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Albert MC, Uranga-Murillo I, Arias M, De Miguel D, Peña N, Montinaro A, Varanda AB, Theobald SJ, Areso I, Saggau J, Koch M, Liccardi G, Peltzer N, Rybniker J, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Merino P, Monzón M, Badiola JJ, Reindl-Schwaighofer R, Sanz-Pamplona R, Cebollada-Solanas A, Megyesfalvi Z, Dome B, Secrier M, Hartmann B, Bergmann M, Pardo J, Walczak H. Identification of FasL as a crucial host factor driving COVID-19 pathology and lethality. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01278-6. [PMID: 38514848 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulated immune response and inflammation resulting in severe COVID-19 are still incompletely understood. Having recently determined that aberrant death-ligand-induced cell death can cause lethal inflammation, we hypothesized that this process might also cause or contribute to inflammatory disease and lung failure following SARS-CoV-2 infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model (MA20) that recapitulates key pathological features of COVID-19. Concomitantly with occurrence of cell death and inflammation, FasL expression was significantly increased on inflammatory monocytic macrophages and NK cells in the lungs of MA20-infected mice. Importantly, therapeutic FasL inhibition markedly increased survival of both, young and old MA20-infected mice coincident with substantially reduced cell death and inflammation in their lungs. Intriguingly, FasL was also increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically-ill COVID-19 patients. Together, these results identify FasL as a crucial host factor driving the immuno-pathology that underlies COVID-19 severity and lethality, and imply that patients with severe COVID-19 may significantly benefit from therapeutic inhibition of FasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Albert
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Diego De Miguel
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Natacha Peña
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ana Beatriz Varanda
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Itziar Areso
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Julia Saggau
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Genome instability, inflammation and cell death laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institue for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Genome instability, inflammation and cell death laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Nieves Peltzer
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopaties and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Juan J Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopaties and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alberto Cebollada-Solanas
- Aragon Biomedical Research Center (CIBA), Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Unidad de Biocomputación, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Deparment of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Deparment of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Maria Secrier
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Virology Group, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control at AGES, Moedling, 2340, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Div. of Visceral Surgery, Dept. of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Julián Pardo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Henning Walczak
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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Sola D, Betancor M, Marco Lorente PA, Pérez Lázaro S, Barrio T, Sevilla E, Marín B, Moreno B, Monzón M, Acín C, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Otero A. Diagnosis in Scrapie: Conventional Methods and New Biomarkers. Pathogens 2023; 12:1399. [PMID: 38133284 PMCID: PMC10746075 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrapie, a naturally occurring prion disease affecting goats and sheep, comprises classical and atypical forms, with classical scrapie being the archetype of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. This review explores the challenges of scrapie diagnosis and the utility of various biomarkers and their potential implications for human prion diseases. Understanding these biomarkers in the context of scrapie may enable earlier prion disease diagnosis in humans, which is crucial for effective intervention. Research on scrapie biomarkers bridges the gap between veterinary and human medicine, offering hope for the early detection and improved management of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Paula A. Marco Lorente
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Sonia Pérez Lázaro
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Tomás Barrio
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Eloisa Sevilla
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Cristina Acín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
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Baselga M, Iruzubieta P, Castiella T, Monzón M, Monleón E, Berga C, Schuhmacher AJ, Junquera C. Spheresomes are the main extracellular vesicles in low-grade gliomas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11180. [PMID: 37430101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression and its impact on treatment response and prognosis is deeply regulated by tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells are in constant communication and modulate TME through several mechanisms, including transfer of tumour-promoting cargos through extracellular vesicles (EVs) or oncogenic signal detection by primary cilia. Spheresomes are a specific EV that arise from rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicles. They accumulate beneath cell membrane and are released to the extracellular medium through multivesicular spheres. This study describes spheresomes in low-grade gliomas using electron microscopy. We found that spheresomes are more frequent than exosomes in these tumours and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the distinct biogenesis processes of these EVs result in unique cargo profiles, suggesting different functional roles. We also identified primary cilia in these tumours. These findings collectively contribute to our understanding of glioma progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baselga
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Castiella
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Legal Medicine, and Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Carmen Berga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto J Schuhmacher
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Badiola JJ, Otero A, Sevilla E, Marín B, García Martínez M, Betancor M, Sola D, Pérez Lázaro S, Lozada J, Velez C, Chiner-Oms Á, Comas I, Cancino-Muñoz I, Monleón E, Monzón M, Acín C, Bolea R, Moreno B. SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on a Spanish Mink Farm: Epidemiological, Molecular, and Pathological Studies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:805004. [PMID: 35127883 PMCID: PMC8814420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.805004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Farmed minks have been reported to be highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may represent a risk to humans. In this study, we describe the first outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred on a mink farm in Spain, between June and July 2020, involving 92,700 animals. The outbreak started shortly after some farm workers became seropositive for SARS-CoV-2. Minks showed no clinical signs compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the outbreak. Samples from 98 minks were collected for histopathological, serological, and molecular studies. Twenty out of 98 (20.4%) minks were positive by RT-qPCR and 82 out 92 (89%) seroconverted. This finding may reflect a rapid spread of the virus at the farm with most of the animals overcoming the infection. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-qPCR in 30% of brain samples from positive minks. Sequencing analysis showed that the mink sequences were not closely related with the other mink SARS-CoV-2 sequences available, and that this mink outbreak has its probable origin in one of the genetic variants that were prevalent in Spain during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave. Histological studies revealed bronchointerstitial pneumonia in some animals. Immunostaining of viral nucleocapsid was also observed in nasal turbinate tissue. Farmed minks could therefore constitute an important SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, contributing to virus spread among minks and humans. Consequently, continuous surveillance of mink farms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Alicia Otero
| | - Eloisa Sevilla
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mirta García Martínez
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Sola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez Lázaro
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jenny Lozada
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carolina Velez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
| | - Álvaro Chiner-Oms
