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Ton VK, Li S, John K, Li B, Zweck E, Kanwar MK, Sinha SS, Hernandez-Montfort J, Garan AR, Goodman R, Faugno A, Farr M, Hall S, Kataria R, Guglin M, Vorovich E, Pahuja M, Vallabhajosyula S, Nathan S, Abraham J, Harwani NM, Hickey GW, Schwartzman AD, Khalife W, Mahr C, Kim JH, Bhimaraj A, Sangal P, Kong Q, Walec KD, Zazzali P, Fried J, Burkhoff D, Kapur NK. Serial Shock Severity Assessment Within 72 Hours After Diagnosis: A Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Report. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 84:S0735-1097(24)07740-4. [PMID: 39217545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cardiogenic Shock Working Group-modified Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (CSWG-SCAI) staging was developed to risk stratify cardiogenic shock (CS) severity. Data showing progressive changes in SCAI stages and outcomes are limited. OBJECTIVES We investigated serial changes in CSWG-SCAI stages and outcomes of patients presenting with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI-CS) and heart failure-related CS (HF-CS). METHODS The multicenter CSWG registry was queried. CSWG-SCAI stages were computed at CS diagnosis and 24, 48, and 72 hours. RESULTS A total of 3,268 patients (57% HF-CS; 27% MI-CS) were included. At CS diagnosis, CSWG-SCAI stage breakdown was 593 (18.1%) stage B, 528 (16.2%) stage C, 1,659 (50.8%) stage D, and 488 (14.9%) noncardiac arrest stage E. At 24 hours, >50% of stages B and C patients worsened, but 86% of stage D patients stayed at stage D. Among stage E patients, 54% improved to stage D and 36% stayed at stage E by 24 hours. Minimal SCAI stage changes occurred beyond 24 hours. SCAI stage trajectories were similar between MI-CS and HF-CS groups. Within 24 hours, unadjusted mortality rates of patients with any SCAI stage worsening or improving were 44.6% and 34.2%, respectively. Patients who presented in or progressed to stage E by 24 hours had the worst prognosis. Survivors had lower lactate than nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with CS changed SCAI stages within 24 hours from CS diagnosis. Stage B patients were at high risk of worsening shock severity by 24 hours, associated with excess mortality. Early CS recognition and serial assessment may improve risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Khue Ton
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Song Li
- Institute for Advanced Cardiac Care, Medical City Healthcare, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin John
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Borui Li
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elric Zweck
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manreet K Kanwar
- Cardiovascular Institute at Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shashank S Sinha
- Inova Schar Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | | | - A Reshad Garan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Goodman
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony Faugno
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryjane Farr
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shelley Hall
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rachna Kataria
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maya Guglin
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Esther Vorovich
- Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohit Pahuja
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | - Neil M Harwani
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gavin W Hickey
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Wissam Khalife
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Claudius Mahr
- Institute for Advanced Cardiac Care, Medical City Healthcare, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ju H Kim
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Paavni Sangal
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiuyue Kong
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karol D Walec
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Zazzali
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Fried
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Navin K Kapur
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Dorian D, Thomson RJ, Lim HS, Proudfoot AG. Cardiogenic shock trajectories: is the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions definition the right one? Curr Opin Crit Care 2024; 30:324-332. [PMID: 38841918 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the current Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) cardiogenic shock classification system and consider alternatives or iterations that may enhance our current descriptions of cardiogenic shock trajectory. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have identified the potential prognostic value of serial SCAI stage re-assessment, usually within the first 24 h of shock onset, to predict deterioration and clinical outcomes across shock causes. In parallel, numerous registry-based analyses support the utility of a more precise assessment of the macrocirculation and microcirculation, leveraging invasive haemodynamics, imaging and additional laboratory and clinical markers. The emergence of machine learning and artificial intelligence capabilities offers the opportunity to integrate multimodal data into high fidelity, real-time metrics to more precisely define trajectory and inform our therapeutic decision making. SUMMARY Whilst the SCAI staging system remains a pivotal tool in cardiogenic shock assessment, communication and reassessment, it is vital that the sophistication with which we measure and assess shock trajectory evolves in parallel our understanding of the complexity and variability of clinical course and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dorian
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Division of Cardiology, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ross J Thomson
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London
| | - Hoong Sern Lim
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alastair G Proudfoot
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London
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3
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Britsch S, Britsch M, Hahn L, Langer H, Lindner S, Akin I, Helbing T, Duerschmied D, Becher T. Prognostic performance of the SCAI shock classification at admission and during ICU treatment: A retrospective, observational cohort study. Heart Lung 2024; 68:52-59. [PMID: 38924856 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiogenic shock (CS) is characterized by high mortality and requires accurate prognostic tools to predict outcomes and guide treatment. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock classification indicates shock severity and can be used for outcome prediction. OBJECTIVE Here, we compare the prognostic performance of SCAI shock classification determined on admission and during intensive care unit (ICU) stay. METHODS We included all patients with CS or conditions associated with developing CS based on ICD codes. SCAI shock stages were determined on admission and during the first 5 days of ICU stay. Receiver operating curves were used to compare the prognostic performance of SCAI stages on admission, SCAI stages during ICU stay and CS evolution (absent, resolved, persistent and new onset) for in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Between 01/2018 and 06/2022, 1303 patients were identified and 862 patients were included. On admission, 50.6 % patients had SCAI shock stage A, 3.9 % SCAI shock stage B, 17.7 % SCAI shock stage C, 7.0 % SCAI shock stage D and 20.8 % SCAI shock stage E. Shock stage distribution changed dynamically during ICU stay. Compared to SCAI stage on admission (AUC 0.80; 95 % CI 0.77-0.83), highest achieved SCAI stage during ICU (AUC 0.86, 95 % CI 0.83-0.89, p < 0.0001) and shock evolution (AUC 0.87, 95 % CI 0.85-0.90, p < 0.0001) yielded better prognostic performance. CONCLUSIONS SCAI shock stages changed dynamically during ICU stay, and prognostic performance can be improved by considering highest achieved SCAI shock stage as well as the evolution of CS compared to SCAI shock stage on admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Britsch
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, and Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Markward Britsch
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; HMS Analytical Software GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie Hahn
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Harald Langer
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, and Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, and Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Thomas Helbing
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, and Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, and Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Tobias Becher
- Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Jentzer JC, Senghavi D, Patel PC, Bhattacharyya A, van Diepen S, Herasevich V, Gajic O, Kashani KB. Shock Severity Classification and Mortality in Adults With Cardiac, Medical, Surgical, and Neurological Critical Illness. Mayo Clin Proc 2024; 99:727-739. [PMID: 37815781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Shock Classification could perform risk stratification in a mixed cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients, similar to its validation in patients with acute cardiac disease. METHODS We included 21,461 adult Mayo Clinic ICU patient admissions from December 1, 2014, to February 28, 2018, including cardiac ICU (16.7%), medical ICU (37.4%), neurosciences ICU (27.7%), and surgical ICU (18.2%). The SCAI Shock Classification (a 5-stage classification from no shock [A] to refractory shock [E]) was assigned in each 4-hour period during the first 24 hours of ICU admission. RESULTS The median age was 65 years, and 43.2% were female. In-hospital mortality occurred in 1611 (7.5%) patients, with a stepwise increase in in-hospital mortality in each higher maximum SCAI Shock stage overall: A, 4.0%; B, 4.6%; C, 7.0%; D, 13.9%; and E, 40.2%. The SCAI Shock Classification provided incremental mortality risk stratification in each ICU, with the best performance in the cardiac ICU and the worse performance in the neurosciences ICU. The SCAI Shock Classification was associated with higher adjusted in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.32 per each stage; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.41; P<.001); this association was not observed in the neurosciences ICU when considered separately. CONCLUSION The SCAI Shock Classification provided incremental mortality risk stratification beyond established prognostic markers across the spectrum of medical and surgical critical illness, proving utility outside its original intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN.
