1
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Thuy PX, Jang TK, Moon EY. Vinblastine Resistance Is Associated with Nephronophthisis 3-Mediated Primary Cilia via Intraflagellar Transport Protein 88 and Apoptosis-Antagonizing Transcription Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10369. [PMID: 39408701 PMCID: PMC11477320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251910369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based organelles that function as cellular antennae to sense and transduce extracellular signals. Nephronophthisis 3 (NPHP3) is localized in the inversin compartment of PC. Mutations in NPHP3 are associated with renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia. In this study, we investigated whether vinblastine (VBL), a microtubule destabilizer, induces anticancer drug resistance through NPHP3-associated PC formation in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. A considerable increase in PC frequency was observed in HeLa cells under serum-deprived (SD) conditions, which led to the inhibition of VBL-induced cell death. VBL-resistant cells were established by repetitive treatments with VBL and showed an increase in PC frequency. NPHP3 expression was also increased by VBL treatment under serum starvation as well as in VBL-resistant cells. NPHP3 expression and PC-associated resistance were positively correlated with apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor (AATF) and negatively correlated with inhibition of NPHP3. In addition, AATF-mediated NPHP3 expression is associated with PC formation via the regulation of intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88). VBL resistance ability was reduced by treating with ciliobrevin A, a well-known ciliogenesis inhibitor. Collectively, cancer cell survival following VBL treatment is regulated by PC formation via AATF-mediated expression of IFT88 and NPHP3. Our data suggest that the activation of AATF and IFT88 could be a novel regulator to induce anticancer drug resistance through NPHP3-associated PC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (P.X.T.); (T.-K.J.)
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2
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Putnová I, Putnová BM, Hurník P, Štembírek J, Buchtová M, Kolísková P. Primary cilia-associated signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1413255. [PMID: 39234399 PMCID: PMC11372790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1413255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck originates from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lip, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. In this review, we summarise what is currently known about the potential function of primary cilia in the pathogenesis of this disease. As primary cilia represent a key cellular structure for signal transduction and are related to cell proliferation, an understanding of their role in carcinogenesis is necessary for the design of new treatment approaches. Here, we introduce cilia-related signalling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its possible association with HNSCC tumorigenesis. From this point of view, PDGF, EGF, Wnt and Hh signalling are discussed as all these pathways were found to be dysregulated in HNSCC. Moreover, we review the clinical potential of small molecules affecting primary cilia signalling to target squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Putnová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Moldovan Putnová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Hurník
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Jan Štembírek
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Kolísková
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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3
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Hong J, Kwon KY, Jang DG, Kwon T, Yoon H, Park TJ. Mebendazole preferentially inhibits cilia formation and exerts anticancer activity by synergistically augmenting DNA damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116434. [PMID: 38513592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and maintenance of physiological functions in the human body. In addition to their function as sensors that transduce diverse extracellular signals, including growth factors, fluid flow, and physical forces, cilia are intricately involved in cell cycle regulation and preservation of DNA integrity, as their formation and resorption dynamics are tightly linked to cell cycle progression. Recently, several studies have linked defects in specific ciliary proteins to the DNA damage response. However, it remains unclear whether and how primary cilia contribute to cancer development. Mebendazole (MBZ) is an anthelmintic drug with anticancer properties in some cancer cells. MBZ is continuously being tested for clinical studies, but the precise mechanism of its anticancer activities remains unknown. Here, using Xenopus laevis embryos as a model system, we discovered that MBZ significantly hinders cilia formation and induces DNA damage. Remarkably, primary cilium-bearing cancer cells exhibited heightened vulnerability to combined treatment with MBZ and conventional anticancer drugs. Our findings shed light on the specific influence of MBZ on cilia, rather than cytosolic microtubules, in triggering DNA damage, elucidating a previously unidentified mechanism underlying potential MBZ-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Yeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biological Medical Engineering, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Baselga M, Iruzubieta P, Castiella T, Monzón M, Monleón E, Berga C, Schuhmacher AJ, Junquera C. Spheresomes are the main extracellular vesicles in low-grade gliomas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11180. [PMID: 37430101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression and its impact on treatment response and prognosis is deeply regulated by tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells are in constant communication and modulate TME through several mechanisms, including transfer of tumour-promoting cargos through extracellular vesicles (EVs) or oncogenic signal detection by primary cilia. Spheresomes are a specific EV that arise from rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicles. They accumulate beneath cell membrane and are released to the extracellular medium through multivesicular spheres. This study describes spheresomes in low-grade gliomas using electron microscopy. We found that spheresomes are more frequent than exosomes in these tumours and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the distinct biogenesis processes of these EVs result in unique cargo profiles, suggesting different functional roles. We also identified primary cilia in these tumours. These findings collectively contribute to our understanding of glioma progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baselga
