G6PC3-deficient neutrophils, compared with their respective controls. In parallel, the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and membrane translocation of p47(phox) are down-regulated in murine and human G6PC3-deficient neutrophils. The results establish that in nonapoptotic neutrophils, G6Pase-β is essential for normal energy homeostasis. A G6Pase-β deficiency prevents recycling of ER glucose to the cytoplasm, leading to neutrophil dysfunction.
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Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:24-30. [PMID: 19885855 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of the supplementation with the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP) and a solution containing L-glutamine and L-alanine on plasma levels markers of muscle damage and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glutamine metabolism in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Rats were submitted to sessions of swim training for 6 weeks. Twenty-one days prior to euthanasia, the animals were supplemented with DIP (n = 8) (1.5 g.kg(-1)), a solution of free L-glutamine (1 g.kg(-1)) and free L-alanine (0.61 g.kg(-1)) (G&A, n = 8) or water (control (CON), n = 8). Animals were killed at rest before (R), after prolonged exercise (PE-2 h of exercise). Plasma concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and activity of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle concentrations of glutamine and glutamate were measured. The concentrations of plasma TNF-alpha, PGE2 and the activity of CK were lower in the G&A-R and DIP-R groups, compared to the CON-R. Glutamine in plasma (p < 0.04) and soleus muscle (p < 0.001) was higher in the DIP-R and G&A-R groups relative to the CON-R group. G&A-PE and DIP-PE groups exhibited lower concentrations of plasma PGE2 (p < 0.05) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.05), and higher concentrations of glutamine and glutamate in soleus (p < 0.001) and gastrocnemius muscles (p < 0.05) relative to the CON-PE group. We concluded that supplementation with free L-glutamine and the dipeptide LL-alanyl-LL-glutamine represents an effective source of glutamine, which may attenuate inflammation biomarkers after periods of training and plasma levels of CK and the inflammatory response induced by prolonged exercise.
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Alba-Loureiro TC, Ribeiro RF, Zorn TM, Lagranha CJ. Effects of glutamine supplementation on kidney of diabetic rat. Amino Acids 2010; 38:1021-30. [PMID: 19533301 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is the most important donor of NH(3) in kidney playing an important role in acid-base buffering system. Besides this effect, glutamine presents many other relevant functions in the whole body, such as a precursor of arginine in adult and neonates. In addition to these effects, some studies have shown that glutamine can potentiate renal disease. In the present study, the effect of short-term treatment (15 days) with glutamine on control and diabetic rats was investigated. Using biochemical, histological and molecular biology analysis from control and diabetic rats we verified that glutamine supplementation increase in pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL)-1beta and IL-6 content in renal cortex and induce alteration in glomerular characteristics. This study showed that short-term treatment with glutamine in association with increased glucose levels could cause important alterations in glomerular morphology that may result in fast progression of kidney failure.
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Ferrara CT, Wang P, Neto EC, Stevens RD, Bain JR, Wenner BR, Ilkayeva OR, Keller MP, Blasiole DA, Kendziorski C, Yandell BS, Newgard CB, Attie AD. Genetic networks of liver metabolism revealed by integration of metabolic and transcriptional profiling. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000034. [PMID: 18369453 PMCID: PMC2265422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing disease-related phenotypes have been detected through gene mapping and positional cloning, identification of the individual gene(s) and molecular pathways leading to those phenotypes is often elusive. One way to improve understanding of genetic architecture is to classify phenotypes in greater depth by including transcriptional and metabolic profiling. In the current study, we have generated and analyzed mRNA expression and metabolic profiles in liver samples obtained in an F2 intercross between the diabetes-resistant C57BL/6 leptinob/ob and the diabetes-susceptible BTBR leptinob/ob mouse strains. This cross, which segregates for genotype and physiological traits, was previously used to identify several diabetes-related QTL. Our current investigation includes microarray analysis of over 40,000 probe sets, plus quantitative mass spectrometry-based measurements of sixty-seven intermediary metabolites in three different classes (amino acids, organic acids, and acyl-carnitines). We show that liver metabolites map to distinct genetic regions, thereby indicating that tissue metabolites are heritable. We also demonstrate that genomic analysis can be integrated with liver mRNA expression and metabolite profiling data to construct causal networks for control of specific metabolic processes in liver. As a proof of principle of the practical significance of this integrative approach, we illustrate the construction of a specific causal network that links gene expression and metabolic changes in the context of glutamate metabolism, and demonstrate its validity by showing that genes in the network respond to changes in glutamine and glutamate availability. Thus, the methods described here have the potential to reveal regulatory networks that contribute to chronic, complex, and highly prevalent diseases and conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Although numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing disease-related phenotypes have been detected through gene mapping and positional cloning, identifying individual genes and their potential roles in molecular pathways leading to disease remains a challenge. In this study, we include transcriptional and metabolic profiling in genomic analyses to address this limitation. We investigated an F2 intercross between the diabetes-resistant C57BL/6 leptinob/ob and the diabetes-susceptible BTBR leptinob/ob mouse strains that segregates for genotype and diabetes-related physiological traits; blood glucose, plasma insulin and body weight. Our study shows that liver metabolites (comprised of amino acids, organic acids, and acyl-carnitines) map to distinct genetic regions, thereby indicating that tissue metabolites are heritable. We also demonstrate that genomic analysis can be integrated with liver mRNA expression and metabolite profiling data to construct causal, testable networks for control of specific metabolic processes in liver. We apply an in vitro study to confirm the validity of this integrative method, and thus provide a novel approach to reveal regulatory networks that contribute to chronic, complex, and highly prevalent diseases and conditions such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Ferrara
