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MacLean MR, Walker OL, Arun RP, Fernando W, Marcato P. Informed by Cancer Stem Cells of Solid Tumors: Advances in Treatments Targeting Tumor-Promoting Factors and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4102. [PMID: 38612911 PMCID: PMC11012648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation within tumors that promote cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence due to their self-renewal capacity and resistance to conventional therapies. CSC-specific markers and signaling pathways highly active in CSCs have emerged as a promising strategy for improving patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets associated with CSCs of solid tumors across various cancer types, including key molecular markers aldehyde dehydrogenases, CD44, epithelial cellular adhesion molecule, and CD133 and signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Sonic Hedgehog. We discuss a wide array of therapeutic modalities ranging from targeted antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and near-infrared photoimmunotherapy to advanced genetic approaches like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, CAR natural killer cells, bispecific T cell engagers, immunotoxins, drug-antibody conjugates, therapeutic peptides, and dendritic cell vaccines. This review spans developments from preclinical investigations to ongoing clinical trials, highlighting the innovative targeting strategies that have been informed by CSC-associated pathways and molecules to overcome therapeutic resistance. We aim to provide insights into the potential of these therapies to revolutionize cancer treatment, underscoring the critical need for a multi-faceted approach in the battle against cancer. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates how advances made in the CSC field have informed significant developments in novel targeted therapeutic approaches, with the ultimate goal of achieving more effective and durable responses in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R. MacLean
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Olivia L. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Raj Pranap Arun
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Wasundara Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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2
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Takahashi C, Chtcherbinine M, Huddle BC, Wilson MW, Emmel T, Hohlman RM, McGonigal S, Buckanovich RJ, Larsen SD, Hurley TD. Development of substituted benzimidazoles as inhibitors of human aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A isoenzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 391:110910. [PMID: 38364885 PMCID: PMC11062403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) isoforms may be a useful target for overcoming chemotherapy resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and other solid tumor cancers. However, as different cancers express different ALDH1A isoforms, isoform selective inhibitors may have a limited therapeutic scope. Furthermore, resistance to an ALDH1A isoform selective inhibitor could arise via induction of expression of other ALDH1A isoforms. As such, we have focused on the development of pan-ALDH1A inhibitors, rather than on ALDH1A isoform selective compounds. Herein, we report the development of a new group of pan-ALDH1A inhibitors to assess whether broad spectrum ALDH1A inhibition is an effective adjunct to chemotherapy in HGSOC. Optimization of the CM10 scaffold, aided by ALDH1A1 crystal structures, led to improved biochemical potencies, improved cellular efficacy as demonstrated by reduction in ALDEFLUOR signal in HGSOC cells, and substantial improvements in liver microsomal stability. Based on this work we identified two compounds 17 and 25 suitable for future in vivo proof of concept experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mikhail Chtcherbinine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Brandt C Huddle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Emmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert M Hohlman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stacy McGonigal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, the Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, the Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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3
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Picher EA, Wahajuddin M, Barth S, Chisholm J, Shipley J, Pors K. The Capacity of Drug-Metabolising Enzymes in Modulating the Therapeutic Efficacy of Drugs to Treat Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1012. [PMID: 38473371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma (STS) that predominantly affects children and teenagers. It is the most common STS in children (40%) and accounts for 5-8% of total childhood malignancies. Apart from surgery and radiotherapy in eligible patients, standard chemotherapy is the only therapeutic option clinically available for RMS patients. While survival rates for this childhood cancer have considerably improved over the last few decades for low-risk and intermediate-risk cases, the mortality rate remains exceptionally high in high-risk RMS patients with recurrent and/or metastatic disease. The intensification of chemotherapeutic protocols in advanced-stage RMS has historically induced aggravated toxicity with only very modest therapeutic gain. In this review, we critically analyse what has been achieved so far in RMS therapy and provide insight into how a diverse group of drug-metabolising enzymes (DMEs) possess the capacity to modify the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy. We provide suggestions for new therapeutic strategies that exploit the presence of DMEs for prodrug activation, targeted chemotherapy that does not rely on DMEs, and RMS-molecular-subtype-targeted therapies that have the potential to enter clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Arasanz Picher
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Muhammad Wahajuddin
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PR, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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4
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Kundu B, Iyer MR. A patent review on aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors: an overview of small molecule inhibitors from the last decade. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:651-668. [PMID: 38037334 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2287515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiological and pathophysiological effects arising from detoxification of aldehydes in humans implicate the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene family comprising of 19 isoforms. The main function of this enzyme family is to metabolize reactive aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Dysregulation of ALDH activity has been associated with various diseases. Extensive research has since gone into studying ALHD isozymes, their structural biology and developing small-molecule inhibitors. Novel chemical strategies to enhance the selectivity of ALDH inhibitors have now appeared. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive review of patent literature related to aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors in the last decade and half (2007-2022) is provided. EXPERT OPINION Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is an important enzyme that metabolizes reactive exogenous and endogenous aldehydes in the body through NAD(P)±dependent oxidation. Hence this family of enzymes possess important physiological as well as toxicological roles in human body. Significant efforts in the field have led to potent inhibitors with approved clinical agents for alcohol use disorder therapy. Further clinical translation of novel compounds targeting ALDH inhibition will validate the promised therapeutic potential in treating many human diseases.The scientific/patent literature has been searched on SciFinder-n, Reaxys, PubMed, Espacenet and Google Patents. The search terms used were 'ALDH inhibitors', 'Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Kundu
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Xanthis V, Mantso T, Dimtsi A, Pappa A, Fadouloglou VE. Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: A Superfamily of Similar Yet Different Proteins Highly Related to Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4419. [PMID: 37686694 PMCID: PMC10650815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of human aldehyde dehydrogenases (hALDHs) consists of 19 isoenzymes which are critical for several physiological and biosynthetic processes and play a major role in the organism's detoxification via the NAD(P) dependent oxidation of numerous endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Over the last decades, ALDHs have been the subject of several studies as it was revealed that their differential expression patterns in various cancer types are associated either with carcinogenesis or promotion of cell survival. Here, we attempt to provide a thorough review of hALDHs' diverse functions and 3D structures with particular emphasis on their role in cancer pathology and resistance to chemotherapy. We are especially interested in findings regarding the association of structural features and their changes with effects on enzymes' functionalities. Moreover, we provide an updated outline of the hALDHs inhibitors utilized in experimental or clinical settings for cancer therapy. Overall, this review aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of ALDHs in cancer pathology and therapy from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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6
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Ifosfamide - History, efficacy, toxicity and encephalopathy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108366. [PMID: 36842616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In this review we trace the passage of fundamental ideas through 20th century cancer research that began with observations on mustard gas toxicity in World War I. The transmutation of these ideas across scientific and national boundaries, was channeled from chemical carcinogenesis labs in London via Yale and Chicago, then ultimately to the pharmaceutical industry in Bielefeld, Germany. These first efforts to checkmate cancer with chemicals led eventually to the creation of one of the most successful groups of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, the oxazaphosphorines, first cyclophosphamide (CP) in 1958 and soon thereafter its isomer ifosfamide (IFO). The giant contributions of Professor Sir Alexander Haddow, Dr. Alfred Z. Gilman & Dr. Louis S. Goodman, Dr. George Gomori and Dr. Norbert Brock step by step led to this breakthrough in cancer chemotherapy. A developing understanding of the metabolic disposition of ifosfamide directed efforts to ameliorate its side-effects, in particular, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (IIE). This has resulted in several candidates for the encephalopathic metabolite, including 2-chloroacetaldehyde, 2-chloroacetic acid, acrolein, 3-hydroxypropionic acid and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. The pros and cons for each of these, together with other IFO metabolites, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that IFO produces encephalopathy in susceptible patients, but CP does not, by a "perfect storm," involving all of these five metabolites. Methylene blue (MB) administration appears to be generally effective in the prevention and treatment of IIE, in all probability by the inhibition of monoamine oxidase in brain potentiating serotonin levels that modulate the effects of IFO on GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. This review represents the authors' analysis of a large body of published research.