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Castiella
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Legal Medicine, and Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Carmen Berga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto J Schuhmacher
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Han Z, Andrš M, Madhavan BK, Kaymak S, Sulaj A, Kender Z, Kopf S, Kihm L, Pepperkok R, Janscak P, Nawroth P, Kumar V. The importance of nuclear RAGE-Mcm2 axis in diabetes or cancer-associated replication stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:2298-2318. [PMID: 36807739 PMCID: PMC10018352 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An elevated frequency of DNA replication defects is associated with diabetes and cancer. However, data linking these nuclear perturbations to the onset or progression of organ complications remained unexplored. Here, we report that RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycated Endproducts), previously believed to be an extracellular receptor, upon metabolic stress localizes to the damaged forks. There it interacts and stabilizes the minichromosome-maintenance (Mcm2-7) complex. Accordingly, RAGE deficiency leads to slowed fork progression, premature fork collapse, hypersensitivity to replication stress agents and reduction of viability, which was reversed by the reconstitution of RAGE. This was marked by the 53BP1/OPT-domain expression and the presence of micronuclei, premature loss-of-ciliated zones, increased incidences of tubular-karyomegaly, and finally, interstitial fibrosis. More importantly, the RAGE-Mcm2 axis was selectively compromised in cells expressing micronuclei in human biopsies and mouse models of diabetic nephropathy and cancer. Thus, the functional RAGE-Mcm2/7 axis is critical in handling replication stress in vitro and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Han
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Andrš
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14300 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bindhu K Madhavan
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Serap Kaymak
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alba Sulaj
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kender
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kihm
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Janscak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14300 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 305, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 305, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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6
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Kretschmar C, Hernández-Cáceres MP, Reyes M, Peña-Oyarzún D, García-Navarrete C, Troncoso R, Díaz-Castro F, Budini M, Morselli E, Riquelme JA, Hill JA, Lavandero S, Criollo A. Methods for studying primary cilia in heart tissue after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:85-101. [PMID: 37164544 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. After heart injury triggered by myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, extensive zones of tissue are damaged and some of the tissue dies by necrosis and/or apoptosis. The loss of contractile mass activates a series of biochemical mechanisms that allow, through cardiac remodeling, the replacement of the dysfunctional heart tissue by fibrotic material. Our previous studies have shown that primary cilia, non-motile antenna-like structures at the cell surface required for the activation of specific signaling pathways, are present in cardiac fibroblasts and required for cardiac fibrosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mice. I/R-induced myocardial fibrosis promotes the enrichment of ciliated cardiac fibroblasts where the myocardial injury occurs. Given discussions about the existence of cilia in specific cardiac cell types, as well as the functional relevance of studying cilia-dependent signaling in cardiac fibrosis after I/R, here we describe our methods to evaluate the presence and roles of primary cilia in cardiac fibrosis after I/R in mice.
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7
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Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20170. [PMID: 36424462 PMCID: PMC9691707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the function of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) expression and primary cilium (PC) formation via the underlying Nrf2-dependent mechanism for cervical cancer cell (CC) survival under conditions of serum deprivation (SD). TB4 silencing was achieved using RNA interference. The percentage of PC formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Nrf2 expression was modified by the preparation of stable Nrf2-knockdown cells with shNrf2 and the overexpression of Nrf2 with pcDNA-Nrf2 plasmids. Gene expression was measured using reverse-transcription PCR, Gaussia luciferase assay, and western blotting. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay or CellTiter Glo assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with flow cytometry. CCs incubated in SD without fetal bovine serum remained viable, and SD increased PC formation and TB4 transcription. CC viability was further decreased by treatment with ciliobrevin A to inhibit PC formation or TB4-siRNA. SD increased ROS, including H2O2. N-acetylcysteine inhibited ROS production following H2O2 treatment or SD, which also decreased PC formation and TB4 transcription. Meanwhile, H2O2 increased PC formation, which was attenuated in response to TB4 siRNA. Treatment with H2O2 increased Nrf2 expression, antioxidant responsive element (ARE) activity, and PC formation, which were inhibited by the Nrf2 inhibitor clobestasol propionate. Nrf2 knockdown via expression of Tet-On shNrf2 enhanced ROS production, leading to increased PC formation and decreased TB4 expression; these effects were counteracted by Nrf2 overexpression. Our data demonstrate that Nrf2 counter-regulates TB4 expression and PC formation for CC survival under conditions of SD, suggesting cervical CC survival could be upregulated by PC formation via Nrf2 activation and TB4 expression.
