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Subhan MA, Torchilin VP. Advances in Targeted Therapy of Breast Cancer with Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041242. [PMID: 37111727 PMCID: PMC10144345 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a potential and promising therapy for a wide variety of cancers, including breast cancer. ADC-based drugs represent a rapidly growing field of breast cancer therapy. Various ADC drug therapies have progressed over the past decade and have generated diverse opportunities for designing of state-of-the-art ADCs. Clinical progress with ADCs for the targeted therapy of breast cancer have shown promise. Off-target toxicities and drug resistance to ADC-based therapy have hampered effective therapy development due to the intracellular mechanism of action and limited antigen expression on breast tumors. However, innovative non-internalizing ADCs targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) component and extracellular payload delivery mechanisms have led to reduced drug resistance and enhanced ADC effectiveness. Novel ADC drugs may deliver potent cytotoxic agents to breast tumor cells with reduced off-target effects, which may overcome difficulties related to delivery efficiency and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic cancer drugs for breast cancer therapy. This review discusses the development of ADC-based targeted breast cancer therapy and the clinical translation of ADC drugs for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Eastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Eastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Structural convergence for tubulin binding of CPAP and vinca domain microtubule inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120098119. [PMID: 35507869 PMCID: PMC9171608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120098119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic assemblies of αβ-tubulin that are involved in key cellular functions, including cell division and intracellular transport. Microtubule dynamics is inhibited by several families of small molecules, some of which are used in oncology. The extent to which these compounds target the binding sites of cellular partners of tubulin remains poorly characterized. We show here that a region of the CPAP protein binds to the so-called vinca domain of β-tubulin in a way very similar to that of peptide-like inhibitors produced by bacteria and fungi. Therefore, our work identifies a structural convergence for tubulin binding between inhibitors and a regulator of microtubule dynamics. Microtubule dynamics is regulated by various cellular proteins and perturbed by small-molecule compounds. To what extent the mechanism of the former resembles that of the latter is an open question. We report here structures of tubulin bound to the PN2-3 domain of CPAP, a protein controlling the length of the centrioles. We show that an α-helix of the PN2-3 N-terminal region binds and caps the longitudinal surface of the tubulin β subunit. Moreover, a PN2-3 N-terminal stretch lies in a β-tubulin site also targeted by fungal and bacterial peptide-like inhibitors of the vinca domain, sharing a very similar binding mode with these compounds. Therefore, our results identify several characteristic features of cellular partners that bind to this site and highlight a structural convergence of CPAP with small-molecule inhibitors of microtubule assembly.
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3
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Tran AT, Tran CV, Le HV, Tran LV, Tran TTP, Tran SV. Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxic Activity of New Tubulysin Analogues. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSynthesis of tubulysin analogues, containing an N-methyl substituent on tubuvaline-amide together with the replacement of either the hydrophobic N-terminal N-methyl pipecolic acid (Mep) or at both N- and C- terminal peptides with available heteroaromatic acids and an unsaturated tubuphenylalanine moiety, respectively, were described. The in vitro cytotoxic activity by SRB assay on five cancer cell lines for sixteen tubulysins was evaluated. Among them, five analogues exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines, including human breast carcinoma (MCF7), human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), HL-60, SW-480, human lung adenocarcinoma (A459). Interestingly, one analogue showed the strongest cytotoxicity on all five tested cell lines even much higher toxicity than the reference compound ellipticine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Tran
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Chien Van Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Hai Van Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Loc Van Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Thao Thi Phuong Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Sung Van Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
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4
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Li M, Banerjee K, Friestad GK. Diastereocontrol in Radical Addition to β-Benzyloxy Hydrazones: Revised Approach to Tubuvaline and Synthesis of O-Benzyltubulysin V Benzyl Ester. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15139-15152. [PMID: 34636574 PMCID: PMC8576829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical addition to chiral N-acylhydrazones has generated unusual amino acids tubuphenylalanine (Tup) and tubuvaline (Tuv) that are structural components of the tubulysin family of picomolar antimitotic agents and previously led to a tubulysin tetrapeptide analog with a C-terminal alcohol. To improve efficiency in this synthetic route to tubulysins, and to address difficulties in oxidation of the C-terminal alcohol, here we present two alternative routes to Tuv that (a) improve step economy, (b) provide modified conditions for Mn-mediated radical addition in the presence of aromatic heterocycles, and (c) expose an example of double diastereocontrol in radical addition to a β-benzyloxyhydrazone with broader implications for asymmetric amine synthesis via radical addition. An efficient coupling sequence affords 11-O-benzyltubulysin V benzyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Koushik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory K. Friestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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5
