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Zhang H, Chen P, Yan H, Fu G, Luo F, Zhang J, Zhao S, Zhai B, Yu J, Chen L, Cui H, Chen J, Huang S, Zeng J, Xu W, Wang H, Liu J. Targeting mTORC2/HDAC3 Inhibits Stemness of Liver Cancer Cells Against Glutamine Starvation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103887. [PMID: 35187863 PMCID: PMC9284171 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are addicted to glutamine. However, cancer cells often suffer from glutamine starvation, which largely results from the fast growth of cancer cells and the insufficient vascularization in the interior of cancer tissues. Herein, based on clinical samples, patient-derived cells (PDCs), and cell lines, it is found that liver cancer cells display stem-like characteristics upon glutamine shortage due to maintaining the stemness of tumor initiating cells (TICs) and even promoting transformation of non-TICs into stem-like cells by glutamine starvation. Increased expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) is essential for maintaining and promoting stem-like characteristics of liver cancer cells during glutamine starvation. Mechanistically, glutamine starvation activates Rictor/mTORC2 to induce HDAC3-mediated deacetylation and stabilization of GS. Rictor is significantly correlated with the expression of GS and stem marker OCT4 at tumor site, and closely correlates with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinomas. Inhibiting components of mTORC2-HDAC3-GS axis decrease TICs and promote xenografts regression upon glutamine-starvation therapy. Collectively, the data provides novel insights into the role of Rictor/mTORC2-HDAC3 in reprogramming glutamine metabolism to sustain stemness of cancer cells. Targeting Rictor/HDAC3 may enhance the efficacy of glutamine-starvation therapy and limit the rapid growth and malignant progression of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Lu Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - He‐Xin Yan
- Renji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200120China
| | - Gong‐Bo Fu
- Department of Medical OncologyAffiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjing210093China
| | - Fei‐Fei Luo
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Shi‐Min Zhao
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Bo Zhai
- Renji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200120China
| | - Jiang‐Hong Yu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Hao‐Shu Cui
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Renji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200120China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Hong‐Yang Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Center for Liver CancerShanghai200433China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
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Matsuyama T, Yoshinaga SK, Shibue K, Mak TW. Comorbidity-associated glutamine deficiency is a predisposition to severe COVID-19. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3199-3213. [PMID: 34663907 PMCID: PMC8522258 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations have greatly reduced COVID-19 cases, but we must continue to develop our understanding of the nature of the disease and its effects on human immunity. Previously, we suggested that a dysregulated STAT3 pathway following SARS-Co-2 infection ultimately leads to PAI-1 activation and cascades of pathologies. The major COVID-19-associated metabolic risks (old age, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity) share high PAI-1 levels and could predispose certain groups to severe COVID-19 complications. In this review article, we describe the common metabolic profile that is shared between all of these high-risk groups and COVID-19. This profile not only involves high levels of PAI-1 and STAT3 as previously described, but also includes low levels of glutamine and NAD+, coupled with overproduction of hyaluronan (HA). SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbates this metabolic imbalance and predisposes these patients to the severe pathophysiologies of COVID-19, including the involvement of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) and HA overproduction in the lung. While hyperinflammation due to proinflammatory cytokine overproduction has been frequently documented, it is recently recognized that the immune response is markedly suppressed in some cases by the expansion and activity of MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and FoxP3+ Tregs (regulatory T cells). The metabolomics profiles of severe COVID-19 patients and patients with advanced cancer are similar, and in high-risk patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to aberrant STAT3 activation, which promotes a cancer-like metabolism. We propose that glutamine deficiency and overproduced HA is the central metabolic characteristic of COVID-19 and its high-risk groups. We suggest the usage of glutamine supplementation and the repurposing of cancer drugs to prevent the development of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | | | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, 999077, Hong Kong
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Campbell S, Mesaros C, Izzo L, Affronti H, Noji M, Schaffer BE, Tsang T, Sun K, Trefely S, Kruijning S, Blenis J, Blair IA, Wellen KE. Glutamine deprivation triggers NAGK-dependent hexosamine salvage. eLife 2021; 10:e62644. [PMID: 34844667 PMCID: PMC8631944 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors frequently exhibit aberrant glycosylation, which can impact cancer progression and therapeutic responses. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a major substrate for glycosylation in the cell. Prior studies have identified the HBP as a promising therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). The HBP requires both glucose and glutamine for its initiation. The PDA tumor microenvironment is nutrient poor, however, prompting us to investigate how nutrient limitation impacts hexosamine synthesis. Here, we identify that glutamine limitation in PDA cells suppresses de novo hexosamine synthesis but results in increased free GlcNAc abundance. GlcNAc salvage via N-acetylglucosamine kinase (NAGK) is engaged to feed UDP-GlcNAc pools. NAGK expression is elevated in human PDA, and NAGK deletion from PDA cells impairs tumor growth in mice. Together, these data identify an important role for NAGK-dependent hexosamine salvage in supporting PDA tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Campbell
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Luke Izzo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Hayley Affronti
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Michael Noji
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Bethany E Schaffer
- Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tiffany Tsang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Kathryn Sun
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Salisa Kruijning
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - John Blenis
- Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Schmidt A, Armento A, Bussolati O, Chiu M, Ellerkamp V, Scharpf MO, Sander P, Schmid E, Warmann SW, Fuchs J. Hepatoblastoma: glutamine depletion hinders cell viability in the embryonal subtype but high GLUL expression is associated with better overall survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3169-3181. [PMID: 34235580 PMCID: PMC8484192 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Glutamine plays an important role in cell viability and growth of various tumors. For the fetal subtype of hepatoblastoma, growth inhibition through glutamine depletion was shown. We studied glutamine depletion in embryonal cell lines of hepatoblastoma carrying different mutations. Since asparagine synthetase was identified as a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target in adult hepatocellular carcinoma, we investigated the expression of its gene ASNS and of the gene GLUL, encoding for glutamine synthetase, in hepatoblastoma specimens and cell lines and investigated the correlation with overall survival. Methods We correlated GLUL and ASNS expression with overall survival using publicly available microarray and clinical data. We examined GLUL and ASNS expression by RT-qPCR and by Western blot analysis in the embryonal cell lines Huh-6 and HepT1, and in five hepatoblastoma specimens. In the same cell lines, we investigated the effects of glutamine depletion. Hepatoblastoma biopsies were examined for histology and CTNNB1 mutations. Results High GLUL expression was associated with a higher median survival time. Independent of mutations and histology, hepatoblastoma samples showed strong GLUL expression and glutamine synthesis. Glutamine depletion resulted in the inhibition of proliferation and of cell viability in both embryonal hepatoblastoma cell lines. ASNS expression did not correlate with overall survival. Conclusion Growth inhibition resulting from glutamine depletion, as described for the hepatoblastoma fetal subtype, is also detected in established embryonal hepatoblastoma cell lines carrying different mutations. At variance with adult hepatocellular carcinoma, in hepatoblastoma asparagine synthetase has no prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Angela Armento
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Chiu
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Verena Ellerkamp
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcus O Scharpf
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Philip Sander
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Steven W Warmann
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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5
