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Xu S, Zhao J, Liu X, Yang X, Xu Z, Gao Y, Ma Y, Yang H. Structures of SenB and SenA enzymes from Variovorax paradoxus provide insights into carbon-selenium bond formation in selenoneine biosynthesis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32888. [PMID: 38994077 PMCID: PMC11237966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenoneine, an ergothioneine analog, is important for antioxidation and detoxification. SenB and SenA are two crucial enzymes that form carbon-selenium bonds in the selenoneine biosynthetic pathway. To investigate their underlying catalytic mechanisms, we obtained complex structures of SenB with its substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and SenA with N-α-trimethyl histidine (TMH). SenB adopts a type-B glycosyltransferase fold. Structural and functional analysis of the interaction network at the active center provide key information on substrate recognition and suggest a metal-ion-independent, inverting mechanism is utilized for SenB-mediated selenoglycoside formation. Moreover, the complex structure of SenA with TMH and enzymatic activity assays highlight vital residues that control substrate binding and specificity. Based on the conserved structure and substrate-binding pocket of the type I sulfoxide synthase EgtB in the ergothioneine biosynthetic pathway, a similar reaction mechanism was proposed for the formation of C-Se bonds by SenA. The structures provide knowledge on selenoneine synthesis and lay groundwork for further applications of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jinyi Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Response, College of Life Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zili Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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2
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Liu K, Xiang G, Li L, Liu T, Ke J, Xiong L, Wei D, Wang F. Engineering non-conventional yeast Rhodotorula toruloides for ergothioneine production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:65. [PMID: 38741169 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergothioneine (EGT) is a distinctive sulfur-containing histidine derivative, which has been recognized as a high-value antioxidant and cytoprotectant, and has a wide range of applications in food, medical, and cosmetic fields. Currently, microbial fermentation is a promising method to produce EGT as its advantages of green environmental protection, mild fermentation condition, and low production cost. However, due to the low-efficiency biosynthetic process in numerous cell factories, it is still a challenge to realize the industrial biopreparation of EGT. The non-conventional yeast Rhodotorula toruloides is considered as a potential candidate for EGT production, thanks to its safety for animals and natural ability to synthesize EGT. Nevertheless, its synthesis efficiency of EGT deserves further improvement. RESULTS In this study, out of five target wild-type R. toruloides strains, R. toruloides 2.1389 (RT1389) was found to accumulate the highest EGT production, which could reach 79.0 mg/L at the shake flask level on the 7th day. To achieve iterative genome editing in strain RT1389, CRISPR-assisted Cre recombination (CACR) method was established. Based on it, an EGT-overproducing strain RT1389-2 was constructed by integrating an additional copy of EGT biosynthetic core genes RtEGT1 and RtEGT2 into the genome, the EGT titer of which was 1.5-fold increase over RT1389. As the supply of S-adenosylmethionine was identified as a key factor determining EGT production in strain RT1389, subsequently, a series of gene modifications including S-adenosylmethionine rebalancing were integrated into the strain RT1389-2, and the resulting mutants were rapidly screened according to their EGT production titers with a high-throughput screening method based on ergothionase. As a result, an engineered strain named as RT1389-3 was selected with a production titer of 267.4 mg/L EGT after 168 h in a 50 mL modified fermentation medium. CONCLUSIONS This study characterized the EGT production capacity of these engineered strains, and demonstrated that CACR and high-throughput screening method allowed rapid engineering of R. toruloides mutants with improved EGT production. Furthermore, this study provided an engineered RT1389-3 strain with remarkable EGT production performance, which had potential industrial application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Gedan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lekai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liangbin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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3
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Liu M, Yang Y, Huang JW, Dai L, Zheng Y, Cheng S, He H, Chen CC, Guo RT. Structural insights into a novel nonheme iron-dependent oxygenase in selenoneine biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128428. [PMID: 38013086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Selenoneine (SEN) is a natural histidine derivative with radical-scavenging activity and shows higher antioxidant potential than its sulfur-containing isolog ergothioneine (EGT). Recently, the SEN biosynthetic pathway in Variovorax paradoxus was reported. Resembling EGT biosynthesis, the committed step of SEN synthesis is catalyzed by a nonheme Fe-dependent oxygenase termed SenA. This enzyme catalyzes oxidative carbon‑selenium (C-Se) bond formation to conjugate N-α-trimethyl histidine (TMH) and selenosugar to yield selenoxide; the process parallels the EGT biosynthetic route, in which sulfoxide synthases known as EgtB members catalyze the conjugation of TMH and cysteine or γ-glutamylcysteine to afford sulfoxides. Here, we report the crystal structures of SenA and its complex with TMH and thioglucose (SGlc), an analog of selenoglucose (SeGlc) at high resolution. The overall structure of SenA adopts the archetypical fold of EgtB, which comprises a DinB-like domain and an FGE-like domain. While the TMH-binding site is highly conserved to that of EgtB, a various substrate-enzyme interaction network in the selenosugar-binding site of SenA features a number of water-mediated hydrogen bonds. The obtained structural information is beneficial for understanding the mechanism of SenA-mediated C-Se bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yingyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shujing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hailin He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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4