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Kulkarni S, Kaur K, Jaitak V. Recent Developments in Oxazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Review on Synthetic Strategies, Mechanism of Action and SAR studies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1859-1882. [PMID: 34525925 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210915095421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the world's third deadliest disease. Despite the availability of numerous treatments, researchers are focusing on the development of new drugs lacking resistance and toxicity issues. Many newly synthesized drugs fail to reach clinical trials due to poor pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, there is an imperative requisite to expand novel anticancer agents with in vivo efficacy. OBJECTIVE This review emphasizes synthetic methods, contemporary strategies used for the inclusion of oxazole moiety, mechanistic targets along with comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies to provide perspective into the rational design of highly efficient oxazole-based anticancer drugs. METHODS Literature related to oxazole derivatives engaged in cancer research is reviewed. This article gives a detailed account of synthetic strategies, targets of oxazole in cancer, including STAT3, Microtubules, G-quadruplex, DNA topoisomerases, DNA damage, Protein kinases, miscellaneous targets, in vitro studies, and some SAR studies. RESULTS Oxazole derivatives possess potent anticancer activity by inhibiting novel targets such as STAT3 and G-quadruplex. Oxazoles also inhibit tubulin protein to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Some other targets such as DNA topoisomerase enzyme, protein kinases, and miscellaneous targets including Cdc25, mitochondrial enzymes, HDAC, LSD1, HPV E2 TAD, NQO1, Aromatase, BCl-6, Estrogen receptor, GRP-78, and Keap-Nrf2 pathway are inhibited by oxazole derivatives Many derivatives showed excellent potencies on various cancer cell lines with IC50 values in nanomolar concentrations. CONCLUSION Oxazole is a five-membered heterocycle, with oxygen and nitrogen at 1 and 3 positions respectively. It is often combined with other pharmacophores in the expansion of novel anticancer drugs. In summary, oxazole is a promising entity to develop new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swanand Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401. India
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401. India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401. India
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6
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Bhat MA, Mishra AK, Bhat MA, Banday MI, Bashir O, Rather IA, Rahman S, Shah AA, Jan AT. Myxobacteria as a Source of New Bioactive Compounds: A Perspective Study. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1265. [PMID: 34452226 PMCID: PMC8401837 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are unicellular, Gram-negative, soil-dwelling, gliding bacteria that belong to class δ-proteobacteria and order Myxococcales. They grow and proliferate by transverse fission under normal conditions, but form fruiting bodies which contain myxospores during unfavorable conditions. In view of the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance among disease-causing pathogens, it becomes mandatory to search for new antibiotics effective against such pathogens from natural sources. Among the different approaches, Myxobacteria, having a rich armor of secondary metabolites, preferably derivatives of polyketide synthases (PKSs) along with non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs) and their hybrids, are currently being explored as producers of new antibiotics. The Myxobacterial species are functionally characterized to assess their ability to produce antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic and antioxidative bioactive compounds. In our study, we have found their compounds to be effective against a wide range of pathogens associated with the concurrence of different infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | | | - Mujtaba Aamir Bhat
- Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Mohammad Iqbal Banday
- Department of Microbiology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Ommer Bashir
- Department of School Education, Jammu 181205, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Botany, MS College, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur 845401, Bihar, India;
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
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7
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Nicolaou KC, Pan S, Pulukuri KK, Ye Q, Rigol S, Erande RD, Vourloumis D, Nocek BP, Munneke S, Lyssikatos J, Valdiosera A, Gu C, Lin B, Sarvaiaya H, Trinidad J, Sandoval J, Lee C, Hammond M, Aujay M, Taylor N, Pysz M, Purcell JW, Gavrilyuk J. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Tubulysin Analogues, Linker-Drugs, and Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Insights into Structure-Activity Relationships, and Tubulysin-Tubulin Binding Derived from X-ray Crystallographic Analysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3377-3421. [PMID: 33544599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of tubulysin analogues, linker-drugs, and antibody-drug conjugates are described. Among the new discoveries reported is the identification of new potent analogues within the tubulysin family that carry a C11 alkyl ether substituent, rather than the usual ester structural motif at that position, a fact that endows the former with higher plasma stability than that of the latter. Also described herein are X-ray crystallographic analysis studies of two tubulin-tubulysin complexes formed within the α/β interface between two tubulin heterodimers and two highly potent tubulysin analogues, one of which exhibited a different binding mode to the one previously reported for tubulysin M. The X-ray crystallographic analysis-derived new insights into the binding modes of these tubulysin analogues explain their potencies and provide inspiration for further design, synthesis, and biological investigations within this class of antitumor agents. A number of these analogues were conjugated as payloads with appropriate linkers at different sites allowing their attachment onto targeting antibodies for cancer therapies. A number of such antibody-drug conjugates were constructed and tested, both in vivo and in vitro, leading to the identification of at least one promising ADC (Herceptin-LD3), warranting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Saiyong Pan
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kiran K Pulukuri
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rohan D Erande
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products & Designed Molecules, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 153 10, Greece
| | - Bogusław P Nocek
- AbbVie Inc., Research & Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stefan Munneke
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Lyssikatos
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amanda Valdiosera
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Gu
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Baiwei Lin
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hetal Sarvaiaya