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientìficas (IBV-CSIC), CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irving Cancino-Muñoz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Acín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
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Castiella T, Iruzubieta P, Monleón E, Cardiel MJ, Gómez-Vallejo J, Monzón M, Junquera MC. Stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone show primary cilia in giant cell tumor of bone. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1065-1074. [PMID: 34761465 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive primary bone neoplasm composed by tumoral stromal cells (SCs) and a reactive component that consists of monocytic/histiocytic cells that give rise by fusion to osteoclast-like multinucleated cells. Recently, specific Histone 3.3 mutations have been demonstrated in SCs of GCTB. Many of the pathways related to bone proliferation and regulation depend on the primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that protrudes outside the cell and acts as a sensorial antenna. In the present work, we aimed to study the presence and role of primary cilia in GCTB. Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence studies were performed in order to demonstrate, for the first time, that the primary cilium is located in spindle-shaped SCs of GCTB. Moreover, we showed Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activation in these cells. Hence, primary cilia may play a relevant role in GCTB tumorogenesis through Hh signaling activation in SCs. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Transmission electron microscopy allows describing and differentiating cellular subpopulations in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). The primary cilium is present in some tumoral stromal cells of GCTB. Hedgehog signalling is activated in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Castiella
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª José Cardiel
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Vallejo
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
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Garcés M, Guijarro IM, Ritchie DL, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. Novel Morphological Glial Alterations in the Spectrum of Prion Disease Types: A Focus on Common Findings. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050596. [PMID: 34068251 PMCID: PMC8153175 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are a group of rare fatal neurodegenerative diseases with sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. They are neuropathologically characterized by pathological prion protein accumulation, neuronal death, and vacuolation. Classical immunological response has long been known not to play a major in prion diseases; however, gliosis is known to be a common feature although variable in extent and poorly described. In this investigation, astrogliosis and activated microglia in two brain regions were assessed and compared with non-neurologically affected patients in a representative sample across the spectrum of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) forms and subtypes in order to analyze the influence of prion strain on pathological processes. In this report, we choose to focus on features common to all CJD types rather than the diversity among them. Novel pathological changes in both glial cell types were found to be shared by all CJD types. Microglial activation correlated to astrogliosis. Spongiosis, but not pathological prion protein deposition, correlated to both astrogliosis and microgliosis. At the ultrastructural level, astrocytic glial filaments correlated with pathological changes associated with prion disease. These observations confirm that neuroglia play a prominent role in the neurodegenerative process of prion diseases, regardless of the causative prion type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Garcés
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Isabel M. Guijarro
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Diane L. Ritchie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.); (I.M.G.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-762944
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Iruzubieta P, Cantarero I, Monzón M, Lahoz M, Junquera C. Supporting Evidence of Human Enteric Nervous System Adult Neurogenesis: Presence of Primary Cilia and Adult Neurogenesis Markers. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:473-481. [PMID: 33237455 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been profusely studied in central nervous system. However, its presence in enteric nervous system remains elusive although it has been recently demonstrated in mice and intimately linked to glial cells. Moreover, primary cilium is an important organelle in central adult neurogenesis. In the present study, we analysed some parallelisms between central and enteric nervous system (ENS) in humans based on ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques. Thus, we described the presence of primary cilia in some subtypes of glial cells and Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICCs) and we performed 3-D reconstructions to better characterise their features. Besides, we studied the expression of several adult neurogenesis-related proteins. Immature neuron markers were found in human ENS, supporting the existence of adult neurogenesis. However, only ICCs showed proliferation markers. Hence, we propose a new paradigm where ICCs would constitute the original neural stem cells which, through asymmetrical cell division, would generate the new-born neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Irene Cantarero
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Lahoz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Guijarro IM, Garcés M, Marín B, Otero A, Barrio T, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. Neuroimmune Response in Natural Preclinical Scrapie after Dexamethasone Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165779. [PMID: 32806582 PMCID: PMC7460817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently published report on chronic dexamethasone treatment for natural scrapie supported the hypothesis of the potential failure of astroglia in the advanced stage of disease. Herein, we aimed to extend the aforementioned study on the effect of this anti-inflammatory therapy to the initial phase of scrapie, with the aim of elucidating the natural neuroinflammatory process occurring in this neurodegenerative disorder. The administration of this glucocorticoid resulted in an outstanding reduction in vacuolation and aberrant protein deposition (nearly null), and an increase in glial activation. Furthermore, evident suppression of IL-1R and IL-6 and the exacerbation of IL-1α, IL-2R, IL-10R and IFNγR were also demonstrated. Consequently, the early stage of the disease is characterized by an intact neuroglial response similar to that of healthy individuals attempting to re-establish homeostasis. A complex network of neuroinflammatory markers is involved from the very early stages of this prion disease, which probably becomes impaired in the more advanced stages. The in vivo animal model used herein provides essential observations on the pathogenesis of natural scrapie, as well as the possibility of establishing neuroglia as potential target cells for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Aguilo N, Uranga S, Mata E, Tarancon R, Gómez AB, Marinova D, Otal I, Monzón M, Badiola J, Montenegro D, Puentes E, Rodríguez E, Vervenne RAW, Sombroek CC, Verreck FAW, Martín C. Respiratory Immunization With a Whole Cell Inactivated Vaccine Induces Functional Mucosal Immunoglobulins Against Tuberculosis in Mice and Non-human Primates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 32625195 PMCID: PMC7315045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination through the natural route of infection represents an attractive immunization strategy in vaccinology. In the case of tuberculosis, vaccine delivery by the respiratory route has regained interest in recent years, showing efficacy in different animal models. In this context, respiratory vaccination triggers lung immunological mechanisms which are omitted when vaccines are administered by parenteral route. However, contribution of mucosal antibodies to vaccine- induced protection has been poorly studied. In the present study, we evaluated in mice and non-human primates (NHP) a novel whole cell inactivated vaccine (MTBVAC HK), by mucosal administration. MTBVAC HK given by intranasal route to BCG-primed mice substantially improved the protective efficacy conferred by subcutaneous BCG only. Interestingly, this improved protection was absent in mice lacking polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), suggesting a crucial role of mucosal secretory immunoglobulins in protective immunity. Our study in NHP confirmed the ability of MTBVAC HK to trigger mucosal immunoglobulins. Importantly, in vitro assays demonstrated the functionality of these immunoglobulins to induce M. tuberculosis opsonization in the presence of human macrophages. Altogether, our results suggest that mucosal immunoglobulins can be induced by vaccination to improve protection against tuberculosis and therefore, they represent a promising target for next generation tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacho Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Mata
