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Wittstock G, Bäumer M, Dononelli W, Klüner T, Lührs L, Mahr C, Moskaleva LV, Oezaslan M, Risse T, Rosenauer A, Staubitz A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock A. Nanoporous Gold: From Structure Evolution to Functional Properties in Catalysis and Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6716-6792. [PMID: 37133401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanometer-sized metallic struts and interconnected pores formed spontaneously by oxidative dissolution of the less noble element from gold alloys. The resulting material exhibits decent catalytic activity for low-temperature, aerobic total as well as partial oxidation reactions, the oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate being the prototypical example. This review not only provides a critical discussion of ways to tune the morphology and composition of this material and its implication for catalysis and electrocatalysis, but will also exemplarily review the current mechanistic understanding of the partial oxidation of methanol using information from quantum chemical studies, model studies on single-crystal surfaces, gas phase catalysis, aerobic liquid phase oxidation, and electrocatalysis. In this respect, a particular focus will be on mechanistic aspects not well understood, yet. Apart from the mechanistic aspects of catalysis, best practice examples with respect to material preparation and characterization will be discussed. These can improve the reproducibility of the materials property such as the catalytic activity and selectivity as well as the scope of reactions being identified as the main challenges for a broader application of NPG in target-oriented organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V Moskaleva
- University of the Free State, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical University of Braunschweig Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Kim SH. Nanoporous Gold for Energy Applications. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1199-1215. [PMID: 33734584 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Research activities using nanoporous gold (NPG) were reviewed in the field of energy applications in three categories: fuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries. First, applications to fuel cells are reviewed with the subsections of proof-of-concept studies, studies on fuel oxidations at anode, and studies on oxygen reduction reactions at cathode. Second, applications to supercapacitors are reviewed from research activities on active materials/NPG composites to demonstrations of all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors using NPG electrodes. Third, research activities using NPG for battery applications are reviewed, mainly about fundamental studies on Li-air and Na-air batteries and some model studies on improving Li ion battery anodes. Although NPG based studies are the main subject of this review, some of meaningful studies using nanoporous metals are also discussed where relevant. Finally, summary and future outlook are given based on the survey on the research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea, Division of Nano & Information Technology at KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
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3
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Wu F, Zhao J, Han D, Zhao S, Zhu R, Cui G. A three-electrode integrated electrochemical platform based on nanoporous gold for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol with high selectivity. Analyst 2021; 146:232-243. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel integrated electrochemical platform was built for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanggen Wu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Shifan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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4
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Gao Y, Ding Y. Nanoporous Metals for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Following the Success of Raney Nickel. Chemistry 2020; 26:8845-8856. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiu Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P. R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P. R. China
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5
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Li Y, Li S, Bäumer M, Ivanova-Shor EA, Moskaleva LV. What Changes on the Inverse Catalyst? Insights from CO Oxidation on Au-Supported Ceria Nanoparticles Using Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Shikun Li
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Elena A. Ivanova-Shor
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center SB RAS”, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V. Moskaleva
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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6
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Steinebrunner D, Schnurpfeil G, Wöhrle D, Wittstock A. Photocatalytic coatings based on a zinc( ii) phthalocyanine derivative immobilized on nanoporous gold leafs with various pore sizes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:53-59. [PMID: 35492516 PMCID: PMC9047552 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08841e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of singlet oxygen sensitizing hybrid materials is reported consisting of a zinc(ii) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivative immobilized on nanoporous gold leafs (npAu) with various pore sizes. The resulting photocatalytic coatings exhibit a thickness of around 100 nm and pore sizes between 9–50 nm. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of those hybrid materials which were synthesized by functionalization of npAu leafs by an azide terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and subsequent copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The characterization of the samples morphology included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphology–reactivity relationship was investigated employing the hybrid photocatalysts in the photooxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as selective singlet oxygen quencher. An increasing photocatalytic activity was found for smaller pore sizes up to 15 nm, due to the gain in specific surface area concomitant with an increasing amount of immobilized photosensitizer, completely dominating the effect of the higher spectral overlap caused by the shift of the plasmon resonance of npAu, until mass transport and diffusion limitation gets predominant for pore sizes below 15 nm. A series of hybrid materials consisting of a zinc(ii) phthalocyanine derivative immobilized on nanoporous gold leafs with various pore sizes was prepared and investigated regarding its singlet oxygen sensitization activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- David Steinebrunner