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jose Trinidad
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christina Lee
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mikhail Hammond
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Taylor
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marybeth Pysz
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James W Purcell
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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8
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Cheng H, Cong Q, Dervin D, Stevens A, Vemuri K, Huber M, Juliano J, Cuison S, Sung J, Passmore D, Chong C, Greenbaum M, Kwok E, Jiang J, Pan C, Rao-Naik C, Rangan V, Kempe T, Tatum A, Deshpande S, Cardarelli P, Vite G, Gangwar S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Carbamate-Containing Tubulysin Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2350-2361. [PMID: 32881482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) use antibodies to deliver cytotoxic payloads directly into tumor cells via specifically binding to the target cell surface antigens. ADCs can enhance the anti-tumor effects of antibodies, and increase the delivery of cytotoxic payloads to cancer cells with a better therapeutic index. An ADC was prepared with a potent carbamate-containing tubulysin analogue attached to an anti-mesothelin antibody via a Cit-Val dipeptide linker. An aniline functionality in the tubulysin analogue was created to provide a site of linker attachment via an amide bond that would be stable in systemic circulation. Upon ADC internalization into antigen-positive cancer cells, the Cit-Val dipeptide linker was cleaved by lysosomal proteases, and the drug was released inside the tumor cells. The naturally occurring acetate of tubulysin was modified to a carbamate to reduce acetate hydrolysis of the ADC in circulation and to increase the hydrophilicity of the drug. The ADC bearing the monoclonal anti-mesothelin antibody and the carbamate-containing tubulysin was highly potent and immunologically specific to H226 human lung carcinoma cells in vitro, and efficacious at well-tolerated doses in a mesothelin-positive OVCAR3 ovarian cancer xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Qiang Cong
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Dan Dervin
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Alice Stevens
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Kavitha Vemuri
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Mary Huber
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jennifer Juliano
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Severino Cuison
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Janette Sung
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - David Passmore
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Colin Chong
- Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Meghan Greenbaum
- Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Eilene Kwok
- Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jerry Jiang
- Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Chin Pan
- Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Chetana Rao-Naik
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Vangipuram Rangan
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Tom Kempe
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Andrea Tatum
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Shrikant Deshpande
- Protein Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Pina Cardarelli
- Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Gregory Vite
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
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9
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Zhao P, Zhang Y, Li W, Jeanty C, Xiang G, Dong Y. Recent advances of antibody drug conjugates for clinical applications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1589-1600. [PMID: 33088681 PMCID: PMC7564033 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) normally compose of a humanized antibody and small molecular drug via a chemical linker. After decades of preclinical and clinical studies, a series of ADCs have been widely used for treating specific tumor types in the clinic such as brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®) for relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) for acute myeloid leukemia, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®) for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa®) and most recently polatuzumab vedotin-piiq (Polivy®) for B cell malignancies. More than eighty ADCs have been investigated in different clinical stages from approximately six hundred clinical trials to date. This review summarizes the key elements of ADCs and highlights recent advances of ADCs, as well as important lessons learned from clinical data, and future directions.
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10
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Long B, Tao C, Li Y, Zeng X, Cao M, Wu Z. Total synthesis of tubulysin U and N 14-desacetoxytubulysin H. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5349-5353. [PMID: 32643750 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise and efficient procedure for the total synthesis of tubulysin U and N14-desacetoxytubulysin H has been developed with high stereoselectivity on a gram scale. This synthesis features an elegant cascade one-pot process to install the challenging thiazole moiety and the employment of stereoselective reductions and a series of high-yield mild reactions to ensure the requisite stereochemistry, reaction scale, and yield and to avoid the vexing epimerization occurring during peptide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohua Long
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. and Shenzhen Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Cheng Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. and Shenzhen Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen, 518035, China and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Central Center Lab of Longhua Branch, Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiqun Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. and Shenzhen Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. and Shenzhen Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen, 518035, China and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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Vishwanatha TM, Giepmans B, Goda SK, Dömling A. Tubulysin Synthesis Featuring Stereoselective Catalysis and Highly Convergent Multicomponent Assembly. Org Lett 2020; 22:5396-5400. [PMID: 32584589 PMCID: PMC7372561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A concise and modular total synthesis of the highly potent N14-desacetoxytubulysin H (1) has been accomplished in 18 steps in an overall yield of up to 30%. Our work highlights the complexity-augmenting and route-shortening power of diastereoselective multicomponent reaction (MCR) as well as the role of bulky ligands to perfectly control both the regioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of tubuphenylalanine in just two steps. The total synthesis not only provides an operationally simple and step economy but will also stimulate major advances in the development of new tubulysin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Giepmans