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarancon
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Gómez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Otal
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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Monzón M, Hernández RS, Garcés M, Sarasa R, Badiola JJ. Glial alterations in human prion diseases: A correlative study of astroglia, reactive microglia, protein deposition, and neuropathological lesions. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0320. [PMID: 29642165 PMCID: PMC5908569 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has recently been proposed to be a major component of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to determine how the interaction between microglia and astroglia, which are the primary immune cell populations in the brain, and pathological prion protein (PrPsc) could influence the development and propagation of this neurodegenerative disease. Because a relevant role for glial response in prion disease has been clearly demonstrated in our previous studies using the natural animal model, a similar approach has been taken here using the natural human model. METHODS A morphological approach has been developed to analyze cerebellar samples from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in comparison with healthy control cases. Histopathological lesions were assessed, and PrPsc, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reactive microglia were immunolabelled by specific antibodies. Furthermore, co-location studies using confocal microscopy were performed to determine the possible relationships between both types of glial cells in all samples. RESULTS The results presented in this study support the involvement of both types of glial cells in CJD. Evidence of increased astrocyte and microglia reactivity can be observed in all CJD cases, and a close relationship between the types of glia is demonstrated by co-location studies. CONCLUSION Proteinopathies such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases, where aberrant proteins spread throughout the brain during disease progression, may share a molecular basis and mechanisms of propagation. Therefore, studies elucidating the interaction between gliosis and prion propagation may be relevant to these other neurodegenerative diseases and may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Otero A, Bolea R, Hedman C, Fernández-Borges N, Marín B, López-Pérez Ó, Barrio T, Eraña H, Sánchez-Martín MA, Monzón M, Badiola JJ, Castilla J. An Amino Acid Substitution Found in Animals with Low Susceptibility to Prion Diseases Confers a Protective Dominant-Negative Effect in Prion-Infected Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6182-6192. [PMID: 29264770 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While prion diseases have been described in numerous species, some, including those of the Canidae family, appear to show resistance or reduced susceptibility. A better understanding of the factors underlying prion susceptibility is crucial for the development of effective treatment and control measures. We recently demonstrated resistance to prion infection in mice overexpressing a mutated prion protein (PrP) carrying a specific amino acid substitution characteristic of canids. Here, we show that coexpression of this mutated PrP and wild-type mouse PrP in transgenic mice inoculated with different mouse-adapted prion strains (22 L, ME7, RML, and 301C) significantly increases survival times (by 45 to 113%). These data indicate that this amino acid substitution confers a dominant-negative effect on PrP, attenuating the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc and delaying disease onset without altering the neuropathological properties of the prion strains. Taken together, these findings have important implications for the development of new treatment approaches for prion diseases based on dominant-negative proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Hedman
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Barrio
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Manuel A Sánchez-Martín
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
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12
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Monzón M. Approaches to therapy against prion diseases focused on the individual defence system. AIMS Molecular Science 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Junquera C, Castiella T, Muñoz G, Fernández-Pacheco R, Luesma MJ, Monzón M. Biogenesis of a new type of extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: ultrastructural profiles of spheresomes. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:557-567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Aguilo N, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Uranga S, Marinova D, Monzón M, Badiola J, Martin C. Pulmonary but Not Subcutaneous Delivery of BCG Vaccine Confers Protection to Tuberculosis-Susceptible Mice by an Interleukin 17-Dependent Mechanism. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:831-9. [PMID: 26494773 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most promising novel tuberculosis vaccine strategies currently under development are based on respiratory vaccination, mimicking the natural route of infection. In this work, we have compared pulmonary and subcutaneous delivery of BCG vaccine in the tuberculosis-susceptible DBA/2 mouse strain, a model in which parenterally administered BCG vaccine does not protect against tuberculosis. Our data show that intranasally but not subcutaneously administered BCG confers robust protection against pulmonary tuberculosis challenge. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific mucosal immune response orchestrated by interleukin 17A (IL-17A). Thus, IL-17A neutralization in vivo reduces protection and abrogates M. tuberculosis-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion to respiratory airways and lung expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor induced following intranasal vaccination. Together, our results demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of BCG can overcome the lack of protection observed when BCG is given parenterally, suggesting that respiratory tuberculosis vaccines could have an advantage in tuberculosis-endemic countries, where intradermally administered BCG has inefficient effectiveness against pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacho Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza
| | - Juan Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza
| | - Carlos Martin
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón, Zaragoza CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Garza MC, Monzón M, Marín B, Badiola JJ, Monleón E. Distribution of peripheral PrP(Sc) in sheep with naturally acquired scrapie. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97768. [PMID: 24828439 PMCID: PMC4020850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous system is the hallmark of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. However, in some of these diseases such as scrapie or chronic wasting disease, the PrPSc can also accumulate in other tissues, particularly in the lymphoreticular system. In recent years, PrPSc in organs other than nervous and lymphoid have been described, suggesting that distribution of this protein in affected individuals may be much larger than previously thought. In the present study, 11 non-nervous/non-lymphoid organs from 16 naturally scrapie infected sheep in advanced stages of the disease were examined for the presence of PrPSc. Fourteen infected sheep were of the ARQ/ARQ PRNP genotype and 2 of the VRQ/VRQ, where the letters A, R, Q, and V represent the codes for amino-acids alanine, arginine, glutamine and valine, respectively. Adrenal gland, pancreas, heart, skin, urinary bladder and mammary gland were positive for PrPSc by immunohistochemistry and IDEXX HerdChek scrapie/BSE Antigen EIA Test in at least one animal. Lung, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle exhibited PrPSc deposits by immunohistochemistry only. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the presence of PrPSc in the heart, pancreas and urinary bladder in naturally acquired scrapie infections. In some other organs examined, in which PrPSc had been previously detected, PrPSc immunolabeling was observed to be associated with new structures within those organs. The results of the present study illustrate a wide dissemination of PrPSc in both ARQ/ARQ and VRQ/VRQ infected sheep, even when the involvement of the lymphoreticular system is scarce or absent, thus highlighting the role of the peripheral nervous system in the spread of PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Garza
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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16