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Günter Schnurpfeil
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Dieter Wöhrle
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
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7
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Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Becher J, Scherhaufer D, Lambach H, Kulkarni S, Keller TF, Wittstock A, Wittwer F, Seyrich M, Brueckner D, Kahnt M, Yang X, Schropp A, Stierle A, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD. A versatile nanoreactor for complementary in situ X-ray and electron microscopy studies in catalysis and materials science. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1769-1781. [PMID: 31490169 PMCID: PMC6732905 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900660x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two in situ `nanoreactors' for high-resolution imaging of catalysts have been designed and applied at the hard X-ray nanoprobe endstation at beamline P06 of the PETRA III synchrotron radiation source. The reactors house samples supported on commercial MEMS chips, and were applied for complementary hard X-ray ptychography (23 nm spatial resolution) and transmission electron microscopy, with additional X-ray fluorescence measurements. The reactors allow pressures of 100 kPa and temperatures of up to 1573 K, offering a wide range of conditions relevant for catalysis. Ptychographic tomography was demonstrated at limited tilting angles of at least ±35° within the reactors and ±65° on the naked sample holders. Two case studies were selected to demonstrate the functionality of the reactors: (i) annealing of hierarchical nanoporous gold up to 923 K under inert He environment and (ii) acquisition of a ptychographic projection series at ±35° of a hierarchically structured macroporous zeolite sample under ambient conditions. The reactors are shown to be a flexible and modular platform for in situ studies in catalysis and materials science which may be adapted for a range of sample and experiment types, opening new characterization pathways in correlative multimodal in situ analysis of functional materials at work. The cells will presently be made available for all interested users of beamline P06 at PETRA III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - Johannes Becher
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
| | - Dennis Scherhaufer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - Heinz Lambach
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F. Keller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Dennis Brueckner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
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8
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Shi J, Wittstock A, Mahr C, Murshed MM, Gesing TM, Rosenauer A, Bäumer M. Nanoporous gold functionalized with praseodymia-titania mixed oxides as a stable catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3278-3286. [PMID: 30681677 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dealloyed nanoporous metals hold great promise in the field of heterogeneous catalysis; however their tendency to coarsen at elevated temperatures or under catalytic reaction conditions sometimes limit further applications. Here, we report on a highly stable nanoporous gold catalyst (npAu) functionalized with praseodymia-titania mixed oxides as synthesized by a sol-gel method. Specifically, we used aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy to study the morphology and the interface between the oxide deposits and the npAu substrate at the atomic level. Based on electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), it is concluded that Pr-TiOx mixed oxides form a solid solution. Flow reactor tests reveal that the Pr-TiOx functionalized nanoporous gold is not only highly active but also very stable for the water gas shift reaction in a large temperature range (180-400 °C). Our results demonstrate the potential of engineering the compositions of oxides coatings on npAu for advanced functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shi
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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9
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Tomaschun G, Dononelli W, Li Y, Bäumer M, Klüner T, Moskaleva LV. Methanol oxidation on the Au(3 1 0) surface: A theoretical study. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Diaz A, Scherer T, Holler M, Wang W, Wang D, Brenner P, Wittstock A, Grunwaldt J. Correlative Multiscale 3D Imaging of a Hierarchical Nanoporous Gold Catalyst by Electron, Ion and X-ray Nanotomography. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:2858-2867. [PMID: 30069248 PMCID: PMC6055843 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomographic imaging of catalysts allows non-invasive investigation of structural features and chemical properties by combining large fields of view, high spatial resolution, and the ability to probe multiple length scales. Three complementary nanotomography techniques, (i) electron tomography, (ii) focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, and (iii) synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography, were applied to render the 3D structure of monolithic nanoporous gold doped with ceria, a catalytically active material with hierarchical porosity on the nm and μm scale. The resulting tomograms were used to directly measure volume fraction, surface area and pore size distribution, together with 3D pore network mapping. Each technique is critically assessed in terms of approximate spatial resolution, field of view, sample preparation and data processing requirements. Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography produced 3D electron density maps with isotropic spatial resolution of 23 nm, the highest so far demonstrated for a catalyst material, and is highlighted as an emerging method with excellent potential in the field of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrice Brenner