- University Medical College Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed K. Goda
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug
Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Courter JR, Hamilton JZ, Hendrick NR, Zaval M, Waight AB, Lyon RP, Senter PD, Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ. Structure-activity relationships of tubulysin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127241. [PMID: 32527543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The tubulysins are an emerging antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payload that maintain potent anti-proliferative activity against cells that exhibit the multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype. These drugs possess a C-11 acetate known to be hydrolytically unstable in plasma, and loss of the acetate significantly attenuates cytotoxicity. Structure-activity relationship studies were undertaken to identify stable C-11 tubulysin analogues that maintain affinity for tubulin and potent cytotoxicity. After identifying several C-11 alkoxy analogues that possess comparable biological activity to tubulysin M with significantly improved plasma stability, additional analogues of both the Ile residue and N-terminal position were synthesized. These studies revealed that minor changes within the tubulin binding site of tubulysin can profoundly alter the activity of this chemotype, particularly against MDR-positive cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Courter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
| | - Joseph Z Hamilton
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | - Margo Zaval
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Andrew B Waight
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Robert P Lyon
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Scott C Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Patrick J Burke
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30(th) Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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13
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Saavedra CJ, Carro C, Hernández D, Boto A. Conversion of “Customizable Units” into N-Alkyl Amino Acids and Generation of N-Alkyl Peptides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8392-8410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Saavedra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- BIOSIGMA, Antonio Domı́nguez Alfonso 16, 38003-Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Carro
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- BIOSIGMA, Antonio Domı́nguez Alfonso 16, 38003-Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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14
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Wang XM, Liu YW, Wang QE, Zhou Z, Si CM, Wei BG. A divergent method to key unit of tubulysin V through one-pot diastereoselective Mannich process of N,O-acetal with ketone. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Glucuronide-Linked Antibody–Tubulysin Conjugates Display Activity in MDR+ and Heterogeneous Tumor Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1752-1760. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Stark M, Assaraf YG. Structural recognition of tubulysin B derivatives by multidrug resistance efflux transporters in human cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28637003 PMCID: PMC5564821 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hindrance to curative chemotherapy of various human malignancies. Hence, novel chemotherapeutics must be evaluated for their recognition by MDR efflux transporters. Herein we explored the cytotoxic activity of synthetic tubulysin B (Tub-B, EC1009) derivatives (Tub-B-hydrazide/EC0347 and Tub-B bis-ether/EC1820), and their recognition by the MDR efflux transporters P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Originally isolated from Myxobacteria, tubulysins exhibited potent cytotoxic activity via microtubule depolymerization, and evaded recognition by these MDR efflux pumps. We show that subtle modifications in the natural Tub-B structure enhance its cytotoxicity and drug efflux efficiency. Whereas increasing the lipophilicity of Tub-B drugs enhanced their diffusion into the cell and consequently decreased the IC50 values (≥ 0.27 nM), increasing drug polarity enhanced their recognition by P-gp (>200-fold resistance in P-gp-overexpressing cells). Furthermore, restricting drug exposure time to the clinically relevant 4 h pulse, markedly enhanced efflux by P-gp, resulting in a 1000-fold increased resistance, which was further enhanced upon increased P-gp levels (i.e. an additional 3-fold increase in P-gp levels resulted in >6,000-fold resistance). The unique ability of EC1009 to evade recognition by MDR efflux pumps warrants drug development of tubulysin B derivatives as potent antitumor agents which overcome MDR in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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17
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Lee LLH, Buckton LK, McAlpine SR. Converting polar cyclic peptides into membrane permeable molecules using N
-methylation. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo L. H. Lee
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura K. Buckton
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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18
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Nicolaou KC, Erande RD, Yin J, Vourloumis D, Aujay M, Sandoval J, Munneke S, Gavrilyuk J. Improved Total Synthesis of Tubulysins and Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Tubulysins with Highly Potent Cytotoxicities against Cancer Cells as Potential Payloads for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3690-3711. [PMID: 29381062 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improved, streamlined total syntheses of natural tubulysins such as V (Tb45) and U (Tb46) and pretubulysin D (PTb-D43), and their application to the synthesis of designed tubulysin analogues (Tb44, PTb-D42, PTb-D47-PTb-D49, and Tb50-Tb120), are described. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the synthesized compounds against certain cancer cell lines revealed a number of novel analogues with exceptional potencies [e.g., Tb111: IC50 = 40 pM against MES SA (uterine sarcoma) cell line; IC50 = 6 pM against HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney cancer) cell line; and IC50 = 1.54 nM against MES SA DX (MES SA with marked multidrug resistance) cell line]. These studies led to a set of valuable structure-activity relationships that provide guidance to further molecular design, synthesis, and biological evaluation studies. The extremely potent cytotoxic compounds discovered in these investigations are highly desirable as potential payloads for antibody-drug conjugates and other drug delivery systems for personalized targeted cancer chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Rohan D Erande