| | - Devang Senghavi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Parag C Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Anirban Bhattacharyya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vitaly Herasevich
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN
| | - Ognjen Gajic
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN
| | - Kianoush B Kashani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN
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5
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Choi KH, Kang D, Lee J, Park H, Park TK, Lee JM, Song YB, Hahn JY, Choi SH, Gwon HC, Cho J, Yang JH. Association between intensive care unit nursing grade and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock and its cost-effectiveness. Crit Care 2024; 28:99. [PMID: 38523296 PMCID: PMC10962168 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high workload of cardiac intensive care unit (ICU), there is a paucity of evidence on the association between nurse workforce and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of the ICU nursing grade on mortality and cost-effectiveness in CS. METHODS A nationwide analysis was performed using the K-NHIS database. Patients diagnosed with CS and admitted to the ICU at tertiary hospitals were enrolled. ICU nursing grade was defined according to the bed-to-nurse ratio: grade1 (bed-to-nurse ratio < 0.5), grade2 (0.5 ≤ bed-to-nurse ratio < 0.63), and grade3 (0.63 ≤ bed-to-nurse ratio < 0.77) or above. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Cost-effective analysis was also performed. RESULTS Of the 72,950 patients with CS, 27,216 (37.3%) were in ICU nursing grade 1, 29,710 (40.7%) in grade 2, and 16,024 (22.0%) in grade ≥ 3. The adjusted-OR for in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with grade 2 (grade 1 vs. grade 2, 30.6% vs. 37.5%, adjusted-OR 1.14, 95% CI1.09-1.19) and grade ≥ 3 (40.6%) with an adjusted-OR of 1.29 (95% CI 1.23-1.36) than those with grade 1. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of grade1 compared with grade 2 and ≥ 3 was $25,047/year and $42,888/year for hospitalization and $5151/year and $5269/year for 1-year follow-up, suggesting that grade 1 was cost-effective. In subgroup analysis, the beneficial effects of the high-intensity nursing grade on mortality were more prominent in patients who received CPR or multiple vasopressors usage. CONCLUSIONS For patients with CS, ICU grade 1 with a high-intensity nursing staff was associated with reduced mortality and more cost-effectiveness during hospitalization compared to grade 2 and grade ≥ 3, and its beneficial effects were more pronounced in subjects at high risk of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbee Kang
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Park
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Myung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Cho
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Camblor-Blasco A, Nuñez-Gil IJ, Duran Cambra A, Almendro-Delia M, Ródenas-Alesina E, Fernández-Cordon C, Vedia O, Corbí-Pascual M, Blanco-Ponce E, Raposeiras-Roubin S, Guillén Marzo M, Sanchez Grande Flecha A, Garcia Acuña JM, Salamanca J, Escudier-Villa JM, Martin-Garcia AC, Tomasino M, Vazirani R, Perez-Castellanos A, Uribarri A. Prognostic Utility of Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Shock Stage Approach for Classifying Cardiogenic Shock Severity in Takotsubo Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032951. [PMID: 38471832 PMCID: PMC11010033 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a significant complication of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), contributing to heightened mortality and morbidity. Despite this, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) staging system for CS severity lacks validation in patients with TTS and CS. This study aimed to characterize a patient cohort with TTS using the SCAI staging system and assess its utility in cases of TTS complicated by CS. METHODS AND RESULTS From a TTS national registry, 1591 consecutive patients were initially enrolled and stratified into 5 SCAI stages (A through E). Primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality; secondary end points were TTS-related in-hospital complications and 1-year all-cause mortality. After exclusions, the final cohort comprised 1163 patients, mean age 71.0±11.8 years, and 87% were female. Patients were categorized across SCAI shock stages as follows: A 72.1%, B 12.2%, C 11.2%, D 2.7%, and E 1.8%. Significant variations in baseline demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentations, and in-hospital courses were observed across SCAI shock stages. After multivariable adjustment, each higher SCAI shock stage showed a significant association with increased in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.77-29.31) compared with SCAI shock stage A. Higher SCAI shock stages were also associated with increased 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS In a large multicenter patient cohort with TTS, the functional SCAI shock stage classification effectively stratified mortality risk, revealing a continuum of escalating shock severity with higher stages correlating with increased in-hospital mortality. This study highlights the applicability and prognostic value of the SCAI staging system in TTS-related CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J Nuñez-Gil
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
- Universidad Europea Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Eduard Ródenas-Alesina
- Cardiology Department Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain
- CIBERCV Madrid Spain
| | | | - Oscar Vedia
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
- Universidad Europea Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Maria Garcia Acuña
- Cardiology Department Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jorge Salamanca
- Cardiology Department Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Marco Tomasino
- Cardiology Department Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain
| | - Ravi Vazirani
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
- Universidad Europea Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Perez-Castellanos
- Servicio de Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Islas Baleares (IdISBa) Hospital Universitario Son Espases Palma Spain
| | - Aitor Uribarri
- Cardiology Department Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain
- CIBERCV Madrid Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
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7
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Hanson ID, Rusia A, Palomo A, Tawney A, Pow T, Dixon SR, Meraj P, Sievers E, Johnson M, Wohns D, Ali O, Kapur NK, Grines C, Burkhoff D, Anderson M, Lansky A, Naidu SS, Basir MB, O'Neill W. Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock: Outcomes of the RECOVER III Postapproval Study by Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Shock Stage. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031803. [PMID: 38293995 PMCID: PMC11056148 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions proposed a staging system (A-E) to predict prognosis in cardiogenic shock. Herein, we report clinical outcomes of the RECOVER III study for the first time, according to Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions shock classification. METHODS AND RESULTS The RECOVER III study is an observational, prospective, multicenter, single-arm, postapproval study of patients with acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with Impella support. Patients enrolled in the RECOVER III study were assigned a baseline Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions shock stage. Staging was then repeated within 24 hours after initiation of Impella. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyses were conducted to assess survival across Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions shock stages at both time points. At baseline assessment, 16.5%, 11.4%, and 72.2% were classified as stage C, D, and E, respectively. At ≤24-hour assessment, 26.4%, 33.2%, and 40.0% were classified as stage C, D, and E, respectively. Thirty-day survival among patients with stage C, D, and E shock at baseline was 59.7%, 56.5%, and 42.9%, respectively (P=0.003). Survival among patients with stage C, D, and E shock at ≤24 hours was 65.7%, 52.1%, and 29.5%, respectively (P<0.001). After multivariable analysis of impact of shock stage classifications at baseline and ≤24 hours, only stage E classification at ≤24 hours was a significant predictor of mortality (odds ratio, 4.8; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In a real-world cohort of patients with acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with Impella support, only stage E classification at ≤24 hours was significantly predictive of mortality, suggesting that response to therapy may be more important than clinical severity of shock at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D. Hanson
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineWilliam Beaumont University HospitalRoyal OakMI
| | - Akash Rusia
- Department of Advanced Heart Failure, Baylor Scott & White Health–The Heart HospitalPlanoTX
| | - Andres Palomo
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineWilliam Beaumont University HospitalRoyal OakMI
| | - Adam Tawney
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineWilliam Beaumont University HospitalRoyal OakMI
| | - Timothy Pow
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineWilliam Beaumont University HospitalRoyal OakMI
| | - Simon R. Dixon
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineWilliam Beaumont University HospitalRoyal OakMI
| | | | - Eric Sievers
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryJackson‐Madison County HospitalJacksonTN
| | | | - David Wohns
- Division of CardiologySpectrum HealthGrand RapidsMI
| | - Omar Ali
- Department of CardiologyDetroit Medical CenterDetroitMI
| | - Navin K. Kapur
- Department of CardiologyTufts University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Cindy Grines
- Northside Hospital Cardiovascular InstituteAtlantaGA
| | | | - Mark Anderson
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNJ
| | | | - Srihari S. Naidu
- Department of CardiologyWestchester Medical Center and New York Medical CollegeValhallaNY
| | - Mir B. Basir
- Division of CardiologyHenry Ford HospitalDetroitMI
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Jentzer JC, Sanghavi D, Patel PC, Bhattacharyya A, van Diepen S, Herasevich V, Gajic O, Kashani KB. PROGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF SERIAL DETERMINATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR CARDIOVASCULAR ANGIOGRAPHY AND INTERVENTIONS SHOCK CLASSIFICATION IN ADULTS WITH CRITICAL ILLNESS. Shock 2024; 61:246-252. [PMID: 38150371 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate whether serial assessment of shock severity can improve prognostication in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort of 21,461 ICU patient admissions from 2014 to 2018. We assigned the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Shock Stage in each 4-h block during the first 24 h of ICU admission; shock was defined as SCAI Shock stage C, D, or E. In-hospital mortality was evaluated using logistic regression. Results: The admission SCAI Shock stages were as follows: A, 39.0%; B, 27.0%; C, 28.9%; D, 2.6%; and E, 2.5%. The SCAI Shock stage subsequently increased in 30.6%, and late-onset shock developed in 30.4%. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients who had shock on admission (11.9%) or late-onset shock (7.3%) versus no shock (4.3%). Persistence of shock predicted higher mortality (adjusted OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.06-1.13, for each ICU block with shock). The mean SCAI Shock stage had higher discrimination for in-hospital mortality than the admission or maximum SCAI Shock stage. Dynamic modeling of the SCAI Shock classification improved discrimination for in-hospital mortality (C-statistic = 0.64-0.71). Conclusions: Serial application of the SCAI Shock classification provides improved mortality risk stratification compared with a single assessment on admission, facilitating dynamic prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Devang Sanghavi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Parag C Patel
- Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vitaly Herasevich
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ognjen Gajic
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
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9
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Kim BS, Jang WJ, Choi KH, Kim SH, Yu CW, Jeong JO, Lee HJ, Gwon HC, Kim HJ, Yang JH. Differential Prognostic Impact of IABP-SHOCK II Scores According to Treatment Strategy in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Coronary Syndrome: From the RESCUE Registry. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:183. [PMID: 38276062 PMCID: PMC10818598 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Background: Early risk stratification is necessary for optimal determination of the treatment strategy in cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic impact of an intra-aortic balloon pump on the cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK) II score according to the treatment strategies in ACS complicated by CS using the RESCUE (REtrospective and prospective observational Study to investigate Clinical oUtcomes and Efficacy of left ventricular assist device for Korean patients with cardiogenic shock) registry. Methods: The RESCUE registry contains multicenter observational retrospective and prospective cohorts that include 1247 patients with CS from 12 centers in Korea. A total of 865 patients with ACS complicated by CS were selected and stratified into low-, intermediate- and high-risk categories according to their IABP-SHOCK II scores and then according to treatment: non-mechanical support, IABP, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenators (ECMOs). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during follow-up. Results: The observed mortality rates for the low-, intermediate-, and high-IABP-SHOCK II score risk categories were 28.8%, 52.4%, and 69.8%, respectively (p < 0.01). Patients in the non-mechanical support and IABP groups showed an increasingly elevated risk of all-cause mortality as their risk scores increased from low to high. In the ECMO group, the risk of all-cause mortality did not differ between the intermediate- and high-risk categories (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.81-1.81, p = 0.33). The IABP-SHOCK II scores for the non-mechanical support and IABP groups showed a better predictive performance (area under curve [AUC] = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.65-0.76) for mortality compared with the EMCO group (AUC = 0.61, 95% CI 0.54-0.67; p-value for comparison = 0.02). Conclusions: Risk stratification using the IABP-SHOCK II score is useful for predicting mortality in ACS complicated by CS when patients are treated with non-mechanical support or IABP. However, its prognostic value may be unsatisfactory in severe cases where patients require ECMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Sung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea; (B.S.K.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Woo Jin Jang
- Department of Cardiology, Ewha Woman’s University Seoul Hospital, Ehwa Woman’s University School of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Hong Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; (K.H.C.); (H.-C.G.)
| | - Sung Hea Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea; (B.S.K.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Ok Jeong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun Jong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon 14754, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; (K.H.C.); (H.-C.G.)
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea; (B.S.K.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; (K.H.C.); (H.-C.G.)