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Fan S, Kroeger B, Marie PP, Bridges EM, Mason JD, McCormick K, Zois CE, Sheldon H, Khalid Alham N, Johnson E, Ellis M, Stefana MI, Mendes CC, Wainwright SM, Cunningham C, Hamdy FC, Morris JF, Harris AL, Wilson C, Goberdhan DCI. Glutamine deprivation alters the origin and function of cancer cell exosomes. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103009. [PMID: 32720716 PMCID: PMC7429491 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted extracellular vesicles carrying diverse molecular cargos, which can modulate recipient cell behaviour. They are thought to derive from intraluminal vesicles formed in late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs). An alternate exosome formation mechanism, which is conserved from fly to human, is described here, with exosomes carrying unique cargos, including the GTPase Rab11, generated in Rab11-positive recycling endosomal MVBs. Release of Rab11-positive exosomes from cancer cells is increased relative to late endosomal exosomes by reducing growth regulatory Akt/mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling or depleting the key metabolic substrate glutamine, which diverts membrane flux through recycling endosomes. Vesicles produced under these conditions promote tumour cell proliferation and turnover and modulate blood vessel networks in xenograft mouse models in vivo. Their growth-promoting activity, which is also observed in vitro, is Rab11a-dependent, involves ERK-MAPK-signalling and is inhibited by antibodies against amphiregulin, an EGFR ligand concentrated on these vesicles. Therefore, glutamine depletion or mTORC1 inhibition stimulates release from Rab11a compartments of exosomes with pro-tumorigenic functions, which we propose promote stress-induced tumour adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih‐Jung Fan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Benjamin Kroeger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Pauline P Marie
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Esther M Bridges
- Department of OncologyWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - John D Mason
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kristie McCormick
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christos E Zois
- Department of OncologyWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Helen Sheldon
- Department of OncologyWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nasullah Khalid Alham
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesOxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Cláudia C Mendes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Christopher Cunningham
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - John F Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of OncologyWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Rumping L, Vringer E, Houwen RHJ, van Hasselt PM, Jans JJM, Verhoeven‐Duif NM. Inborn errors of enzymes in glutamate metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:200-215. [PMID: 31603991 PMCID: PMC7078983 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in a variety of metabolic pathways. We reviewed the literature on genetic defects of enzymes that directly metabolise glutamate, leading to inborn errors of glutamate metabolism. Seventeen genetic defects of glutamate metabolising enzymes have been reported, of which three were only recently identified. These 17 defects affect the inter-conversion of glutamine and glutamate, amino acid metabolism, ammonia detoxification, and glutathione metabolism. We provide an overview of the clinical and biochemical phenotypes of these rare defects in an effort to ease their recognition. By categorising these by biochemical pathway, we aim to create insight into the contributing role of deviant glutamate and glutamine levels to the pathophysiology. For those disorders involving the inter-conversion of glutamine and glutamate, these deviant levels are postulated to play a pivotal pathophysiologic role. For the other IEM however-with the exception of urea cycle defects-abnormal glutamate and glutamine concentrations were rarely reported. To create insight into the clinical consequences of disturbed glutamate metabolism-rather than individual glutamate and glutamine levels-the prevalence of phenotypic abnormalities within the 17 IEM was compared to their prevalence within all Mendelian disorders and subsequently all disorders with metabolic abnormalities notated in the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) database. For this, a hierarchical database of all phenotypic abnormalities of the 17 defects in glutamate metabolism based on HPO was created. A neurologic phenotypic spectrum of developmental delay, ataxia, seizures, and hypotonia are common in the inborn errors of enzymes in glutamate metabolism. Additionally, ophthalmologic and skin abnormalities are often present, suggesting that disturbed glutamate homeostasis affects tissues of ectodermal origin: brain, eye, and skin. Reporting glutamate and glutamine concentrations in patients with inborn errors of glutamate metabolism would provide additional insight into the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Rumping
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Esmee Vringer
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Roderick H. J. Houwen
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van Hasselt
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Judith J. M. Jans
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Nanda M. Verhoeven‐Duif
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Ma G, Liang Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Li D, Liang Z, Wang X, Tian D, Yang X, Niu H. Glutamine Deprivation Induces PD-L1 Expression via Activation of EGFR/ERK/c-Jun Signaling in Renal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:324-339. [PMID: 31672701 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongxu Tian
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Milković L, Tomljanović M, Čipak Gašparović A, Novak Kujundžić R, Šimunić D, Konjevoda P, Mojzeš A, Đaković N, Žarković N, Gall Trošelj K. Nutritional Stress in Head and Neck Cancer Originating Cell Lines: The Sensitivity of the NRF2-NQO1 Axis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091001. [PMID: 31470592 PMCID: PMC6769674 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional stress disturbs the cellular redox-status, which is characterized by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NRF2-NQO1 axis represents a protective mechanism against ROS. Its strength is cell type-specific. FaDu, Cal 27 and Detroit 562 cells differ with respect to basal NQO1 activity. These cells were grown for 48 hours in nutritional conditions (NC): (a) Low glucose-NC2, (b) no glucose, no glutamine-NC3, (c) no glucose with glutamine-NC4. After determining the viability, proliferation and ROS generation, NC2 and NC3 were chosen for further exploration. These conditions were also applied to IMR-90 fibroblasts. The transcripts/transcript variants of NRF2 and NQO1 were quantified and transcript variants were characterized. The proteins (NRF2, NQO1 and TP53) were analyzed by a western blot in both cellular fractions. Under NC2, the NRF2-NQO1 axis did not appear activated in the cancer cell lines. Under NC3, the NRF2-NQO1axis appeared slightly activated in Detroit 562. There are opposite trends with respect to TP53 nuclear signal when comparing Cal 27 and Detroit 562 to FaDu, under NC2 and NC3. The strong activation of the NRF2-NQO1 axis in IMR-90 resulted in an increased expression of catalytically deficient NQO1, due to NQO1*2/*2 polymorphism (rs1800566). The presented results call for a comprehensive exploration of the stress response in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Milković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Tomljanović
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Čipak Gašparović
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Novak Kujundžić
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dina Šimunić
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paško Konjevoda
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Mojzeš
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Đaković
- University Hospital Centre Sisters of Charity, Institute for Clinical Medical Research and Education, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Žarković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Koraljka Gall Trošelj
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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9
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Carlessi R, Rowlands J, Ellison G, Helena de Oliveira Alves H, Newsholme P, Mamotte C. Glutamine deprivation induces metabolic adaptations associated with beta cell dysfunction and exacerbate lipotoxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110433. [PMID: 31018148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that plasma glutamine is reduced in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Glutamine supplementation improves glycaemic control, however the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we evaluated in vitro the pancreatic beta cell bioenergetic and insulin secretory responses to various levels of glutamine availability, or treatment in the presence of an inhibitor of intracellular glutamine metabolism. The impact of glutamine deprivation to the pathological events induced by the saturated fatty acid palmitate was also investigated. Glutamine deprivation induced a reduction in mitochondrial respiration and increase in glucose uptake and utilization. This phenotype was accompanied by impairment in beta cell function, as demonstrated by diminished insulin production and secretion, and activation of the unfolded protein response pathway. Palmitate led to insulin secretory dysfunction, loss of viability and apoptosis. Importantly, glutamine deprivation significantly exacerbated these phenotypes, suggesting that low glutamine levels could participate in the process of beta cell dysfunction in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Jordan Rowlands
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Gaewyn Ellison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | | | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Cyril Mamotte
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
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10
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Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111564. [PMID: 30360490 PMCID: PMC6266414 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D'Souza
- Department of Human Nutrition, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK.