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products & Designed Molecules , N.C.S.R "Demokritos" , 153 10 Agia Paraskevi , Athens , Greece
| | - Monette Aujay
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Stefan Munneke
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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19
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Wünsch M, Schröder D, Fröhr T, Teichmann L, Hedwig S, Janson N, Belu C, Simon J, Heidemeyer S, Holtkamp P, Rudlof J, Klemme L, Hinzmann A, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Sewald N. Asymmetric synthesis of propargylamines as amino acid surrogates in peptidomimetics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2428-2441. [PMID: 29234470 PMCID: PMC5704752 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amide moiety of peptides can be replaced for example by a triazole moiety, which is considered to be bioisosteric. Therefore, the carbonyl moiety of an amino acid has to be replaced by an alkyne in order to provide a precursor of such peptidomimetics. As most amino acids have a chiral center at Cα, such amide bond surrogates need a chiral moiety. Here the asymmetric synthesis of a set of 24 N-sulfinyl propargylamines is presented. The condensation of various aldehydes with Ellman's chiral sulfinamide provides chiral N-sulfinylimines, which were reacted with (trimethylsilyl)ethynyllithium to afford diastereomerically pure N-sulfinyl propargylamines. Diverse functional groups present in the propargylic position resemble the side chain present at the Cα of amino acids. Whereas propargylamines with (cyclo)alkyl substituents can be prepared in a direct manner, residues with polar functional groups require suitable protective groups. The presence of particular functional groups in the side chain in some cases leads to remarkable side reactions of the alkyne moiety. Thus, electron-withdrawing substituents in the Cα-position facilitate a base induced rearrangement to α,β-unsaturated imines, while azide-substituted propargylamines form triazoles under surprisingly mild conditions. A panel of propargylamines bearing fluoro or chloro substituents, polar functional groups, or basic and acidic functional groups is accessible for the use as precursors of peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wünsch
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Schröder
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tanja Fröhr
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lisa Teichmann
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hedwig
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nils Janson
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Clara Belu
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jasmin Simon
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Shari Heidemeyer
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philipp Holtkamp
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jens Rudlof
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lennard Klemme
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alessa Hinzmann
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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20
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Staben LR, Yu SF, Chen J, Yan G, Xu Z, Del Rosario G, Lau JT, Liu L, Guo J, Zheng B, dela Cruz-Chuh J, Lee BC, Ohri R, Cai W, Zhou H, Kozak KR, Xu K, Lewis Phillips GD, Lu J, Wai J, Polson AG, Pillow TH. Stabilizing a Tubulysin Antibody-Drug Conjugate To Enable Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Tumors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1037-1041. [PMID: 29057047 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tubulysins are promising anticancer cytotoxic agents due to the clinical validation of their mechanism of action (microtubule inhibition) and their particular activity against multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Yet their high potency and subsequent systemic toxicity make them prime candidates for targeted therapy, particularly in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here we report a strategy to prepare stable and bioreversible conjugates of tubulysins to antibodies without loss of activity. A peptide trigger along with a quaternary ammonium salt linker connection to the tertiary amine of tubulysin provided ADCs that were potent in vitro. However, we observed metabolism of a critical acetate ester of the drug in vivo, resulting in diminished conjugate activity. We were able to circumvent this metabolic liability with the judicious choice of a propyl ether replacement. This modified tubulysin ADC was stable and effective against multidrug-resistant lymphoma cell lines and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R. Staben
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gang Yan
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Lau
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bing Zheng
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhou
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Jiawei Lu
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Tubulin Inhibitor-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081281. [PMID: 28763044 PMCID: PMC6152078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of highly potent biopharmaceutical drugs generated by conjugating cytotoxic drugs with specific monoclonal antibodies through appropriate linkers. Specific antibodies used to guide potent warheads to tumor tissues can effectively reduce undesired side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. An in-depth understanding of antibodies, linkers, conjugation strategies, cytotoxic drugs, and their molecular targets has led to the successful development of several approved ADCs. These ADCs are powerful therapeutics for cancer treatment, enabling wider therapeutic windows, improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, and enhanced efficacy. Since tubulin inhibitors are one of the most successful cytotoxic drugs in the ADC armamentarium, this review focuses on the progress in tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs, as well as lessons learned from the unsuccessful ADCs containing tubulin inhibitors. This review should be helpful to facilitate future development of new generations of tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs for cancer therapy.