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Filali H, Martín-Burriel I, Harders F, Varona L, Hedman C, Mediano DR, Monzón M, Bossers A, Badiola JJ, Bolea R. Gene expression profiling of mesenteric lymph nodes from sheep with natural scrapie. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:59. [PMID: 24450868 PMCID: PMC3906094 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of the pathogenic PrPSc protein, mainly in the brain and the lymphoreticular system. Although prions multiply/accumulate in the lymph nodes without any detectable pathology, transcriptional changes in this tissue may reflect biological processes that contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of prion diseases. Little is known about the molecular processes that occur in the lymphoreticular system in early and late stages of prion disease. We performed a microarray-based study to identify genes that are differentially expressed at different disease stages in the mesenteric lymph node of sheep naturally infected with scrapie. Oligo DNA microarrays were used to identify gene-expression profiles in the early/middle (preclinical) and late (clinical) stages of the disease. RESULTS In the clinical stage of the disease, we detected 105 genes that were differentially expressed (≥2-fold change in expression). Of these, 43 were upregulated and 62 downregulated as compared with age-matched negative controls. Fewer genes (50) were differentially expressed in the preclinical stage of the disease. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were largely associated with the following terms: glycoprotein, extracellular region, disulfide bond, cell cycle and extracellular matrix. Moreover, some of the annotated genes could be grouped into 3 specific signaling pathways: focal adhesion, PPAR signaling and ECM-receptor interaction. We discuss the relationship between the observed gene expression profiles and PrPSc deposition and the potential involvement in the pathogenesis of scrapie of 7 specific differentially expressed genes whose expression levels were confirmed by real time-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The present findings identify new genes that may be involved in the pathogenesis of natural scrapie infection in the lymphoreticular system, and confirm previous reports describing scrapie-induced alterations in the expression of genes involved in protein misfolding, angiogenesis and the oxidative stress response. Further studies will be necessary to determine the role of these genes in prion replication, dissemination and in the response of the organism to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Sarasa R, Becher D, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. A comparative study of modified confirmatory techniques and additional immuno-based methods for non-conclusive autolytic bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:212. [PMID: 24138967 PMCID: PMC4015824 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the framework of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance programme, samples with non-conclusive results using the OIE confirmatory techniques have been repeatedly found. It is therefore necessary to question the adequacy of the previously established consequences of this non-conclusive result: the danger of failing to detect potentially infected cattle or erroneous information that may affect the decision of culling or not of an entire bovine cohort. Moreover, there is a very real risk that the underreporting of cases may possibly lead to distortion of the BSE epidemiological information for a given country. In this study, samples from bovine nervous tissue presenting non-conclusive results by conventional OIE techniques (Western blot and immunohistochemistry) were analyzed. Their common characteristic was a very advanced degree of autolysis. All techniques recommended by the OIE for BSE diagnosis were applied on all these samples in order to provide a comparative study. Specifically, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, SAF detection by electron microscopy and mouse bioassay were compared. Besides, other non confirmatory techniques, confocal scanning microscopy and colloidal gold labelling of fibrils, were applied on these samples for confirming and improving the results. Results Immunocytochemistry showed immunostaining in agreement with the positive results finally provided by the other confirmatory techniques. These results corroborated the suitability of this technique which was previously developed to examine autolysed (liquified) brain samples. Transmission after inoculation of a transgenic murine model TgbovXV was successful in all inocula but not in all mice, perhaps due to the very scarce PrPsc concentration present in samples. Electron microscopy, currently fallen into disuse, was demonstrated to be, not only capable to provide a final diagnosis despite the autolytic state of samples, but also to be a sensitive diagnostic alternative for resolving cases with low concentrations of PrPsc. Conclusions Demonstration of transmission of the disease even with low concentrations of PrPsc should reinforce that vigilance is required in interpreting results so that subtle changes do not go unnoticed. To maintain a continued supervision of the techniques which are applied in the routine diagnosis would prove essential for the ultimate eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Acín C, Martín-Burriel I, Monleón E, Lyahyai J, Pitarch JL, Serrano C, Monzón M, Zaragoza P, Badiola JJ. Prion protein gene variability in Spanish goats. Inference through susceptibility to classical scrapie strains and pathogenic distribution of peripheral PrP(sc.). PLoS One 2013; 8:e61118. [PMID: 23580248 PMCID: PMC3620333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical scrapie is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal, partially protease resistant prion protein (PrP(sc)) in the CNS and in some peripheral tissues in domestic small ruminants. Whereas the pathological changes and genetic susceptibility of ovine scrapie are well known, caprine scrapie has been less well studied. We report here a pathological study of 13 scrapie-affected goats diagnosed in Spain during the last 9 years. We used immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques to discriminate between classical and atypical scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). All the animals displayed PrP(sc) distribution patterns and western blot characteristics compatible with classical scrapie. In addition, we determined the complete open reading frame sequence of the PRNP in these scrapie-affected animals. The polymorphisms observed were compared with those of the herd mates (n = 665) and with the frequencies of healthy herds (n = 581) of native Spanish goats (Retinta, Pirenaica and Moncaina) and other worldwide breeds reared in Spain (Saanen, Alpine and crossbreed). In total, sixteen polymorphic sites were identified, including the known amino acid substitutions at codons G37V, G127S, M137I, I142M, H143R, R151H, R154H, R211Q, Q222K, G232W, and P240S, and new polymorphisms at codons G74D, M112T, R139S, L141F and Q215R. In addition, the known 42, 138 and 179 silent mutations were detected, and one new one is reported at codon 122. The genetic differences observed in the population studied have been attributed to breed and most of the novel polymorphic codons show frequencies lower than 5%. This work provides the first basis of polymorphic distribution of PRNP in native and worldwide goat breeds reared in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Acín
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Hedman C, Marín B, Corbière F, Filali H, Márquez M, Vidal E, Vázquez F, Romero A, Pitarch J, Garza M, Sarasa R, Jirón W, Hernandez R, Acín C, Monzón M, Pumarola M, Badiola J, Andreoletti O, Bolea R. Experimental Sheep–Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Pigs. J Comp Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garza M, Acín C, Monzón M, Bolea R, Badiola J, Monleón E. Detection of PrPSc in the Skin of Sheep Infected Naturally by Scrapie. J Comp Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Toledano A, Alvarez MI, Monleón E, Toledano-Díaz A, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. Changes induced by natural scrapie in the calretinin-immunopositive cells and fibres of the sheep cerebellar cortex. Cerebellum 2012; 11:593-604. [PMID: 22116659 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Calretinin (CR)-immunopositive cells and fibres in the cerebellar cortex (vermal archicerebellum and neocerebellum) of scrapie-affected, ARQ/ARQ, Rasa Aragonesa breed sheep were studied in comparison with healthy, young and aged, ARQ/ARQ, Rasa Aragonesa animals and with Manchega breed sheep. The scrapie-affected sheep showed signs of both cellular involution and hypertrophic/hyperimmunoreactive responses in all neuronal subtypes; the distribution of the neuronal subtypes in the archi- and neocerebellum, however, did not change compared with controls. The results suggest that the different CR expression and/or CR content of cerebellar cortical neurons in scrapie-affected sheep are more related to their specific functions than any neuroprotective response. The reduction in the cell density of some CR-immunopositive neuronal subsets (i.e. unipolar brush cells) is contradictory to the supposed neuroprotective role of the calcium binding protein CR. However, the hyperimmunoreactivity of many CR-immunopositive neuronal subsets (e.g. the Purkinje cells) suggests the involvement of an over-expression of CR (transitory or restricted to selected neurons) as an adaptative mechanism to fight against the neurodegeneration caused by this prion disease. The changes in the number of immunopositive cells and the hypertrophic/hyperimmunoreactive response seen in scrapie-affected and aged sheep suggests that some different and some similar mechanisms are at work in this disease and aging.