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10
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Kaddoura R, Patel A, Arabi AR. Revisiting nitrates use in pre-shock state of contemporary cardiogenic shock classification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 10:1173168. [PMID: 38239875 PMCID: PMC10794683 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1173168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients at each shock stage may behave and present differently with a spectrum of shock severity and adverse outcomes. Shock severity, shock aetiology, and several factors should be integrated in management decision-making. Although the contemporary shock stages classification provided a standardized shock severity assessment, individual agents or management strategy has not yet been studied in the context of each shock stage. The pre-shock state may comprise a wide range of presentations. Nitrate therapy has potential benefit in myocardial infarction and acute heart failure. Herein, this review aims to discuss the potential use of nitrate therapy in the context of the pre-shock state or stage B of the contemporary shock classification given its various presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Kaddoura
- Pharmacy Department, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashfaq Patel
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rahman Arabi
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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11
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Nakata J, Yamamoto T, Saku K, Ikeda Y, Unoki T, Asai K. Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock. J Intensive Care 2023; 11:64. [PMID: 38115065 PMCID: PMC10731894 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock is a complex and diverse pathological condition characterized by reduced myocardial contractility. The goal of treatment of cardiogenic shock is to improve abnormal hemodynamics and maintain adequate tissue perfusion in organs. If hypotension and insufficient tissue perfusion persist despite initial therapy, temporary mechanical circulatory support (t-MCS) should be initiated. This decade sees the beginning of a new era of cardiogenic shock management using t-MCS through the accumulated experience with use of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), as well as new revolutionary devices or systems such as transvalvular axial flow pump (Impella) and a combination of VA-ECMO and Impella (ECPELLA) based on the knowledge of circulatory physiology. In this transitional period, we outline the approach to the management of cardiogenic shock by t-MCS. The management strategy involves carefully selecting one or a combination of the t-MCS devices, taking into account the characteristics of each device and the specific pathological condition. This selection is guided by monitoring of hemodynamics, classification of shock stage, risk stratification, and coordinated management by the multidisciplinary shock team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakata
- Division of Cardiovascular Intensive Care, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Intensive Care, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Keita Saku
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Unoki
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kuniya Asai
- Division of Cardiovascular Intensive Care, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
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12
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Ryabov VV, Panteleev OO, Kercheva MA, Gorokhovsky AA, Syrkina AG, Margolis NY. SCAI Staging Application for Acute Myocardial Infarction-Related Cardiogenic Shock at a Single-Center Russian Registry. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7739. [PMID: 38137809 PMCID: PMC10743544 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To access the features of the course of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with different stages of MI complicated by cardiogenic shock (MI CS) according to the SCAI scale. METHODS We retrospectively described the portrait of CS MI (n = 117) at different stages of SCAI from the hospital MI registry (n = 1253). RESULTS Hospital mortality increased from stage to stage (p ≤ 0.001). Significant differences in biochemical parameters were found both for indicators characterizing intensive care measures, such as the presence of mechanical lung ventilation or an intra-aortic balloon pump, and for indicators of organ hypoperfusion such as lactate level, pHv (7.39 (7.36; 7.44) at stage A-B; 7.14 (7.06; 7.18) at stage E), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate. Parameters related to MI characteristics, such as instrumental and laboratory data, anamnesis of ischemia, and performed treatment, did not differ between groups. Polynomial logistic regression showed that lactate level, mechanical ventilation, and monocyte count upon admission (1.15 (0.96; 1.23) at stage A-B; 0.78 (0.49; 0.94) at stage E, p = 0.005) correlated with CS severity. CONCLUSION The characteristics of MI at different stages of SCAI do not have differences and do not determine the severity of shock. We revealed a high discriminatory potential of the pH level in predicting refractory shock. The value of monocytes at admission may be a promising predictor of the severity of MI CS. The question of the causes of heterogeneity of MI CS, taking into account the homogeneity of MI characteristics, remains open and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Ryabov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia (O.O.P.); (A.G.S.)
- Cardiology Division, Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moscovsky Trakt, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg O. Panteleev
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia (O.O.P.); (A.G.S.)
- Cardiology Division, Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moscovsky Trakt, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria A. Kercheva
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia (O.O.P.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Alexei A. Gorokhovsky
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia (O.O.P.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Anna G. Syrkina
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia (O.O.P.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Natalia Y. Margolis
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia (O.O.P.); (A.G.S.)
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13
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Jentzer JC, Van Diepen S, Patel PC, Henry TD, Morrow DA, Baran DA, Kashani KB. Serial Assessment of Shock Severity in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e032748. [PMID: 37930059 PMCID: PMC10727310 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-time assessment of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock classification robustly predicts mortality in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). We sought to determine whether serial SCAI shock classification could improve risk stratification. METHODS AND RESULTS Unique admissions to a single academic level 1 CICU from 2015 to 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Electronic health record data were used to assign the SCAI shock stage during 4-hour blocks of the first 24 hours of CICU admission. Shock was defined as hypoperfusion (SCAI shock stage C, D, or E). In-hospital death was evaluated using logistic regression. Among 2918 unique CICU patients, 1537 (52.7%) met criteria for shock during ≥1 block, and 266 (9.1%) died in the hospital. The SCAI shock stage on admission was: A, 37.6%; B, 31.5%; C, 25.9%; D, 1.8%; and E, 3.3%. Patients who met SCAI criteria for shock on admission (first 4 hours) and those with worsening SCAI shock stage after admission were at higher risk for in-hospital death. Each higher admission (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.18-1.56]; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.70), maximum (adjusted odds ratio, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.37-1.85]; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.73) and mean (adjusted odds ratio, 2.42 [95% CI, 1.99-2.95]; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.78) SCAI shock stage was incrementally associated with a higher in-hospital mortality rate. Discrimination was highest for the mean SCAI shock stage (P<0.05). Each additional 4-hour block meeting SCAI criteria for shock predicted a higher mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07-1.24]). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic assessment of shock using serial SCAI shock classification assignment can improve mortality risk stratification in CICU patients by quantifying the magnitude and duration of shock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alberta HospitalEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Parag C. Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFLUSA
| | - Timothy D. Henry
- The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education at The Christ Hospital and The Christ Hospital Heart and Vascular InstituteCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - David A. Morrow
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular DivisionBrigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - David A. Baran
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineCleveland Clinic FloridaWestonFLUSA
| | - Kianoush B. Kashani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of MedicineMayo Clinic RochesterRochesterMNUSA
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14
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Pham HM, Van HD, Hoang LB, Phan PD, Tran VH. Distribution and 24-hour transition of SCAI shock stages and their association with 30-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34689. [PMID: 37713835 PMCID: PMC10508443 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock classification has been shown to predict mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, data on the transition of SCAI stages and their association with mortality after AMI are limited. All patients with AMI admitted to Vietnam National Heart Institute between August 2022 and February 2023 were classified into SCAI stages A, B, and C/D/E at admission and were reevaluated in 24 hours. We used Kaplan-Meier estimate and multivariable Cox regression analysis to assess the association between SCAI stages transition and 30-day mortality. We included 139 patients (median age 69 years, 29.5% female). On admission, 50.4%, 20.1%, and 29.5% of patients were classified as SCAI stage A, B, and C/D/E, respectively. The proportion of patients whose SCAI stage improved, remained stable, or worsened after 24 hours was 14.4%, 66.2%, and 19.4%, respectively. The 30-day mortality in patients with initial SCAI stages A, B, and C/D/E on admission was 2.9%, 21.4%, and 61.0%, respectively (P < .001). The 30-day mortality was 2.4% for patients with baseline SCAI stage A/B who remained unchanged or improved, 30.0% for patients with baseline SCAI stage C/D/E who remained unchanged or improved, and 92.6% for patients with SCAI stage B/C/D/E who worsened at 24 hours after admission (log-rank P < .001). In patients with AMI, evaluating the SCAI stage shock stage on admission and reevaluating after 24 hours added more information about 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Pham
- Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Duc Van
- Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Bao Hoang
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phong Dinh Phan
- Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hoang Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Group, Worcester, MA
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15
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Luo D, Huang R, Wang X, Zhang J, Cai X, Liu F, Lei Y, Li D, Zhou W, Xu C, Huang B, Jiang H, Chen J. INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMP REDUCES 30-DAY MORTALITY IN EARLY-STAGE CARDIOGENIC SHOCK COMPLICATING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ACCORDING TO SCAI CLASSIFICATION. Shock 2023; 60:385-391. [PMID: 37548623 PMCID: PMC10510821 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMICS) remains a high 30-day mortality. Mechanical circulatory support devices are increasingly used in AMICS, but their effects on mortality vary partly because of shock severity. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the association between intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and 30-day mortality in patients with early-stage AMICS. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) based on a multicenter clinical trial (NCT04996901). Patients were stratified by IABP use, and shock severity was classified according to the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) SHOCK stages. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. The association between IABP and 30-day mortality was evaluated across shock stages using propensity score matching, weighting, and logistic regression. Results: Five thousand three hundred forty-three patients were included, and 299 received IABP. The SCAI SHOCK stage was associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR], 20.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.60-29.97; P < 0.001). In the 580 matched patients, a significant interaction between IABP and 30-day mortality at different shock stages was observed ( P = 0.005). Intra-aortic balloon pump was associated with lower 30-day mortality among patients with shock stage A/B (5.8% vs. 1.2%; OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.03-0.73; P = 0.034) but not stage C/D/E (29.3% vs. 38.1%; OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.84-2.65; P = 0.172). These results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses of the weighted cohort. Conclusions: Intra-aortic balloon pump reduced 30-day mortality in patients with early-stage AMICS. The SCAI SHOCK stage provides risk stratification for patients with STEMI and helps identify those who may respond well to IABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rihong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Three Gorges University and Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Xinyong Cai
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuyuan Liu
- The No. 1 People's Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yuhua Lei
- The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Wuhan Third Hospital and Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changwu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Arora S, Vallabhajosyula S, Aggarwal V, Basir MB, Kelly B, Atreya AR. Novel Risk Stratification and Hemodynamic Profiling in Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Proposed Classification Inspired by Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention Shock Staging. Interv Cardiol Clin 2023; 12:e1-e20. [PMID: 38964819 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Treatment options for patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and right ventricular shock (RVS) have grown exponentially. Therapy options include anticoagulation, systemic thrombolysis, catheter-based thrombolysis/ thrombectomy, and may include short-term mechanical circulatory support. However, the incidence of short-term morbidity and mortality has not changed despite the emergence of several advanced therapies in acute PE. This is possibly due to the inclusion of heterogenous populations in research studies without differentiation based on the acuity/severity of presentation. We propose a novel classification for PE-RVS to allow for standardizing appropriate therapy escalation and better communication of the severity among cardiovascular critical care, and emergency health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Arora
- Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Hospitals, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Vikas Aggarwal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mir B Basir
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bryan Kelly
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Auras R Atreya