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22
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Sani M, Lazzari P, Folini M, Spiga M, Zuco V, De Cesare M, Manca I, Dall'Angelo S, Frigerio M, Usai I, Testa A, Zaffaroni N, Zanda M. Synthesis and Superpotent Anticancer Activity of Tubulysins Carrying Non-hydrolysable N-Substituents on Tubuvaline. Chemistry 2017; 23:5842-5850. [PMID: 28300330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic tubulysins 24 a-m, containing non-hydrolysable N-substituents on tubuvaline (Tuv), were obtained in high purity and good overall yields using a multistep synthesis. A key step was the formation of differently N-substituted Ile-Tuv fragments 10 by using an aza-Michael reaction of azido-Ile derivatives 8 with the α,β-unsaturated oxo-thiazole 5. A structure-activity relationship study using a panel of human tumour cell lines showed strong anti-proliferative activity for all compounds 24 a-m, with IC50 values in the sub-nanomolar range, which were distinctly lower than those of tubulysin A, vinorelbine and paclitaxel. Furthermore, 24 a-m were able to overcome cross-resistance to paclitaxel and vinorelbine in two tumour cell lines with acquired resistance to doxorubicin. Compounds 24 e and 24 g were selected as leads to evaluate their mechanism of action. In vitro assays showed that both 24 e and 24 g interfere with tubulin polymerization in a vinca alkaloid-like manner and prevent paclitaxel-induced assembly of tubulin polymers. Both compounds exerted antimitotic activity and induced apoptosis in cancer cells at very low concentrations. Compound 24 e also exhibited potent antitumor activity at well tolerated doses on in vivo models of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, such as MESOII peritoneal mesothelioma xenografts, the growth of which was not significantly affected by vinorelbine. These results indicate that synthetic tubulysins 24 could be used as standalone chemotherapeutic agents in difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sani
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Manca
- C.N.R. Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS di Cagliari, Edificio 5, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA), Italy
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Massimo Frigerio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI, Italy
| | - Igor Usai
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Testa
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
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23
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Toader D, Wang F, Gingipalli L, Vasbinder M, Roth M, Mao S, Block M, Harper J, Thota S, Su M, Ma J, Bedian V, Kamal A. Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationships of Analogues of N 14-Desacetoxytubulysin H. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10781-10787. [PMID: 27809515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report structure-cytotoxicity relationships for analogues of N14-desacetoxytubulyisn H 1. A novel synthetic approach toward 1 enabled the discovery of compounds with a range of activity. Calculated basicity of the N-terminus of tubulysins was shown to be a good predictor of cytotoxicity. The impact of structural modifications at the C-terminus of 1 upon cytotoxicity is also described. These findings will facilitate the development of new tubulysin analogues for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Toader
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States.,Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC , 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Fengjiang Wang
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lakshmaiah Gingipalli
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Melissa Vasbinder
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mark Roth
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Michael Block
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Sambaiah Thota
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mei Su
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jianquo Ma
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vahe Bedian
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Adeela Kamal
- Oncology Research, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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24
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Tumey LN, Leverett CA, Vetelino B, Li F, Rago B, Han X, Loganzo F, Musto S, Bai G, Sukuru SCK, Graziani EI, Puthenveetil S, Casavant J, Ratnayake A, Marquette K, Hudson S, Doppalapudi VR, Stock J, Tchistiakova L, Bessire AJ, Clark T, Lucas J, Hosselet C, O’Donnell CJ, Subramanyam C. Optimization of Tubulysin Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Case Study in Addressing ADC Metabolism. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:977-982. [PMID: 27882194 PMCID: PMC5108037 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop new classes of tubulin inhibitor payloads for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) programs, we developed a tubulysin ADC that demonstrated excellent in vitro activity but suffered from rapid metabolism of a critical acetate ester. A two-pronged strategy was employed to address this metabolism. First, the hydrolytically labile ester was replaced by a carbamate functional group resulting in a more stable ADC that retained potency in cellular assays. Second, site-specific conjugation was employed in order to design ADCs with reduced metabolic liabilities. Using the later approach, we were able to identify a conjugate at the 334C position of the heavy chain that resulted in an ADC with considerably reduced metabolism and improved efficacy. The examples discussed herein provide one of the clearest demonstrations to-date that site of conjugation can play a critical role in addressing metabolic and PK liabilities of an ADC. Moreover, a clear correlation was identified between the hydrophobicity of an ADC and its susceptibility to metabolic enzymes. Importantly, this study demonstrates that traditional medicinal chemistry strategies can be effectively applied to ADC programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Nathan Tumey
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Leverett
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Beth Vetelino
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Fengping Li
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Brian Rago
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Xiaogang Han
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Sylvia Musto
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Guoyun Bai
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | | | - Edmund I. Graziani
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Sujiet Puthenveetil
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Jeffrey Casavant
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Anokha Ratnayake
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Kimberly Marquette
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Sarah Hudson
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | | | - Joseph Stock
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | | | - Andrew J. Bessire
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Tracey Clark
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Judy Lucas
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
| | - Christine Hosselet
- Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06379, United States
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25