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Sarasa R, Martínez A, Monleón E, Bolea R, Vargas A, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. Involvement of astrocytes in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: a confocal microscopy study. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:127-34. [PMID: 22821398 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Astroglial proliferation associated with pathological prion protein (PrPsc) deposition is widely described in Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). However, little is known of the actual role played by glia in their pathogenesis. The aim of the study has been to determine whether PrPsc is located exclusively in neurons or in both neurons and glial cells present in the central nervous system in a natural Scrapie model. Samples of cerebellum from 25 Scrapie sheep from various flocks were sectioned. Following epitope retrieval with formic acid, proteinase K and heat treatment, primary antibody L42 and primary antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein were applied as prion- and astrocytic-specific markers, respectively. For visualization, a suitable mixture of fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies was used. Relevant controls were processed in the same manner. As determined by confocal microscopy, PrPsc deposits co-localized with glial cells in all samples. Our results suggest that these cells can sustain active prion propagation, in agreement with similar findings from other studies of primary cell cultures and inoculated mice. Furthermore, despite ongoing debate regarding whether varied TSE sources show differences in their tropism for different cell lineages in the brains of affected animals, no differences in co-localization results were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Sarasa
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, University of Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Lalueza P, Monzón M, Arruebo M, Santamaria J. Antibacterial action of Ag-containing MFI zeolite at low Ag loadings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:680-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bolea R, Hortells P, Martín-Burriel I, Vargas A, Ryffel B, Monzón M, Badiola JJ. Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapie. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:300-11. [PMID: 20070537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Copper and manganese levels are altered in mice both lacking PrPc and prion-infected brains. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a scrapie-infected Tga20 mouse model. METHODS Immunoreactivities for the apoptotic proteins Bax and active caspase-3 were evaluated in nine regions of the brain of scrapie-infected and control Tga20 mice treated with one of several diets: depleted cooper (-Cu), loaded manganese (+Mn), depleted copper/loaded manganese (-Cu+Mn) and regular diet. Immunohistochemical determination of NeuN was used to detect possible neuronal loss. RESULTS Intracellular Bax detection was significantly decreased in animals fed with modified diets, particularly in those treated with copper-depleted diets. A decrease in active caspase-3 was primarily observed in animals fed with enhanced manganese diets. Our results show that the -Cu, -Cu+Mn and +Mn diets protected against apoptosis in scrapie-infected mice. However, NeuN immunolabelling quantification revealed that no diet was sufficient to arrest neuronal death. CONCLUSIONS With regard to apoptosis induction, the response of Tga20 mice to prion infection was similar to that reported for other mice models. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of -Cu, -Cu+Mn and +Mn diets in a murine model of scrapie. However, neuronal death induced by infection with prions seems to be independent of apoptosis marker signalling. Moreover, copper-modified diets were neuroprotective against the possible toxicity of the prion transgene in Tga20 control and infected mice even though manganese supplementation could not counteract this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bolea
- Animal Pathology Department, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Serrano C, Hammouchi M, Benomar A, Lyahyai J, Ranera B, Acín C, el Hamidi M, Monzón M, Badiola JJ, Tligui N, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I. PRNPhaplotype distribution in Moroccan goats. Anim Genet 2009; 40:565-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Vidal E, Acín C, Foradada L, Monzón M, Márquez M, Monleón E, Pumarola M, Badiola JJ, Bolea R. Immunohistochemical characterisation of classical scrapie neuropathology in sheep. J Comp Pathol 2009; 141:135-46. [PMID: 19515381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation elicited by PrP(res) (resistant prion protein [PrP]) deposits in the central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to involve cellular and oxidative stress responses in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) as well as in several murine models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Additionally, deregulation of water homeostasis has been suggested to be a further component of the spongiform changes observed in TSEs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pathogenic events occurring in the CNS of sheep with spontaneously arising classical scrapie. Brains from seven affected animals and two controls were subject to immunohistochemical and histochemical examinations. Semi-quantitative evaluation of PrP(res) deposits and spongiform changes throughout the encephalon confirmed that PrP(res) deposition elicits significant astroglial and microglial reactions, as evidenced by an increase in the number of glial cells and changes in glial cell morphology involving increased expression of vimentin. The altered expression of metallothionein and heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) suggested that this neuroinflammatory reaction entails cellular and oxidative stress responses. In contrast, there was no change in expression of the membrane-associated water channel aquaporin 1 when PrP(res) accumulated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vidal
- Priocat Laboratory, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hortells P, Monleón E, Acín C, Vargas A, Vasseur V, Salomon A, Ryffel B, Cesbron JY, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. The Effect of Metal Imbalances on Scrapie Neurodegeneration. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 57:358-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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García-Alvarez F, Navarro-Zorraquino M, Castro A, Grasa JM, Pastor C, Monzón M, Martínez A, García-Alvarez I, Castillo J, Lozano R. Effect of age on cytokine response in an experimental model of osteomyelitis. Biogerontology 2009; 10:649-58. [PMID: 19123052 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of age on cytokine response in an experimental model of osteomyelitis. Forty adult male Wistar rats received a stainless steel needle, intramedullarly in the left tibia. Young rats (3 months old) and old rats (22 months old) were allotted in: Group A: Sterile implant. Group B: Sterile implant + slime producing S. aureus. Rats were sacrificed 9 weeks after surgery. Determinations: Cytokines (ELISA) in blood and in tibia extract and the number of bacteria in tibia and implant. The Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U tests were used (P < or = 0.01 significant). Infection was detected in every old rat receiving S. aureus, and in 7 of 10 young rats. In blood: prior to surgery, old rats presented higher IL-2 and lower IL-4 levels. Surgery alone did not induce significant changes in old rats; surgery + S. aureus induced significant increases of IL-2 and IL-10 in young rats, and of IL-6 in old rats. Tibia analysis S. aureus group showed increased levels of: IL-10 in young rats, and IL-1beta in old rats. In experimentally induced osteomyelitis, significant differences were observed in cytokine response with regard to age.
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Hortells P, Monleón E, Acín C, Vargas A, Ryffel B, Cesbron JY, Badiola JJ, Monzón M. Effect of the dimethoate administration on a Scrapie murine model. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:368-75. [PMID: 18667030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some authors have associated organophosphate compounds with susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) and even with the origin of this group of diseases. Nevertheless, the actual role played by these compounds still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of oral exposure to dimethoate (DMT) on the development of Scrapie using a genetically modified murine model. A total of 70 C57BL/6 mice over-expressing the PrP gene (Tg20) were included in the present study. A portion of the mice were intraperitoneally inoculated, while the rest were maintained as non-infected controls. Animals from the treated group were exposed to dimethoate dissolved in drinking water from the beginning of the experiment. Variables of incubation period, spongiosis, PrPsc deposits, glial over-expression, neuronal loss, and amyloid plaques were assessed in all animals. According to the results, a treatment consisting of a daily 15 mg/kg dose of DMT for 5 weeks did not show any effect on any of the variables assessed. Although more exhaustive studies for assessing different doses and organic compounds are required, this finding constitutes an empirical study that rules out the possibility that this compound may have a predisposing effect on TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hortells
- Research Centre for Prion Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Serrano C, Martín-Burriel I, Lyahyai J, Monzón M, El Hamidi M, Acín C, Badiola JJ, Tligui N, Zaragoza P. Polymorphisms of the PRNP gene in Moroccan sheep breeds. Vet Rec 2007; 161:524-5. [PMID: 17938411 DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.15.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Serrano