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8
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Lee JW, Cho JY, Thuy PX, Moon EY. HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells Are Maintained by Nephronophthisis 3-Associated Primary Cilium Formation via ROS-Induced ERK and HIF-1α Activation under Serum-Deprived Normoxic Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314500. [PMID: 36498831 PMCID: PMC9739938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a microtubule-based antenna-like organelle projecting from the surface of the cell membrane. We previously reported that PC formation could be regulated by nephronophthisis 3 (NPHP3) expression followed by its interaction with thymosin β4. Here, we investigated whether cancer cell viability is regulated by NPHP3-mediated PC formation. The total and viable cell number were reduced by incubating cells under serum deprivation (SD) without fetal bovine serum (-FBS). PC frequency was increased by SD which enhanced NPHP3 expression and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. The role of HIF-1α on NPHP3 expression and PC formation was confirmed by the binding of HIF-1α to the NPHP3 promoter and siRNA-based inhibition of HIF-1α (siHIF-1α), respectively. HIF-1α-stabilizing dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) and hypoxic conditions increased NPHP3 expression and PC formation. In addition, as SD elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS), PC frequency and NPHP3 expression were inhibited by a treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger. PC formation was increased by H2O2 treatment, which was inhibited by siHIF-1α. The inhibition of ERK with P98059 decreased the frequency of PC formation and NPHP3 expression. Cell viability was reduced by a treatment with ciliobrevin A (CilioA) to inhibit PC formation, which was re-affirmed by using PC-deficient IFT88-/- cells. Taken together, the results imply that PC formation in cancer cells could be controlled by NPHP3 expression through ROS-induced HIF-1α and ERK activation under SD conditions. It suggests that cancer cell viability under SD conditions could be maintained by NPHP3 expression to regulate PC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3768; Fax: +82-2-3408-4334
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9
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Yin F, Wei Z, Chen F, Xin C, Chen Q. Molecular targets of primary cilia defects in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:98. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Yin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Wei
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Fangman Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Xin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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10
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Do TD, Katsuyoshi J, Cai H, Ohashi T. Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:753805. [PMID: 34858960 PMCID: PMC8632022 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.753805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a well-known mechanism by which cells sense their surrounding mechanical environment, convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, and eventually change their morphology and functions. Primary cilia are believed to be mechanosensors existing on the surface of the cell membrane and support cells to sense surrounding mechanical signals. Knowing the mechanical properties of primary cilia is essential to understand their responses, such as sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Previous studies have so far conducted flow experiments or optical trap techniques to measure the flexural rigidity EI (E: Young’s modulus, I: second moment of inertia) of primary cilia; however, the flexural rigidity is not a material property of materials and depends on mathematical models used in the determination, leading to a discrepancy between studies. For better characterization of primary cilia mechanics, Young’s modulus should be directly and precisely measured. In this study, the tensile Young’s modulus of isolated primary cilia is, for the first time, measured by using an in-house micro-tensile tester. The different strain rates of 0.01–0.3 s−1 were applied to isolated primary cilia, which showed a strain rate–dependent Young’s modulus in the range of 69.5–240.0 kPa on average. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to measure the local Young’s modulus of primary cilia, showing the Young’s modulus within the order of tens to hundreds of kPa. This study could directly provide the global and local Young’s moduli, which will benefit better understanding of primary cilia mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Dung Do
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jimuro Katsuyoshi
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haonai Cai
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ohashi
- Division of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Castiella T, Iruzubieta P, Monleón E, Cardiel MJ, Gómez-Vallejo J, Monzón M, Junquera MC. Stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone show primary cilia in giant cell tumor of bone. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1065-1074. [PMID: 34761465 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive primary bone neoplasm composed by tumoral stromal cells (SCs) and a reactive component that consists of monocytic/histiocytic cells that give rise by fusion to osteoclast-like multinucleated cells. Recently, specific Histone 3.3 mutations have been demonstrated in SCs of GCTB. Many of the pathways related to bone proliferation and regulation depend on the primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that protrudes outside the cell and acts as a sensorial antenna. In the present work, we aimed to study the presence and role of primary cilia in GCTB. Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence studies were performed in order to demonstrate, for the first time, that the primary cilium is located in spindle-shaped SCs of GCTB. Moreover, we showed Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activation in these cells. Hence, primary cilia may play a relevant role in GCTB tumorogenesis through Hh signaling activation in SCs. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Transmission electron microscopy allows describing and differentiating cellular subpopulations in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). The primary cilium is present in some tumoral stromal cells of GCTB. Hedgehog signalling is activated in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Castiella