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12
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Zhu Y, Li T, Ramos da Silva S, Lee JJ, Lu C, Eoh H, Jung JU, Gao SJ. A Critical Role of Glutamine and Asparagine γ-Nitrogen in Nucleotide Biosynthesis in Cancer Cells Hijacked by an Oncogenic Virus. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01179-17. [PMID: 28811348 PMCID: PMC5559638 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01179-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized from glucose, some cancer cells primarily depend on glutamine for their growth, proliferation, and survival. Numerous types of cancer also depend on asparagine for cell proliferation. The underlying mechanisms of the glutamine and asparagine requirement in cancer cells in different contexts remain unclear. In this study, we show that the oncogenic virus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) accelerates the glutamine metabolism of glucose-independent proliferation of cancer cells by upregulating the expression of numerous critical enzymes, including glutaminase 2 (GLS2), glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2), to support cell proliferation. Surprisingly, cell crisis is rescued only completely by supplementation with asparagine but minimally by supplementation with α-ketoglutarate, aspartate, or glutamate upon glutamine deprivation, implying an essential role of γ-nitrogen in glutamine and asparagine for cell proliferation. Specifically, glutamine and asparagine provide the critical γ-nitrogen for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, as knockdown of four rate-limiting enzymes in the pathways, including carbamoylphosphate synthetase 2 (CAD), phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetases 1 and 2 (PRPS1 and PRPS2, respectively), suppresses cell proliferation. These findings indicate that glutamine and asparagine are shunted to the biosynthesis of nucleotides and nonessential amino acids from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support the anabolic proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. Our results illustrate a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus hijacks a metabolic pathway for cell proliferation and imply potential therapeutic applications in specific types of cancer that depend on this pathway.IMPORTANCE We have previously found that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can efficiently infect and transform primary mesenchymal stem cells; however, the metabolic pathways supporting the anabolic proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells remain unknown. Glutamine and asparagine are essential for supporting the growth, proliferation, and survival of some cancer cells. In this study, we have found that KSHV accelerates glutamine metabolism by upregulating numerous critical metabolic enzymes. Unlike most cancer cells that primarily utilize glutamine and asparagine to replenish the TCA cycle, KSHV-transformed cells depend on glutamine and asparagine for providing γ-nitrogen for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. We identified four rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway that are essential for the proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus hijacks a metabolic pathway for cell proliferation and imply potential therapeutic applications in specific types of cancer that depend on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jae-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In recent years the number of disorders known to affect amino acid synthesis has grown rapidly. Nor is it just the number of disorders that has increased: the associated clinical phenotypes have also expanded spectacularly, primarily due to the advances of next generation sequencing diagnostics. In contrast to the "classical" inborn errors of metabolism in catabolic pathways, in which elevated levels of metabolites are easily detected in body fluids, synthesis defects present with low values of metabolites or, confusingly, even completely normal levels of amino acids. This makes the biochemical diagnosis of this relatively new group of metabolic diseases challenging. Defects in the synthesis pathways of serine metabolism, glutamine, proline and, recently, asparagine have all been reported. Although these amino acid synthesis defects are in unrelated metabolic pathways, they do share many clinical features. In children the central nervous system is primarily affected, giving rise to (congenital) microcephaly, early onset seizures and varying degrees of mental disability. The brain abnormalities are accompanied by skin disorders such as cutis laxa in defects of proline synthesis, collodion-like skin and ichthyosis in serine deficiency, and necrolytic erythema in glutamine deficiency. Hypomyelination with accompanying loss of brain volume and gyration defects can be observed on brain MRI in all synthesis disorders. In adults with defects in serine or proline synthesis, spastic paraplegia and several forms of polyneuropathy with or without intellectual disability appear to be the major symptoms in these late-presenting forms of amino acid disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the disorders in amino acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Koning
- Paediatrician for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- Department of Genetics and Paediatrics, HPC CB50, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Abstract
Interest in studying cancer metabolism has risen in recent years, as it has become evident that the relationship between cancer and metabolic pathways could reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Metabolic starvation therapy is particularly promising due to its low toxicity. Nonessential amino acids are promising metabolites for such therapy because they become essential in many tumor cells, including breast cancer cells. This review will focus on four nonessential amino acid metabolism pathways: glutamine-glutamate, serine-glycine, cysteine, and arginine-proline metabolism. Recent studies of these amino acids have revealed metabolic enzymes that have the potential to be effective as cancer therapy targets or biomarkers for response to metabolic starvation therapy. The review will also discuss features of nonessential amino acid metabolism that merit further investigation to determine their relevancy to breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Geck
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Minchenko OH, Kharkova AP, Minchenko DO, Karbovskyi LL. Expression of IGFBP6, IGFBP7, NOV, CYR61, WISP1 and WISP2 genes in U87 glioma cells in glutamine deprivation condition. Ukr Biochem J 2016; 88:66-77. [PMID: 29235329 DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied gene expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in U87 glioma cells upon glutamine deprivation depending on the inhibition of IRE1 (inositol requiring enzyme-1), a central mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress. We have shown that exposure of control glioma cells upon glutamine deprivation leads to down-regulation of NOV/IGFBP9, WISP1 and WISP2 gene expressions and up-regulation of CYR61/IGFBP10 gene expression at the mRNA level. At the same time, the expression of IGFBP6 and IGFBP7 genes in control glioma cells was resistant to glutamine deprivation. It was also shown that the inhibition of IRE1 modifies the effect of glutamine deprivation on the expression of all studied genes. Thus, the inhibition of IRE1 signaling enzyme enhances the effect of glutamine deprivation on the expression of CYR61 and WISP1 genes and suppresses effect of the deprivation on WISP2 gene expression in glioma cells. Moreover, the inhibition of IRE1 introduces sensitivity of the expression of IGFBP6 and IGFBP7 genes to glutamine deprivation and removes this sensitivity to NOV gene. We have also demonstrated that the expression of all studied genes in glioma cells growing with glutamine is regulated by IRE1 signaling enzyme, because the inhibition of IRE1 significantly down-regulates IGFBP6 and NOV genes and up-regulates IGFBP7, CYR61, WISP1, and WISP2 genes as compared to control glioma cells. The present study demonstrates that glutamine deprivation condition affects most studied IGFBP and WISP gene expressions in relation to IRE1 signaling enzyme function and possibly contributes to slower glioma cell proliferation upon inhibition of IRE1.
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16
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Tsymbal DO, Minchenko DO, Kryvdiuk IV, Riabovo OO, Halkin OO, Ratushna OO, Minchenko OH. Expression of proliferation related transcription factor genes in U87 glioma cells with IRE1 knockdown: upon glucose and glutamine deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 29537195 DOI: 10.15407/fz62.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis and glutaminolysis as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress are required for tumor progression suggests through regulation of the cell cycle. Inhibition of ERN1/IRE1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1/inositol requiring enzyme 1), a central mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress, significantly suppresses glioma cell proliferation and tumor growth as well as modifies sensitivity gene expressions to glucose and glutamine deprivation. We have studied the expression of genes encoded transcription factors such as E2F8 (E2F transcription factor 8), EPAS1 (endothelial PAS domain protein 1), HOXC6 (homeobox C6), TBX3 (T-box 3), TBX2 (T-box 2), GTF2F2 (general transcription factor IIF), GTF2B (general transcription factor IIB), MAZ (MYC-associated zinc finger protein, purine-binding transcription factor), SNAI2 (snail family zinc finger 2), TCF3 (transcription factor 3), and TCF8/ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1)in U87 glioma cells upon glucose and glutamine deprivation in relation to inhibition of IRE1.We demonstrated that glutamine deprivation leads to up-regulation of the expression of EPAS1, TBX3, GTF2B, and MAZ genes and down-regulation of E2F8, GTF2F2, TCF8, and TBX2 genes in control glioma cells.At the same time, glucose deprivation enhances the expression of EPAS1 and GTF2B genes and decreases of E2F8, HOXC6, TCF3, and TBX2 genes in these glioma cells. Inhibition of IRE1 by dnIRE1 significantly modifies the expression most of studied genes with different magnitude. Present study demonstrates that fine-tuning of the expression of proliferation related transcription factor genes depends upon glucose and glutamine deprivation in IRE1-dependent manner and possibly contributes to slower tumor growth after inhibition of IRE1.