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Tao W, Zhou W, Zhou Z, Si CM, Sun X, Wei BG. An enantioselective total synthesis of tubulysin V. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Colombo R, Wang Z, Han J, Balachandran R, Daghestani HN, Camarco DP, Vogt A, Day BW, Mendel D, Wipf P. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tubulysin Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10302-10320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colombo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Junyan Han
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Mendel
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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27
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Development of a practical and scalable route for the preparation of the deacetoxytubuvaline (dTuv) fragment of pretubulysin and analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Nicolaou KC, Yin J, Mandal D, Erande RD, Klahn P, Jin M, Aujay M, Sandoval J, Gavrilyuk J, Vourloumis D. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Natural and Designed Tubulysins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1698-708. [PMID: 26829208 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A streamlined total synthesis of N(14)-desacetoxytubulysin H (Tb1) based on a C-H activation strategy and a short total synthesis of pretubulysin D (PTb-D43) are described. Applications of the developed synthetic strategies and technologies to the synthesis of a series of tubulysin analogues (Tb2-Tb41 and PTb-D42) are also reported. Biological evaluation of the synthesized compounds against an array of cancer cells revealed a number of novel analogues (e.g., Tb14), some with exceptional potencies against certain cell lines [e.g., Tb32 with IC50 = 12 pM against MES SA (uterine sarcoma) cell line and 2 pM against HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney) cell line], and a set of valuable structure-activity relationships. The highly potent cytotoxic compounds discovered in this study are highly desirable as payloads for antibody-drug conjugates and other drug delivery systems for personalized targeted cancer chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Debashis Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rohan D Erande
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Michael Jin
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- Stemcentrx Inc. , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- Stemcentrx Inc. , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Stemcentrx Inc. , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products & Designed Molecules, National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" , Agia Paraskevi-Athens GR-15310, Greece
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29
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Synthesis of stereochemically diverse cyclic analogs of tubulysins. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6827-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Murray BC, Peterson MT, Fecik RA. Chemistry and biology of tubulysins: antimitotic tetrapeptides with activity against drug resistant cancers. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:654-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00036f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their first report in 2000, tubulysins have sparked great interest for development as anti-cancer agents due to their exceptionally potent anticancer activity.
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31
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Paladhi S, Das J, Samanta M, Dash J. Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Thiazole-Carbaldehydes: Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tubuvalin Analogues. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Hoffmann J, Kazmaier U. A straightforward approach towards cyclic photoactivatable tubulysin derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11356-60. [PMID: 25196233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new photolabile protecting group containing an additional allyl functionality allows the synthesis of cyclic photoactivatable natural products. Cyclization occurs between the allyl moiety in the protecting group and a second double bond in the target molecule by means of ring-closing metathesis. Cyclization should increase the metabolic stability towards proteases. On the other hand, the conformational change should cause diminished biological activity. As illustrated for tubulysin derivatives, cyclic and photoactivatable drug candidates can easily be obtained in only two steps from simple building blocks through Ugi reaction and ring-closing metathesis. The photolabile protecting group is introduced by means of the isocyanide component during the Ugi reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hoffmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken (Germany) http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/kazmaier
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33
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Hoffmann J, Kazmaier U. Ein einfacher Zugang zu cyclischen photoaktivierbaren Tubulysin-Derivaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Cohen R, Vugts DJ, Visser GWM, Stigter-van Walsum M, Bolijn M, Spiga M, Lazzari P, Shankar S, Sani M, Zanda M, van Dongen GAMS. Development of novel ADCs: conjugation of tubulysin analogues to trastuzumab monitored by dual radiolabeling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5700-10. [PMID: 25145670 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tubulysins are highly toxic tubulin-targeting agents with a narrow therapeutic window that are interesting for application in antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). For full control over drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and the effect thereof on pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting, a dual-labeling approach was developed, wherein the drug, tubulysin variants, and the antibody, the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab, are radiolabeled. (131)I-radioiodination of two synthetic tubulysin A analogues, the less potent TUB-OH (IC50 > 100 nmol/L) and the potent TUB-OMOM (IC50, ~1 nmol/L), and their direct covalent conjugation to (89)Zr-trastuzumab were established. Radioiodination of tubulysins was 92% to 98% efficient and conversion to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters more than 99%; esters were isolated in an overall yield of 68% ± 5% with radiochemical purity of more than 99.5%. Conjugation of (131)I-tubulysin-NHS esters to (89)Zr-trastuzumab was 45% to 55% efficient, resulting in ADCs with 96% to 98% radiochemical purity after size-exclusion chromatography. ADCs were evaluated for their tumor-targeting potential and antitumor effects in nude mice with tumors that were sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab, using ado-trastuzumab emtansine as a reference. ADCs appeared stable in vivo. An average DAR of 2 and 4 conferred pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting behavior similar to parental trastuzumab. Efficacy studies using single-dose TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (DAR 4) showed dose-dependent antitumor effects, including complete tumor eradications in trastuzumab-sensitive tumors in vivo. TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (60 mg/kg) displayed efficacy similar to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (15 mg/kg) yet more effective than trastuzumab. Our findings illustrate the potential of synthetic tubulysins in ADCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard W M Visser
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Stigter-van Walsum
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bolijn