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7
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Xia J, Li S, Liu S, Zhang L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase in solid tumors and other diseases: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e195. [PMID: 36694633 PMCID: PMC9842923 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) contains 19 isozymes and is involved in the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to carboxylic acids, which contributes to cellular and tissue homeostasis. ALDHs play essential parts in detoxification, biosynthesis, and antioxidants, which are of important value for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in normal body tissues. However, ALDHs are frequently dysregulated and associated with various diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and especially solid tumors. Notably, the involvement of the ALDHs in tumor progression is responsible for the maintenance of the stem-cell-like phenotype, triggering rapid and aggressive clinical progressions. ALDHs have captured increasing attention as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Nevertheless, these require further longitudinal clinical studies in large populations for broad application. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding ALDHs as potential biomarkers in tumors and several non-tumor diseases, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of ALDHs in disease development. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of ALDHs in diseases, especially in tumor therapy with an emphasis on their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Siqin Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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8
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Voulgaridou GP, Theologidis V, Xanthis V, Papagiannaki E, Tsochantaridis I, Fadouloglou VE, Pappa A. Identification of a peptide ligand for human ALDH3A1 through peptide phage display: Prediction and characterization of protein interaction sites and inhibition of ALDH3A1 enzymatic activity. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1161111. [PMID: 37021113 PMCID: PMC10067601 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1161111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) by oxidizing medium chain aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids, is involved in the detoxification of toxic byproducts and is considered to play an important role in antioxidant cellular defense. ALDH3A1 has been implicated in various other functions such as cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage response. Recently, it has been identified as a putative biomarker of prostate, gastric, and lung cancer stem cell phenotype. Although ALDH3A1 has multifaceted functions in both normal and cancer homeostasis, its modes of action are currently unknown. To this end, we utilized a random 12-mer peptide phage display library to identify efficiently human ALDH3A1-interacting peptides. One prevailing peptide (P1) was systematically demonstrated to interact with the protein of interest, which was further validated in vitro by peptide ELISA. Bioinformatic analysis indicated two putative P1 binding sites on the protein surface implying biomedical potential and potent inhibitory activity of the P1 peptide on hALDH3A1 activity was demonstrated by enzymatic studies. Furthermore, in search of potential hALDH3A1 interacting players, a BLASTp search demonstrated that no protein in the database includes the full-length amino acid sequence of P1, but identified a list of proteins containing parts of the P1 sequence, which may prove potential hALDH3A1 interacting partners. Among them, Protein Kinase C Binding Protein 1 and General Transcription Factor II-I are candidates of high interest due to their cellular localization and function. To conclude, this study identifies a novel peptide with potential biomedical applications and further suggests a list of protein candidates be explored as possible hALDH3A1-interacting partners in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aglaia Pappa
- *Correspondence: Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou, ; Aglaia Pappa,
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9
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Narendra G, Choudhary S, Raju B, Verma H, Silakari O. Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme-Mediated Toxicity and Pharmacokinetic Resistance to Anti-Cancer Agents: A Review on the Pharmacogenomics Aspect. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1495-1517. [PMID: 36180817 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The inter-individual differences in cancer susceptibility are somehow correlated with the genetic differences that are caused by the polymorphisms. These genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes/drug-inactivating enzymes may negatively or positively affect the pharmacokinetic profile of chemotherapeutic agents that eventually lead to pharmacokinetic resistance and toxicity against anti-cancer drugs. For instance, the CYP1B1*3 allele is associated with CYP1B1 overexpression and consequent resistance to a variety of taxanes and platins, while 496T>G is associated with lower levels of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which results in severe toxicities related to 5-fluorouracil. In this context, a pharmacogenomics approach can be applied to ascertain the role of the genetic make-up in a person's response to any drug. This approach collectively utilizes pharmacology and genomics to develop effective and safe medications that are devoid of resistance problems. In addition, recently reported genomics studies revealed the impact of many single nucleotide polymorphisms in tumors. These studies emphasized the importance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes on the effect of anti-tumor drugs. In this review, we discuss the pharmacogenomics aspect of polymorphisms in detail to provide an insight into the genetic manipulations in drug-metabolizing enzymes that are responsible for pharmacokinetic resistance or toxicity against well-known anti-cancer drugs. Special emphasis is placed on different deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms and their effect on pharmacokinetic resistance. The information provided in this report may be beneficial to researchers, especially those who are working in the field of biotechnology and human genetics, in rationally manipulating the genetic information of patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy to avoid the problem of pharmacokinetic resistance/toxicity associated with drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Muralikrishnan V, Fang F, Given TC, Podicheti R, Chtcherbinine M, Metcalfe TX, Sriramkumar S, O’Hagan HM, Hurley TD, Nephew KP. A Novel ALDH1A1 Inhibitor Blocks Platinum-Induced Senescence and Stemness in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3437. [PMID: 35884498 PMCID: PMC9318275 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a deadly disease attributed to late-stage detection as well as recurrence and the development of chemoresistance. Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) are hypothesized to be largely responsible for the emergence of chemoresistant tumors. Although chemotherapy may initially succeed at decreasing the size and number of tumors, it leaves behind residual malignant OCSCs. In this study, we demonstrate that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) is essential for the survival of OCSCs. We identified a first-in-class ALDH1A1 inhibitor, compound 974, and used 974 as a tool to decipher the mechanism of stemness regulation by ALDH1A1. The treatment of OCSCs with 974 significantly inhibited ALDH activity, the expression of stemness genes, and spheroid and colony formation. An in vivo limiting dilution assay demonstrated that 974 significantly inhibited CSC frequency. A transcriptomic sequencing of cells treated with 974 revealed a significant downregulation of genes related to stemness and chemoresistance as well as senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We confirmed that 974 inhibited the senescence and stemness induced by platinum-based chemotherapy in functional assays. Overall, these data establish that ALDH1A1 is essential for OCSC survival and that ALDH1A1 inhibition suppresses chemotherapy-induced senescence and stemness. Targeting ALDH1A1 using small-molecule inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy therefore presents a promising strategy to prevent ovarian cancer recurrence and has the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Muralikrishnan
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (V.M.); (T.C.G.); (T.X.M.); (S.S.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Tyler C. Given
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (V.M.); (T.C.G.); (T.X.M.); (S.S.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Ram Podicheti
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Mikhail Chtcherbinine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Tara X. Metcalfe
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (V.M.); (T.C.G.); (T.X.M.); (S.S.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Shruthi Sriramkumar
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (V.M.); (T.C.G.); (T.X.M.); (S.S.); (H.M.O.)
| | - Heather M. O’Hagan
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (V.M.); (T.C.G.); (T.X.M.); (S.S.); (H.M.O.)
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thomas D. Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (V.M.); (T.C.G.); (T.X.M.); (S.S.); (H.M.O.)