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17
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Marsé Milla P. [SIXTH JESUS CULEBRAS' LECTURE: GLUTAMINE AND THE CRITICAL PATIENT: THE END OF AN AGE?]. NUTR HOSP 2015; 32:2374-2379. [PMID: 26667682 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2015.32.6.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, glutamine has changed its status from a "non-essential" amino acid to "almost essential or indispensable" in the critical patient. This has occurred thanks to a series of studies and meta-analysis highlighting the beneficial effects on nosocomial infection, stay in ICU and hospital stay and mortality. After two multicentre studies (REDOXS and MetaPlus) which reviewed the effects of glutamine on critically ill patients, comments changed to: "we do strongly recommend that glutamine is not used in critically ill patients in shock or multiple organ failure" and: "there is an important questioning about the safety of this approach (combination of high- dose enteral and parenteral glutamine) which should not be ignored" and, therefore: "the committee decides to decrease the degree of recommendation for endovenous glutamine"; it currently states that glutamine "should be considered". According to another multicentre study with severe trauma patients our group (a group which in theory was much benefitted from glutamine actions), and 143 patients, did not experience any observable benefit at the usual parenteral doses. We do agree with previous studies on the prognostic value of low levels of glutamine at admittance, which was confirmed if those levels were not back to normal after its administration, although there are no readily available analytic trials for this. This divergence about the usefulness of glutamine grows up as more and more multicentre studies in critical patients show there should be a change of attitude, and probably the clinical guidelines that welcomed its use should now be amended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marsé Milla
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, España..
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many studies in critically ill patients have addressed enteral or parenteral supplementation of glutamine and antioxidants to counteract assumed deficiencies and induce immune-modulating effects to reduce infections and improve outcome. Older studies showed marked reductions in mortality, infectious morbidity and length of stay. Recent studies no longer show beneficial effects and in contrast even demonstrated increased mortality. This opiniating review focuses on the latest information and the consequences for the use of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. RECENT FINDINGS Positive effects in systematic reviews and meta-analyses are based on results from older, smaller and mainly single-centre studies. New information has challenged the conditional deficiency hypothesis concerning glutamine in critically ill patients. The recent REDOXS and MetaPlus trials studying the effects of glutamine, selenium and other antioxidants have shown no benefits and increased mortality. SUMMARY Given that the first dictum in medicine is to do no harm, we cannot be confident that immune-modulating nutrient supplementation with glutamine and antioxidants is effective and well tolerated for critically ill patients. Until more data are available, it is probably better not to routinely administer glutamine and antioxidants in nonphysiological doses to mechanically ventilated critically ill patients.
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19
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Abstract
Asparagine promotes the survival of cancer cells in response to glutamine withdrawal.
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20
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Ippolito JE, Piwnica-Worms D. A fluorescence-coupled assay for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) reveals metabolic stress-induced modulation of GABA content in neuroendocrine cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88667. [PMID: 24551133 PMCID: PMC3923810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of high grade neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms as well as neoplasms from a non-NE lineage. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, overexpression of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), was found to be associated with decreased disease free-survival in prostate adenocarcinoma and decreased overall survival in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Furthermore, GAD1 was found to be expressed in castrate-resistant prostate cancer cell lines, but not androgen-responsive cell lines. Using a novel fluorescence-coupled enzymatic microplate assay for GABA mediated through reduction of resazurin in a prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma (PNEC) cell line, acid microenvironment-induced stress increased GABA levels while alkaline microenvironment-induced stress decreased GABA through modulation of GAD1 and glutamine synthetase (GLUL) activities. Moreover, glutamine but not glucose deprivation decreased GABA through modulation of GLUL. Consistent with evidence in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that GABA synthesis mediated through GAD1 may play a crucial role in surviving stress, GABA may be an important mediator of stress survival in neoplasms. These findings identify GABA synthesis and metabolism as a potentially important pathway for regulating cancer cell stress response as well as a potential target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Ippolito
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JEI); (DP-W)
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JEI); (DP-W)
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21
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Minchenko DO, Danilovskyi SV, Kryvdiuk IV, Hlushchak NA, Kovalevska OV, Karbovskyi LL, Minchenko OH. Acute L-glutamine deprivation affects the expression of TP53-related protein genes in U87 glioma cells. Fiziol Zh (1994) 2014; 60:11-21. [PMID: 25335230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of acute L-glutamine deprivation on the expression oftumor protein 53 (TP53)-related genes such as TOPORS (topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), TP53BPI (TP53 bindingprotein 1), TP53TG1 (TP53 inducible gene 1), SESN1 (p53 regulatedPA26 nuclear protein), NME6 (NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 6), and ZMAT3 (zinc finger Matrin-type 3) in glioma cells with ERN1 knockdown. It was shown that blockade of ERN1 finction in U87 glioma cells is induced the expression of RYBP and SESN1 genes, but decreased the expression of TP53BP1, TP53TG1, TOPORS, NME6, genes. Moreover, the expression levels ofRYBPI SESN1, TP53BP1, and ZMAT3 genes is increased in control glioma cells by L-glutamine deprivation condition but blockade of ERN1 signaling enzyme function significantly enhances this effect on the expression all of these genes. At the same time, the ERN1 knockdown eliminates the response TP53TG1 and TOPORS genes to L-glutamine deprivation condition. Results of this investigation clearly demonstrate that the expression most of genes encoding TP53-related factors depends upon acute L-glutamine deprivation condition as well as upon ERN1, the major signaling system of the endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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22
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Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, glutamine (GLN) has emerged as important metabolic intermediate, signaling molecule and nutrient that becomes rapidly depleted and therefore critically important during stress. In very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants, a population of patients in whom supplementation of GLN should provide major benefits, GLN is provided in subnutritional quantities because standard parenteral nutrition solutions do not contain GLN and most of these babies do not receive full enteral feedings until several weeks after birth. No evidence of toxicity of GLN supplementation was found in these clinical trials, but the results for efficacy on a limited number of outcomes have been mixed. The use of GLN supplementation in VLBW infants has therefore not become routine. Some authors suggest that further study in this area is no longer warranted. The purpose of this review is to provide an update in the area of GLN supplementation for preterm infants in order to determine whether GLN supplementation is unwarranted and/or additional investigations are needed. Evidence is presented and an argument is made that thoughtful reevaluation of future applications and trials of GLN in premature infants is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neu
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Reid MA, Wang WI, Rosales KR, Welliver MX, Pan M, Kong M. The B55α subunit of PP2A drives a p53-dependent metabolic adaptation to glutamine deprivation. Mol Cell 2013; 50:200-11. [PMID: 23499005 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is an essential nutrient for cancer cell survival and proliferation, yet the signaling pathways that sense glutamine levels remain uncharacterized. Here, we report that the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-associated protein, α4, plays a conserved role in glutamine sensing. α4 promotes assembly of an adaptive PP2A complex containing the B55α regulatory subunit via providing the catalytic subunit upon glutamine deprivation. Moreover, B55α is specifically induced upon glutamine deprivation in a ROS-dependent manner to activate p53 and promote cell survival. B55α activates p53 through direct interaction and dephosphorylation of EDD, a negative regulator of p53. Importantly, the B55α-EDD-p53 pathway is essential for cancer cell survival and tumor growth under low glutamine conditions in vitro and in vivo. This study delineates a previously unidentified signaling pathway that senses glutamine levels as well as provides important evidence that protein phosphatase complexes are actively involved in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Reid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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24