- AIG Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Sciences and Research, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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17
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Jentzer JC, Patel PC, Van Diepen S, Morrow DA, Barsness GW, Kashani KB. CHANGES IN VASOACTIVE DRUG REQUIREMENTS AND MORTALITY IN CARDIAC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS. Shock 2023; 59:864-870. [PMID: 37037002 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (SCAI) Shock Classification can define shock severity. We evaluated the vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) combined with the SCAI Shock Classification for mortality risk stratification. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort analysis including Mayo Clinic cardiac intensive care unit patients from 2007 to 2015. The peak VIS was calculated at 1 and 24 h after cardiac intensive care unit admission. In-hospital mortality was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Of 9,916 included patients, vasoactive drugs were used in 875 (8.8%) within 1 h and 2,196 (22.1%) within 24 h. A total of 888 patients (9.0%) died during hospitalization. Patients who required vasoactive drugs within 1 h had higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.65; P = 0.03) and in-hospital mortality rose with the VIS during the first 1 h (adjusted OR per 10 units, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.33; P < 0.001). The increase in VIS from 1 to 24 h was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR per 10 units, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.21; P < 0.001). These results were consistent in the 1,067 patients (10.9%) with cardiogenic shock. A gradient of in-hospital mortality was observed according to the VIS at 1 h and the increase in VIS from 1 to 24 h. Conclusions: Higher vasoactive drug requirements portend a higher risk of mortality, particularly a high VIS early after admission. The VIS provides incremental prognostic information beyond the SCAI Shock Classification, emphasizing the continuum of risk that exists across the spectrum of shock severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parag C Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sean Van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Morrow
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory W Barsness
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kianoush B Kashani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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18
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Choi KH, Yang JH, Park TK, Lee JM, Song YB, Hahn JY, Choi SH, Ahn CM, Yu CW, Park IH, Jang WJ, Kim HJ, Bae JW, Kwon SU, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Jeong JO, Park SD, Kang TS, Gwon HC. Culprit-Only Versus Immediate Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicating Advanced Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Venoarterial-Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029792. [PMID: 37158104 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite the benefit of culprit-only percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the CULPRIT-SHOCK (Culprit Lesion Only PCI Versus Multi-vessel PCI in Cardiogenic Shock) trial, the optimal revascularization strategy for refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) requiring mechanical circulatory support devices remains controversial. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes between the culprit-only and immediate multivessel PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by CS who underwent venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before revascularization. Methods and Results This study included patient-pooled data from the RESCUE (Retrospective and Prospective Observational Study to Investigate Clinical Outcomes and Efficacy of Left Ventricular Assist Devices for Korean Patients With Cardiogenic Shock) and SMC-ECMO (Samsung Medical Center-Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) registries. A total of 315 patients with acute myocardial infarction with multivessel disease who underwent venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before revascularization attributable to refractory CS were included in this analysis. The study population was classified into culprit-only versus immediate multivessel PCI according to nonculprit lesion treatment strategies. The primary end point was 30-day mortality or renal-replacement therapy, and the key secondary end point was 12-month follow-up mortality. Among the study population, 175 (55.6%) underwent culprit-only PCI and 140 (44.4%) underwent immediate multivessel PCI. Compared with culprit-only PCI, immediate multivessel PCI was associated with significantly lower risks of 30-day mortality or renal-replacement therapy (68.0% versus 54.3%; P=0.018) and all-cause mortality during 12 months of follow-up (59.5% versus 47.5%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.689 [95% CI, 0.506-0.939]; P=0.018) in patients with acute myocardial infarction and CS who underwent venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before revascularization. These results were also consistent in the 99 pairs of propensity score-matched population (60.6% versus 43.6%; HR, 0.622 [95% CI, 0.420-0.922]; P=0.018). Conclusions Among patients with acute myocardial infarction with multivessel disease complicated by advanced CS requiring venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before revascularization, immediate multivessel PCI was associated with lower incidences of 30-day mortality or renal replacement therapy and 12-month follow-up mortality, compared with culprit-only PCI. Registration Information clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02985008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Myung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Min Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Anam Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Hyun Park
- Department of Cardiology Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Changwon South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Jang
- Department of Cardiology Ewha Woman's University Seoul Hospital, Ehwa Woman's University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Konkuk University Medical Center Seoul South Korea
| | - Jang-Whan Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine Chungbuk National University College of Medicine Cheongju South Korea
| | - Sung Uk Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Ilsan Paik Hospital, University of Inje College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Sejong General Hospital Bucheon South Korea
| | - Wang Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Chung-Ang University Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Jeong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Chungnam National University Hospital Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Don Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Inha University Hospital Incheon South Korea
| | - Tae-Soo Kang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine Cheonan South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
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19
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Hill KL, Rustin MA, Asche MA, Bennett CE, Patel PC, Jentzer JC. Cardiogenic Shock Classification and Associated Mortality Risk. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:771-783. [PMID: 37028976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Shock Classification was developed to create standardized language describing the severity of cardiogenic shock (CS). The purposes of this review were to evaluate short-term and long-term mortality rates at each SCAI shock stage for patients with or at risk for CS, which has not been studied previously, and to propose using the SCAI Shock Classification to develop algorithms for clinical status monitoring. A detailed literature search was conducted for articles published from 2019 through 2022 in which the SCAI shock stages were used to assess the mortality risk. In total, 30 articles were reviewed. The SCAI Shock Classification at hospital admission revealed a consistent and reproducible graded association between shock severity and mortality risk. Furthermore, shock severity correlated incrementally with mortality risk even after patients were stratified for diagnosis, treatment modalities, risk modifiers, shock phenotype, and underlying cause. The SCAI Shock Classification system can be used to evaluate mortality across populations of patients with or at risk for CS including those with different causes, shock phenotypes, and comorbid conditions. We propose an algorithm that uses clinical parameters incorporating the SCAI Shock Classification into the electronic health record to continually reassess and reclassify the presence and severity of CS across time throughout hospitalization. The algorithm has the potential to alert the care team and a CS team, leading to earlier recognition and stabilization of the patient, and may facilitate the use of treatment algorithms and prevent CS deterioration, leading to improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Hill
- Department of Nursing, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Doctor of Nursing Program, Winona State University, Winona, MN
| | - Mark A Rustin
- Department of Nursing, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Doctor of Nursing Program, Winona State University, Winona, MN
| | | | | | - Parag C Patel
- Division of Heart Failure and Transplant, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Jacob C Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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20
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Mehta S, Fried J, Nemeth S, Kurlansky P, Kaku Y, Melehy A, Char S, Masoumi A, Sayer G, Uriel N, Takeda K. Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Shock Classification to Stratify Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J 2023; 69:352-359. [PMID: 36730984 PMCID: PMC10065877 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) schema to cardiogenic shock (CS) patients treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) to assess performance in this high acuity group of patients. Records of adult patients receiving VA-ECMO for CS at our institution from 01/2015 to 12/2019 were reviewed. Post-cardiotomy and noncardiogenic shock patients were excluded. A total of 245 patients were included, with a median age of 59 years [IQR: 48-67]; 159 (65%) were male. There were 34 (14%) patients in Stage C, 82 (33%) in D, and 129 (53%) in E. Of E patients, 88 (68%) were undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Median ECMO duration decreased with stage (C:7, D:6, E:4 days, P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality increased (C:35%, D:56%, E:71%, P < 0.001) and myocardial recovery decreased with stage (C:65%, D:35%, E:30%, P < 0.001). Acute kidney injury (C:35%, D:45%, E:54%, P = 0.045), acute liver failure (C:32%, D:66%, E:76%, P < 0.001), and infection (C:35%, D:28%, E:16%, P = 0.004) varied among groups. Multivariable analysis revealed age (HR=1.02), male sex (HR=0.62), and E classification (HR=2.69) as independently associated with 1-year mortality. Competing-risks regression identified D (SHR=0.53) and E classification (SHR=0.45) as inversely associated with myocardial recovery. In patients treated with VA-ECMO for CS, the SCAI classification provided robust risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Fried
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Nemeth
- Center of Innovation and Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Kurlansky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center of Innovation and Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuji Kaku
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Melehy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Char
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amirali Masoumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel Sayer
- Center of Innovation and Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nir Uriel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koji Takeda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Polyzogopoulou E, Bezati S, Karamasis G, Boultadakis A, Parissis J. Early Recognition and Risk Stratification in Cardiogenic Shock: Well Begun Is Half Done. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2643. [PMID: 37048727 PMCID: PMC10095596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock is a complex syndrome manifesting with distinct phenotypes depending on the severity of the primary cardiac insult and the underlying status. As long as therapeutic interventions fail to divert its unopposed rapid evolution, poor outcomes will continue challenging health care systems. Thus, early recognition in the emergency setting is a priority, in order to avoid delays in appropriate management and to ensure immediate initial stabilization. Since advanced therapeutic strategies and specialized shock centers may provide beneficial support, it seems that directing patients towards the recently described shock network may improve survival rates. A multidisciplinary approach strategy commands the interconnections between the strategic role of the ED in affiliation with cardiac shock centers. This review outlines critical features of early recognition and initial therapeutic management, as well as the utility of diagnostic tools and risk stratification models regarding the facilitation of patient trajectories through the shock network. Further, it proposes the implementation of precise criteria for shock team activation and the establishment of definite exclusion criteria for streaming the right patient to the right place at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie Polyzogopoulou
- Emergency Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Bezati
- Emergency Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Karamasis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Boultadakis
- Emergency Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - John Parissis
- Emergency Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
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22
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Review of Pathophysiology of Cardiogenic Shock and Escalation of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:213-227. [PMID: 36847990 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a complex clinical entity that continues to carry a high risk of mortality. The landscape of CS management has changed with the advent of several temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices designed to provide hemodynamic support. It remains challenging to understand the role of different temporary MCS devices in patients with CS, as many of these patients are critically ill, requiring complex care with multiple MCS device options. Each temporary MCS device can provide different types and levels of hemodynamic support. It is important to understand the risk/benefit profile of each one of them for appropriate device selection in patients with CS. RECENT FINDINGS MCS may be beneficial in CS patients through augmentation of cardiac output with subsequent improvement of systemic perfusion. Selecting the optimal MCS device depends on several variables including the underlying etiology of CS, clinical strategy of MCS use (bridge to recovery, bridge to transplant or durable MCS, or abridge to decision), amount of hemodynamic support needed, associated respiratory failure, and institutional preference. Furthermore, it is even more challenging to determine the appropriate time to escalate from one MCS device to another or combine different MCS devices. In this review, we discuss the current available data published in the literature on the management of CS and propose a standardized approach for escalation of MCS devices in patients with CS. Shock teams can play an important role to help in hemodynamic-guided management and algorithm-based step-by-step approach in early initiation and escalation of temporary MCS devices at different stages of CS. It is important to define the etiology of CS, and stage of shock and recognize univentricular vs biventricular shock for appropriate device selection and escalation of therapy.