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sreejith Shankar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monica Sani
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy. Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy. Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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35
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Shankar PS, Bigotti S, Lazzari P, Manca I, Spiga M, Sani M, Zanda M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of diastereoisomers and N-terminal analogues of tubulysin-U. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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37
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Yang XD, Dong CM, Chen J, Ding YH, Liu Q, Ma XY, Zhang Q, Chen Y. Total Synthesis of Tubulysin U and Its C-4 Epimer. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1213-22. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Shankar SP, Jagodzinska M, Malpezzi L, Lazzari P, Manca I, Greig IR, Sani M, Zanda M. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of novel tubulysin U analogues – effect on cytotoxicity of structural variations in the tubuvaline fragment. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2273-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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40
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Becker D, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of Tubuphenylalanines via Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2012; 78:59-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Becker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Building C4.2, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Building C4.2, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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41
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Burkhart JL, Kazmaier U. A straightforward click-approach towards pretubulysin-analogues. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20191g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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42
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Acid mediated formation of an N-acyliminium ion from tubulysins: A new methodology for the synthesis of natural tubulysins and their analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6778-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Floyd WC, Datta GK, Imamura S, Kieler-Ferguson HM, Jerger K, Patterson AW, Fox ME, Szoka FC, Fréchet JMJ, Ellman JA. Chemotherapeutic evaluation of a synthetic tubulysin analogue-dendrimer conjugate in c26 tumor bearing mice. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:49-53. [PMID: 20973119 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Pando O, Stark S, Denkert A, Porzel A, Preusentanz R, Wessjohann LA. The multiple multicomponent approach to natural product mimics: tubugis, N-substituted anticancer peptides with picomolar activity. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7692-5. [PMID: 21528905 DOI: 10.1021/ja2022027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new generation of highly cytotoxic tubulysin analogues (i.e., tubugis) is described. In the key step, the rare, unstable, and synthetically difficult to introduce tertiary amide-N,O-acetal moiety required for high potency in natural tubulysins is replaced by a dipeptoid element formed in an Ugi four-component reaction. Two of the four components required are themselves produced by other multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Thus, the tubugis represent the first examples of the synthesis of natural-product-inspired compounds using three intertwined isonitrile MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Pando
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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45
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Burkhart JL, Müller R, Kazmaier U. Syntheses and Evaluation of Simplified Pretubulysin Analogues. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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47
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of tubulysin D analogs related to stereoisomers of tubuvaline. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:431-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Robak MT, Herbage MA, Ellman JA. Synthesis and applications of tert-butanesulfinamide. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3600-740. [PMID: 20420386 DOI: 10.1021/cr900382t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn T Robak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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49
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Shibue T, Hirai T, Okamoto I, Morita N, Masu H, Azumaya I, Tamura O. Total syntheses of tubulysins. Chemistry 2010; 16:11678-88. [PMID: 20734394 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of tetrapeptides tubulysins D (1 b), U (1 c), and V (1 d), which are potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors, are described. The synthesis of Tuv (2), an unusual amino acid constituent of tubulysins, includes an 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of chiral nitrone D-6 derived from D-gulose with N-acryloyl camphor sultam (-)-9 employing the double asymmetric induction, whereas the synthesis of Tup (20), another unusual amino acid, involves a stereoselective Evans aldol reaction of (Z)-boron enolate generated from (S)-4-isopropyl-3-propionyl-2-oxazolidinone with N-protected phenylalaninal and a subsequent Barton deoxygenation protocol. We accomplished the total syntheses of tubulysins U (1 c) and V (1 d) by using these methodologies, in which the isoxazolidine ring was used as the effective protective group for γ-amido alcohol functionality. Furthermore, to understand the structure-activity relationship of tubulysins, we synthesized tubulysin D (1 b) and cyclo-tubulysin D (1 e) from 2-Me and 20, and ent-tubulysin D (ent-1 d) from ent-2-Me and ent-20, respectively. The preliminary results regarding their biological activities are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shibue
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-Machi, Shimotsuga-Gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
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50
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Discovery of 23 natural tubulysins from Angiococcus disciformis An d48 and Cystobacter SBCb004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:296-309. [PMID: 20338521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The tubulysins are a family of complex peptides with promising cytotoxic activity against multi-drug-resistant tumors. To date, ten tubulysins have been described from the myxobacterial strains Angiococcus disciformis An d48 and Archangium gephyra Ar 315. We report here a third producing strain, Cystobacter sp. SBCb004. Comparison of the tubulysin biosynthetic gene clusters in SBCb004 and An d48 reveals a conserved architecture, allowing the assignment of cluster boundaries. A SBCb004 strain containing a mutant in the putative cyclodeaminase gene tubZ accumulates pretubulysin A, the proposed first enzyme-free intermediate in the pathway, whose structure we confirm by NMR. We further show, using a combination of feeding studies and structure elucidation by NMR and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, that SBCb004 and An d48 together biosynthesize 22 additional tubulysin derivatives. These data reveal the inherently diversity-oriented nature of the tubulysin biosynthetic pathway.
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