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Harnett CC, Guerin PJ, Furtak T, Gauthier ER. Control of late apoptotic events by the p38 stress kinase in L-glutamine-deprived mouse hybridoma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:417-26. [PMID: 23080342 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
L-Glutamine (Gln) starvation rapidly triggers apoptosis in Sp2/0-Ag14 (Sp2/0) murine hybridoma cells. Here, we report on the role played by the stress-activated kinase p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in this process. p38 activation was detected 2 h after Gln withdrawal and, although treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 did not prevent caspase activation in Gln-starved cells, it reduced the occurrence of both nuclear condensation/fragmentation and apoptotic body formation. Similarly, transfection of Sp2/0 cells with a dominant negative p38 MAPK reduced the incidence of nuclear pyknosis and apoptotic body formation following 2 h of Gln starvation. Gln withdrawal-induced apoptosis was blocked by the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL or by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Interestingly, Bcl-xL expression inhibited p38 activation, but Z-VAD-fmk treatment did not, indicating that activation of this MAPK occurs downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction and is independent of caspases. Moreover, the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine prevented p38 phosphorylation, showing that p38 activation is triggered by an oxidative stress. Altogether, our findings indicate that p38 MAPK does not contribute to the induction of apoptosis in Gln-starved Sp2/0 cells. Rather, Gln withdrawal leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, causing an oxidative stress and p38 activation, the latter contributing to the formation of late morphological features of apoptotic Sp2/0 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis C Harnett
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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25
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Hubenia OV, Minchenko DO, Minchenko OH, Murashko NK. [Changing of the expression of VEGF genes encoded important regulators of angiogenesis and neurogenesis under hypoxic and ischemic conditions]. Lik Sprava 2012:103-107. [PMID: 23350126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of cellular and molecular processes that underlie the regeneration of nerve tissue is one of the most important problems of modern neuroscience. The solution of this problem is associated with the development of the new methods for the treatment of ischemic stroke. This paper investigated one of the key regulators of angio- and neurogenesis--vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We stadied changes in the expression of VEGF genes under ischemia and hypoxic conditions in glioma cell lines U87 and its dependence on the ERN1 gene function. We found that the expression of VEGF genes in glioma cell lines U87 is significantly changed under hypoxia and ischemic conditions. Its expression depends upon the blockade of the ERN1 gene function.
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Minchenko DO, Hubenya OV, Terletsky BM, Moenner M, Minchenko OH. Effect of glutamine or glucose deprivation on the expression of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase genes in glioma cell line U87 and its subline with suppressed activity of signaling enzyme of endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei-1. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) 2011; 83:18-29. [PMID: 21800645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia has been shown to induce a set of complex intracellular signaling events known as the unfolded protein response, which is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei-1 sensing enzyme. We have studied the expression of several cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase genes which participate in the control of cell cycle and proliferation under ischemic conditions (glucose or glutamine deprivation) in endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei-1-deficient glioma cells. It was shown that blockade of endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei signaling enzyme-1, the key endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, leads to an increase of the expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 and cyclin A2, D3, E2 and G2 genes but suppresses cyclin D1. Moreover, the expression level of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 as well as cyclin A2, D3 and E2 mRNAs is significantly decreased under glucose or glutamine deprivation conditions both in control and endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei-1-deficient glioma cells. However, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 and -5 mRNA expressions is increased, but in glucose deprivation conditions only. Results of this study have shown that the expression of most tested genes of encoded cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases is dependent on endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei-1 signaling enzyme function both in normal and glutamine and glucose deprivation conditions and possibly participates in cell adaptive response to endoplasmic reticulum stress associated with ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Minchenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malignancy is characterized by a systemic deficiency of glutamine (GLN). The debate over whether GLN supplementation should be standard of cancer patients is still topical. This review focuses on recent findings on the effect of GLN administration on the incidence and severity of adverse effects in host due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both and on its putative adjuvant role on cytotoxicity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on tumour. RECENT FINDINGS Animal and human studies have reported that high-dose GLN supplementation could prevent gastrointestinal tract injury after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Animal studies are suggesting that GLN could actually decrease tumour growth by upregulating the immune system and through a regulation of the redox status associated to the metabolism of glutathione. GLN could enhance the selectivity of antitumour drugs by protecting normal tissues from chemotherapy and by sensitizing tumour cells to chemotherapy. SUMMARY Recent studies have shown that GLN could have dichotomic actions in host versus in tumour, probably in link with glutathione metabolism, suggesting that GLN could be used in clinical practice to increase the therapeutic index of oncological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Belabed
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Gaglio D, Soldati C, Vanoni M, Alberghina L, Chiaradonna F. Glutamine deprivation induces abortive s-phase rescued by deoxyribonucleotides in k-ras transformed fibroblasts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4715. [PMID: 19262748 PMCID: PMC2650790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogene activation plays a role in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. We have previously shown that K-ras transformed fibroblasts have a stronger dependence on glycolysis and a reduced oxidative phosphorylation ability as compared to their normal counterparts. Another metabolic adaptation of cancer cells, that has long been established, is their propensity to exhibit increased glutamine consumption, although the effects induced by glutamine deprivation on cancer cells are still controversial. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, by using nutritional perturbations and molecular physiology, we show that reduction or complete depletion of glutamine availability in K-ras transformed fibroblasts causes a strong decrease of proliferation ability and a slower re-entry of synchronized cells into the cell cycle. The reduced proliferation is accompanied by sustained expression of cyclin D and E, abortive S phase entrance and is dependent on Ras signalling deregulation, since it is rescued by expression of a dominant negative guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The growth potential of transformed cells as well as the ability to execute the G1 to S transition is restored by adding the four deoxyribonucleotides, indicating that the arrest of proliferation of K-ras transformed cells induced by glutamine depletion is largely due to a reduced supply of DNA in the presence of signalling pathways promoting G1 to S transition. Conclusions and Significance Our results suggest that the differential effects of glutamine and glucose on cell viability are not a property of the transformed phenotype per se, but rather depend on the specific pathway being activated in transformation. For instance, myc-overexpressing cells have been reported to die under glutamine depletion and not under glucose shortage, while the opposite holds for ras-transformed fibroblasts as shown in this paper. These different responses of transformed cells to nutritional stress should be taken into account when designing anti-cancer therapies that aim to exploit metabolic differences between normal and transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaglio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) is an early marker for cholestasis and has the capability of glutamine-deamidation. Two infants with elevated serum gamma-GT had a decreased serum glutamine. A time course of glutamine and glutamate concentration changes was performed. This revealed a time dependent decrease of glutamine far below the normal lower limit while glutamate increased above the normal upper limit. In conclusion, increased in vitro gamma-GT can cause pseudodeficiency of glutamine. To avoid pitfalls, physicians should inform the laboratory on accompanying pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vermeulen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany