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Wei L, Liu L, Gong W. Structure of mycobacterial ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase EgtE. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105539. [PMID: 38072054 PMCID: PMC10805701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
L-ergothioneine is widely distributed among various microbes to regulate their physiology and pathogenicity within complex environments. One of the key steps in the ergothioneine-biosynthesis pathway, the C-S bond cleavage reaction, uses the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent C-S lyase to produce the final product L-ergothioneine. Here, we present the crystallographic structure of the ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase EgtE from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsEgtE) represents the first published structure of ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyases in bacteria and shows the effects of active site residues on the enzymatic reaction. The MsEgtE and the previously reported ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase Egt2 from Neurospora crassa (NcEgt2) fold similarly. However, discrepancies arise in terms of substrate recognition, as observed through sequence and structure comparison of MsEgtE and NcEgt2. The structural-based sequence alignment of the ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase from fungi and bacteria shows clear distinctions among the recognized substrate residues, but Arg348 is critical and an extremely conserved residue for substrate recognition. The α14 helix is exclusively found in the bacteria EgtE, which represent the most significant difference between bacteria EgtE and fungi Egt2, possibly resulting from the convergent evolution of bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wei
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Weimin Gong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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5
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Kayrouz CM, Huang J, Hauser N, Seyedsayamdost MR. Biosynthesis of selenium-containing small molecules in diverse microorganisms. Nature 2022; 610:199-204. [PMID: 36071162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient in diverse organisms. Two routes are known for its insertion into proteins and nucleic acids, via selenocysteine and 2-selenouridine, respectively1. However, despite its importance, pathways for specific incorporation of selenium into small molecules have remained elusive. Here we use a genome-mining strategy in various microorganisms to uncover a widespread three-gene cluster that encodes a dedicated pathway for producing selenoneine, the selenium analogue of the multifunctional molecule ergothioneine2,3. We elucidate the reactions of all three proteins and uncover two novel selenium-carbon bond-forming enzymes and the biosynthetic pathway for production of a selenosugar, which is an unexpected intermediate en route to the final product. Our findings expand the scope of biological selenium utilization, suggest that the selenometabolome is more diverse than previously thought, and set the stage for the discovery of other selenium-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Kayrouz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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6
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Cordell GA, Lamahewage SNS. Ergothioneine, Ovothiol A, and Selenoneine-Histidine-Derived, Biologically Significant, Trace Global Alkaloids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092673. [PMID: 35566030 PMCID: PMC9103826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The history, chemistry, biology, and biosynthesis of the globally occurring histidine-derived alkaloids ergothioneine (10), ovothiol A (11), and selenoneine (12) are reviewed comparatively and their significance to human well-being is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sujeewa N. S. Lamahewage
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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7
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Qiu Y, Chen Z, Su E, Wang L, Sun L, Lei P, Xu H, Li S. Recent Strategies for the Biosynthesis of Ergothioneine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13682-13690. [PMID: 34757754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a unique naturally occurring amino acid that is usually biosynthesized by bacteria and fungi. As a food-derived antioxidant and cytoprotectant, it has several physiological benefits and has a wide range of applications in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Traditional production of EGT is mainly through biological extraction or chemical synthesis; however, these methods are inefficient, making large-scale production to meet the growing market demand difficult. Nowadays, the rapid development of synthetic biology has greatly accelerated the research on the EGT production by microbial fermentation. In this paper, the biological characteristics, applications, biosynthesis, separation, and detection methods of EGT were fully reviewed. Furthermore, the approaches and challenges for engineering microbial cells to efficiently synthesize EGT were also discussed. This work provides new ideas and future research potentials in EGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Yangzhou Rixing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225601, P. R. China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Erzheng Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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8
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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9
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Structural basis of ergothioneine biosynthesis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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The catalytic mechanism of sulfoxide synthases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:111-118. [PMID: 32726707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxide synthases are non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze oxidative carbonsulfur bond formation in the biosynthesis of thiohistidines such as ergothioneine and ovothiol. The catalytic mechanism of these enzymes has been studied by protein crystallography, steady-state kinetics, non-natural amino acid incorporation and computational modeling. This review discusses the current status of this research and also highlights similarities between the CS bond forming activity of sulfoxide synthases with that of synthetic coordination compounds.