- Center for Functional NanostructuresKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyWolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1a76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical ChemistryUniversität Bremen28359BremenGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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11
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Lee MJ, Kang SH, Dey J, Choi SM. Porous Silica-Coated Gold Sponges with High Thermal and Catalytic Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22562-22570. [PMID: 29806933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method to fabricate porous silica-coated Au sponges that show high thermal and catalytic stability has been developed for the first time. The method involves dense surface functionalization of Au sponges (made by self-assembly of Au nanoparticles) with thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (SH-PEG), which provides binding and condensation sites for silica precursors. The silica coating thickness can be controlled by using SH-PEG of different molecular weights. The silica-coated Au sponge prepared by using 5 kDa SH-PEG maintains its morphology at temperature as high as 700 °C. The calcination removes all organic molecules, resulting in porous silica-coated Au sponges, which contain hierarchically connected micro- and mesopores. The hierarchical pore structures provide an efficient pathway for reactant molecules to access the surface of Au sponges. The porous silica-coated Au sponges show an excellent catalytic recyclability, maintaining the catalytic conversion percentage of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4 to 4-aminophenol as high as 93% even after 10 catalytic cycles. The method may be applicable for other porous metals, which are of great interests for catalyst, fuel cell, and sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jae Lee
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kang
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jahar Dey
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Choi
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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12
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Shi J, Mahr C, Murshed MM, Gesing TM, Rosenauer A, Bäumer M, Wittstock A. Steam reforming of methanol over oxide decorated nanoporous gold catalysts: a combined in situ FTIR and flow reactor study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:8880-8888. [PMID: 28294235 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08849j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methanol as a green and renewable resource can be used to generate hydrogen by reforming, i.e., its catalytic oxidation with water. In combination with a fuel cell this hydrogen can be converted into electrical energy, a favorable concept, in particular for mobile applications. Its realization requires the development of novel types of structured catalysts, applicable in small scale reactor designs. Here, three different types of such catalysts were investigated for the steam reforming of methanol (SRM). Oxides such as TiO2 and CeO2 and mixtures thereof (Ce1Ti2Ox) were deposited inside a bulk nanoporous gold (npAu) material using wet chemical impregnation procedures. Transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy reveal oxide nanoparticles (1-2 nm in size) abundantly covering the strongly curved surface of the nanoporous gold host (ligaments and pores on the order of 40 nm in size). These catalysts were investigated in a laboratory scaled flow reactor. First conversion of methanol was detected at 200 °C. The measured turn over frequency at 300 °C of the CeOx/npAu catalyst was 0.06 s-1. Parallel investigation by in situ infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) reveals that the activation of water and the formation of OHads are the key to the activity/selectivity of the catalysts. While all catalysts generate sufficient OHads to prevent complete dehydrogenation of methanol to CO, only the most active catalysts (e.g., CeOx/npAu) show direct reaction with formic acid and its decomposition to CO2 and H2. The combination of flow reactor studies and in operando DRIFTS, thus, opens the door to further development of this type of catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University Bremen, Leobener Str. UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - C Mahr
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - M M Murshed
- Solid State Chemical Crystallography, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/FB02, University Bremen, Leobener Str. NW 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - T M Gesing
- Solid State Chemical Crystallography, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/FB02, University Bremen, Leobener Str. NW 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - A Rosenauer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - M Bäumer
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University Bremen, Leobener Str. UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - A Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University Bremen, Leobener Str. UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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13
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Rumancev C, von Gundlach AR, Baier S, Wittstock A, Shi J, Benzi F, Senkbeil T, Stuhr S, Garamusx VM, Grunwaldt JD, Rosenhahn A. Morphological analysis of cerium oxide stabilized nanoporous gold catalysts by soft X-ray ASAXS. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft X-ray SAXS and ASAXS reveal nanostructural properties and temperature induced morphological changes in catalyst materials. The stabilizing effect of cerium oxide deposits on the gold catalyst and the morphological properties of the cerium oxide were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rumancev
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - A. R. von Gundlach
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - S. Baier
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - A. Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - J. Shi