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23
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Patel SM, Berg DD, Bohula EA, Baird-Zars VM, Barnett CF, Barsness GW, Chaudhry SP, Daniels LB, van Diepen S, Ghafghazi S, Goldfarb MJ, Jentzer JC, Katz JN, Kenigsberg BB, Lawler PR, Miller PE, Papolos AI, Park JG, Potter BJ, Prasad R, Singam NSV, Sinha SS, Solomon MA, Teuteberg JJ, Morrow DA. Clinician and Algorithmic Application of the 2019 and 2022 Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention Shock Stages in the Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network Registry. Circ Heart Fail 2023; 16:e009714. [PMID: 36458542 PMCID: PMC9851990 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.122.009714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algorithmic application of the 2019 Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (SCAI) shock stages effectively stratifies mortality risk for patients with cardiogenic shock. However, clinician assessment of SCAI staging may differ. Moreover, the implications of the 2022 SCAI criteria update remain incompletely defined. METHODS The Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network is a multicenter registry of cardiac intensive care units (CICUs). Between 2019 and 2021, participating centers (n=32) contributed at least a 2-month snapshot of consecutive medical CICU admissions. In-hospital mortality was assessed across 3 separate staging methods: clinician assessment, Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network algorithmic application of the 2019 SCAI criteria, and a revision of the Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network application using the 2022 SCAI criteria. RESULTS Of 9612 admissions, 1340 (13.9%) presented with cardiogenic shock with in-hospital mortality of 35.2%. Both clinician and algorithm-based staging using the 2019 SCAI criteria identified a stepwise gradient of mortality risk (stage C-E: 19.0% to 83.7% and 14.6% to 52.2%, respectively; Ptrend<0.001 for each). Clinician assignment of SCAI stages identified higher risk patients compared with algorithm-based assignment (stage D: 49.9% versus 29.3%; stage E: 83.7% versus 52.2%). Algorithmic application of the 2022 SCAI criteria, with incorporation of the vasoactive-inotropic score, more closely approximated clinician staging (mortality for stage C-E: 21.9% to 70.5%; Ptrend<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both clinician and algorithm-based application of the 2019 SCAI stages identify a stepwise gradient of mortality risk, although clinician-staging may better allocate higher risk patients into advanced SCAI stages. Updated algorithmic staging using the 2022 SCAI criteria and vasoactive-inotropic score further refines risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth M. Patel
- Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David D. Berg
- Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin A. Bohula
- Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian M. Baird-Zars
- Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher F. Barnett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gregory W. Barsness
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lori B. Daniels
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shahab Ghafghazi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Jacob C. Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason N. Katz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Kenigsberg
- Departments of Cardiology and Critical Care, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick R. Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at Toronto General Hospital, Division of Cardiology and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Elliot Miller
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexander I. Papolos
- Departments of Cardiology and Critical Care, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeong-Gun Park
- Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian J. Potter
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) Research Center and Cardiovascular Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - N. Sarma V. Singam
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shashank S. Sinha
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Medical Center, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael A. Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Teuteberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David A. Morrow
- Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Acosta ME, Belkin MN, Nathan S. Selection of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock: patient-specific considerations and insights from contemporary clinical data. Curr Opin Cardiol 2023; 38:47-53. [PMID: 36200273 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiogenic shock remains a complex and variable disease process requiring early recognition and prompt, multidisciplinary treatment. Available data link usage of high-dose and/or multiple vasopressors in cardiogenic shock to increased mortality. This review proposes a structured approach to escalation of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS) in cardiogenic shock, based on the hemodynamic and metabolic parameters highlighted in the revised SCAI Shock Classification, and supported by the available clinical data. RECENT FINDINGS Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) may improve hemodynamics in early cardiogenic shock (stage B) but offer little benefit in stage C-E shock where percutaneous ventricular assist devices (pVAD) improve cardiac power/index and may improve survival in certain subsets. In stage D-E shock, escalation from standalone pVADs to devices in combination is often appropriate. Left ventricular venting, with IABP or Impella, in conjunction with VA ECMO, appears to be beneficial. SUMMARY Graded escalation of pMCS support should be considered in SCAI stage B shock patients onwards, with the choice of support allowable by local expertise, matched to the degree and anticipated trajectory of hemodynamic and metabolic compromise. Additional clinical data are required before timing, and escalation of pMCS initiation may be integrated into a single treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark N Belkin
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandeep Nathan
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Martínez-Sellés M, Hernández-Pérez FJ, Uribarri A, Martín Villén L, Zapata L, Alonso JJ, Amat-Santos IJ, Ariza-Solé A, Barrabés JA, Barrio JM, Canteli Á, Alonso-Fernández-Gatta M, Corbí Pascual MJ, Díaz D, Crespo-Leiro MG, de la Torre-Hernández JM, Ferrera C, García González MJ, García-Carreño J, García-Guereta L, García Quintana A, Jorge Pérez P, González-Juanatey JR, López de Sá E, Sánchez PL, Monteagudo M, Palomo López N, Reyes G, Rosell F, Solla Buceta MA, Segovia-Cubero J, Sionis Green A, Stepanenko A, Iglesias Álvarez D, Viana Tejedor A, Voces R, Fuset Cabanes MP, Gimeno Costa JR, Díaz J, Fernández-Avilés F. Cardiogenic shock code 2023. Expert document for a multidisciplinary organization that allows quality care. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 76:261-269. [PMID: 36565750 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts made to improve the care of cardiogenic shock (CS) patients, including the development of mechanical circulatory support (MCS), the prognosis of these patients continues to be poor. In this context, CS code initiatives arise, based on providing adequate, rapid, and quality care to these patients. In this multidisciplinary document we try to justify the need to implement the SC code, defining its structure/organization, activation criteria, patient flow according to care level, and quality indicators. Our specific purposes are: a) to present the peculiarities of this condition and the lessons of infarction code and previous experiences in CS; b) to detail the structure of the teams, their logistics and the bases for the management of these patients, the choice of the type of MCS, and the moment of its implantation, and c) to address challenges to SC code implementation, including the uniqueness of the pediatric SC code. There is an urgent need to develop protocolized, multidisciplinary, and centralized care in hospitals with a large volume and experience that will minimize inequity in access to the MCS and improve the survival of these patients. Only institutional and structural support from the different administrations will allow optimizing care for CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martínez-Sellés
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Aitor Uribarri
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Martín Villén
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Zapata
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Alonso
- Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain; Servicio Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio J Amat-Santos
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Albert Ariza-Solé
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Barrabés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Barrio
- Sección de Anestesia Cardiaca-Unidad de Cuidados Posquirúrgicos Cardiacos, Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Canteli
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Fernández-Gatta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel J Corbí Pascual
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Domingo Díaz
- Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - María G Crespo-Leiro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Ferrera
- Unidad de Cuidados Agudos Cardiológicos, Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín J García González
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Carreño
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
| | - Luis García-Guereta
- Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García Quintana
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pablo Jorge Pérez
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José R González-Juanatey
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Luis Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Monteagudo
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nora Palomo López
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reyes
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rosell
- Servicio de Emergencias Sanitarias (061), La Rioja Salud, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Miguel Antonio Solla Buceta
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier Segovia-Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sionis Green
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Unidad de Cuidados Agudos Cardiológicos, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Stepanenko
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Diego Iglesias Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana Viana Tejedor
- Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Cuidados Agudos Cardiológicos, Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Voces
- Grupo ECMO, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - María Paz Fuset Cabanes
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Servicio de Emergencias Sanitarias de Cataluña, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Díaz
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Burgos LM, Baro Vila RC, Botto F, Diez M. SCAI Cardiogenic Shock Classification for Predicting In-Hospital and Long-Term Mortality in Acute Heart Failure. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CARDIOVASCULAR ANGIOGRAPHY & INTERVENTIONS 2022; 1:100496. [PMID: 39132349 PMCID: PMC11307609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jscai.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Background SCAI classification in cardiogenic shock is simple and suitable for rapid assessment. Its predictive behavior in patients with primary acute heart failure (AHF) is not fully known. We aimed to evaluate the ability of the SCAI classification to predict in-hospital and long-term mortality in AHF. Methods We conducted a single-center study and performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of consecutive patients admitted with AHF between 2015 and 2020. The primary end points were in-hospital and long-term mortality from all causes. Results In total, 856 patients were included. The unadjusted in-hospital mortality was as follows: A, 0.6%; B, 2.7%; C, 21.5%; D 54.3%; and E, 90.6% (log rank, P < .0001), and long-term mortality was as follows: A, 24.9%; B, 24%; C, 49.6%; D, 62.9%; and E, 95.5% (log rank, P < .0001). After multivariable adjustment, each SCAI SHOCK stage remained associated with increased mortality (all P < .001 compared with stage A). With the exception of the long-term end point, there were no differences between stages A and B for adjusted mortality (P = .1). Conclusions In a cohort of patients with AHF, SCAI cardiogenic shock classification was associated with in-hospital and long-term mortality. This finding supports the rationale of the classification in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia María Burgos
- Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fernando Botto
- Clinical Research Department, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Diez
- Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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So DYF, Bagai A, van Diepen S, Fordyce CB, Liu S, Avram R, Russo J, Shah AH, Tanguay JF, Goodman SG, Luk A. A Pan-Canadian Survey of Cardiogenic Shock Management: A Report From the Canadian Cardiovascular Research Collaboratory (C3) Cardiogenic Shock Working Group. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1732-1735. [PMID: 35940456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Y F So
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Akshay Bagai
- Division of Cardiology, St Michaels Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher B Fordyce
- Division of Cardiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shuangbo Liu
- Section of Cardiology, St Boniface Hospital, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert Avram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Juan Russo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish H Shah
- Section of Cardiology, St Boniface Hospital, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Tanguay
- Montreal Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shaun G Goodman
- Division of Cardiology, St Michaels Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adriana Luk
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Martínez-Sellés M, Hernández-Pérez FJ, Uribarri A, Martín Villén L, Zapata L, Alonso JJ, Amat-Santos IJ, Ariza-Solé A, Barrabés JA, Barrio JM, Canteli Á, Alonso-Fernández-Gatta M, Corbí Pascual MJ, Díaz D, Crespo-Leiro MG, de la Torre-Hernández JM, Ferrera C, García González MJ, García-Carreño J, García-Guereta L, García Quintana A, Jorge Pérez P, González-Juanatey JR, López de Sá E, Sánchez PL, Monteagudo M, Palomo López N, Reyes G, Rosell F, Solla Buceta MA, Segovia-Cubero J, Sionis Green A, Stepanenko A, Iglesias Álvarez D, Viana Tejedor A, Voces R, Fuset Cabanes MP, Gimeno Costa JR, Díaz J, Fernández-Avilés F. Código shock cardiogénico 2023. Documento de expertos para una organización multidisciplinaria que permita una atención de calidad. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jentzer JC, Rayfield C, Soussi S, Berg DD, Kennedy JN, Sinha SS, Baran DA, Brant E, Mebazaa A, Billia F, Kapur NK, Henry TD, Lawler PR. Advances in the Staging and Phenotyping of Cardiogenic Shock: Part 1 of 2. JACC. ADVANCES 2022; 1:100120. [PMID: 38939719 PMCID: PMC11198663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2022.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a heterogeneous syndrome reflecting a broad spectrum of shock severity, diverse etiologies, variable cardiac function, different hemodynamic trajectories, and concomitant organ dysfunction. These factors influence the clinical presentation, management, response to therapy, and outcomes of CS patients, necessitating a tailored approach to care. To better understand the variability inherent to CS populations, recent algorithms for staging the severity of CS have been described and validated. This paper is part 1 of a 2-part state-of-the-art review. In this first article, we consider the context for clinical staging and stratification in CS with a focus on established severity staging systems for CS and their use for risk stratification and clinical care. We describe the use of staging for predicting outcomes in populations with or at risk for CS, including risk modifiers that provide more nuanced risk stratification, and highlight how these approaches may allow individualized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Corbin Rayfield
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Sabri Soussi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Lariboisière-Saint-Louis Hospitals, DMU Parabol, AP–HP Nord, Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, Paris, France
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David D. Berg
- TIMI Study Group, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason N. Kennedy
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shashank S. Sinha
- INOVA Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - David A. Baran
- Cleveland Clinic Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Brant
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Lariboisière-Saint-Louis Hospitals, DMU Parabol, AP–HP Nord, Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Filio Billia
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center and Ted Roger’s Center for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Navin K. Kapur
- The Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy D. Henry
- The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education at the Christ Hospital Health Network, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R. Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center and Ted Roger’s Center for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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González-Pacheco H, Gopar-Nieto R, Araiza-Garaygordobil D, Briseño-Cruz JL, Eid-Lidt G, Ortega-Hernandez JA, Sierra-Lara D, Altamirano-Castillo A, Mendoza-García S, Manzur-Sandoval D, Aguilar-Montaño KM, Ontiveros-Mercado H, García-Espinosa JI, Pérez-Pinetta PE, Arias-Mendoza A. Application of the SCAI classification to admission of patients with cardiogenic shock: Analysis of a tertiary care center in a middle-income country. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273086. [PMID: 35972946 PMCID: PMC9380918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock stages have been applied and validated in high-income countries with access to advanced therapies. We applied the SCAI scheme at the time of admission in order to improve the risk stratification for 30-day mortality in a retrospective cohort of patients with STEMI in a middle-income country hospital at admission. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 7,143 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. At admission, patients were stratified by the SCAI shock stages. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the association between SCAI shock stages to 30-day mortality. Results The distribution of the patients across SCAI shock stages was 82.2%, 9.3%, 1.2%, 1.5%, and 0.8% to A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Patients with SCAI stages C, D, and E were more likely to have high-risk features. There was a stepwise significant increase in unadjusted 30-day mortality across the SCAI shock stages (6.3%, 8.4%, 62.4%, 75.2% and 88.3% for A, B, C, D and E, respectively; P < 0.0001, C-statistic, 0.64). A trend toward a lower 30-day survival probability was observed in the patients with advanced CS (30.3, 15.4%, and 8.3%, SCAI shock stages C, D, and E, respectively, Log-rank P-value <0.0001). After multivariable adjustment, SCAI shock stages C, D, and E were independently associated with an increased risk of 30-day death (hazard ratio 1.42 [P = 0.02], 2.30 [P<0.0001], and 3.44 [P<0.0001], respectively). Conclusion The SCAI shock stages applied in patients con STEMI at the time of admission, is a useful tool for risk stratification in patients across the full spectrum of CS and is a predictor of 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor González-Pacheco
- Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Rodrigo Gopar-Nieto
- Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Briseño-Cruz
- Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guering Eid-Lidt
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel Sierra-Lara
- Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Daniel Manzur-Sandoval
- Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
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Geller BJ, Sinha SS, Kapur NK, Bakitas M, Balsam LB, Chikwe J, Klein DG, Kochar A, Masri SC, Sims DB, Wong GC, Katz JN, van Diepen S. Escalating and De-escalating Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022; 146:e50-e68. [PMID: 35862152 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of temporary mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock has increased dramatically despite a lack of randomized controlled trials or evidence guiding clinical decision-making. Recommendations from professional societies on temporary mechanical circulatory support escalation and de-escalation are limited. This scientific statement provides pragmatic suggestions on temporary mechanical circulatory support device selection, escalation, and weaning strategies in patients with common cardiogenic shock causes such as acute decompensated heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. The goal of this scientific statement is to serve as a resource for clinicians making temporary mechanical circulatory support management decisions and to propose standardized approaches for their use until more robust randomized clinical data are available.