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CTF); (CBN); (ADA)
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elias Chaibub Neto
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James R. Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brett R. Wenner
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olga R. Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Blasiole
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Yandell
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CTF); (CBN); (ADA)
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CTF); (CBN); (ADA)
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Izaki S, Goto H, Yokota S. Increased chemosensitivity and elevated reactive oxygen species are mediated by glutathione reduction in glutamine deprived neuroblastoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:761-8. [PMID: 18202857 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutamine is an essential amino acid for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), the major endogenous antioxidant which protects cells from oxidative injury. To evaluate the effects of glutamine concentrations, cell growth, GSH levels, oxidative stress, and chemosensitivity were evaluated in neuroblastoma cell lines. METHODS Three human neuroblastoma cell lines (SMS-KCNR, SMS-KANR, SMS-LHN) were cultured with different concentrations of glutamine (2, 0.2 and 0 mM) under hypoxic (5% O(2)) or normoxic (20% O(2)) condition. Cell proliferation and chemosensitivity were determined by MTT assay, and the levels of intracellular GSH were measured by DTNB-GSSG reductase method. Cellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) were quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS There was a significant decrease of cell growth in low glutamine (0.2 and 0 mM) compared with control (2 mM) in all three cell lines (P < 0.01), while adding GSH partially restored the reduced cell proliferation by low glutamine. The levels of GSH in neuroblastoma cells decreased significantly in low glutamine compared with the levels of control cells cultured in 2 mM glutamine (P < 0.05), and the accumulation of cellular ROS was significantly higher in 0 mM glutamine compared to the control. Moreover, glutamine deprivation significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of L-PAM in all three cell lines, which was abolished after addition of GSH. CONCLUSION Glutamine deprivation decreased cell proliferation and enhances cell chemosensitivity in neuroblastoma, which is presumably associated with GSH depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Izaki
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0004, Japan.
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Abstract
Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the bloodstream, is the preferred fuel source for enterocytes and plays a vital role in the maintenance of mucosal growth. The molecular mechanisms regulating the effects of glutamine on intestinal cell growth and survival are poorly understood. Here, we show that addition of glutamine (1 mmol/l) enhanced rat intestinal epithelial (RIE)-1 cell growth; conversely, glutamine deprivation increased apoptosis as noted by increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity. To delineate signaling pathways involved in the effects of glutamine on intestinal cells, we assessed activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), protein kinase D (PKD), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, which are important pathways in cell growth and survival. Addition of glutamine activated ERK and PKD in RIE-1 cells after a period of glutamine starvation; inhibition of ERK, but not PKD, increased cell apoptosis. Conversely, glutamine starvation alone increased phosphorylated Akt; inhibition of Akt enhanced RIE-1 cell DNA fragmentation. The role of ERK was further delineated using RIE-1 cells stably transfected with an inducible Ras. Apoptosis was significantly increased following ERK inhibition, despite Ras activation. Taken together, these results identify a critical role for the ERK signaling pathways in glutamine-mediated intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, activation of PI3K/Akt during periods of glutamine deprivation likely occurs as a protective mechanism to limit apoptosis associated with cellular stress. Importantly, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the antiapoptotic effects of glutamine in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Larson
- Department of Surgery The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Surgery The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas,The Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Dai H. Chung
- Department of Surgery The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas,The Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas,The Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Lagranha CJ, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. Glutamine supplementation prevents exercise-induced neutrophil apoptosis and reduces p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 and caspase 3 expression. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:563-9. [PMID: 17542038 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a single session of exercise induces DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, increases expression of pro-apoptotic genes (bax and bcl-xS) and decreases expression of anti-apoptotic genes (bcl-xL) in rat neutrophils. Glutamine supplementation had a protective effect in the apoptosis induced by a single session of exercise. The mechanism involved in the effect of single session of exercise to induce apoptosis was investigated by measuring expression of p53 and caspase 3 and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cJun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) in neutrophils from rats supplemented or not with glutamine. Exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h and the rats were killed by decapitation. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal (i.p.) lavage with PBS, 4 h after injection of oyster glycogen solution. Glutamine supplementation (1g per Kg b.w.) was given by gavage 1 h before the exercise session. Gene expression and protein phosphorylation were then analyzed by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. A single session of exercise increased p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 and caspase 3 expression. Glutamine supplementation partially prevented the increase in p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 expression, and fully abolished the increase in caspase 3 expression. Thus, neutrophil apoptosis induced by a single session of exercise is accompanied by increased p53 and caspase 3 expression and p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation. Glutamine supplementation prevents these effects of exercise and reduces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Lagranha
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lowery L, Forsythe CE. Protein and overtraining: potential applications for free-living athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2006; 3:42-50. [PMID: 18500962 PMCID: PMC2129153 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a more than adequate protein intake in the general population, athletes have special needs and situations that bring it to the forefront. Overtraining is one example. Hard-training athletes are different from sedentary persons from the sub-cellular to whole-organism level. Moreover, competitive, "free-living" (less-monitored) athletes often encounter negative energy balance, sub-optimal dietary variety, injuries, endocrine exacerbations and immune depression. These factors, coupled with "two-a-day" practices and in-season demands require that protein not be dismissed as automatically adequate or worse, deleterious to health. When applying research to practice settings, one should consider methodological aspects such as population specificity and control variables such as energy balance. This review will address data pertinent to the topic of athletic protein needs, particularly from a standpoint of overtraining and soft tissue recovery. Research-driven strategies for adjusting nutrition and exercise assessments will be offered for consideration. Potentially helpful nutrition interventions for preventing and treating training complications will also be presented.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is well known that enhanced heat shock protein expression protects organisms against morbidity and mortality following experimental injury/illness. Presently, chemical/gene therapy based laboratory methods of enhancing heat shock protein expression are impractical for clinical application. Our laboratory has shown glutamine enhances heat shock protein expression following models of experimental illness/injury. The purpose of this review is to examine recent data supporting the use of glutamine as a clinically relevant enhancer of heat shock protein expression. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate glutamine induces heat shock protein-70, HO-1 (heat shock protein-32), and heat shock protein-27 in models of illness/injury. Enhanced expression of heat shock proteins correlates with improved outcome in these models. Further, in-vitro data reveal glutamine enhances DNA binding of heat shock factor-1 (heat shock protein transcription factor) to its promoter. Finally, recently published pilot data show that glutamine enhances serum heat shock protein-70 expression in critically ill patients and this enhanced expression correlates with improved outcome. SUMMARY Currently, extensive data support glutamine as a gene level regulator of heat shock protein expression. Glutamine depletion, following critical illness/injury, is likely to lead to a state in which organisms are unable to induce heat shock proteins appropriately. Further, pharmacologic supplementation of glutamine potentiates the heat shock protein response prior to and following a stress. Pharmacologic trials utilizing glutamine to enhance heat shock proteins in humans are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wischmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Hirabara SM, Silveira LR, Abdulkader FRM, Alberici LC, Procopio J, Carvalho CRO, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Role of fatty acids in the transition from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle during exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:475-81. [PMID: 16924590 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In moderate physical exercise, the transition from predominantly anaerobic towards predominantly aerobic metabolism is a key step to improve performance. Increase in the supply of oxygen and nutrients, such as free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose, which accompanies high blood flow, is required for this transition. The mechanisms involved in the vasodilation in skeletal muscle during physical activity are not completely known yet. In this article, we postulate a role of FFA and heat production in this process. The presence of uncoupling protein-2 and -3 (UCP-2 and -3) in skeletal muscle, whose activity is dependent on FFA, suggests that these metabolites can act as mitochondrial uncouplers in this tissue. Evidence indicates however that UCPs act as uncouplers only when coenzyme Q is predominantly in the reduced state (i.e. under nonphosphorylation conditions or state 4 respiration) as is observed in resting muscles and in the beginning of physical activity (predominantly anaerobic metabolism). The increase in the lipolytic activity in adipose tissue in the beginning of physical activity results in elevated plasma FFA levels. The FFA can then act on the UCPs, increasing the local heat production. We propose that this calorigenic effect of FFA is important to activate nitric oxide synthase, resulting in nitric oxide production and consequent vasodilation. Therefore, FFA would be important mediators for the changes that occur in muscle metabolism during prolonged physical activity, ensuring the appropriate supply of oxygen and nutrients by increasing blood flow at the beginning of exercise in the contracting skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Hirabara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, CEP 05508-900 Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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