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª José Cardiel
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Vallejo
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Androglobin gene expression patterns and FOXJ1-dependent regulation indicate its functional association with ciliogenesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100291. [PMID: 33453283 PMCID: PMC7949040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androglobin (ADGB) represents the latest addition to the globin superfamily in metazoans. The chimeric protein comprises a calpain domain and a unique circularly permutated globin domain. ADGB expression levels are most abundant in mammalian testis, but its cell-type-specific expression, regulation, and function have remained unexplored. Analyzing bulk and single-cell mRNA-Seq data from mammalian tissues, we found that—in addition to the testes—ADGB is prominently expressed in the female reproductive tract, lungs, and brain, specifically being associated with cell types forming motile cilia. Correlation analysis suggested coregulation of ADGB with FOXJ1, a crucial transcription factor of ciliogenesis. Investigating the transcriptional regulation of the ADGB gene, we characterized its promoter using epigenomic datasets, exogenous promoter-dependent luciferase assays, and CRISPR/dCas9-VPR-mediated activation approaches. Reporter gene assays revealed that FOXJ1 indeed substantially enhanced luciferase activity driven by the ADGB promoter. ChIP assays confirmed binding of FOXJ1 to the endogenous ADGB promoter region. We dissected the minimal sequence required for FOXJ1-dependent regulation and fine mapped the FOXJ1 binding site to two evolutionarily conserved regions within the ADGB promoter. FOXJ1 overexpression significantly increased endogenous ADGB mRNA levels in HEK293 and MCF-7 cells. Similar results were observed upon RFX2 overexpression, another key transcription factor in ciliogenesis. The complex transcriptional regulation of the ADGB locus was illustrated by identifying a distal enhancer, responsible for synergistic regulation by RFX2 and FOXJ1. Finally, cell culture studies indicated an ADGB-dependent increase in the number of ciliated cells upon overexpression of the full-length protein, confirming a ciliogenesis-associated role of ADGB in mammals.
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13
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Lee JW, Thuy PX, Han HK, Moon EY. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H 2O 2 production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1247-1258. [PMID: 33526986 PMCID: PMC7847613 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) that is one of the most commonly used phthalates in manufacturing plastic wares regulates tumorigenesis. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been reported as a novel regulator to form primary cilia that are antenna-like organelles playing a role in various physiological homeostasis and pathological development including tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated whether DEHP affects tumor growth via primary cilium (PC) formation via the axis of TB4 gene expression and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tumor growth was increased by DEHP treatment that enhanced TB4 expression, PC formation and ROS production. The number of cells with primary cilia was enhanced time-dependently higher in HeLa cells incubated in the culture medium with 0.1% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The number of cells with primary cilia was decreased by the inhibition of TB4 expression. The incubation of cells with 0.1% FBS enhanced ROS production and the transcriptional activity of TB4 that was reduced by ciliobrevin A (CilioA), the inhibitor of ciliogenesis. ROS production was decreased by catalase treatment but not by mito-TEMPO, which affected to PC formation with the same trend. H2O2 production was reduced by siRNA-based inhibition of TB4 expression. H2O2 also increased the number of ciliated cells, which was reduced by siRNA-TB4 or the co-incubation with CilioA. Tumor cell viability was maintained by ciliogenesis, which was correlated with the changes of intracellular ATP amount rather than a simple mitochondrial enzyme activity. TB4 overexpression enhanced PC formation and DEHP-induced tumor growth. Taken together, data demonstrate that DEHP-induced tumor growth might be controlled by PC formation via TB4-H2O2 axis. Therefore, it suggests that TB4 could be a novel bio-marker to expect the risk of DEHP on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kyoung Han