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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11
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Verma H, Narendra G, Raju B, Kumar M, Jain SK, Tung GK, Singh PK, Silakari O. 3D-QSAR and scaffold hopping based designing of benzo[d]ox-azol-2(3H)-one and 2-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one derivatives as selective aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200108. [PMID: 35618489 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1), an oxidoreductase class of enzymes, is overexpressed in various types of cancer cell lines and is the major cause of resistance to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, cyclophosphamide (CP). In cancer conditions, CP undergoes a sequence of biotransformations to form an active metabolite, aldophosphamide, which further biotransforms to its putative cytotoxic metabolite, phosphoramide mustard. However, in resistant cancer conditions, aldophosphamide is converted into its inactive metabolite, carboxyphosphamide, via oxidation with ALDH1A1. Herein, to address the issue of ALDH1A1 mediated CP resistance, we report a series of benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one and 2-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one derivatives as selective ALDH1A1 inhibitors. These inhibitors were designed using a validated 3D-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model coupled with scaffold hopping. The 3D-QSAR model was developed using reported indole-2,3-diones based ALDH1A1 inhibitors, which provided field points in terms of electrostatic, van der Waals and hydrophobic potentials required for selectively inhibiting ALDH1A1. The most selective indole-2,3-diones-based compound, that is, cmp 3, was further considered for scaffold hopping. Two top-ranked bioisosteres, that is, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one and 2-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one, were selected for designing new inhibitors by considering the field pattern of 3D-QSAR. All designed molecules were mapped perfectly on the 3D-QSAR model and found to be predictive with good inhibitory potency (pIC50 range: 7.5-6.8). Molecular docking was carried out for each designed molecule to identify key interactions that are required for ALDH1A1 inhibition and to authenticate the 3D-QSAR result. The top five inhibitor-ALDH1A1 complexes were also submitted for molecular dynamics simulations to access their stability. In vitro enzyme assays of 21 compounds suggested that these compounds are selective toward ALDH1A1 over the other two isoforms, that is, ALDH2 and ALDH3A1. All the compounds were found to be at least three and two times more selective toward ALDH1A1 over ALDH2 and ALDH3A1, respectively. All the compounds showed an IC50 value in the range of 0.02-0.80 μM, which indicates the potential for these to be developed as adjuvant therapy for CP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Subheet K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Gurleen K Tung
- Centre for Basic and Translational Research in Health Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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12
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Viswanathan V, Cao H, Saiki J, Jiang D, Mattingly A, Nambiar D, Bloomstein J, Li Y, Jiang S, Chamoli M, Sirjani D, Kaplan M, Holsinger FC, Liang R, Von Eyben R, Jiang H, Guan L, Lagory E, Feng Z, Nolan G, Ye J, Denko N, Knox S, Rosen DM, Le QT. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and impacts salivary gland stem cell phenotype. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac056. [PMID: 35707206 PMCID: PMC9186046 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adult salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPC) have an intrinsic property to self-renew in order to maintain tissue architecture and homeostasis. Adult salivary glands have been documented to harbor SSPC, which have been shown to play a vital role in the regeneration of the glandular structures postradiation damage. We have previously demonstrated that activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) after radiation reduced aldehyde accumulation in SSPC, leading to less apoptosis and improved salivary function. We subsequently found that sustained pharmacological ALDH3A1 activation is critical to enhance regeneration of murine submandibular gland after radiation damage. Further investigation shows that ALDH3A1 function is crucial for SSPC self-renewal and survival even in the absence of radiation stress. Salivary glands from Aldh3a1 -/- mice have fewer acinar structures than wildtype mice. ALDH3A1 deletion or pharmacological inhibition in SSPC leads to a decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number, lower expression of mitochondrial specific genes and proteins, structural abnormalities, lower membrane potential, and reduced cellular respiration. Loss or inhibition of ALDH3A1 also elevates ROS levels, depletes glutathione pool, and accumulates ALDH3A1 substrate 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, a lipid peroxidation product), leading to decreased survival of murine SSPC that can be rescued by treatment with 4-HNE specific carbonyl scavengers. Our data indicate that ALDH3A1 activity protects mitochondrial function and is important for the regeneration activity of SSPC. This knowledge will help to guide our translational strategy of applying ALDH3A1 activators in the clinic to prevent radiation-related hyposalivation in head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Saiki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dhanya Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joshua Bloomstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manish Chamoli
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Kaplan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Christopher Holsinger
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rie Von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward Lagory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhiping Feng
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Denko
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daria-Mochly Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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13
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Li J, Garavaglia S, Ye Z, Moretti A, Belyaeva OV, Beiser A, Ibrahim M, Wilk A, McClellan S, Klyuyeva AV, Goggans KR, Kedishvili NY, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, Migaud ME, Mullett SJ, Yates NA, Camacho CJ, Rizzi M, Sobol RW. A specific inhibitor of ALDH1A3 regulates retinoic acid biosynthesis in glioma stem cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1420. [PMID: 34934174 PMCID: PMC8692581 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity correlates with poor outcome for many solid tumors as ALDHs may regulate cell proliferation and chemoresistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Accordingly, potent, and selective inhibitors of key ALDH enzymes may represent a novel CSC-directed treatment paradigm for ALDH+ cancer types. Of the many ALDH isoforms, we and others have implicated the elevated expression of ALDH1A3 in mesenchymal glioma stem cells (MES GSCs) as a target for the development of novel therapeutics. To this end, our structure of human ALDH1A3 combined with in silico modeling identifies a selective, active-site inhibitor of ALDH1A3. The lead compound, MCI-INI-3, is a selective competitive inhibitor of human ALDH1A3 and shows poor inhibitory effect on the structurally related isoform ALDH1A1. Mass spectrometry-based cellular thermal shift analysis reveals that ALDH1A3 is the primary binding protein for MCI-INI-3 in MES GSC lysates. The inhibitory effect of MCI-INI-3 on retinoic acid biosynthesis is comparable with that of ALDH1A3 knockout, suggesting that effective inhibition of ALDH1A3 is achieved with MCI-INI-3. Further development is warranted to characterize the role of ALDH1A3 and retinoic acid biosynthesis in glioma stem cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Silvia Garavaglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Zhaofeng Ye
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olga V Belyaeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, 720 20th Street South, Kaul 440B, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Alison Beiser
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Md Ibrahim
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Anna Wilk
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Steve McClellan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Alla V Klyuyeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, 720 20th Street South, Kaul 440B, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kelli R Goggans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, 720 20th Street South, Kaul 440B, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Natalia Y Kedishvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, 720 20th Street South, Kaul 440B, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - E Alan Salter
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, 6040 USA South Drive, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Andrzej Wierzbicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, 6040 USA South Drive, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Nathan A Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Carlos J Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
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14
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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15
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Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and In Silico Study of Benzyloxybenzaldehyde Derivatives as Selective ALDH1A3 Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195770. [PMID: 34641313 PMCID: PMC8510124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3) has recently gained attention from researchers in the cancer field. Several studies have reported ALDH1A3 overexpression in different cancer types, which has been found to correlate with poor treatment recovery. Therefore, finding selective inhibitors against ALDH1A3 could result in new treatment options for cancer treatment. In this study, ALDH1A3-selective candidates were designed based on the physiological substrate resemblance, synthesized and investigated for ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3 and ALDH3A1 selectivity and cytotoxicity using ALDH-positive A549 and ALDH-negative H1299 cells. Two compounds (ABMM-15 and ABMM-16), with a benzyloxybenzaldehyde scaffold, were found to be the most potent and selective inhibitors for ALDH1A3, with IC50 values of 0.23 and 1.29 µM, respectively. The results also show no significant cytotoxicity for ABMM-15 and ABMM-16 on either cell line. However, a few other candidates (ABMM-6, ABMM-24, ABMM-32) showed considerable cytotoxicity on H1299 cells, when compared to A549 cells, with IC50 values of 14.0, 13.7 and 13.0 µM, respectively. The computational study supported the experimental results and suggested a good binding for ABMM-15 and ABMM-16 to the ALDH1A3 isoform. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that benzyloxybenzaldehyde might be considered a promising scaffold for further drug discovery aimed at exploiting ALDH1A3 for therapeutic intervention.