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11
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Abstract
Natural nonproteinogenic amino acids vastly outnumber the well-known 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Such amino acids are generated in specialized metabolic pathways. In these pathways, diverse biosynthetic transformations, ranging from isomerizations to the stereospecific functionalization of C-H bonds, are employed to generate structural diversity. The resulting nonproteinogenic amino acids can be integrated into more complex natural products. Here we review recently discovered biosynthetic routes to freestanding nonproteinogenic α-amino acids, with an emphasis on work reported between 2013 and mid-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Hedges
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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12
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Naowarojna N, Irani S, Hu W, Cheng R, Zhang L, Li X, Chen J, Zhang YJ, Liu P. Crystal Structure of the Ergothioneine Sulfoxide Synthase from Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum and Structure-Guided Engineering To Modulate Its Substrate Selectivity. ACS Catal 2019; 9:6955-6961. [PMID: 32257583 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a thiohistidine derivative with potential benefits on many aging-related diseases. The central step of aerobic ergothioneine biosynthesis is the oxidative C-S bond formation reaction catalyzed by mononuclear nonheme iron sulfoxide synthases (EgtB and Egt1). Thus far, only the Mycobacterium thermoresistibile EgtB (EgtB Mth ) crystal structure is available, while the structural information for the more industrially attractive Egt1 enzyme is not. Herein, we reported the crystal structure of the ergothioneine sulfoxide synthase (EgtB Cth ) from Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. EgtB Cth has both EgtB- and Egt1-type of activities. Guided by the structural information, we conducted Rosetta Enzyme Design calculations, and we biochemically demonstrated that EgtB Cth can be engineered more toward Egt1-type of activity. This study provides information regarding the factors governing the substrate selectivity in Egt1- and EgtB-catalysis and lays the groundwork for future sulfoxide synthase engineering toward the development of an effective ergothioneine process through a synthetic biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Seema Irani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Weiyao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xinhao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiesheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Jessie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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13
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Maurer A, Leisinger F, Lim D, Seebeck FP. Structure and Mechanism of Ergothionase fromTreponema denticola. Chemistry 2019; 25:10298-10303. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maurer
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Florian Leisinger
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - David Lim
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
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14
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The role of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:44-55. [PMID: 31153518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols are molecules with a functional sulfhydryl group that enable them to detoxify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals. Their roles range from their ability to modulate the immune system to their ability to prevent damage of biological molecules such as DNA and proteins by protecting against oxidative, nitrosative and acidic stress. LMW thiols are synthesized and found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Due to their beneficial role to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their specific functions need to be elucidated, most especially in pathogenic prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), in order to provide a rationale for targeting their biosynthesis for drug development. Ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) are LMW thiols that have been shown to interplay to protect M.tb against cellular stress. Though ERG, MSH and GGC seem to have overlapping functions, studies are gradually revealing their unique physiological roles. Understanding their unique physiological role during the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection, would pave the way for the development of drugs that target their biosynthetic pathway. This review identifies the knowledge gap in the unique physiological roles of LMW thiols and proposes their mechanistic roles based on previous studies. In addition, it gives an update on identified inhibitors of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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15
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Leisinger F, Burn R, Meury M, Lukat P, Seebeck FP. Structural and Mechanistic Basis for Anaerobic Ergothioneine Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6906-6914. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Leisinger
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burn
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Meury
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peer Lukat