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kobayashi Y, Hamamoto A, Saito Y. Analysis of ciliary status via G-protein-coupled receptors localized on primary cilia. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 69:277-285. [PMID: 32627821 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most diverse cell surface receptor family, with more than 800 known GPCRs identified in the human genome. Binding of an extracellular cue to a GPCR results in intracellular G protein activation, after which a sequence of events, can be amplified and optimized by selective binding partners and downstream effectors in spatially discrete cellular environments. Because GPCRs are widely expressed in the body, they help to regulate an incredible range of physiological processes from sensation to growth to hormone responses. Indeed, it is estimated that ∼ 30% of all clinically approved drugs act by binding to GPCRs. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle composed of a microtubule axoneme that extends from the basal body. The ciliary membrane is highly enriched in specific signaling components, allowing the primary cilium to efficiently convey signaling cascades in a highly ordered microenvironment. Recent data demonstrated that a limited number of non-olfactory GPCRs, including somatostatin receptor 3 and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), are selectively localized to cilia on several mammalian cell types including neuronal cells. Utilizing cilia-specific cell biological and molecular biological approaches, evidence has accumulated to support the biological importance of ciliary GPCR signaling followed by cilia structural changes. Thus, cilia are now considered a unique sensory platform for integration of GPCR signaling toward juxtaposed cytoplasmic structures. Herein, we review ciliary GPCRs and focus on a novel role of MCHR1 in ciliary length control that will impact ciliary signaling capacity and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 502-0857, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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15
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Wang B, Liang Z, Liu P. Functional aspects of primary cilium in signaling, assembly and microenvironment in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3207-3219. [PMID: 33107052 PMCID: PMC7984063 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an antennae‐like structure extent outside the cell surface. It has an important role in regulating cell‐signaling transduction to affect proliferation, differentiation and migration. Evidence is accumulating that ciliary defects lead to ciliopathies and ciliary deregulation also play crucial roles in cancer formation and progression. Interestingly, restoring the cilia can suppress proliferation in some cancer cell. However, t he role of primary cilia in cancer still be debated. In this article, we review the role of the primary cilium in cancer through architecture, signaling pathways, cilia assembly and disassembly regulators, and summarized the new findings of the primary cilium in tumor microenvironments and different cancers, highlighting novel possibilities for therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Shi W, Ma Z, Zhang G, Wang C, Jiao Z. Novel functions of the primary cilium in bone disease and cancer. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:233-242. [PMID: 31108028 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a sensory organelle that emanates from the cell surface of most mammalian cell types during growth arrest, has attracted the attention of many researchers over the past decade. Recently, a large number of new findings have assigned novel functions and roles to the primary cilium in signal transduction and related diseases, which has greatly augmented the importance of the cilium in human health and development. Here, we review emerging evidence supporting the primary cilium as a sensory organelle in signal transduction in microgravity, electromagnetic field sensing, chemosensation and tumorigenesis. We also present an overview of signal transduction crosstalk associated with the primary cilium in bone disease and cancer, including primary cilium-related Ca2+ signaling, parathyroid hormone signaling, cAMP signaling, BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling and Wnt signaling. We anticipate that emerging discoveries about the function of the primary cilium will provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of stimulus sensation, signal transduction and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengui Shi
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Ma
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengyuan Zhang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Lee JW, Kim HS, Moon EY. Thymosin β-4 is a novel regulator for primary cilium formation by nephronophthisis 3 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6849. [PMID: 31048733 PMCID: PMC6497666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosinβ-4(Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering protein involved in tumor malignancy. Primary cilia, microtubule-based organelles, are present in most eukaryotic cells, which might be related to tumor cell transformation. Here, we investigated whether ciliogenesis is affected by Tβ4 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. The inhibition of Tβ4 attenuated primary cilia formation. The frequency of cilia was increased by Tβ4 overexpression. When yeast two-hybrid assay was performed by using Tβ4 as a bait, we rescued nephronophthisis 3(NPHP3), one of the components of primary cilia. Interaction of Tβ4 with NPHP3 in mammalian cells was confirmed by GST-pulldown assay. Their intracellular co-localization was observed by immunofluorescence staining at peripheral surface of cells. In addition, the number of ciliated cells was reduced by the inhibition of NPHP3. Moreover, NPHP3 expression was decreased by the inhibition of Tβ4 but it was increased by Tβ4 overexpression. Taken together, the results demonstrate that primary cilia formation could be regulated by Tβ4 through its interaction with NPHP3 and/or the control of NPHP3 expression. It suggests that Tβ4 is a novel regulator for primary cilia formation by NPHP3. It also suggests that tumorigenesis could be associated with inappropriate regulation of Tβ4 and/or NPHP3 expression to maintain primary cilia formation normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sug Kim