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Fernández AP, Serrano J, Rodrigo J, Monleón E, Monzón M, Vargas A, Badiola JJ, Martínez-Murillo R, Martínez A. Changes in the expression pattern of the nitrergic system of ovine cerebellum affected by scrapie. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:196-207. [PMID: 17356381 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000248557.37832.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the end-product of nitration, nitrotyrosine, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzymatic activity in sheep at different stages of the prion disease, scrapie. Four groups were studied: 1) nonaffected (control), 2) preclinical, 3) clinical, and 4) terminal. Constitutive neuronal NOS (nNOS) was the most abundant isoform present in cerebellar neurons of the sheep. Expression of nNOS increased in preclinical animals but diminished in the late stages of the disease. The Purkinje cells that usually are not immunoreactive for this protein became immunopositive in the clinical phase. In unaffected sheep, the inducible isoform (iNOS) was slightly positive in the Purkinje cells. As the disease progressed, the immunoreactivity of Purkinje neurons for iNOS increased. At the final stages, numerous iNOS-positive microglial cells were found in the molecular layer. There was a basal level of protein nitration in the cerebellum of unaffected sheep, especially in the molecular layer. As the disease progressed, the distal prolongations of the Purkinje cells and the astroglia became immunoreactive for nitrotyrosine. Our results suggest that the nitrergic system reacts to the progression of spongiform diseases and may be part of their pathogenesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Fernández
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Hortells P, Monzón M, Monleón E, Acín C, Vargas A, Bolea R, Luján L, Badiola JJ. Pathological findings in retina and visual pathways associated to natural Scrapie in sheep. Brain Res 2006; 1108:188-94. [PMID: 16836987 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work represents a comprehensive pathological description of the retina and visual pathways in naturally affected Scrapie sheep. Twenty naturally affected Scrapie sheep and 6 matched controls were used. Eyes, optic nerves and brain from each animal were fixed and histologically processed using hematoxylin-eosin, followed by immunohistochemical staining for prion protein (PrPsc) and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP). Retinal histopathological changes were observed in only 7 clinically affected animals and mainly consisted of loss of outer limitant layer definition, outer plexiform layer atrophy, disorganization and loss of nuclei in both nuclear layers, and Müller glia hypertrophy. PrPsc was detected in the retina of 19 of the 20 sheep and characterized by a disseminated granular deposit across layers and intraneuronally in ganglion cells. The inner plexiform and the ganglion cell layers were the structures most severely affected by PrPsc deposits. PrPsc exhibited a tendency to spread from these two layers to the others. A marked increase in the number and intensity of GFAP-expressing Müller cells was observed in the clinical stage, especially at the terminal stage of the disease. Spongiosis and PrPsc were detected within the visual pathways at the preclinical stage, their values increasing during the course of the disease but varying between the areas examined. PrPsc was detected in only 3 optic nerves. The results suggest that the presence of PrPsc in the retina correlates with disease progression during the preclinical and clinical stages, perhaps using the inner plexiform layer as a first entry site and diffusing from the brain using a centrifugal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Hortells
- Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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García-Alvarez F, Monzón M, Grasa JM, Laclériga A, Amorena B, García-Alvarez I, Navarro-Zorraquino M, Alvarez FGA. Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 responses after antibiotic treatment in experimental chronic Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. J Orthop Sci 2006; 11:370-4. [PMID: 16897201 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-006-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcal implant infections' response to treatment may be correlated with cytokine production. We investigated the effect of certain antibiotics on the cytokine response in experimental osteomyelitis. METHODS A stainless steel needle with an adherent slime-producing Staphylococcus aureus was implanted intramedullarly in the left tibia of 40 adult male Wistar rats. At 42 days after implantation, cefuroxime, vancomycin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin were administered intramuscularly every 12 h for 21 days. The control group was given no antibiotic. At the end of the treatment, implants and tibias were retrieved, and the bacterial numbers were estimated. Cytokines [interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, and IL-10] were determined (ELISA) in the tibial extract. RESULTS Vancomycin and cefuroxime inhibited bone colonization in all tibias, and tobramycin and ciprofloxacin inhibited it only partially. Cefuroxime reduced the number of bacteria that adhered to the implants more than the other antibiotics. IL-1alpha and IL-6 showed higher levels in the ciprofloxacin-treated group than in the cefuroxime-treated and control groups. IL-6 levels in rats treated with cefuroxime were lower than in rats treated with tobramycin or vancomycin and the control group. Cefuroxime decreased IL-10 levels more than ciprofloxacin or vancomycin or those seen in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The cefuroxime group showed the greatest decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Different antibiotics produce different cytokine reactions that should be studied to choose the best treatment.
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Rodrigo J, Fernández AP, Serrano J, Monzón M, Monleón E, Badiola JJ, Climent S, Martínez-Murillo R, Martínez A. Distribution and expression pattern of the nitrergic system in the cerebellum of the sheep. Neuroscience 2006; 139:889-98. [PMID: 16533568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitrergic system produces nitric oxide as an atypical neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Nitric oxide is produced from l-arginine through specific enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases. Of these, the more abundant form in neurons is the constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase, although the inducible isoform can be expressed as well, especially following stress or other injuries. The excessive formation of nitric oxide results in protein nitration, particularly at tyrosine residues, thus the presence of nitrotyrosine can be used as a marker of nitric oxide production. In previous studies we have shown the distribution of the components of the nitrergic system in the cerebellum of rodents, where neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was present in stellate and basket cells, and occasionally in granule cells. Here, we present evidence that in the sheep, as a model of larger mammals, most cerebellar neurons display an intense immunostaining for neuronal nitric oxide synthase, including unipolar brush cells, and Lugaro and Golgi neurons, which are not immunoreactive in rodents. In addition, weak immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine was found in particular cell types, indicating a basal expression for these markers. Our results suggest a larger dependence on the nitrergic system for the cerebella of larger mammals. Since this increase happens in both activating and inhibitory neurons of the cerebellar circuitry, we propose that in these animals there is a higher steady-state regulation of the cerebellum based on nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodrigo
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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García-Alvarez F, Castiella T, Grasa JM, Monzón M, Laclériga A, Palanca D. Autologous platelets and articular surface repair in an experimental model. J Orthop Sci 2006; 10:237-9. [PMID: 15815875 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-004-0881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felícito García-Alvarez
- Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Unidad Mixta de Investigación, Hospital Lozano Blesa, University of Zaragoza, c/S. Juán Bosco 15, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Bolea R, Monleón E, Schiller I, Raeber AJ, Acín C, Monzón M, Martín-Burriel I, Struckmeyer T, Oesch B, Badiola JJ. Comparison of immunohistochemistry and two rapid tests for detection of abnormal prion protein in different brain regions of sheep with typical scrapie. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:467-9. [PMID: 16312240 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the "gold standard" techniques for postmortem confirmation of scrapie diagnosis in sheep and goats is immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue. Active surveillance for scrapie is mainly performed by rapid diagnostic tests on the basis of postmortem immunochemical detection of prion protein (PrP) in the obex tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of 2 rapid tests, Prionics-Check LIA (a chemiluminescence sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Prionics-Check Western blot for scrapie diagnosis when applied to brain areas other than the obex, in comparison with the recognized immunohistochemistry. Prion protein was detected in the obex, cervical spinal cord, and thalamus from all the scrapie-positive sheep by the 3 tests. Western blot and LIA were negative in other areas of the brain, although weak immunohistochemical staining was detected. The results show that the 2 rapid tests studied may detect PrP in brain areas other than the obex, although with a lower sensitivity than immunohistochemistry when there is minimal PrP deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bolea