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Brenner E, Sonnewald U, Schweitzer A, Andrieux A, Nehlig A. Hypoglutamatergic activity in the STOP knockout mouse: A potential model for chronic untreated schizophrenia. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:3487-93. [PMID: 17304567 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the deletion of the STOP protein leads to hyperdopaminergia and major behavioral disorders that are alleviated by neuroleptics, representing a potential model of schizophrenia. The reduction of the glutamatergic synaptic vesicle pool in the hippocampus could reflect a disturbance in glutamatergic neurotransmission in this model. Here we examined potential disturbances in energy metabolism and interactions between neurons and glia in 15-week-old STOP KO, wild-type, and heterozygous mice. Animals received [1-(13)C]glucose and [1,2-(13)C]acetate, the preferential substrates of neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Extracts from the whole forebrain and midbrain were analyzed by HPLC, (13)C and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Amounts and labeling of most metabolites were unchanged. However, glutamine concentration and amount of [4,5-(13)C]glutamine derived from [1,2-(13)C]acetate significantly decreased by 17% and 18%, respectively, in STOP KO compared with wild-type mice. The amount of [4-(13)C]glutamate was decreased in STOP KO and heterozygous compared with wild-type mice. gamma-Aminobutyric acid labeling was not influenced by the genotype. Because STOP-deficient mice have a lower synaptic vesicle density, less glutamate is released to the synaptic cleft, leading to decreased stimulation of the postsynaptic glutamate receptors, reflecting increased glutamine metabolism only in the vicinity of the postsynapse of STOP KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiliv Brenner
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
The idea that conversion of glucose to ATP is an attractive target for cancer therapy has been supported in part by the observation that glucose deprivation induces apoptosis in rodent cells transduced with the proto-oncogene MYC, but not in the parental line. Here, we found that depletion of glucose killed normal human cells irrespective of induced MYC activity and by a mechanism different from apoptosis. However, depletion of glutamine, another major nutrient consumed by cancer cells, induced apoptosis depending on MYC activity. This apoptosis was preceded by depletion of the Krebs cycle intermediates, was prevented by two Krebs cycle substrates, but was unrelated to ATP synthesis or several other reported consequences of glutamine starvation. Our results suggest that the fate of normal human cells should be considered in evaluating nutrient deprivation as a strategy for cancer therapy, and that understanding how glutamine metabolism is linked to cell viability might provide new approaches for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Yuneva
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Drogat B, Bouchecareilh M, North S, Petibois C, Déléris G, Chevet E, Bikfalvi A, Moenner M. Acute L-glutamine deprivation compromises VEGF-a upregulation in A549/8 human carcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:463-72. [PMID: 17348020 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor ischemia participates in angiogenesis and cancer progression through cellular responses to hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. However, the contribution of amino acids limitation to this process remains poorly understood. Using serum-free cell culture conditions, we tested the impact of L-glutamine deprivation on metabolic and angiogenic responses in A549/8 carcinoma cells. In these cells, lowering glutamine concentration modified the cell cycle distribution and significantly induced apoptosis/necrosis. Although glutamine deprivation led to a HIF-independent increase in VEGF-A mRNA, the corresponding protein level remained low and correlated with the inhibition of protein synthesis and activation of the GCN2/eIF2alpha pathway. Limitation of glutamine availability also hampers hypoxia- and hypoglycemia-induced VEGF-A protein upregulation. Thus, glutamine deprivation may have no direct effect on VEGF-dependent angiogenesis, compared to hypoxia or to glucose deprivation, and may instead be detrimental to cancer progression by antagonizing ischemia-induced stresses.
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Abstract
Sir David Cuthbertson was the first to define metabolic alterations in post-aggression syndrome (PAS). From basic measurements of nitrogen loss and total protein synthesis/degradation, the current research has moved to genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. In this respect, first evidence was accumulated for the influence of acute catabolism, immobilisation by bed rest and sarcopenia of old age on the muscle-cell genome and proteome. Moreover, in post-aggression syndrome specific amino acids such as glutamine, arginine, glycine, taurine, tryptophan and cysteine are used for cell and immune modulation. Our laboratory has focused on the regulative capacity of glutamine. Glutamine deficiency as found in post-aggression syndrome reduces lymphocyte proliferation, alters monocyte/macrophage activity, decreases the formation of heat-shock proteins, stimulates cell apoptosis, shifts the cellular redox potential by altering the glutathione synthesis and increases the activity of the AMPK system. Investigating the molecular effect of glutamine on Hsp 70 induction, we tested the glutamine dependence on the formation of transfer-RNA and of heat-shock factor 1 (HSF 1), and on transcription and translation of Hsp 70. We could demonstrate that glutamine stabilises the mRNA of Hsp 70 thereby prolonging its half-life. The lecture also discusses the principal molecular targets of administered arginine, glycine, cysteine, taurine and tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Roth
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Go YM, Ziegler TR, Johnson JM, Gu L, Hansen JM, Jones DP. Selective protection of nuclear thioredoxin-1 and glutathione redox systems against oxidation during glucose and glutamine deficiency in human colonic epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:363-70. [PMID: 17210449 PMCID: PMC1800831 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relative sensitivities of antioxidant systems in nuclei, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. The present study examined the oxidation of the thiol-dependent antioxidant systems in these subcellular compartments under conditions of limited energy supply of human colonic epithelial HT-29 cells induced by depletion of glucose (Glc) and glutamine (Gln) from the culture medium. Increased oxidation of dichlorofluoroscein (DCF) indicated an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Redox Western blot analysis showed oxidation of cytosolic thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) and mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) by 24 h, but little oxidation of nuclear Trx1. The Trx1 substrate, redox factor-1 (Ref-1), was also oxidized in cytosol but was reduced in nuclei. Protein S-glutathionylation (PrSSG), expressed as a ratio of protein thiol (PrSH), was also increased in the cytosol, while nuclear PrSSG/PrSH was not. Taken together, the data show that oxidative stress induced by depletion of Glc and Gln affects the redox states of proteins in the cytoplasm and mitochondria more than those in the nucleus. These results indicate that the nuclear compartment has better protection against oxidative stress than cytoplasm or mitochondria. These results further suggest that energy and/or substrate supply may contribute to sensitivity of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic systems to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Safránek R, Holecek M, Sispera L, Muthný T. Aspects of Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in a Model of Severe Glutamine Deficiency in Sepsis. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50:361-7. [PMID: 16809904 DOI: 10.1159/000094300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Growth hormone (GH) could have the potential to improve protein metabolism in sepsis but glutamine deficiency has been reported after GH treatment. The aim was to investigate the effects of glutamine deficiency in sepsis with and without GH treatment on protein and amino acid metabolism. METHODS Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used as a model of sepsis. Serious glutamine deficiency was induced by administration of glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO). Young Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control; CLP; CLP+MSO; CLP+GH, and CLP+MSO+GH. Parameters of protein metabolism were measured on incubated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles: [1-14C]leucine was used to estimate protein synthesis and leucine oxidation, tyrosine release was used to evaluate protein breakdown. Amino acid concentrations in plasma, skeletal muscle and incubation media were measured by HPLC. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS A reduced muscle glutamine concentration after MSO treatment is not associated with changes in the rates of protein synthesis or breakdown. MSO treatment decreased glutamine release from skeletal muscle and plasma glutamine concentration. Severe glutamine deficiency in GH-treated septic rats resulted in increased release of branched-chain amino acids from skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Safránek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Yeo JHM, Lo JCY, Nissom PM, Wong VVT. Glutamine or glucose starvation in hybridoma cultures induces death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1445-52. [PMID: 16858509 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine and glucose are often controlled at low levels in fed-batch strategies to limit ammonia and lactate accumulation and improve productivity of mammalian cell cultures. However, this risks triggering apoptosis if cells are depleted of glutamine or glucose. To examine the apoptosis cascade during glutamine or glucose limitation, the transcriptional profile of FAS, FASL, FADD, FLIP, BAX, p53 and PEG3 in CRL 1606 hybridoma culture was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. Activities of caspases 2, 3, 8 and 9 were also analyzed. Increase in the activities of the caspases was observed with up-regulation in the expression of FAS (6-8-fold) and PEG3 (2.5-fold), suggesting that the cells experienced apoptotic cell death via both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessna H M Yeo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR, 20 Biopolis Way #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668