- Macrogen Inc., 254, Beotkkot-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08511, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Membrane association and remodeling by intraflagellar transport protein IFT172. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4684. [PMID: 30409972 PMCID: PMC6224603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cilium is an organelle used for motility and cellular signaling. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a process to move ciliary building blocks and signaling components into the cilium. How IFT controls the movement of ciliary components is currently poorly understood. IFT172 is the largest IFT subunit essential for ciliogenesis. Due to its large size, the characterization of IFT172 has been challenging. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show that IFT172 is a membrane-interacting protein with the ability to remodel large membranes into small vesicles. Purified IFT172 has an architecture of two globular domains with a long rod-like protrusion, resembling the domain organization of coatomer proteins such as COPI-II or clathrin. IFT172 adopts two different conformations that can be manipulated by lipids or detergents: 1) an extended elongated conformation and 2) a globular closed architecture. Interestingly, the association of IFT172 with membranes is mutually exclusive with IFT57, implicating multiple functions for IFT172 within IFT. Cilia formation requires Intraflagellar transport (IFT) to move ciliary building blocks and signaling components into the cilium. Here authors use in vitro reconstitution and electron microscopy on IFT172 and reveal its ability to remodel large membrane surfaces into small vesicles.
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19
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Eguether T, Hahne M. Mixed signals from the cell's antennae: primary cilia in cancer. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846589. [PMID: 30348893 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are antenna-like organelles that protrude from most mammalian cells. They are essential for the regulation of several signaling pathways such as Hedgehog and WNT It is therefore not surprising that a dysfunction of PC is frequently associated with pathologies. Originally, PC were found to be involved in a variety of diseases commonly referred to as ciliopathies including cystic kidney diseases. Evidence is accumulating that PC play also an important role in cancer formation and regulation, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Eguether
- École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hahne
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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20
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Li H, Lan R, Chan CF, Bao G, Xie C, Chu PH, Tai WCS, Zha S, Zhang JX, Wong KL. A luminescent lanthanide approach towards direct visualization of primary cilia in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and direct imaging tool (HGEu001) for primary cilia based on long-lived europium luminescence is firstly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rongfeng Lan
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi-Fai Chan
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Guochen Bao
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pak-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - William C. S. Tai
- Department of Applied Biological and Chemical Technology
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hum
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shuai Zha
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- Hong Kong SAR
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
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21
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Yasar B, Linton K, Slater C, Byers R. Primary cilia are increased in number and demonstrate structural abnormalities in human cancer. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:571-574. [PMID: 27872140 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Primary cilia play an important role in the regulation of cell signalling pathways and are thought to have a role in cancer but have seldom been studied in human cancer samples. METHODS Primary cilia were visualised by dual immunofluorescence for anti-CROCC (ciliary rootlet coiled-coil) and anti-tubulin in a range of human cancers (including carcinomas of stomach, pancreas, prostate, lung and colon, lobular and ductal breast cancers and follicular lymphoma) and in matched normal tissue (stomach, pancreas, lung, large and small intestines, breast and reactive lymph nodes) samples using a tissue microarray; their frequency, association with proliferation, was measured by Ki-67 staining and their structure was analysed. RESULTS Compared with normal tissues, primary cilia frequency was significantly elevated in adenocarcinoma of the lung (2.75% vs 1.85%, p=0.016), adenocarcinoma of the colon (3.80% vs 2.43%, respectively, p=0.017), follicular lymphoma (1.18% vs 0.83%, p=0.003) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (7.00% vs 5.26%, p=0.002); there was no statistically significant difference compared with normal control tissue for gastric and prostatic adenocarcinomas or for lobular and ductal breast cancers. Additionally, structural abnormalities of primary cilia were identified in cancer tissues, including elongation of the axoneme, multiple basal bodies and branching of the axoneme. Ki-67 scores ranged from 0.7% to 78.4% and showed no statistically significant correlation with primary cilia frequency across all tissues (p=0.1501). CONCLUSIONS The results show upregulation of primary cilia and the presence of structural defects in a wide range of human cancer tissue samples demonstrating association of dysregulation of primary cilia with human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnaz Yasar