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16
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Püschel J, Dubrovska A, Gorodetska I. The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4703. [PMID: 34572930 PMCID: PMC8472046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the only tumor cells possessing self-renewal and differentiation properties, making them an engine of tumor progression and a source of tumor regrowth after treatment. Conventional therapies eliminate most non-CSCs, while CSCs often remain radiation and drug resistant, leading to tumor relapse and metastases. Thus, targeting CSCs might be a powerful tool to overcome tumor resistance and increase the efficiency of current cancer treatment strategies. The identification and isolation of the CSC population based on its high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) is widely accepted for prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid tumors. In PCa, several ALDH genes contribute to the ALDH activity, which can be measured in the enzymatic assay by converting 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA) into the fluorescent product BODIPY-aminoacetate (BAA). Although each ALDH isoform plays an individual role in PCa biology, their mutual functional interplay also contributes to PCa progression. Thus, ALDH proteins are markers and functional regulators of CSC properties, representing an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current state of research regarding the role of individual ALDH isoforms in PCa development and progression, their possible therapeutic targeting, and provide an outlook for the future advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Püschel
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
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17
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Raju B, Choudhary S, Narendra G, Verma H, Silakari O. Molecular modeling approaches to address drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) mediated chemoresistance: a review. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:45-75. [PMID: 33535824 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1874406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance against clinically approved anticancer drugs is the main roadblock in cancer treatment. Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) that are capable of metabolizing a variety of xenobiotic get overexpressed in malignant cells, therefore, catalyzing drug inactivation. As evident from the literature reports, the levels of DMEs increase in cancer cells that ultimately lead to drug inactivation followed by drug resistance. To puzzle out this issue, several strategies inclusive of analog designing, prodrug designing, and inhibitor designing have been forged. On that front, the implementation of computational tools can be considered a fascinating approach to address the problem of chemoresistance. Various research groups have adopted different molecular modeling tools for the investigation of DMEs mediated toxicity problems. However, the utilization of these in-silico tools in maneuvering the DME mediated chemoresistance is least considered and yet to be explored. These tools can be employed in the designing of such chemotherapeutic agents that are devoid of the resistance problem. The current review canvasses various molecular modeling approaches that can be implemented to address this issue. Special focus was laid on the development of specific inhibitors of DMEs. Additionally, the strategies to bypass the DMEs mediated drug metabolism were also contemplated in this report that includes analogs and pro-drugs designing. Different strategies discussed in the review will be beneficial in designing novel chemotherapeutic agents that depreciate the resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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18
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Huddle BC, Grimley E, Chtcherbinine M, Buchman CD, Takahashi C, Debnath B, McGonigal SC, Mao S, Li S, Felton J, Pan S, Wen B, Sun D, Neamati N, Buckanovich RJ, Hurley TD, Larsen SD. Development of 2,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) as potential adjuncts to ovarian cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113060. [PMID: 33341649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that inhibition of one or more Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) isoforms may be beneficial in chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer and other tumor types. While many previous efforts have focused on development of ALDH1A1 selective inhibitors, the most deadly ovarian cancer subtype, high-grade serous (HGSOC), exhibits elevated expression of ALDH1A3. Herein, we report continued development of pan-ALDH1A inhibitors to assess whether broad spectrum ALDH1A inhibition is an effective adjunct to chemotherapy in this critical tumor subtype. Optimization of the CM39 scaffold, aided by metabolite ID and several new ALDH1A1 crystal structures, led to improved biochemical potencies, improved cellular ALDH inhibition in HGSOC cell lines, and substantial improvements in microsomal stability culminating in orally bioavailable compounds. We demonstrate that two compounds 68 and 69 are able to synergize with chemotherapy in a resistant cell line and patient-derived HGSOC tumor spheroids, indicating their suitability for future in vivo proof of concept experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt C Huddle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Edward Grimley
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mikhail Chtcherbinine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Cameron D Buchman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Cyrus Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bikash Debnath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stacy C McGonigal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shuai Mao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeremy Felton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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19
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Sun R, Dong C, Li R, Chu H, Liu J, Hao D, Zhang L, Zhao B, Wang L, Zhang Y. Proteomic Analysis Reveals that EPHX1 Contributes to 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in a Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900080. [PMID: 32067389 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The extensive drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a major cause of chemotherapy failure. A deeper understanding of the drug resistance mechanism of tumor cells is very significant for improving the clinical prognosis of patients with HCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, proteomic studies on the composition of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) resistant Bel/5Fu cell line and its parent Bel7402 cell line by using an ionic liquid assisted proteins extraction method with the advantage of extracting plasma membrane proteins to a wider extent are performed. Then the expression level and function of differentially expressed plasma membrane proteins are verified. RESULTS In total, 25 plasma membrane proteins are shown differentially expressed in Bel/5Fu compared with Bel7402. Western blot analysis results further confirmed that the EPHX1 PLIN2 RAB27B SLC4A2 are upregulated in Bel/5Fu cells in accordance with the proteomics data. Moreover, cell viability assay and clonogenic survival assay results demonstrated that EPHX1 is closely related to the chemoresistance of Bel/5Fu to 5-Fu. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Plasma membrane protein EPHX1 is closely related to the chemotherapy resistance of Bel/5Fu cells and can be used as a new drug target to improve the clinical prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China.,Department of General Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Chengyong Dong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongwei Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian University of Technology, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
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20
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Dinavahi SS, Gowda R, Gowda K, Bazewicz CG, Chirasani VR, Battu MB, Berg A, Dokholyan NV, Amin S, Robertson GP. Development of a Novel Multi-Isoform ALDH Inhibitor Effective as an Antimelanoma Agent. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:447-459. [PMID: 31754071 PMCID: PMC10763724 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) are a major family of detoxifying enzymes that contribute to cancer progression and therapy resistance. ALDH overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis in many cancer types. The use of multi-ALDH isoform or isoform-specific ALDH inhibitors as anticancer agents is currently hindered by the lack of viable candidates. Most multi-ALDH isoform inhibitors lack bioavailability and are nonspecific or toxic, whereas most isoform-specific inhibitors are not effective as monotherapy due to the overlapping functions of ALDH family members. The present study details the development of a novel, potent, multi-isoform ALDH inhibitor, called KS100. The rationale for drug development was that inhibition of multiple ALDH isoforms might be more efficacious for cancer compared with isoform-specific inhibition. Enzymatic IC50s of KS100 were 207, 1,410, and 240 nmol/L toward ALDH1A1, 2, and 3A1, respectively. Toxicity of KS100 was mitigated by development of a nanoliposomal formulation, called NanoKS100. NanoKS100 had a loading efficiency of approximately 69% and was stable long-term. NanoKS100 was 5-fold more selective for killing melanoma cells compared with normal human fibroblasts. NanoKS100 administered intravenously at a submaximal dose (3-fold lower) was effective at inhibiting xenografted melanoma tumor growth by approximately 65% without organ-related toxicity. Mechanistically, inhibition by KS100 significantly reduced total cellular ALDH activity to increase reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and accumulation of toxic aldehydes leading to apoptosis and autophagy. Collectively, these data suggest the successful preclinical development of a nontoxic, bioavailable, nanoliposomal formulation containing a novel multi-ALDH isoform inhibitor effective in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saketh S Dinavahi
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher G Bazewicz
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhu Babu Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
- The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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21
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Dinavahi SS, Bazewicz CG, Gowda R, Robertson GP. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:774-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Verma H, Singh Bahia M, Choudhary S, Kumar Singh P, Silakari O. Drug metabolizing enzymes-associated chemo resistance and strategies to overcome it. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:196-223. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1632886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Verma