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Pappalardo F, Tavazzi G, Savonitto S, Moricci N. "Enrolling patients in Cardiogenic shock Trials: are we missing someone? Insights from Italian Alt Shock-2 Registry". Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:1748-1750. [PMID: 35932214 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pappalardo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Alessandria, Alessandria, ITALY
| | - Guido Tavazzi
- Universita degli Studi di Pavia Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia Clinical, Surgical and Pediatric sciences Anesthesia and Intensive care PAVIA, ITALY
| | | | - Nuccia Moricci
- Istituto Clinico Sant'Ambrogio Via Faravelli, 16 - 20100, Milano, MI
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Udesen NLJ, Helgestad OKL, Josiassen J, Hassager C, Højgaard HF, Linde L, Kjaergaard J, Holmvang L, Jensen LO, Schmidt H, Ravn HB, Møller JE. Vasoactive pharmacological management according to SCAI class in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272279. [PMID: 35925990 PMCID: PMC9352108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vasoactive treatment is a cornerstone in treating hypoperfusion in cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction (AMICS). The purpose was to compare the achievement of treatment targets and outcome in relation to vasoactive strategy in AMICS patients stratified according to the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock classification. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with AMICS admitted to cardiac intensive care unit at two tertiary cardiac centers during 2010–2017 with retrieval of real-time hemodynamic data and dosages of vasoactive drugs from intensive care unit databases. Results Out of 1,249 AMICS patients classified into SCAI class C, D, and E, mortality increased for each shock stage from 34% to 60%, and 82% (p<0.001). Treatment targets of mean arterial blood pressure > 65mmHg and venous oxygen saturation > 55% were reached in the majority of patients; however, more patients in SCAI class D and E had values below treatment targets within 24 hours (p<0.001) despite higher vasoactive load and increased use of epinephrine for each severity stage (p<0.001). In univariate analysis no significant difference in mortality within SCAI class D and E regarding vasoactive strategy was observed, however in SCAI class C, epinephrine was associated with higher mortality and a significantly higher vasoactive load to reach treatment targets. In multivariate analysis there was no statistically association between individually vasoactive choice within each SCAI class and 30-day mortality. Conclusion Hemodynamic treatment targets were achieved in most patients at the expense of increased vasoactive load and more frequent use of epinephrine for each shock severity stage. Mortality was high regardless of vasoactive strategy; only in SCAI class C, epinephrine was associated with a significantly higher mortality, but the signal was not significant in adjusted analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakob Josiassen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Hassager
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Louise Linde
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kjaergaard
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Holmvang
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Berg Ravn
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Eifer Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tehrani BN, Drakos SG, Billia F, Batchelor WB, Luk A, Stelling K, Tonna J, Rosner C, Hanff T, Rao V, Brozzi NA, Baran DA. The Multicenter Collaborative to Enhance Biologic Understanding, Quality, and Outcomes in Cardiogenic Shock (VANQUISH Shock): Rationale and Design. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1286-1295. [PMID: 35288292 PMCID: PMC10625804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite efforts to advance therapies in cardiogenic shock (CS), outcomes remain poor. This is likely due to several factors, including major gaps in our understanding of the pathophysiology, phenotyping of patients, and challenges with conducting adequately powered clinical studies. An unmet need exists for a comprehensive multicentre "all-comers" prospective registry to facilitate characterising contemporary presentation, treatment (in a device-agnostic fashion), and short- and intermediate-term outcomes and quality of life (QOL) of CS patients. METHODS The Multicenter Collaborative to Enhance Biological Understanding, Quality and Outcomes in Cardiogenic Shock (VANQUISH Shock) registry is a prospective observational registry that will study unrestricted adult patients with a primary diagnosis of CS at 4 North American centres with multidisciplinary shock programs. Both acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS) and acute heart failure (HF-CS) etiologies will be included, and the registry will be device agnostic and widely inclusive. The primary end point will be survival at 30 days after hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes will include in-hospital adverse events and survival to 6 and 12 months. Patients will also undergo neurologic and health-related QOL assessments with the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) health survey tools before discharge and during follow-up. Serial biospecimens will facilitate biomarker studies. CONCLUSIONS The VANQUISH Shock registry provides a unique opportunity to study the pathophysiology, contemporary management, clinical course, and outcomes of CS. By capturing detailed and high-quality longitudinal data, the registry will address existing knowledge gaps and serve as a springboard for future mechanistic clinical studies to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filio Billia
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Adriana Luk
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Stelling
- Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vivek Rao
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas A Brozzi
- Cleveland Clinic Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - David A Baran
- Cleveland Clinic Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Weston, Florida, USA.
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Kapur NK, Kanwar M, Sinha SS, Thayer KL, Garan AR, Hernandez-Montfort J, Zhang Y, Li B, Baca P, Dieng F, Harwani NM, Abraham J, Hickey G, Nathan S, Wencker D, Hall S, Schwartzman A, Khalife W, Li S, Mahr C, Kim JH, Vorovich E, Whitehead EH, Blumer V, Burkhoff D. Criteria for Defining Stages of Cardiogenic Shock Severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:185-198. [PMID: 35835491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk-stratifying patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) is a major unmet need. The recently proposed Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) staging system for CS severity lacks uniform criteria defining each stage. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test parameters that define SCAI stages and explore their utility as predictors of in-hospital mortality in CS. METHODS The CS Working Group registry includes patients from 17 hospitals enrolled between 2016 and 2021 and was used to define clinical profiles for CS. We selected parameters of hypotension and hypoperfusion and treatment intensity, confirmed their association with mortality, then defined formal criteria for each stage and tested the association between both baseline and maximum Stage and mortality. RESULTS Of 3,455 patients, CS was caused by heart failure (52%) or myocardial infarction (32%). Mortality was 35% for the total cohort and higher among patients with myocardial infarction, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and treatment with increasing numbers of drugs and devices. Systolic blood pressure, lactate level, alanine transaminase level, and systemic pH were significantly associated with mortality and used to define each stage. Using these criteria, baseline and maximum stages were significantly associated with mortality (n = 1,890). Lower baseline stage was associated with a higher incidence of stage escalation and a shorter duration of time to reach maximum stage. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel approach to define SCAI stages and identify a significant association between baseline and maximum stage and mortality. This approach may improve clinical application of the staging system and provides new insight into the trajectory of hospitalized CS patients. (Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry [CSWG]; NCT04682483).