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - F. Benzi
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - T. Senkbeil
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - S. Stuhr
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - V. M. Garamusx
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Zentrum für Material und Küstenforschung GmbH
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - J.-D. Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - A. Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
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14
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Personick ML, Montemore MM, Kaxiras E, Madix RJ, Biener J, Friend CM. Catalyst design for enhanced sustainability through fundamental surface chemistry. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2015.0077. [PMID: 26755756 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing energy consumption in the production of platform chemicals is necessary to improve the sustainability of the chemical industry, which is the largest consumer of delivered energy. The majority of industrial chemical transformations rely on catalysts, and therefore designing new materials that catalyse the production of important chemicals via more selective and energy-efficient processes is a promising pathway to reducing energy use by the chemical industry. Efficiently designing new catalysts benefits from an integrated approach involving fundamental experimental studies and theoretical modelling in addition to evaluation of materials under working catalytic conditions. In this review, we outline this approach in the context of a particular catalyst-nanoporous gold (npAu)-which is an unsupported, dilute AgAu alloy catalyst that is highly active for the selective oxidative transformation of alcohols. Fundamental surface science studies on Au single crystals and AgAu thin-film alloys in combination with theoretical modelling were used to identify the principles which define the reactivity of npAu and subsequently enabled prediction of new reactive pathways on this material. Specifically, weak van der Waals interactions are key to the selectivity of Au materials, including npAu. We also briefly describe other systems in which this integrated approach was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Personick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew M Montemore
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Efthimios Kaxiras
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert J Madix
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juergen Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Cynthia M Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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15
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Baier S, Damsgaard CD, Scholz M, Benzi F, Rochet A, Hoppe R, Scherer T, Shi J, Wittstock A, Weinhausen B, Wagner JB, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD. In Situ Ptychography of Heterogeneous Catalysts using Hard X-Rays: High Resolution Imaging at Ambient Pressure and Elevated Temperature. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:178-188. [PMID: 26914998 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new closed cell is presented for in situ X-ray ptychography which allows studies under gas flow and at elevated temperature. In order to gain complementary information by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the cell makes use of a Protochips E-chipTM which contains a small, thin electron transparent window and allows heating. Two gold-based systems, 50 nm gold particles and nanoporous gold as a relevant catalyst sample, were used for studying the feasibility of the cell. Measurements showing a resolution around 40 nm have been achieved under a flow of synthetic air and during heating up to temperatures of 933 K. An elevated temperature exhibited little influence on image quality and resolution. With this study, the potential of in situ hard X-ray ptychography for investigating annealing processes of real catalyst samples is demonstrated. Furthermore, the possibility to use the same sample holder for ex situ electron microscopy before and after the in situ study underlines the unique possibilities available with this combination of electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy on the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Baier
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Christian D Damsgaard
- 2Center for Electron Nanoscopy,Technical University of Denmark,2800 Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Maria Scholz
- 4Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY,Notkestr. 85,22607 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Federico Benzi
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Amélie Rochet
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Robert Hoppe
- 5Institute of Structural Physics,Technische Universität Dresden,01062 Dresden,Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- 6Institute of Nanotechnology,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76021 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Junjie Shi
- 8Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie,University of Bremen,28359 Bremen,Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- 8Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie,University of Bremen,28359 Bremen,Germany
| | | | - Jakob B Wagner
- 2Center for Electron Nanoscopy,Technical University of Denmark,2800 Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark
| | | | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
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16
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Baier S, Wittstock A, Damsgaard CD, Diaz A, Reinhardt J, Benzi F, Shi J, Scherer T, Wang D, Kübel C, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD. Influence of gas atmospheres and ceria on the stability of nanoporous gold studied by environmental electron microscopy and in situ ptychography. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12853j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel complementary approach of environmental TEM and in situ hard X-ray ptychography was used to study the thermally induced coarsening of nanoporous gold under different atmospheres, pressures and after ceria deposition.