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | | | - Shalki Choudhary
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Om Silakari
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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23
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Ahmed Laskar A, Younus H. Aldehyde toxicity and metabolism: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in detoxification, drug resistance and carcinogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:42-64. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1555587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaj Ahmed Laskar
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Hina Younus
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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24
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Nwani NG, Condello S, Wang Y, Swetzig WM, Barber E, Hurley T, Matei D. A Novel ALDH1A1 Inhibitor Targets Cells with Stem Cell Characteristics in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040502. [PMID: 30965686 PMCID: PMC6521036 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A small of population of slow cycling and chemo-resistant cells referred to as cancer stem cells (CSC) have been implicated in cancer recurrence. There is emerging interest in developing targeted therapeutics to eradicate CSCs. Aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was shown to be a functional marker of CSCs in ovarian cancer (OC). ALDH activity is increased in cells grown as spheres versus monolayer cultures under differentiating conditions and in OC cells after treatment with platinum. Here, we describe the activity of CM37, a newly identified small molecule with inhibitory activity against ALDH1A1, in OC models enriched in CSCs. Treatment with CM37 reduced OC cells' proliferation as spheroids under low attachment growth conditions and the expression of stemness-associated markers (OCT4 and SOX2) in ALDH+ cells fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorted from cell lines and malignant OC ascites. Likewise, siRNA-mediated ALDH1A1 knockdown reduced OC cells' proliferation as spheres, expression of stemness markers, and delayed tumor initiation capacity in vivo. Treatment with CM37 promoted DNA damage in OC cells, as evidenced by induction of γH2AX. This corresponded to increased expression of genes involved in DNA damage response, such as NEIL3, as measured in ALDH+ cells treated with CM37 or in cells where ALDH1A1 was knocked down. By inhibiting ALDH1A1, CM37 augmented intracellular ROS accumulation, which in turn led to increased DNA damage and reduced OC cell viability. Cumulatively, our findings demonstrate that a novel ALDH1A1 small molecule inhibitor is active in OC models enriched in CSCs. Further optimization of this new class of small molecules could provide a novel strategy for targeting treatment-resistant OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechiyere G Nwani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Salvatore Condello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Yinu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Wendy M Swetzig
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Emma Barber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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25
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Emerging Roles of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors in the Altered Clearance of Drugs during Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040209. [PMID: 30959953 PMCID: PMC6521271 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem, since 300,000,000 people in the world display a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73m². Patients with CKD have high rates of complications and comorbidities. Thus, they require the prescription of numerous medications, making the management of patients very complex. The prescription of numerous drugs associated with an altered renal- and non-renal clearance makes dose adjustment challenging in these patients, with frequent drug-related adverse events. However, the mechanisms involved in this abnormal drug clearance during CKD are not still well identified. We propose here that the transcription factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which is the cellular receptor for indolic uremic toxins, could worsen the metabolism and the excretion of drugs in CKD patients.
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26
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Design, synthesis, and ex vivo evaluation of a selective inhibitor for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5766-5779. [PMID: 30409702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) enzymes, RALDH1, RALDH2, and RALDH3, catalyze the irreversible oxidation of retinaldehyde to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Despite the importance of the RALDH enzymes in embryonic development, postnatal growth and differentiation, and in several disease states, there are no commercially available inhibitors that specifically target these isozymes. We report here the development and characterization of a small molecule inhibitor dichloro-all-trans-retinone (DAR) (Summers et al., 2017) that is an irreversible inhibitor of RALDH1, 2, and 3 that effectively inhibits RALDH1, 2, and 3 in the nanomolar range but has no inhibitory activity against mitochondrial ALDH2. These results provide support for the development of DAR as a specific ATRA synthesis inhibitor for a variety of experimental and clinical applications.
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27
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Bazewicz CG, Dinavahi SS, Schell TD, Robertson GP. Aldehyde dehydrogenase in regulatory T-cell development, immunity and cancer. Immunology 2018; 156:47-55. [PMID: 30387499 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapies is well known. Mounting evidence also suggests a potentially important role for ALDH in the induction and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells are important cells of the immune system involved in promoting immune tolerance and preventing aberrant immune responses to beneficial or non-harmful antigens. However, Treg cells also impair tumor immunity, leading to the progression of various carcinomas. ALDH expression and the subsequent production of retinoic acid by numerous cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils and epithelial cells, seems important in Treg induction and function in multiple organ systems. This is particularly evident in the gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary tract and skin, which are exposed to a myriad of environmental antigens and represent interfaces between the human body and the outside world. Expression of ALDH in Treg cells themselves may also be involved in the proliferation of these cells and resistance to certain cytotoxic therapies. Hence, inhibition of ALDH expression may be useful to treat cancer. Besides the direct effect of ALDH inhibition on carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapies, inhibition of ALDH could potentially augment the immune response to tumor antigens by inhibiting Treg induction, function and ability to promote immune tolerance to tumor cells in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Bazewicz
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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28
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Huddle BC, Grimley E, Buchman CD, Chtcherbinine M, Debnath B, Mehta P, Yang K, Morgan CA, Li S, Felton J, Sun D, Mehta G, Neamati N, Buckanovich RJ, Hurley TD, Larsen SD. Structure-Based Optimization of a Novel Class of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) Subfamily-Selective Inhibitors as Potential Adjuncts to Ovarian Cancer Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8754-8773. [PMID: 30221940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is commonly used as a marker to identify cancer stem-like cells. The three ALDH1A isoforms have all been individually implicated in cancer stem-like cells and in chemoresistance; however, which isoform is preferentially expressed varies between cell lines. We sought to explore the structural determinants of ALDH1A isoform selectivity in a series of small-molecule inhibitors in support of research into the role of ALDH1A in cancer stem cells. An SAR campaign guided by a cocrystal structure of the HTS hit CM39 (7) with ALDH1A1 afforded first-in-class inhibitors of the ALDH1A subfamily with excellent selectivity over the homologous ALDH2 isoform. We also discovered the first reported modestly selective single isoform 1A2 and 1A3 inhibitors. Two compounds, 13g and 13h, depleted the CD133+ putative cancer stem cell pool, synergized with cisplatin, and achieved efficacious concentrations in vivo following IP administration. Compound 13h additionally synergized with cisplatin in a patient-derived ovarian cancer spheroid model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron D Buchman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Mikhail Chtcherbinine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | | | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Cynthia A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jeremy Felton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
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29
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Synthetic lethality of the ALDH3A1 inhibitor dyclonine and xCT inhibitors in glutathione deficiency-resistant cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33832-33843. [PMID: 30333913 PMCID: PMC6173468 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystine-glutamate antiporter subunit xCT suppresses iron-dependent oxidative cell death (ferroptosis) and is therefore a promising target for cancer treatment. Given that cancer cells often show resistance to xCT inhibition resulting in glutathione (GSH) deficiency, however, we here performed a synthetic lethal screen of a drug library to identify agents that sensitize the GSH deficiency-resistant cancer cells to the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine. This screen identified the oral anesthetic dyclonine which has been recently reported to act as a covalent inhibitor for aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). Treatment with dyclonine induced intracellular accumulation of the toxic aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal in a cooperative manner with sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells were found to highly express ALDH3A1 and knockdown of ALDH3A1 rendered these cells sensitive to sulfasalazine. The combination of dyclonine and sulfasalazine cooperatively suppressed the growth of highly ALDH3A1-expressing HNSCC or gastric tumors that were resistant to sulfasalazine monotherapy. Our findings establish a rationale for application of dyclonine as a sensitizer to xCT-targeted cancer therapy.