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Rose C, Jalan R. Congenital glutamine deficiency with glutamine synthetase mutations. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1093-4; author reply 1093-4. [PMID: 16528811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Guérin PJ, Furtak T, Eng K, Gauthier ER. Oxidative stress is not required for the induction of apoptosis upon glutamine starvation of Sp2/0-Ag14 hybridoma cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:355-65. [PMID: 16412532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
L-glutamine (Gln) withdrawal rapidly triggers apoptosis in the murine hybridoma cell line Sp2/0-Ag14 (Sp2/0). In this report, we examined the possibility that Gln deprivation of Sp2/0 cells triggers an oxidative stress which would contribute to the activation of apoptotic pathways. Gln withdrawal triggered an oxidative stress in Sp2/0 cells, as indicated by an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in the intracellular content in protein carbonyl groups. Gln starvation also caused a decrease in the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH). However, a decrease in GSH was not sufficient to induce Sp2/0 cell death since reducing GSH levels with DL-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine did not affect cell viability. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), while effective in inhibiting ROS accumulation and oxidative stress, did not prevent the loss in cell viability or the processing and activation of caspase-3 triggered by Gln starvation. On the other hand, NAC did reduce the formation of apoptotic bodies in dying cells. Altogether these results indicate that in Sp2/0 cells, Gln deprivation leads to the induction of an oxidative stress which, while involved in the formation of apoptotic bodies, is not essential to the activation of the cell death program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Guérin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ont., Canada P3E 2C6
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D'Eufemia P, Finocchiaro R, Celli M, Tote J, Ferrucci V, Zambrano A, Troiani P, Quattrucci S. Neutrophil glutamine deficiency in relation to genotype in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:13-6. [PMID: 16327011 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000191139.17987.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a chronic neutrophil-dominated inflammation of lung tissue. Inasmuch as some amino acids (AA) play a pivotal role in various aspects of neutrophil metabolism, the aim of this study was to investigate a possible alteration of neutrophil AA metabolism and to evaluate its relation (if any) with the genotype. We performed plasma and neutrophil AA analysis in 26 CF patients with known genotype, 10 patients with non-CF bronchiectasis, and 20 normal subjects. The CF group showed a significant decrease of free intracellular neutrophil glutamine (Gln) content compared with controls and the non-CF bronchiectasis group. In the latter group, levels of neutrophil Gln were significantly lower compared with the controls. Amino acid plasma concentration in non-CF bronchiectasis showed a decrease of Gln and taurine compared with controls. Neutrophil Gln content showed values significantly lower in CF patients with severe mutations (class I, II, and III mutations) compared with mild mutations (class IV and V mutations). Results of our study add further evidence for intrinsic neutrophil alterations that could play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary disease in CF patients.
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Nascimento SB, Sousa RB, Martins MJB, Souza Gomes A, Souza MHLP, Guerrant RL, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA, Brito GAC. Glutamine depletion potentiates leucocyte-dependent inflammatory events induced by carrageenan or Clostridium difficile toxin A in rats. Immunology 2005; 116:328-36. [PMID: 16236122 PMCID: PMC1802418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the effect of glutamine (Gln) depletion on leucocyte-dependent inflammatory events. Rats were treated intraperitoneally, 16 hr prior to the peak of every parameter evaluated, with either 0.9% NaCl, methionine-sulphoximine (MSO, an inhibitor of endogenous Gln synthesis, 25 mg/kg) or with MSO + Gln (MSO as above plus Gln 3 g/kg in three doses). MSO-induced Gln depletion increased paw oedema induced both by carrageenan (Cg) and by Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA) (66.2% and 45.5%, respectively; P < 0.05). In dextran-injected animals, oedema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were not modified by Gln depletion. In Cg-treated paws, Gln depletion increased MPO activity by 44% (P < 0.05), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations by 47% and 52%, respectively (P < 0.05), and immunostaining for TNF-alpha in paw tissue. In TxA-injected paws, Gln depletion increased MPO activity (46%; P < 0.05). Gln depletion increased Cg- and TxA-induced neutrophil migration to subcutaneous air pouches by 56% and 77% (P < 0.05), respectively, but did not affect migration induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Gln infusions reversed all the effects of MSO. Leucocyte counts did not differ between groups. Gln depletion potentiates acute inflammation, possibly by increasing neutrophil migration through resident cell activation and production of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Gln supplementation reverses these effects and may be useful during inflammatory catabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia B Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Federral University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Biolo G, Zorat F, Antonione R, Ciocchi B. Muscle glutamine depletion in the intensive care unit. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:2169-79. [PMID: 16084750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is primarily synthesized in skeletal muscle and enables transfer of nitrogen to splanchnic tissues, kidneys and immune system. Discrepancy between increasing rates of glutamine utilization at whole body level and relative impairment of de novo synthesis in skeletal muscle leads to systemic glutamine deficiency and characterizes critical illness. Glutamine depletion at whole body level may contribute to gut, liver and immune system disfunctions, whereas its intramuscular deficiency may directly contribute to lean body mass loss. Severe intramuscular glutamine depletion also develops because of outward transport system upregulation, which is not counteracted by increased de novo synthesis. The negative impact of systemic glutamine depletion on critically ill patients is suggested both by the association between a lower plasma glutamine concentration and poor outcome and by a clear clinical benefit after glutamine supplementation. Enteral glutamine administration preferentially increases glutamine disposal in splanchnic tissues, whereas parenteral supplementation provides glutamine to the whole organism. Nonetheless, systemic administration was ineffective in preventing muscle depletion, due to a relative inability of skeletal muscle to seize glutamine from the bloodstream. Intramuscular glutamine depletion could be potentially counteracted by promoting de novo glutamine synthesis with pharmacological or nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Biolo
- Department of Clinical, Morphological and Technological Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Eliasen MM, Brabec M, Gerner C, Pollheimer J, Auer H, Zellner M, Weingartmann G, Garo F, Roth E, Oehler R. Reduced stress tolerance of glutamine-deprived human monocytic cells is associated with selective down-regulation of Hsp70 by decreased mRNA stability. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 84:147-58. [PMID: 16308684 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, clinicians observe a reverse correlation of survival and a decreased plasma concentration of the most abundant free amino acid, glutamine (Gln). However, in this context, the role of Gln remains largely elusive. Gln is used as an energy substrate by monocytes. Gln deprivation of these cells results in an increased susceptibility to cell stress and apoptosis, as well as in a reduced responsiveness to pro-inflammatory stimuli. We performed a systematic study to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which Gln depletion affects the heat stress response of the monocytic cell line U937. Proteomic analysis revealed that Gln depletion was associated with specific changes in the protein expression pattern. However, the overall level of tRNA-bound Gln remained unaffected. The stress protein heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 showed the highest reduction in protein synthesis. This was due to enhanced mRNA decay during Gln starvation while the transcriptional and the translational control of Hsp70 expression remained unchanged. A physiological Gln concentration and above was found to be necessary for maximum Hsp70 accumulation upon heat shock. Thus, the study shows a specific link between Gln metabolism and the regulation of heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Munk Eliasen