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Stampfli AR, Goncharenko KV, Meury M, Dubey BN, Schirmer T, Seebeck FP. An Alternative Active Site Architecture for O 2 Activation in the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic EgtB from Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5275-5285. [PMID: 30883103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxide synthases are nonheme iron enzymes that catalyze oxidative carbon-sulfur bond formation between cysteine derivatives and N-α-trimethylhistidine as a key step in the biosynthesis of thiohistidines. The complex catalytic mechanism of this enzyme reaction has emerged as the controversial subject of several biochemical and computational studies. These studies all used the structure of the γ-glutamyl cysteine utilizing sulfoxide synthase, MthEgtB from Mycobacterium thermophilum (EC 1.14.99.50), as a structural basis. To provide an alternative model system, we have solved the crystal structure of CthEgtB from Chloracidobacterium thermophilum (EC 1.14.99.51) that utilizes cysteine as a sulfur donor. This structure reveals a completely different configuration of active site residues that are involved in oxygen binding and activation. Furthermore, comparison of the two EgtB structures enables a classification of all ergothioneine biosynthetic EgtBs into five subtypes, each characterized by unique active-site features. This active site diversity provides an excellent platform to examine the catalytic mechanism of sulfoxide synthases by comparative enzymology, but also raises the question as to why so many different solutions to the same biosynthetic problem have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja R Stampfli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland.,Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum , University of Basel , Basel 4056 , Switzerland
| | - Kristina V Goncharenko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland
| | - Marcel Meury
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland
| | - Badri N Dubey
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum , University of Basel , Basel 4056 , Switzerland
| | - Tilman Schirmer
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum , University of Basel , Basel 4056 , Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland
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17
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Tanaka N, Kawano Y, Satoh Y, Dairi T, Ohtsu I. Gram-scale fermentative production of ergothioneine driven by overproduction of cysteine in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1895. [PMID: 30760790 PMCID: PMC6374457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG), a unique thiol compound, is suggested to function as an antioxidant and cytoprotectant. Despite several recent attempts to produce ERG using various organisms, its yield was still very low and the costs remained high. Since the level of ERG produced depends strictly on the availability of three distinct precursor amino acids (l-cysteine (Cys), l-histidine, and l-methionine (Met)), metabolic engineering for enhancement of the flux toward ERG biosynthesis is required. Herein, we took advantage of a high-Cys production system using Escherichia coli cells, in which Cys biosynthesis and excretion were activated, and applied it to the fermentative production of ERG from glucose. The Cys overproduction in E. coli cells carrying the egtBCDE genes from Mycobacterium smegmatis was effective for ERG production. Furthermore, coexpression of the egtA gene, which encodes γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase that synthesizes the γ-glutamylcysteine used as a sulfur source of ERG biosynthesis, enhanced ERG production even though E. coli intrinsically has γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Additionally, disruption of the metJ gene that encodes the transcriptional repressor involved in Met metabolism was effective in further increasing the production of ERG. Finally, we succeeded in the high-level production of 1.31 g/L ERG in a fed-batch culture process using a jar fermenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Tanaka
- Gradutate of School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawano
- Gradutate of School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 & W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 & W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohtsu
- Gradutate of School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
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18
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Chen L, Naowarojna N, Chen B, Xu M, Quill M, Wang J, Deng Z, Zhao C, Liu P. Mechanistic Studies of a Nonheme Iron Enzyme OvoA in Ovothiol Biosynthesis Using a Tyrosine Analogue, 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-(methoxyl) phenyl) Propanoic Acid (MeOTyr). ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Melissa Quill
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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19
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Naowarojna N, Huang P, Cai Y, Song H, Wu L, Cheng R, Li Y, Wang S, Lyu H, Zhang L, Zhou J, Liu P. In Vitro Reconstitution of the Remaining Steps in Ovothiol A Biosynthesis: C–S Lyase and Methyltransferase Reactions. Org Lett 2018; 20:5427-5430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yujuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng Song
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Huijue Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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20
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Tian G, Su H, Liu Y. Mechanism of Sulfoxidation and C–S Bond Formation Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ergothioneine Catalyzed by Ergothioneine Synthase (EgtB). ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tian