- National Reference Centre for TSE, Facultad de Veterinaria, Zaragoza, Spain
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37
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Abstract
In the present study, infrared spectroscopy was shown to be able to distinguish healthy and scrapie-infected animals by analysis of the white-cell membranous fraction from blood. Infrared spectroscopy was able to detect not only clinical cases, but also animals at a preclinical stage of the disease. These findings suggest this technique as an accurate in vivo diagnostic tool that could be applied to animal as well as human samples. In addition to possibly avoiding the slaughter of a huge number of animals with the socio-economic consequences that this poses, the test could be expected to become useful in the prevention of human transmission by blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carmona
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de EET (University of Zaragoza), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de EET (University of Zaragoza), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de EET (University of Zaragoza), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jaime Monreal
- Instituto de Neurobiología Santiago Ramón y Cajal (CSIC), Doctor Arce 37, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Monleón E, Monzón M, Hortells P, Bolea R, Acín C, Vargas F, Badiola JJ. Approaches to Scrapie diagnosis by applying immunohistochemistry and rapid tests on central nervous and lymphoreticular systems. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:165-71. [PMID: 15794986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies evaluating the performance of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) rapid tests (validated for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy samples) on Scrapie samples have not been reported widely, particularly those dealing with lymphoreticular system tissues to a much lesser extent. The main objective of this study was to compare the ability of two current rapid tests (Western blot and Luminiscence Immunoassay Prionics-Check; WB and LIA, respectively) to detect PrPsc using central nervous system as well as lymphoreticular system samples corresponding to naturally infected animals. Thirty-four Scrapie-affected sheep, 26 with clinical signs of the disease, were included in the study. Tonsil, retropharyngeal lymph node and medulla oblongata were assessed by three tests: immunohistochemistry (confirmatory test), WB and LIA (rapid tests). The conclusion which can be drawn from this study is the fact that all animals involved in the study, including those at a preclinical stage, could be diagnosed regardless of the test used (with immunohistochemistry consistently showing higher sensitivity) only when the analyses of both the central nervous system and the lymphoreticular system were considered. The choice of these tissues for routine diagnosis is, therefore, proposed as a valuable tool to highly reduce the number of undetected positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monleón
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, University of Zaragoza, Avda. Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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39
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Díaz C, Yanes C, Medina L, Trujillo CM, Monzón M, Puelles L. Golgi study of the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in a lizard. I. neuronal typology in the adult. J Morphol 2005; 203:293-300. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Díaz C, Yanes C, Medina L, Trujillo CM, Monzón M, Puelles L. Golgi study of the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in a lizard. II. Neuronal cytodifferentiation. J Morphol 2005; 203:301-310. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Carmona P, Monleón E, Monzón M, Badiola JJ, Monreal J. Raman analysis of prion protein in blood cell membranes from naturally affected scrapie sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:759-64. [PMID: 15217609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are no efficient antemortem diagnostic tests for transmissible spongiform encephalopathys (TSEs), particularly in blood. New strains of prion PrPSc, which causes TSEs, are currently appearing, and researchers remain concerned that if prion variants continue to emerge, some of them may escape detection by existing immunoassay tests. Because a common structural feature of PrPSc strains is their high content of beta sheets, Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a suitable technique to analyze a key membranous fraction of blood containing PrPSc. In this fraction, a significant increase in beta sheets has been correlated with the worsening of this TSE in naturally scrapie-infected animals in comparison with healthy controls. Since sensitivity and specificity were found to be 100% for each, this test may lead to a new and alternative diagnosis for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carmona
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Acín C, Martín-Burriel I, Goldmann W, Lyahyai J, Monzón M, Bolea R, Smith A, Rodellar C, Badiola JJ, Zaragoza P. Prion protein gene polymorphisms in healthy and scrapie-affected Spanish sheep. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2103-2110. [PMID: 15218196 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rasa Aragonesa sheep is the second most important Spanish breed after the Merino breed. Reported here is the prion protein (PrP) haplotype frequency distribution for scrapie-related codons (136, 154 and 171) and a sequencing study of the complete PrP gene open reading frame for this breed and six other closely related breeds. The study includes four scrapie-affected sheep flocks belonging to Rasa Aragonesa and Rasa Navarra breeds. Thirty-eight scrapie-affected sheep, 502 healthy sheep from scrapie-affected flocks and 905 sheep from a breed survey were genotyped. The most frequent PrP haplotype in both scrapie and healthy flocks was ARQ, which was found at significantly higher frequency in scrapie-affected sheep. The susceptibility-associated VRQ haplotype was found at low frequencies in six out of eight breeds, but was not present in the 38 scrapie-affected sheep. The resistance-associated ARR haplotype was found in all breeds except one (Ojinegra) at frequencies >or=14 %. Fourteen amino acid polymorphisms were detected in these Spanish sheep, including the known amino acid substitutions at codons 112, 136, 141, 143, 154, 171 and 176, and new polymorphisms at codons 101 (Q-->R), 151 (R-->G), 151 (R-->H), 172 (Y-->D) and 175 (Q-->E). Most of the novel polymorphic codons show frequencies lower than 5 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Acín
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Biochemical Genetics and Blood Groups Laboratory, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK
| | - Jaber Lyahyai
- Biochemical Genetics and Blood Groups Laboratory, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Allister Smith
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Biochemical Genetics and Blood Groups Laboratory, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Biochemical Genetics and Blood Groups Laboratory, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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43
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Cucarella C, Tormo MA, Ubeda C, Trotonda MP, Monzón M, Peris C, Amorena B, Lasa I, Penadés JR. Role of biofilm-associated protein bap in the pathogenesis of bovine Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2177-85. [PMID: 15039341 PMCID: PMC375157 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.4.2177-2185.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of intramammary infections, which frequently become chronic, associated with the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm. Here, we report a relationship between the ability to produce chronic bovine mastitis and biofilm formation. We have classified bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates into three groups based on the presence of particular genetic elements required for biofilm formation: group 1 (ica(+) bap(+)), group 2 (ica(+), bap negative), and group 3 (ica negative, bap negative). Overall, animals naturally infected with group 1 and 2 isolates had a lower milk somatic cell count than those infected with isolates of group 3. In addition, Bap-positive isolates were significantly more able to colonize and persist in the bovine mammary gland in vivo and were less susceptible to antibiotic treatments when forming biofilms in vitro. Analysis of the structural bap gene revealed the existence of alternate forms of expression of the Bap protein in S. aureus isolates obtained under field conditions throughout the animal's life. The presence of anti-Bap antibodies in serum samples taken from animals with confirmed S. aureus infections indicated the production of Bap during infection. Furthermore, disruption of the ica operon in a bap-positive strain had no effect on in vitro biofilm formation, a finding which strongly suggested that Bap could compensate for the deficiency of the PIA/PNAG product (a biofilm matrix polysaccharide). Altogether, these results demonstrate that, in the bovine intramammary gland, the presence of Bap may facilitate a biofilm formation connected with the persistence of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Cucarella
- Departament of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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44