- Division of Medical Education, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kim Linton
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christian Slater
- Division of Medical Education, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Byers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Histopathology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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22
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EYS Is a Protein Associated with the Ciliary Axoneme in Rods and Cones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166397. [PMID: 27846257 PMCID: PMC5112921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in the EYS gene are a common cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP), yet the role of the EYS protein in humans is presently unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the isoform structure, expression and potential function of EYS in the mammalian retina in order to better understand its involvement in the pathogenesis of arRP. Methods To achieve the objective, we examined the expression of mRNA transcripts of EYS isoforms in human tissues and cell lines by RT-PCR. We also investigated the localisation of EYS in cultured cells and retinal cryo-sections by confocal fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. Results RT-PCR analysis confirmed that EYS has at least four isoforms. In addition to the previously reported EYS isoforms 1 and 4, we present the experimental validation of two smaller variants referred to as EYS isoforms 2 and 3. All four isoforms are expressed in the human retina and Y79 cells and the short variants were additionally detected in the testis. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis revealed that all EYS isoforms preferentially localise to the cytoplasm of Y79 and HeLa cells. Moreover, an enrichment of the endogenous protein was observed near the centrosomes in Y79 cells. Interestingly, EYS was observed at the ciliary axoneme in Y79 ciliated cells. In macaque retinal cryosections, EYS was found to localise in the region of the photoreceptor ciliary axoneme in both rods and cones as well as in the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells. Conclusion The results obtained in this study lead us to speculate that, in photoreceptor cells, EYS could be a protein involved in maintaining the stability of the ciliary axoneme in both rods and cones. The variability of its isoform structure suggests that other roles are also possible and yet to be established.
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23
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Adamopoulos C, Gargalionis AN, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG. Recent Advances in Mechanobiology of Osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:232-236. [PMID: 27463370 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
| | - Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
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24
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Sánchez A, Urrego D, Pardo LA. Cyclic expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel KV10.1 promotes disassembly of the primary cilium. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:708-23. [PMID: 27113750 PMCID: PMC5341513 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, critical for morphogenic and growth factor signaling, is assembled upon cell cycle exit, but the links between ciliogenesis and cell cycle progression are unclear. KV10.1 is a voltage-gated potassium channel frequently overexpressed in tumors. We have previously reported that expression of KV10.1 is temporally restricted to a time period immediately prior to mitosis in healthy cells. Here, we provide microscopical and biochemical evidence that KV10.1 localizes to the centrosome and the primary cilium and promotes ciliary disassembly. Interference with KV10.1 ciliary localization abolishes not only the effects on ciliary disassembly, but also KV10.1-induced tumor progression in vivo Conversely, upon knockdown of KV10.1, ciliary disassembly is impaired, proliferation is delayed, and proliferating cells show prominent primary cilia. Thus, modulation of ciliogenesis by KV10.1 can explain the influence of KV10.1 expression on the proliferation of normal cells and is likely to be a major mechanism underlying its tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Sánchez
- Oncophysiology Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana Urrego
- Oncophysiology Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luis A Pardo
- Oncophysiology Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Tissue stiffness is tightly controlled under normal conditions, but changes with disease. In cancer, tumors often tend to be stiffer than the surrounding uninvolved tissue, yet the cells themselves soften. Within the past decade, and particularly in the last few years, there is increasing evidence that the stiffness of the extracellular matrix modulates cancer and stromal cell mechanics and function, influencing such disease hallmarks as angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis. This review briefly summarizes recent studies that investigate how cancer cells and fibrosis-relevant stromal cells respond to ECM stiffness, the possible sensing appendages and signaling mechanisms involved, and the emergence of novel substrates - including substrates with scar-like fractal heterogeneity - that mimic the in vivo mechanical environment of the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiKang Chin
- Department of Physiology and the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Physical Sciences in Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBioPolymers Labs, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBioPolymers Labs, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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