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Misson L, Burn R, Vit A, Hildesheim J, Beliaeva MA, Blankenfeldt W, Seebeck FP. Inhibition and Regulation of the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Methyltransferase EgtD. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1333-1342. [PMID: 29658702 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is an emerging factor in cellular redox homeostasis in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Reports that ergothioneine biosynthesis may be important for the pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi raise the question as to how this pathway is regulated and whether the corresponding enzymes may be therapeutic targets. The first step in ergothioneine biosynthesis is catalyzed by the methyltransferase EgtD that converts histidine into N-α-trimethylhistidine. This report examines the kinetic, thermodynamic and structural basis for substrate, product, and inhibitor binding by EgtD from Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study reveals an unprecedented substrate binding mechanism and a fine-tuned affinity landscape as determinants for product specificity and product inhibition. Both properties are evolved features that optimize the function of EgtD in the context of cellular ergothioneine production. On the basis of these findings, we developed a series of simple histidine derivatives that inhibit methyltransferase activity at low micromolar concentrations. Crystal structures of inhibited complexes validate this structure- and mechanism-based design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Misson
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burn
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allegra Vit
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Hildesheim
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariia A. Beliaeva
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE L-ergothioneine is synthesized in actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, methylobacteria, and some fungi. In contrast to other low-molecular-weight redox buffers, glutathione and mycothiol, ergothioneine is primarily present as a thione rather than a thiol at physiological pH, which makes it resistant to autoxidation. Ergothioneine regulates microbial physiology and enables the survival of microbes under stressful conditions encountered in their natural environments. In particular, ergothioneine enables pathogenic microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to withstand hostile environments within the host to establish infection. Recent Advances: Ergothioneine has been reported to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis in Mtb and protect Mtb against oxidative stresses, thereby enhancing the virulence of Mtb in a mouse model. Furthermore, ergothioneine augments the resistance of Mtb to current frontline anti-TB drugs. Recently, an opportunistic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, which infects immunocompromised individuals, has been found to produce ergothioneine, which is important in conidial health and germination, and contributes to the fungal resistance against redox stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanisms of the functions of ergothioneine in microbial physiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. It is currently not known if ergothioneine is used in detoxification or antioxidant enzymatic pathways. As ergothioneine is involved in bioenergetic and redox homeostasis and antibiotic susceptibility of Mtb, it is of utmost importance to advance our understanding of these mechanisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A clear understanding of the role of ergothioneine in microbes will advance our knowledge of how this thione enhances microbial virulence and resistance to the host's defense mechanisms to avoid complete eradication. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 431-444.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- 1 Africa Health Research Institute , Durban, South Africa .,2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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23
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Abstract
Ergothioneine (ESH), the betaine of 2-mercapto-L-histidine, is a water-soluble naturally occurring amino acid with antioxidant properties. ESH accumulates in several human and animal tissues up to millimolar concentration through its high affinity transporter, namely the organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1). ESH, first isolated from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), is synthesized only by Actinomycetales and non-yeast-like fungi. Plants absorb ESH via symbiotic associations between their roots and soil fungi, whereas mammals acquire it solely from dietary sources. Numerous evidence demonstrated the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of ESH, including protection against cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions, ultraviolet radiation damages, and neuronal injuries. Although more than a century after its discovery has gone by, our understanding on the in vivo ESH mechanism is limited and this compound still intrigues researchers. However, recent evidence about differences in chemical redox behavior between ESH and alkylthiols, such as cysteine and glutathione, has opened new perspectives on the role of ESH during oxidative damage. In this short review, we discuss the role of ESH in the complex machinery of the cellular antioxidant defense focusing on the current knowledge on its chemical mechanism of action in the protection against cardiovascular disease.