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Monleón E, Monzón M, Hortells P, Vargas A, Acín C, Badiola JJ. Detection of PrPsc on lymphoid tissues from naturally affected scrapie animals: comparison of three visualization systems. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:145-51. [PMID: 14729865 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed three different visualization systems used routinely in research and diagnosis of transmissable spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) to demonstrate whether the methodology applied to immunohistochemical (IHC) examination may alter the results concerning detection of prion protein (PrPsc) in the lymphoreticular system (LRS): avidin-biotin-peroxidase (Vectastain ABC kit; Vector), Envision (DAKO), and catalyzed signal amplification (CSA; DAKO). The study aimed to determine which of these showed the highest sensitivity, with the hope of providing an accurate tool for pathogenesis and preclinical diagnosis research in TSEs. Histological sections from palatine tonsils, spleen, GALT (ileum and ileocecal valve), and lymph nodes from sheep belonging to a Spanish scrapie-positive flock were processed by IHC using L42 as primary antibody. As substrate chromogen, diaminobenzidine was used, and all slides were subjectively assessed by light microscopy. A further study using an image analyzer software system was carried out to confirm that the conclusion provided by microscopic examination was objective. The CSA system showed the highest sensitivity in all cases, increasing both variables assessed: the number of follicles that were PrPsc-positive was detected as well as the intensity of immunostaining in each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Monleón
- National Reference Centre for TSEs, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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45
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Badiola JJ, Rábano A, Hortells P, Guerrero MC, Ferrín G, García L, Monleón E, Acín C, Vargas A, Bolea R, Monzón M. Emboli in bulls killed in Spanish traditional bullfighting. J Comp Pathol 2003; 128:207-9. [PMID: 12634102 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2002.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The finding of brain tissue fragments in blood and lungs of cattle stunned in slaughterhouses has raised concerns about food safety in the context of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic. In the present study, the possible occurrence of brain tissue emboli in animals killed in traditional Spanish bullfighting was investigated. Thorough histological analysis of multiple possible target organs was carried out in 434 bulls. No evidence of brain tissue embolism was obtained, but emboli from diverse sources were detected in pulmonary and hepatic tissue of a significant number of animals. These emboli seem to have been caused by the use of a long sword, which extensively disrupts intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal organs and vascular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Badiola
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Research Institute, Hospital Alcorcón Foundation, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Monleón E, Monzón M, Hortells P, Vargas A, Badiola JJ. Detection of PrP(sc) in samples presenting a very advanced degree of autolysis (BSE liquid state) by immunocytochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:15-8. [PMID: 12502750 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although detection of the abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrP(sc)), the specific feature of transmissable spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), has been previously demonstrated on formalin-fixed autolytic tissue, no samples with autolysis as severe as tested here (i.e., liquid state) have previously been tested. It is inevitable that a small but significant proportion of brains, especially in summer due to delays in postmortem examination, undergo an extremely severe autolysis that makes samples unsuitable for diagnosis by conventional techniques. In this study, 25 bovine samples were diagnosed by applying immunocytochemistry on the corresponding liquid fraction. Four additional portions of brainstem (positive and negative sheep and cattle) were subjected to one of the autolysis regimens at 56C or environmental conditions for up to 80 days and were analyzed with the same methodology. No abnormal protein could be detected in any of the control animals. PrP(sc) accumulation was observed by immunocytochemistry in all cases that were positive by either immunohistochemistry on the corresponding filtrates or by Prionics Western blotting, showing an excellent agreement between the methodology assessed and these routine techniques. The results of this study demonstrate immunocytochemistry as a useful tool for diagnosis in liquid-state samples, solving a most relevant problem in BSE and scrapie epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Monleón
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, University of Zaragoza, Zorgoza, Spain
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47
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Monzón M, Oteiza C, Leiva J, Lamata M, Amorena B. Biofilm testing of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates: low performance of vancomycin in relation to other antibiotics. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 44:319-24. [PMID: 12543535 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro killing effect of widely used antibiotics (cephalothin, clindamycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, phosphomycin and vancomycin) was comparatively analyzed in this study on 24-h biofilms of 64 Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates. This effect was assessed at the expected antibiotic concentration reached in serum, using ATP-bioluminescence. Erythromycin, rifampicin, tetracycline and phosphomycin presented generally a higher killing effect than vancomycin, clindamycin, cephalothin, teicoplanin and ofloxacin in these biofilms. Differences in the resistance profiles obtained in classical assays (broth microdilution and diffusion) did not help to predict differences in the killing effect of the antibiotics in biofilms. Only some antibiotics (vancomycin but not rifampicin or tetracycline) highly decreased their killing effect as the biofilm age increased (from 6 to 24 or 48 h). These studies underline the relevance of biofilm susceptibility testing and the potential danger of the indiscriminate use of vancomycin monotherapy as the ultimate resource against infections involving aged biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monzón
- CSIC Department of Animal Health and Production, (SIA-DGA), P.O. Box 727, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Badiola
- National Reference Centre for TSE, Zaragoza, Spain
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49
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Monzón M, García-Alvarez F, Laclériga A, Amorena B. Evaluation of four experimental osteomyelitis infection models by using precolonized implants and bacterial suspensions. Acta Orthop Scand 2002; 73:11-9. [PMID: 11928904 DOI: 10.1080/000164702317281341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis, a major problem in orthopedic surgery, often involves biofilm bacteria adhering to implants and surrounding bone and tissues. The inadequacy of therapy or immunological surveillance has encouraged studies using animal models which simulate natural osteomyelitic infections, ensure the development of infections and avoid mortality. We evaluated 4 models for infection (8 animals/model) in rats, using stainless-steel implants in tibiae and a very adherent slime-producing bacterial strain. Each animal received: an implant containing a 12 h-biofilm with about 10(6) cfu (Model 1); an implant containing this biofilm and a suspension with about 10(4) cfu (Model 2): a sterile implant and a suspension with about 10(5) cfu (Model 3); or a sterile implant and a suspension with about 10(6) cfu (Model 4). 63 days after surgery we found 100% rat survival, colonization of bone by implant biofilm bacteria in some animals and local, but not systemic infections. Model 1 (but not Models 2-4) reproduced an infection in both, tibiae and implants, most reliably (in 100% of the animals). Model 3 was the least reliable (p < 0.01, 25% infected implants, 12% infected tibiae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monzón
- CSIC-SIA, Department of Animal Health (DGA), Zaragoza, Spain
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50
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Abstract
The in vitro effect of nine antibiotic combinations was investigated in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms using ATP-bioluminescence for viable bacterial cell quantification. Four slime-producing (SP) strains were used to form biofilms 6, 24 and 48 h old. These biofilms were exposed for 24 h to antibiotics at 4 x, 2 x, 1 x and 0.5 x MIC. Combinations involving tetracycline together with another antibiotic were the most efficient at the biofilm age and concentration range under study. The combination vancomycin-rifampicin produced the highest bactericidal effect on 6 h biofilms at 4 x MIC, but this effect decreased dramatically in older biofilms. To detect possible antibiotic synergy in combinations that had a significant killing effect, antibiotics were studied not only in combination but also individually. Synergic effects were observed in all the combinations tested. Differences between the effect in combination and the sum of individual antibiotic effects (degree of synergy) were significant (mostly P< 0.001) and exceeded 1 log10 cfu/mL in the majority of cases. In 48 h biofilms, antibiotics caused a significant bactericidal effect when applied in combination, but never when used individually. These results indicate that the biofilm test applied allows the detection of synergy between antibiotics and suggests that this assay could be useful in clinical and extensive synergy studies on S. epidermidis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monzón
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Natural Resources (CSIC-UPNA), Campus of Arrosadía, 31192 Pamplona and CSIC Department of Animal Health and Production (SIA-DGA), PO Box 727, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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