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17
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Shi J, Mahr C, Murshed MM, Zielasek V, Rosenauer A, Gesing TM, Bäumer M, Wittstock A. A versatile sol–gel coating for mixed oxides on nanoporous gold and their application in the water gas shift reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy02205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ceria–titania mixed oxides on a structured nanoporous gold support result in highly active and durable catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shi
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Christoph Mahr
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - M. Mangir Murshed
- Solid State Chemical Crystallography, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/FB02
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Volkmar Zielasek
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Thorsten M. Gesing
- Solid State Chemical Crystallography, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/FB02
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
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18
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Sreedhala S, Sudheeshkumar V, Vinod C. Oxidation catalysis by large trisoctahedral gold nanoparticles: Mind the step! Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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O’Neill BJ, Jackson DHK, Lee J, Canlas C, Stair PC, Marshall CL, Elam JW, Kuech TF, Dumesic JA, Huber GW. Catalyst Design with Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501862h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter C. Stair
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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20
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Han GF, Xiao BB, Lang XY, Wen Z, Zhu YF, Zhao M, Li JC, Jiang Q. Self-grown Ni(OH)(2) layer on bimodal nanoporous AuNi alloys for enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16966-16973. [PMID: 25216380 DOI: 10.1021/am504541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Au nanostructures as catalysts toward electrooxidation of small molecules generally suffer from ultralow surface adsorption capability and stability. Here, we report Ni(OH)2 layer decorated nanoporous (NP) AuNi alloys with a three-dimensional and bimodal porous architecture, which are facilely fabricated by a combination of chemical dealloying and in situ surface segregation, for the enhanced electrocatalytic performance in biosensors. As a result of the self-grown Ni(OH)2 on the AuNi alloys with a coherent interface, which not only enhances adsorption energy of Au and electron transfer of AuNi/Ni(OH)2 but also prohibits the surface diffusion of Au atoms, the NP composites are enlisted to exhibit significant enhancement in both electrocatalytic activity and stability toward glucose electrooxidation. The highly reliable glucose biosensing with exceptional reproducibility and selectivity as well as quick response makes it a promising candidate as electrode materials for the application in nonenzymatic glucose biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun 130022, China
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21
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Abstract
Catalysis is one of the key technologies for the 21st century for achieving the required sustainability of chemical processes. Critical improvements are based on the development of new catalysts and catalytic concepts. In this context, gold holds great promise because it is more active and selective than other precious metal catalysts at low temperatures. However, gold becomes only chemically and catalytically active when it is nanostructured. Since the 1970s and 1980s, the first type of gold catalysts that chemists studied were small nanoparticles on oxidic supports. With the later onset of nanotechnology, a variety of nanostructured materials not requiring a support or organic stabilizers became available within about the last 10 years. Among these are gold nanofoams generated by combustion of gold compounds, nanotube membranes prepared by electroless deposition of gold inside a template, and corrosion-derived nanoporous gold. Even though these materials are macroscopic in their geometric dimensions (e.g., disks, cubes, and membranes with dimensions of millimeters), they are comprised of gold nanostructures, for example, in the form of ligaments as small as 15 nm in diameter (nanoporous gold, npAu). The nanostructure brings about a high surface to volume ratio and a large fraction of low coordinated surface atoms. In this Account, we discuss how unsupported materials are active catalysts for aerobic oxidation reaction in gas phase (oxidation of CO and primary alcohols), as well as liquid phase oxidation and reduction reactions. It turns out that the bonding and activation of molecular oxygen for gas phase oxidations strongly profits from trace amounts of an ad-metal residue such as silver. It is noteworthy that these catalysts still exhibit the special gold type chemistry, characterized by activity at very low temperatures and high selectivity for partial oxidations. For example, we can oxidize CO over these unsupported catalysts (npAu, nanotubes, and powder) at temperatures well below water's freezing point (-30 °C) and with turnover frequencies up to 0.5 s(-1) (at 30 °C). Yet, we can anticipate the surface chemistry of these unsupported and extended gold surfaces based on model experiments under UHV conditions. We have demonstrated this for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols at low temperatures employing npAu catalysts. Chemists have paid growing interest to oxidation and reduction reactions in liquid phase catalysis, most suitable for synthetic organic chemistry. Early work on the aerobic oxidation of d-glucose in 2008 using Raney type npAu already showed the potential of this type of catalyst for liquid phase reactions. Since then, researchers have investigated further oxidation reactions (silanes to silanols) and reduction reactions of alkynes, as well as C-C coupling reactions ([4 + 2] benzannulation) and azo compound decomposition, with likely several more reactions to be reported in the next years. The advantage of this unsupported skeletal type of catalyst is its recyclability and retrievability without leaching of gold into the reaction medium, owing to its monolithic structure. Even though these materials contain nanoscopic structures, they are macroscopic in their geometric dimensions and pose no threat to the environment or health as discussed for other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wittstock
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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