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24
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Liao C, Seebeck FP. Convergent Evolution of Ergothioneine Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2115-2118. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cangsong Liao
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; Postfach 3350 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; Postfach 3350 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Burn
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Laëtitia Misson
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Meury
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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26
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Burn R, Misson L, Meury M, Seebeck FP. Anaerobic Origin of Ergothioneine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12508-12511. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Burn
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Laëtitia Misson
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Meury
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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27
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Faponle AS, Seebeck FP, de Visser SP. Sulfoxide Synthase versus Cysteine Dioxygenase Reactivity in a Nonheme Iron Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9259-9270. [PMID: 28602090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sulfoxide synthase EgtB represents a unique family of nonheme iron enzymes that catalyze the formation of a C-S bond between N-α-trimethyl histidine and γ-glutamyl cysteine, which is the key step in the biosynthesis of ergothioneine, an important amino acid related to aging. A controversy has arisen regarding its catalytic mechanism related to the function of the active-site Tyr377 residue. The biosynthesis of ergothioneine in EgtB shows structural similarities to cysteine dioxygenase which transfers two oxygen atoms to the thiolate group of cysteine. The question, therefore, is how do EgtB enzymes catalyze the C-S bond-formation reaction, while also preventing a dioxygenation of its cysteinate substrate? In this work we present a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics study into the mechanism of sulfoxide synthase enzymes as compared to cysteine dioxygenase enzymes and present pathways for both reaction channels in EgtB. We show that EgtB contains a conserved tyrosine residue that reacts via proton-coupled electron transfer with the iron(III)-superoxo species and creates an iron(III)-hydroperoxo intermediate, thereby preventing the possible thiolate dioxygenation side reaction. The nucleophilic C-S bond-formation step happens subsequently concomitant to relay of the proton of the iron(II)-hydroperoxo back to Tyr377. This is the rate-determining step in the reaction cycle and is followed by hydrogen-atom transfer from the CE1-H group of trimethyl histidine substrate to iron(II)-superoxo. In the final step, a quick and almost barrierless sulfoxidation leads to the sulfoxide product complexes. The work highlights a unique machinery and active-site setup of the enzyme that drives the sulfoxide synthase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi S Faponle
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sam P de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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28
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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29
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Sheridan KJ, Lechner BE, Keeffe GO, Keller MA, Werner ER, Lindner H, Jones GW, Haas H, Doyle S. Ergothioneine Biosynthesis and Functionality in the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35306. [PMID: 27748436 PMCID: PMC5066259 DOI: 10.1038/srep35306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT; 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine) is a trimethylated and sulphurised histidine derivative which exhibits antioxidant properties. Here we report that deletion of Aspergillus fumigatus egtA (AFUA_2G15650), which encodes a trimodular enzyme, abrogated EGT biosynthesis in this opportunistic pathogen. EGT biosynthetic deficiency in A. fumigatus significantly reduced resistance to elevated H2O2 and menadione, respectively, impaired gliotoxin production and resulted in attenuated conidiation. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed substantial proteomic remodelling in ΔegtA compared to wild-type under both basal and ROS conditions, whereby the abundance of 290 proteins was altered. Specifically, the reciprocal differential abundance of cystathionine γ-synthase and β-lyase, respectively, influenced cystathionine availability to effect EGT biosynthesis. A combined deficiency in EGT biosynthesis and the oxidative stress response regulator Yap1, which led to extreme oxidative stress susceptibility, decreased resistance to heavy metals and production of the extracellular siderophore triacetylfusarinine C and increased accumulation of the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin. EGT dissipated H2O2 in vitro, and elevated intracellular GSH levels accompanied abrogation of EGT biosynthesis. EGT deficiency only decreased resistance to high H2O2 levels which suggests functionality as an auxiliary antioxidant, required for growth at elevated oxidative stress conditions. Combined, these data reveal new interactions between cellular redox homeostasis, secondary metabolism and metal ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sheridan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Grainne O' Keeffe
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Markus A Keller
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Gary W Jones
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Halliwell B, Cheah IK, Drum CL. Ergothioneine, an adaptive antioxidant for the protection of injured tissues? A hypothesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:245-250. [PMID: 26772879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a diet-derived, thiolated derivative of histidine with antioxidant properties. Although ET is produced only by certain fungi and bacteria, it can be found at high concentrations in certain human and animal tissues and is absorbed through a specific, high affinity transporter (OCTN1). In liver, heart, joint and intestinal injury, elevated ET concentrations have been observed in injured tissues. The physiological role of ET remains unclear. We thus review current literature to generate a specific hypothesis: that the accumulation of ET in vivo is an adaptive mechanism, involving the regulated uptake and concentration of an exogenous natural compound to minimize oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester L Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, 138648, Singapore
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Goncharenko KV, Seebeck FP. Conversion of a non-heme iron-dependent sulfoxide synthase into a thiol dioxygenase by a single point mutation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1945-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EgtB from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile catalyzes O2-dependent sulfur–carbon bond formation between the side chains of Nα-trimethyl histidine and γ-glutamyl cysteine as a central step in ergothioneine biosynthesis.
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