- Department of Surgery-Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, AKH (8G9.05), Waehringer-Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Häberle J, Görg B, Rutsch F, Schmidt E, Toutain A, Benoist JF, Gelot A, Suc AL, Höhne W, Schliess F, Häussinger D, Koch HG. Congenital glutamine deficiency with glutamine synthetase mutations. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1926-33. [PMID: 16267323 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa050456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase plays a major role in ammonia detoxification, interorgan nitrogen flux, acid-base homeostasis, and cell signaling. We report on two unrelated newborns who had congenital human glutamine synthetase deficiency with severe brain malformations resulting in multiorgan failure and neonatal death. Glutamine was largely absent from their serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Each infant had a homozygous mutation in the glutamine synthetase gene (R324C and R341C). Studies that used immortalized lymphocytes expressing R324C glutamine synthetase (R324C-GS) and COS7 cells expressing R341C-GS suggest that these mutations are associated with reduced glutamine synthetase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/deficiency
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/genetics
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/metabolism
- Glutamine/deficiency
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Point Mutation
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Häberle
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Münster, Germany
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Meynial-Denis D, Verdier L, Mignon M, Leclerc JN, Bayle G, Darmaun D. Does acute glutamine depletion enhance the response of glutamine synthesis to fasting in muscle in adult and old rats? Clin Nutr 2005; 24:398-406. [PMID: 15896426 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In earlier studies, skeletal muscle glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was shown to be enhanced by fasting and glucocorticoids, and inhibited by exogenous glutamine (Gln) supplementation. The current study was designed to determine whether phenylbutyrate (PhiB), a Gln-chelating agent in humans, (1) could trap Gln and produce a decline in plasma Gln in rats, as it does in humans, and (2) if so, whether (Phi)B would further enhance the response of muscle GS activity to fasting in rats. METHODS Adult (6-8 months) and aged (20-21 months) rats were fasted for 5 days and received two doses of 0.5 g(Phi)Bby orogastric route at times 0 and 4 h, and were then sacrificed at 5.5 h. Plasma Gln was measured by enzymatic methods, other amino acids were quantified by amino acid analysis. GS activity was measured in soleus (SO) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. RESULTS (Phi)B treatment was associated with: (1) a 20% decline in plasma Gln concentration from 572+/-54 to 424+/-34 micromol/L (P<0.05) and from 476+/-49 to 360+/-80 micromol/L (P<0.05) in fasted adult and old rats, respectively; and (2) a preservation of GS up-regulation by fasting in TA and SO muscles in both adult and aged rats, with TA muscle GS activities of 198+/-65 vs. 203+/-68 ((Phi)B-treated vs. vehicle-treated, NS), and 244+/-81 vs. 274+/-59 (NS) nmol/h/mg protein in adult and aged rats, respectively. CONCLUSION These data suggest that: (1) large doses of (Phi)B deplete plasma Gln in fasted rats, regardless of age, (2) Gln depletion induced by Phi)B does not alter GS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Meynial-Denis
- Human Nutrition Research Center at Clermont-Ferrand, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nutrition and Protein Metabolism Unit, Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
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Abstract
HIV-1 encodes for one of the human glutathione peroxidases. As a consequence, as it is replicated, its genetic needs cause it to deprive HIV-1 seropositive individuals not only of glutathione peroxidase, but also of the four basic components of this selenoenzyme, namely selenium, cysteine, glutamine, and tryptophan. Eventually this depletion process causes severe deficiencies of all these substances. These, in turn, are responsible for the major symptoms of AIDS which include immune system collapse, greater susceptibility to cancer and myocardial infarction, muscle wasting, depression, diarrhea, psychosis and dementia. As the immune system fails, associated pathogenic cofactors become responsible for a variety of their own unique symptoms. Any treatment for HIV/AIDS must, therefore, include normalization of body levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, selenium, cysteine, glutamine, and tryptophan. Although various clinical trials have improved the health of AIDS patients by correcting one or more of these nutritional deficiencies, they have not, until the present, been addressed together. Physicians involved in a selenium and amino-acid field trial in Botswana, however, are reporting that this nutritional protocol reverses AIDS in 99% of patients receiving it, usually within three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Foster
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 3050, Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3P5.
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Bobrovnikova-Marjon EV, Marjon PL, Barbash O, Vander Jagt DL, Abcouwer SF. Expression of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/CXCL8 is highly responsive to ambient glutamine availability: role of nuclear factor-kappaB and activating protein-1. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4858-69. [PMID: 15256456 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8/CXCL8 (IL-8) are prominent pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic proteins that represent negative prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Hypoxia is thought to be the primary environmental cause of VEGF and IL-8 expression in solid tumors. We hypothesized that a lack of nutrients other than oxygen could stimulate the expression of these factors and previously demonstrated that expression of VEGF and IL-8 is responsive to amino acid deprivation. In the present study, we examined the effect of glutamine availability on the expression of these factors as well as the role of transcription factors NFkappaB and activating protein-1 (AP-1) in the response of TSE human breast carcinoma cells to glutamine deprivation. VEGF and IL-8 secretion and mRNA levels were dramatically induced by glutamine deprivation. mRNA stabilization contributed to this response. Glutamine deprivation increased NFkappaB (p65/p50) and AP-1 (Fra-1/c-Jun+JunD) DNA-binding activities. Blocking NFkappaB and AP-1 activation with curcumin as well as expression of dominant inhibitors, inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (IkappaB) super repressor (IkappaBM), and a mutant form of c-Fos (A-Fos) demonstrated that the activation of NFkappaB and AP-1 transcription factors was necessary for the induction of IL-8 expression but dispensable for the induction of VEGF expression. A macro-array containing 111 NFkappaB target genes identified a total of 17 that were up-regulated 2-fold or more in response to glutamine deprivation. These included growth regulated oncogene alpha (GROalpha/GRO1/CXCL1), another neutrophil chemoattractant implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glutamine/deficiency
- Glutamine/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Bobrovnikova-Marjon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Abstract
While the amino acid L-glutamine is known to play a role in the survival of several cell types, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly defined. We show in this report that L-glutamine starvation rapidly triggered apoptosis in Sp2/0-Ag14 hybridoma cells. This process involved the activation of both caspases-9 and -3, suggesting that L-glutamine deprivation initiated an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in Sp2/0-Ag14 cells. Supporting this idea, the cytosolic release of the mitochondrial proteins SMAC/DIABLO and cytochrome c (Cyt c) was observed, with an initial limited leakage occurring during the first 30 min of L-glutamine deprivation, followed by a greater release after 60 min. The latter occurred simultaneously with the translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax to the mitochondria. Finally, a decline in XIAP levels and the activation of caspases-3 and -9 were observed. Thus, L-glutamine deprivation of Sp2/0-Ag14 cells rapidly triggers intracellular events, which target the mitochondria, leading to the cytosolic release of apoptogenic factors, the activation of caspases-9 and -3, and the commitment to the death program. This work introduces the Sp2/0Ag14 hybridoma as a unique model for the study of the molecular events underlying the pro-survival function of L-glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Paquette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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