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30
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Counihan JL, Wiggenhorn AL, Anderson KE, Nomura DK. Chemoproteomics-Enabled Covalent Ligand Screening Reveals ALDH3A1 as a Lung Cancer Therapy Target. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1970-1977. [PMID: 30004670 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical genetics is a powerful approach for identifying therapeutically active small molecules, but identifying the mechanisms of action underlying hit compounds remains challenging. Chemoproteomic platforms have arisen to tackle this challenge and enable rapid mechanistic deconvolution of small-molecule screening hits. Here, we have screened a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand library to identify hit compounds that impair cell survival and proliferation in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cells, but not in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Through this screen, we identified a covalent ligand hit, DKM 3-42, which impaired both in situ and in vivo lung cancer pathogenicity. We used activity-based protein profiling to discover that the primary target of DKM 3-42 was the catalytic cysteine in aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1). We performed further chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand screening directly against ALDH3A1, and identified a more potent and selective lead covalent ligand, EN40, which inhibits ALDH3A1 activity and impairs lung cancer pathogenicity. We show here that ALDH3A1 represents a potentially novel therapeutic target for lung cancers that express ALDH3A1 and put forth two selective ALDH3A1 inhibitors. Overall, we show the utility of combining chemical genetics screening of covalent ligand libraries with chemoproteomic approaches to rapidly identify anticancer leads and targets.
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31
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Suwala AK, Koch K, Rios DH, Aretz P, Uhlmann C, Ogorek I, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Köhrer K, Deenen R, Steiger HJ, Kahlert UD, Maciaczyk J. Inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling downregulates expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 3A1 (ALDH3A1) to reduce resistance against temozolomide in glioblastoma in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22703-22716. [PMID: 29854309 PMCID: PMC5978259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of glioma. The Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway has been shown to promote stem cell properties and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy in glioblastoma. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacological Wnt pathway inhibition using the porcupine inhibitor LGK974 acts synergistically with temozolomide (TMZ), the chemotherapeutic drug currently used as standard treatment for glioblastoma, to suppress in vitro growth of glioma cells. Synergistic growth inhibition was independent of the O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) was significantly down-regulated when cells were treated with LGK974 and TMZ. Suppressing ALDH3A1 expression increased the efficacy of TMZ and reduced clonogenic potential accompanied by decreased expression of stem cell markers CD133, Nestin and Sox2. Taken together, our study suggests that previous observations concerning Wnt signaling blockade to reduce chemoresistance in glioblastoma is at least in part mediated by inhibition of ALDH3A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Kora Suwala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dayana Herrera Rios
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philippe Aretz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Uhlmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabella Ogorek
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf D Kahlert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Surgical Sciences-Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Zhai X, Zhang Z, Liu W, Liu B, Zhang R, Wang W, Zheng W, Xu F, Wang J, Chen Y. Protective effect of ALDH2 against cyclophosphamide-induced acute hepatotoxicity via attenuating oxidative stress and reactive aldehydes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CY) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that is associated with severe side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. However, the extent, mechanisms and potential prevention and treatment strategies of CY-induced acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are largely unknown. In this study, we determined the existence and extent of CY-induced acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and demonstrated the effect of ALDH2 on CY-induced acute tissue toxicity and related mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6J (wide-type, WT) and ALDH2-/- (KO) mice were divided into four groups: WT, WT + CY, KO + CY and WT + CY + Alda-1. Biochemical analysis showed that plasma ALT was increased by 35.8% in KO + CY group and decreased by 21.1% in WT + CY + Alda-1 group compared to WT + CY group (P < 0.05, respectively). However, there was no significant difference among WT, WT + CY and KO + CY groups regarding plasma renal marker enzymes, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and cystatin C (CysC). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and toxic aldehydes (acrolein, 4-hydroxynonenol and malondialdehyde) were increased significantly in KO + CY group and decreased significantly in WT + CY + Alda-1 group compared to WT + CY group (P < 0.05, respectively). These findings demonstrate that CY could induce acute hepatotoxicity without nephrotoxicity, and ALDH2 plays a protective role in CY-induced acute hepatotoxicity. The underlying mechanisms are associated with attenuating oxidative stress and detoxifying reactive aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhai
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenxiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoshan Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling & Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education & Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Kim J, Chen CH, Yang J, Mochly-Rosen D. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2*2 knock-in mice show increased reactive oxygen species production in response to cisplatin treatment. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:33. [PMID: 28532411 PMCID: PMC5439151 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme family metabolizes and detoxifies both exogenous and endogenous aldehydes. Since chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, generate cytotoxic aldehydes and oxidative stress, and chemoresistant cancer cells express high levels of ALDH enzymes, we hypothesized that different ALDH expression within cells may show different chemosensitivity. ALDH2 has the lowest Km for acetaldehyde among ALDH isozymes and detoxifies acetaldehydes in addition to other reactive aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-nonenal, malondialdehyde and acrolein produced from lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, cells with an ALDH2 variant may sensitize them to these ROS-inducing chemotherapy drugs. Methods Here, we used wild type C57BL/6 mice and ALDH2*2 knock-in mutant mice and compared the basal level of ROS in different tissues. Then, we treated the mice with cisplatin, isolated cells from organs and fractionated them into lysates containing mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions, treated with cisplatin again in vitro, and compared the level of ROS generated. Results We show that overall ROS production increases with cisplatin treatment in cells with ALDH2 mutation. The treatment of cisplatin in the wild type mice did not change the level of ROS compared to PBS treated controls. In contrast, ALDH2*2 knock-in mutant mice showed a significantly increased level of ROS compared to wild type mice in tongue, lung, kidney and brain tissues without any treatment. ALDH2*2 mutant mice showed 20% of the ALDH2 activity in the kidney compared to wild type mice. Treatment of ALDH2*2 mutant mice with cisplatin showed increased ROS levels in the mitochondrial fraction of kidney. In the cytosolic fraction, treatment of mutant mice with cisplatin increased ROS levels in lung and brain compared to PBS treated controls. Furthermore, ALDH2*2 mutant mice treated with cisplatin showed increased cytotoxicity in the kidney cells compared to PBS treated mutant controls. Conclusions These data indicate that deficiency in ALDH2 activity may contribute to increased cisplatin sensitivity and cytotoxicity by producing more ROS by the treatment. Based on these data, the amount of cisplatin used in patients may need to be adjusted based on their ALDH2 variant profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Kim
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jieying Yang
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 increases NADH levels and promotes tumor growth via glutathione/dihydrolipoic acid-dependent NAD + reduction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67043-67055. [PMID: 28978015 PMCID: PMC5620155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) is a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily that oxidizes aldehydes to their corresponding acids, reactions that are coupled to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. We report here that ALDH1A1 can also use glutathione (GSH) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) as electron donors to reduce NAD+ to NADH. The GSH/DHLA-dependent NAD+-reduction activity of ALDH1A1 is not affected by the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor or by mutation of the residues in its aldehyde-binding pocket. It is thus a distinct biochemical reaction from the classic aldehyde-dehydrogenase activity catalyzed by ALDH1A1. We also found that the ectopic expression of ALDH1A1 decreased the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio, while knockout of ALDH1A1 increased the NAD+/NADH ratio. Simultaneous knockout of ALDH1A1 and its isozyme ALDH3A1 in lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model. Moreover, the ALDH1A1 mutants that retained their GSH/DHLA-dependent NAD+ reduction activity but lost their aldehyde-dehydrogenase activity were able to decrease the NAD+/NADH ratio and to rescue the impaired growth of ALDH1A1/3A1 double knockout tumor cells. Collectively, these results suggest that this newly characterized GSH/DHLA-dependent NAD+-reduction activity of ALDH1A1 can decrease cellular NAD+/NADH ratio and promote tumor growth.