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Kapur
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Manreet Kanwar
- Cardiovascular Institute at Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shashank S Sinha
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Campus, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine L Thayer
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Reshad Garan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yijing Zhang
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Borui Li
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paulina Baca
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatou Dieng
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil M Harwani
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Abraham
- Center for Cardiovascular Analytics, Research and Data Science, Providence Heart Institute, Providence Research Network, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gavin Hickey
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Detlef Wencker
- Baylor Scott and White Advanced Heart Failure Clinic, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shelley Hall
- Baylor Scott and White Advanced Heart Failure Clinic, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Wissam Khalife
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Song Li
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claudius Mahr
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ju H Kim
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa Blumer
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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von Lewinski D, Herold L, Stoffel C, Pätzold S, Fruhwald F, Altmanninger-Sock S, Kolesnik E, Wallner M, Rainer P, Bugger H, Verheyen N, Rohrer U, Manninger-Wünscher M, Scherr D, Renz D, Yates A, Zirlik A, Toth GG. PRospective REgistry of PAtients in REfractory cardiogenic shock-The PREPARE CardShock registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 100:319-327. [PMID: 35830719 PMCID: PMC9539512 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a hemodynamically complex multisystem syndrome associated with persistently high morbidity and mortality. As CS is characterized by progressive failure to provide adequate systemic perfusion, supporting end‐organ perfusion using mechanical circulatory support (MCS) seems intriguing. Since most patients with CS present in the catheterization laboratory, percutaneously implantable systems have the widest adoption in the field. We evaluated feasibility, outcomes, and complications after the introduction of a full‐percutaneous program for both the Impella CP device and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (VA‐ECMO). Methods PREPARE CardShock (PRospective REgistry of PAtients in REfractory cardiogenic shock) is a prospective single‐center registry, including 248 consecutive patients between May 2019 and April 2021, who underwent cardiac catheterization and displayed advanced cardiogenic shock. The median age was 70 (58–77) years and 28% were female. Sixty‐five percent of the cases had cardiac arrest, of which 66% were out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. A local standard operating procedure (SOP) indicating indications as well as relative and absolute contraindications for different means of MCS (Impella CP or VA‐ECMO) was used to guide MCS use. The primary endpoint was in‐hospital death and secondary endpoints were spontaneous myocardial infarction and major bleedings during the hospital stay. Results Overall mortality was 50.4% with a median survival of 2 (0–6) days. Significant independent predictors of mortality were cardiac arrest during the index event (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.53 [1.43–4.51]; p = 0.001), age > 65 years (OR: 2.05 [1.03–4.09]; p = 0.036]), pH < 7.30 (OR: 2.69 [1.56–4.66]; p < 0.001), and lactate levels > 2 mmol/L (OR: 4.51 [2.37–8.65]; p < 0.001). Conclusions Conclusive SOPs assist target‐orientated MCS use in CS. This study provides guidance on the implementation, validation, and modification of newly established MCS programs to aid centers that are establishing such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Herold
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sascha Pätzold
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Ewald Kolesnik
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Wallner
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Rainer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heiko Bugger
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolas Verheyen
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Rohrer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Scherr
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Renz
- Cardiovascular Perfusionists Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ameli Yates
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabor G Toth
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Early revascularization, invasive hemodynamic profiling, and initiation of temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have all become routine components of cardiogenic shock (CS) management. Despite this evolution in clinical practice, patient selection and timing of treatment initiation remain a significant barrier to achieving sustained improvement in CS outcomes. Recent efforts to standardize CS management, through the development of treatment algorithms, have relied heavily on surrogate endpoints to drive therapeutic decisions. The present review aims to provide an overview of the basis of evidence for those surrogate endpoints commonly employed in clinical trials and CS management algorithms. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications from both observational and randomized cohorts have demonstrated the utility of surrogate endpoints in risk stratifying patients with CS. In particular, invasive hemodynamics using pulmonary artery catheters to guide initiation and weaning of MCS, biochemical markers that portend imminent end-organ failure, and clinical risk scores that combine multiple hemodynamic and laboratory parameters have demonstrated an ability to prognosticate outcomes in patients with CS. SUMMARY Although further validation is necessary, multiple clinical, hemodynamic, and biochemical markers have demonstrated utility as surrogate endpoints in CS, and will undoubtedly assist physicians in clinical decision-making.
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Aktuelle Klassifikation und hämodynamisches Profil bei kardiogenem Schock. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-022-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Masiero G, Cardaioli F, Tarantini G. Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock: a critical appraisal. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:443-454. [PMID: 35587216 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2078702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life-threatening condition frequently encounter in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD). AREAS COVERED Despite prompt revascularization, in particular percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and therapeutic and technological advances, the mortality rate for CS related to AMI remains high. Differently from hemodynamically stable setting, a culprit lesion-only (CLO) revascularization strategy is currently suggested in AMI-CS patients, based on the results of a recent randomized evidence burdened by several limitations and conflicting results from non-randomized studies. Furthermore, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have raised as a key therapeutic option in CS, especially in case of an early implantation without delaying revascularization and before irreversible organ damage has occurred. We provide an in-depth review of current evidences on optimal revascularization strategies of multivessel CAD in infarct-related CS, assessing the role of MCS devices, and highlighting the importance of shock teams and medical care system networks to effectively impact on clinical outcomes. EXPERT OPINION Emerging observational experience suggested that an early implantation of MCS (prior to PCI), the performance of an extensive revascularization and the implementation of shock teams and networks are key factors for improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Masiero
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardaioli
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarantini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
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Yerasi C, Case BC, Pahuja M, Ben-Dor I, Waksman R. The Need for Additional Phenotyping When Defining Cardiogenic Shock. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 15:890-895. [PMID: 35450689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charan Yerasi
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian C Case
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mohit Pahuja
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Itsik Ben-Dor
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ron Waksman
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Delmas C, Pernot M, Le Guyader A, Joret R, Roze S, Lebreton G. Budget Impact Analysis of Impella CP ® Utilization in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock in France: A Health Economic Analysis. Adv Ther 2022; 39:1293-1309. [PMID: 35067868 PMCID: PMC8918169 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early detection and treatment of cardiogenic shock (CS) is crucial to avoid irreparable multiorgan damage and mortality. Impella CP® is a novel temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) device associated with greater hemodynamic support and significantly fewer device-related complications compared with other MCS devices, e.g., intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). The present study evaluated the budget impact of introducing Impella CP versus IABP and VA-ECMO in patients with CS following an acute myocardial infarction (MI) in France. METHODS A budget impact model was developed to compare the cost of introducing Impella CP with continuing IABP and VA-ECMO treatment from a Mandatory Health Insurance (MHI) perspective in France over a 5-year time horizon, with 700 patients with refractory CS assumed to be eligible for treatment per year. Costs associated with Impella CP and device-related complications for all interventions were captured and clinical input data were based on published sources. Scenario analyses were performed around key parameters. RESULTS Introducing Impella CP was associated with cumulative cost savings of EUR 2.7 million over 5 years, versus continuing current clinical practice with IABP and VA-ECMO. Cost savings were achieved in every year of the analysis and driven by the lower incidence of device-related complications with Impella CP, with estimated 5-year cost savings of EUR 22.4 million due to avoidance of complications. Total cost savings of more than EUR 250,000 were projected in the first year of the analysis, which increased as the market share of Impella CP was increased. Scenario analyses indicated that the findings of the analysis were robust. CONCLUSION Treatment with Impella CP in adult patients aged less than 75 years in a state of refractory CS following an MI was projected to lead to substantial cost savings from an MHI perspective in France, compared with continuing current clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Delmas
- Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, Cardiology Department, Rangueil University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Pernot
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Haut-Lévèque University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Le Guyader
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Lebreton
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Ishii M, Tsujita K, Okamoto H, Koto S, Nishi T, Nakai M, Sumita Y, Iwanaga Y, Azuma N, Matoba S, Hirata KI, Hikichi Y, Yokoi H, Ikari Y, Uemura S. Resources for cardiovascular healthcare associated with 30-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2022; 2:oeab047. [PMID: 35919660 PMCID: PMC9242083 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aims Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and mechanical circulatory support (MCS), such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), have been widely used for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with cardiogenic shock (AMICS), their in-hospital mortality remains high. This study aimed to investigate the association of cardiovascular healthcare resources with 30-day mortality in AMICS. Methods and results This was an observational study using a Japanese nationwide administrative data (JROAD-DPC) of 260 543 AMI patients between April 2012 and March 2018. Of these, 45 836 AMICS patients were divided into three categories based on MCS use: with MCS (ECMO with/without IABP), IABP only, or without MCS. Certified hospital density and number of board-certified cardiologists were used as a metric of cardiovascular healthcare resources. We estimated the association of MCS use, cardiovascular healthcare resources, and 30-day mortality. The 30-day mortality was 71.2% for the MCS, 23.9% for IABP only, and 37.8% for the group without MCS. The propensity score-matched and inverse probability-weighted Cox frailty models showed that primary PCI was associated with a low risk for mortality. Higher hospital density and larger number of cardiologists in the responsible hospitals were associated with a lower risk for mortality. Conclusion Although the 30-day mortality remained extremely high in AMICS, indication of primary PCI and improvement in providing cardiovascular healthcare resources associated with the short-term prognosis of AMICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koto
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Michikazu Nakai
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yoko Sumita
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iwanaga
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Azuma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-chou, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hikichi
- Department of Cardiology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, 400 Kasemachinakabaru, Saga-shi, Saka Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Yokoi
- Cardiovascular Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, 3-6-45, Momochihama, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shiro Uemura
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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Naidu SS, Baran DA, Jentzer JC, Hollenberg SM, van Diepen S, Basir MB, Grines CL, Diercks DB, Hall S, Kapur NK, Kent W, Rao SV, Samsky MD, Thiele H, Truesdell AG, Henry TD. SCAI SHOCK Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: A Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:933-946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Naidu SS, Baran DA, Jentzer JC, Hollenberg SM, van Diepen S, Basir MB, Grines CL, Diercks DB, Hall S, Kapur NK, Kent W, Rao SV, Samsky MD, Thiele H, Truesdell AG, Henry TD. SCAI SHOCK Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: A Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies: This statement was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in December 2021. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CARDIOVASCULAR ANGIOGRAPHY & INTERVENTIONS 2022; 1:100008. [PMID: 39130139 PMCID: PMC11308837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jscai.2021.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Srihari S. Naidu
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - David A. Baran
- Sentara Heart Hospital, Advanced Heart Failure Center and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Jacob C. Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Cindy L. Grines
- Northside Hospital Cardiovascular Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deborah B. Diercks
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Navin K. Kapur
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Kent
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sunil V. Rao
- Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Holger Thiele
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Timothy D. Henry
- Lindner Research Center at the Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Thakkar S, Patel HP, Kumar A, Tan BEX, Arora S, Patel S, Doshi R, Depta JP, Kalra A, Dani SS, Deshmukh A, Badheka A, Widmer RJ, Mamas MA, Rihal CS, Girotra S, Panaich SS. Outcomes of Impella compared with intra-aortic balloon pump in ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 12:100067. [PMID: 38559603 PMCID: PMC10978134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Despite limited randomized trial data demonstrating clinical efficacy, the utilization of Impella in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients complicated with cardiogenic shock (CS) has increased over time. Methods We identified 75,769 hospitalizations with STEMI complicated by CS between October 2015 and December 2018 using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes. From this cohort, hospitalizations were stratified according to IABP or Impella placement. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were divided into efficacy, safety, and device-related complications. Propensity-score matching was used to account for differences in the baseline characteristics between the groups. Logistic regression was performed to get the odds ratio and confidence intervals. Results Among 75,769 admissions with STEMI and CS, hospitalizations with <18 years old, both IABP and Impella placement, and who underwent ECMO and/or LVAD implantation were excluded. After the exclusion, out of 72,791 admissions, 25,260 (34.70%) hospitalizations received IABP, and 7825 (10.75%) received Impella support. After propensity score-matched analysis, 7345 hospitalizations were included in each group. All-cause in-hospital mortality was higher in the hospitalizations requiring Impella support as compared to IABP (42.10% vs. 31.54%, adjusted OR 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60-1.84, P < 0.0001). Impella was associated with a higher risk of in-hospital complications and hospitalization cost compared with IABP. Conclusion Impella compared with IABP in STEMI patients with CS was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and other adverse clinical and procedural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harsh P. Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Louis A Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Department, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Bryan E-Xin Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shilpkumar Arora
- Department of Cardiology, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Smit Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - Rajkumar Doshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jeremiah P. Depta
- Sands Constellation Heart Institute, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ankur Kalra
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Department, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sourbha S. Dani
- Department of Cardiology, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Abhishek Deshmukh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Apurva Badheka
- Heart and Vascular Center, The Everett Clinic, Everett, WA, USA
| | - Robert J. Widmer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Mamas A. Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute of Applied Clinical Science, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | | | - Saket Girotra
- Department of Cardiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
| | - Sidakpal S. Panaich
- Department of Cardiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
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Obradovic D, Freund A, Feistritzer HJ, Sulimov D, Loncar G, Abdel-Wahab M, Zeymer U, Desch S, Thiele H. Temporary mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 69:35-46. [PMID: 34801576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock (CS) represents one of the foremost concerns in the field of acute cardiovascular medicine. Despite major advances in treatment, mortality of CS remains high. International societies recommend the development of expert CS centers with standardized protocols for CS diagnosis and treatment. In these terms, devices for temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) can be used to support the compromised circulation and could improve clinical outcome in selected patient populations presenting with CS. In the past years, we have witnessed an immense increase in the utilization of MCS devices to improve the clinical problem of low cardiac output. Although some treatment guidelines include the use of temporary MCS up to now no large randomized controlled trial confirmed a reduction in mortality in CS patients after MCS and additional research evidence is necessary to fully comprehend the clinical value of MCS in CS. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in CS with the main focus on contemporary MCS devices, current state of art and scientific evidence for its clinical application and outline directions of future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Obradovic
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Freund
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Josef Feistritzer
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dmitry Sulimov
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Goran Loncar
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Dedinje', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Wahab
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Zeymer
- Institut für Herzinfarktforschung, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Desch
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany.