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Kim J, Shin JH, Chen CH, Cruz L, Farnebo L, Yang J, Borges P, Kang G, Mochly-Rosen D, Sunwoo JB. Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with a novel small molecule inhibitor. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52345-52356. [PMID: 28881734 PMCID: PMC5581033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistant cancer cells express high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), particularly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The ALDH family of enzymes detoxify both exogenous and endogenous aldehydes. Since many chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, result in the generation of cytotoxic aldehydes and oxidative stress, we hypothesized that cells expressing high levels of ALDH may be more chemoresistant due to their increased detoxifying capacity and that inhibitors of ALDHs may sensitize them to these drugs. Here, we show that overall ALDH activity is increased with cisplatin treatment of HNSCC and that ALDH3A1 protein expression is particularly enriched in cells treated with cisplatin. Activation of ALDH3A1 by a small molecule activator (Alda-89) increased survival of HNSCC cells treated with cisplatin. Conversely, treatment with a novel small molecule ALDH inhibitor (Aldi-6) resulted in a marked decrease in cell viability, and the combination of Aldi-6 and cisplatin resulted in a more pronounced reduction of cell viability and a greater reduction in tumor burden in vivo than what was observed with cisplatin alone. These data indicate that ALDH3A1 contributes to cisplatin resistance in HNSCC and that the targeting of ALDH, specifically, ALDH3A1, appears to be a promising strategy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Kim
- Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - June Ho Shin
- Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Leslie Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lovisa Farnebo
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jieying Yang
- Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paula Borges
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gugene Kang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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36
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Buchman CD, Hurley TD. Inhibition of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1/2 Family by Psoralen and Coumarin Derivatives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2439-2455. [PMID: 28219011 PMCID: PMC5765548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), one of 19 ALDH superfamily members, catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to their respective carboxylic acids. In this study, we further characterized the inhibition of four psoralen and coumarin derivatives toward ALDH2 and compared them to the ALDH2 inhibitor daidzin for selectivity against five ALDH1/2 isoenzymes. Compound 2 (Ki = 19 nM) binds within the aldehyde-binding site of the free enzyme species of ALDH2. Thirty-three structural analogs were examined to develop a stronger SAR profile. Seven compounds maintained or improved upon the selectivity toward one of the five ALDH1/2 isoenzymes, including compound 36, a selective inhibitor for ALDH2 (Ki = 2.4 μM), and compound 32, which was 10-fold selective for ALDH1A1 (Ki = 1.2 μM) versus ALDH1A2. Further medicinal chemistry on the compounds' basic scaffold could enhance the potency and selectivity for ALDH1A1 or ALDH2 and generate chemical probes to examine the unique and overlapping functions of the ALDH1/2 isoenzymes.
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37
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Giammona A, Mangiapane LR, Di Franco S, Benfante A, Todaro M, Stassi G. Innovative Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 promotes multi-modality resistance and alters gene expression profile in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:120-128. [PMID: 27276244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases participate in a variety of cellular homeostatic mechanisms like metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, whereas recently, they have been implicated in normal and cancer cell stemness. We explored roles for ALDH3A1 in conferring resistance to chemotherapeutics/radiation/oxidative stress and whether ectopic overexpression of ALDH3A1 could lead to alterations of gene expression profile associated with cancer stem cell-like phenotype. MCF-7 cells were stably transfected either with an empty vector (mock) or human aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 cDNA. The expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 in MCF-7 cells was associated with altered cell proliferation rate and enhanced cell resistance against various chemotherapeutic drugs (4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, and 5-fluorouracil). Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 expression also led to increased tolerance of MCF-7 cells to gamma radiation and hydrogen peroxide-induced stress. Furthermore, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1-expressing MCF-7 cells exhibited gene up-regulation of cyclins A, B1, B2, and down-regulation of cyclin D1 as well as transcription factors p21, CXR4, Notch1, SOX2, SOX4, OCT4, and JAG1. When compared to mock cells, no changes were observed in mRNA levels of ABCA2 and ABCB1 protein pumps with only a minor decrease of the ABCG2 pump in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1-expressing cells. Also, the adhesion molecules EpCAM and CD49F were also found to be up-regulated in aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1expressing cells. Taken together, ALDH3A1 confers a multi-modality resistance phenotype in MCF-7 cells associated with slower growth rate, increased clonogenic capacity, and altered gene expression profile, underlining its significance in cell homeostasis.
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Wang L, Du Z, Wu Q, Jin R, Bian Z, Kang C, Guo H, Ma X, Gao L. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis ofP-Stereogenic Chiral Oxazaphospholidines. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Morgan CA, Hurley TD. Characterization of two distinct structural classes of selective aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1964-75. [PMID: 25634381 DOI: 10.1021/jm501900s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) catalyze the irreversible oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acid. Alterations in ALDH1A1 activity are associated with such diverse diseases as cancer, Parkinson's disease, obesity, and cataracts. Inhibitors of ALDH1A1 could aid in illuminating the role of this enzyme in disease processes. However, there are no commercially available selective inhibitors for ALDH1A1. Here we characterize two distinct chemical classes of inhibitors that are selective for human ALDH1A1 compared to eight other ALDH isoenzymes. The prototypical members of each structural class, CM026 and CM037, exhibit submicromolar inhibition constants but have different mechanisms of inhibition. The crystal structures of these compounds bound to ALDH1A1 demonstrate that they bind within the aldehyde binding pocket of ALDH1A1 and exploit the presence of a unique glycine residue to achieve their selectivity. These two novel and selective ALDH1A1 inhibitors may serve as chemical tools to better understand the contributions of ALDH1A1 to normal biology and to disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Indiana University School of Medicine 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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41
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Buchman CD, Mahalingan KK, Hurley TD. Discovery of a series of aromatic lactones as ALDH1/2-directed inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:38-44. [PMID: 25641190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily consists of 19 isoenzymes which mostly catalyze the NAD(P)(+)-dependent oxidation of aldehydes. Many of these isoenzymes have overlapping substrate specificities and therefore their potential physiological functions may overlap. Thus the development of new isoenzyme-selective probes would be able to better delineate the function of a single isoenzyme and its individual contribution to the metabolism of a particular substrate. This specific study was designed to find a novel modulator of ALDH2, a mitochondrial ALDH isoenzyme most well-known for its role in acetaldehyde oxidation. 53 compounds were initially identified to modulate the activity of ALDH2 by a high-throughput esterase screen from a library of 63,000 compounds. Of these initial 53 compounds, 12 were found to also modulate the oxidation of propionaldehyde by ALDH2. Single concentration measurements at 10μM compound were performed using ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH2, ALDH1B1, ALDH3A1, ALDH4A1, and/or ALDH5A1 to determine the selectivity of these 12 compounds toward ALDH2. Four of the twelve compounds shared an aromatic lactone structure and were found to be potent inhibitors of the ALDH1/2 isoenzymes, but have no inhibitory effect on ALDH3A1, ALDH4A1 or ALDH5A1. Two of the aromatic lactones show selectivity within the ALDH1/2 class, and one appears to be selective for ALDH2 compared to all other isoenzymes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D Buchman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, United States
| | - Krishna K Mahalingan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, United States
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, United States.
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N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) as a substrate and mechanism-based inhibitor for human ALDH isoenzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:18-28. [PMID: 25512087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) is a commonly used "selective" inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cancer stem cell biology due to its inclusion as a negative control compound in the widely utilized Aldefluor assay. Recent evidence has accumulated that DEAB is not a selective inhibitory agent when assayed in vitro versus ALDH1, ALDH2 and ALDH3 family members. We sought to determine the selectivity of DEAB toward ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, ALDH1L1, ALDH2, ALDH3A1, ALDH4A1 and ALDH5A1 isoenzymes and determine the mechanism by which DEAB exerts its inhibitory action. We found that DEAB is an excellent substrate for ALDH3A1, exhibiting a Vmax/KM that exceeds that of its commonly used substrate, benzaldehyde. DEAB is also a substrate for ALDH1A1, albeit an exceptionally slow one (turnover rate ∼0.03 min(-1)). In contrast, little if any turnover of DEAB was observed when incubated with ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, ALDH2 or ALDH5A1. DEAB was neither a substrate nor an inhibitor for ALDH1L1 or ALDH4A1. Analysis by enzyme kinetics and QTOF mass spectrometry demonstrates that DEAB is an irreversible inhibitor of ALDH1A2 and ALDH2 with apparent bimolecular rate constants of 2900 and 86,000 M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The mechanism of inactivation is consistent with the formation of quinoid-like resonance state following hydride transfer that is stabilized by local structural features that exist in several of the ALDH isoenzymes.
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43
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Morgan CA, Hurley TD. Development of a high-throughput in vitro assay to identify selective inhibitors for human ALDH1A1. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:29-37. [PMID: 25450233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily consists of at least 19 enzymes that metabolize endogenous and exogenous aldehydes. Currently, there are no commercially available inhibitors that target ALDH1A1 but have little to no effect on the structurally and functionally similar ALDH2. Here we present the first human ALDH1A1 structure, as the apo-enzyme and in complex with its cofactor NADH to a resolution of 1.75 and 2.1Å, respectfully. Structural comparisons of the cofactor binding sites in ALDH1A1 with other closely related ALDH enzymes illustrate a high degree of similarity. In order to minimize discovery of compounds that inhibit both isoenzymes by interfering with their conserved cofactor binding sites, this study reports the use of an in vitro, NAD(+)-independent, esterase-based high-throughput screen (HTS) of 64,000 compounds to discover novel, selective inhibitors of ALDH1A1. We describe 256 hits that alter the esterase activity of ALDH1A1. The effects on aldehyde oxidation of 67 compounds were further analyzed, with 30 selectively inhibiting ALDH1A1 compared to ALDH2 and ALDH3A1. One compound inhibited ALDH1A1 and ALDH2, while another inhibited ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and the more distantly related ALDH3A1. The results presented here indicate that this in vitro enzyme activity screening protocol successfully identified ALDH1A1 inhibitors with a high degree of isoenzyme selectivity. The compounds identified via this screen plus the screening methodology itself represent a starting point for the development of highly potent and selective inhibitors of ALDH1A1 that may be utilized to better understand the role of this enzyme in both normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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Pors K, Moreb JS. Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cancer: an opportunity for biomarker and drug development? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1953-63. [PMID: 25256776 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) belong to a superfamily of 19 isozymes that are known to participate in many physiologically important biosynthetic processes including detoxification of specific endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates. The high expression levels of an emerging number of ALDHs in various cancer tissues suggest that these enzymes have pivotal roles in cancer cell survival and progression. Mapping out the heterogeneity of tumours and their cancer stem cell (CSC) component will be key to successful design of strategies involving therapeutics that are targeted against specific ALDH isozymes. This review summarises recent progress in ALDH-focused cancer research and discovery of small-molecule-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Jan S Moreb
- Hematological Malignancies, PO Box 100278, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA.
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45
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Keller MA, Zander U, Fuchs JE, Kreutz C, Watschinger K, Mueller T, Golderer G, Liedl KR, Ralser M, Kräutler B, Werner ER, Marquez JA. A gatekeeper helix determines the substrate specificity of Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4439. [PMID: 25047030 PMCID: PMC4109017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding for membrane-bound fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) lead to toxic accumulation of lipid species and development of the Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome (SLS), a rare disorder characterized by skin defects and mental retardation. Here, we present the crystallographic structure of human FALDH, the first model of a membrane-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase. The dimeric FALDH displays a previously unrecognized element in its C-terminal region, a ‘gatekeeper’ helix, which extends over the adjacent subunit, controlling the access to the substrate cavity and helping orientate both substrate cavities towards the membrane surface for efficient substrate transit between membranes and catalytic site. Activity assays demonstrate that the gatekeeper helix is important for directing the substrate specificity of FALDH towards long-chain fatty aldehydes. The gatekeeper feature is conserved across membrane-associated aldehyde dehydrogenases. Finally, we provide insight into the previously elusive molecular basis of SLS-causing mutations. How the substrate specificity of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) towards long-chain aldehydes is achieved is an unresolved question. Here the authors present a crystal structure of human membrane-bound FALDH and find that it contains a ‘gatekeeper’ helix that directs substrate specificity towards long-chain fatty aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Keller
- 1] Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Ulrich Zander
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Golderer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Ralser
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK [2] MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst R Werner
- 1] Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2]
| | - Jose A Marquez
- 1] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France [2] Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, University of Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France [3]
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46
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Parajuli B, Fishel ML, Hurley TD. Selective ALDH3A1 inhibition by benzimidazole analogues increase mafosfamide sensitivity in cancer cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:449-61. [PMID: 24387105 PMCID: PMC3988914 DOI: 10.1021/jm401508p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes irreversibly oxidize aldehydes generated from metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, food, smoke, additives, and xenobiotic drugs. Cyclophosphamide is one such xenobiotic used in cancer therapies. Upon activation, cyclophosphamide forms an intermediate, aldophosphamide, which can be detoxified to carboxyphosphamide by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), especially ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1. Consequently, selective inhibition of ALDH3A1 could increase chemosensitivity toward cyclophosphamide in ALDH3A1 expressing tumors. Here, we report detailed kinetics and structural characterization of a highly selective submicromolar inhibitor of ALDH3A1, 1-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole (CB7, IC50 of 0.2 μM). CB7 does not inhibit ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, or ALDH2 activity. Structural, kinetics, and mutagenesis studies show that CB7 binds to the aldehyde binding pocket of ALDH3A1. ALDH3A1-expressing lung adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines are sensitized toward mafosfamide (MF) treatment in the presence analogues of CB7, whereas primary lung fibroblasts lacking ALDH3A1 expression, are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Parajuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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