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Chatterjee S, Fanaroff AC, Parzynski C, Curtis J, Kolansky DM, Maddox TM, Mukherjee D, Yeh RW, Giri J. Comparison of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Contemporary U.S. Practice With ISCHEMIA Trial Population. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 14:2344-2349. [PMID: 34736733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study sought to assess the proportion of patients in modern U.S. interventional practice that fulfilled criteria for enrollment in the ISCHEMIA (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness With Medical and Invasive Approaches) trial. BACKGROUND The ISCHEMIA trial, which enrolled patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), showed that revascularization improved angina symptoms with little effect on death or myocardial infarction. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry (v5.0), including 1,662 hospitals, was performed. Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for SIHD in routine clinical practice meeting ISCHEMIA trial inclusion criteria and those that did not were evaluated. RESULTS During the study period, 388,212 patients underwent PCI for SIHD, comprising 41.88% of all patients undergoing PCI during the study period. Of these, 125,302 (32.28%; 13.52% of all patients undergoing PCI) met criteria for enrollment in the ISCHEMIA trial. Among SIHD patients that did not meet criteria, 71,852 (18.51%) had SIHD with high-risk features (35.2% left main disease, 43.7% left ventricular systolic dysfunction, 16.8% end-stage renal disease), 67,159 (17.3%) had SIHD with negative or low-risk functional testing, and 123,899 (31.92%) either had no stress testing or did not have ischemic burden reported. At the median hospital, 32.1% (interquartile range: 23.5%-40.6%) of SIHD patients met criteria for enrollment in the ISCHEMIA trial, with these patients experiencing lower unadjusted in-hospital mortality rate than comparator groups who met exclusion criteria for the trial (0.11%) (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Among contemporary U.S. patients undergoing PCI for SIHD, 32.28% clearly met enrollment criteria for the ISCHEMIA trial. There was significant variation among individual centers in the proportion of SIHD patients meeting criteria for the ISCHEMIA trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Chatterjee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Centers, Northwell Health, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine New York at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA.
| | - Alexander C Fanaroff
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Craig Parzynski
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Genesis Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeptha Curtis
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Division of Cardiology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel M Kolansky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas M Maddox
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Yeh
- Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jay Giri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Freund A, Pöss J, de Waha-Thiele S, Meyer-Saraei R, Fuernau G, Eitel I, Feistritzer HJ, Rubini M, Huber K, Windecker S, Montalescot G, Oldroyd K, Noc M, Zeymer U, Ouarrak T, Schneider S, Baran DA, Desch S, Thiele H. Comparison of risk prediction models in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2021; 10:890-897. [PMID: 34529043 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several prediction models have been developed to allow accurate risk assessment and provide better treatment guidance in patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock (CS). However, comparative data between these models are still scarce. The objective of the study is to externally validate different risk prediction models in infarct-related CS and compare their predictive value in the early clinical course. METHODS AND RESULTS The Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II Score, the CardShock score, the IABP-SHOCK II score, and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (SCAI) classification were each externally validated in a total of 1055 patients with infarct-related CS enrolled into the randomized CULPRIT-SHOCK trial or the corresponding registry. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. Discriminative power was assessed by comparing the area under the curves (AUC) in case of continuous scores. In direct comparison of the continuous scores in a total of 161 patients, the IABP-SHOCK II score revealed best discrimination [area under the curve (AUC = 0.74)], followed by the CardShock score (AUC = 0.69) and the SAPS II score, giving only moderate discrimination (AUC = 0.63). All of the three scores revealed acceptable calibration by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The SCAI classification as a categorical predictive model displayed good prognostic assessment for the highest risk group (Stage E) but showed poor discrimination between Stages C and D with respect to short-term-mortality. CONCLUSION Based on the present findings, the IABP-SHOCK II score appears to be the most suitable of the examined models for immediate risk prediction in infarct-related CS. Prospective evaluation of the models, further modification, or even development of new scores might be necessary to reach higher levels of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Freund
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Janine Pöss
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Suzanne de Waha-Thiele
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roza Meyer-Saraei
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Fuernau
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ingo Eitel
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans-Josef Feistritzer
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Rubini
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kurt Huber
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, and Sigmund Freud University, Medical School, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gilles Montalescot
- Sorbonne Université, ACTION Study Group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Keith Oldroyd
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital and University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Marko Noc
- University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uwe Zeymer
- Medizinische Klinik B, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Stiftung Institut für Herzinfarktforschung (Foundation IHF), Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Taoufik Ouarrak
- Stiftung Institut für Herzinfarktforschung (Foundation IHF), Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schneider
- Stiftung Institut für Herzinfarktforschung (Foundation IHF), Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - David A Baran
- Sentara Heart Hospital, Advanced Heart Failure Center, Norfolk, USA
| | - Steffen Desch
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
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Jain P, Thayer KL, Abraham J, Everett KD, Pahuja M, Whitehead EH, Schwartz BP, Lala A, Sinha SS, Kanwar MK, Garan AR, Hernandez-Monfort JA, Mahr C, Vorovich E, Wencker D, McCabe JM, Jones T, Goud M, Baca P, Harwani N, Burkhoff D, Kapur NK. Right Ventricular Dysfunction Is Common and Identifies Patients at Risk of Dying in Cardiogenic Shock. J Card Fail 2021; 27:1061-1072. [PMID: 34625126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the prognostic impact of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) in cardiogenic shock (CS) is a key step toward rational diagnostic and treatment algorithms and improved outcomes. Using a large multicenter registry, we assessed (1) the association between hemodynamic markers of RVD and in-hospital mortality, (2) the predictive value of invasive hemodynamic assessment incorporating RV evaluation, and (3) the impact of RVD severity on survival in CS. METHODS AND RESULTS Inpatients with CS owing to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart failure (HF) between 2016 and 2019 were included. RV parameters (right atrial pressure, right atrial/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [RA/PCWP], pulmonary artery pulsatility index [PAPI], and right ventricular stroke work index [RVSWI]) were assessed between survivors and nonsurvivors, and between etiology and SCAI stage subcohorts. Multivariable logistic regression analysis determined hemodynamic predictors of in-hospital mortality; the resulting models were compared with SCAI staging alone. Nonsurvivors had a significantly higher right atrial pressure and RA/PCWP and lower PAPI and RVSWI than survivors, consistent with more severe RVD. Compared with AMI, patients with HF had a significantly lower RA/PCWP (0.58 vs 0.66, P = .001) and a higher PAPI (2.71 vs 1.78, P < .001) and RVSWI (5.70 g-m/m2 vs 4.66 g-m/m2, P < .001), reflecting relatively preserved RV function. Paradoxically, multiple RVD parameters (PAPI, RVSWI) were associated with mortality in the HF but not the AMI cohort. RVD was more severe with advanced SCAI stage, although its prognostic value was progressively diluted in stages D and E. Multivariable modelling incorporating the RA/PCWP improved the predictive value of SCAI staging (area under the curve [AUC] 0.78 vs 0.73, P < .001), largely driven by patients with HF (AUC 0.82 vs 0.71, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS RVD is associated with poor outcomes in CS, with key differences across etiology and shock severity. Further studies are needed to assess the usefulness of RVD assessment in guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jacob Abraham
- Center for Cardiovascular Analytics, Research, and Data Science (CARDS), Portland, OR
| | - Kay D Everett
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohit Pahuja
- Division of Cardiology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
| | - Evan H Whitehead
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anuradha Lala
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York
| | - Shashank S Sinha
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Medical Center, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Manreet K Kanwar
- Cardiovascular Institute at Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A Reshad Garan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Claudius Mahr
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Esther Vorovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Detlef Wencker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Baylor Scott & White Advanced Heart Failure Clinic, Dallas, Texas
| | - James M McCabe
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tara Jones
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Maithri Goud
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paulina Baca
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil Harwani
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Navin K Kapur
- The CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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50
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Long A, Baran DA. Lingua Franca of Cardiogenic Shock: Speaking the Same Language. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:691232. [PMID: 34631811 PMCID: PMC8492962 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.691232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock has remained a vexing clinical problem over the last 20 years despite progressive development of increasingly capable percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices. It is increasingly clear that the published trials of various percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices have compared heterogenous populations of cardiogenic shock patients, and therefore have not yielded a single result where one approach improved survival. To classify patients, various risk scores such as the CARDSHOCK and IABP-Shock-II scores have been developed and validated but they have not been broadly applied. The Society for Cardiac Angiography and Intervention Expert Consensus on Classification of Cardiogenic Shock has been widely studied since its publication in 2019, and is reviewed at length. In particular, there have been numerous validation studies done and these are reviewed. Finally, the directions for future research are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Baran
- Sentara Advanced Heart Failure Center, Norfolk, VA, United States
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